What are the main components of blood. How do blood disorders affect these components. Which types of blood disorders are most common. How are blood disorders diagnosed and treated. What role do genetics play in blood disorders. Can dietary factors influence blood health. Are there preventive measures for blood disorders.

The Composition of Blood: A Closer Look at Our Vital Fluid

Blood is a complex and essential fluid that circulates throughout our bodies, performing numerous vital functions. To fully grasp the intricacies of blood disorders, it’s crucial to understand the composition of blood itself.

The Liquid Component: Plasma

Plasma, the liquid portion of blood, makes up over half of its volume. This straw-colored fluid consists primarily of water, but it also contains a variety of dissolved substances:

• Salts: These help maintain the proper balance of electrolytes in the body
• Proteins: Including albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen, which play roles in immunity, blood clotting, and maintaining fluid balance
• Hormones: Chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions
• Nutrients: Such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids
• Waste products: Which are transported to the kidneys and liver for elimination

The Cellular Components: Blood Cells

The solid portion of blood consists of three main types of cells:

1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes): These cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen and carries it throughout the body
2. White blood cells (leukocytes): These cells are part of the immune system and help defend the body against infections and diseases
3. Platelets (thrombocytes): These cell fragments play a crucial role in blood clotting and wound healing

Common Blood Disorders: An Overview of Hematological Conditions

Blood disorders can affect any component of blood, leading to a wide range of symptoms and health complications. Here are some of the most prevalent blood disorders:

Anemia: When Oxygen Delivery Falls Short

Anemia occurs when the body doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to tissues. This can result from various factors, including:

• Iron deficiency
• Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency
• Chronic diseases
• Inherited disorders like sickle cell anemia or thalassemia

Symptoms of anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale skin.

Platelet Disorders: When Clotting Goes Awry

Platelet disorders can lead to either excessive bleeding or abnormal clotting. Some common platelet disorders include:

• Thrombocytopenia: A condition characterized by low platelet count
• Thrombocytosis: An abnormally high platelet count
• Von Willebrand disease: An inherited bleeding disorder

Leukemia: Cancer of the Blood

Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that affects white blood cells. It can be acute (fast-growing) or chronic (slow-growing) and is further classified based on the type of white blood cells involved. The main types of leukemia are:

• Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
• Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

Diagnostic Approaches: Unraveling the Mysteries of Blood Disorders

Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment of blood disorders. Healthcare professionals employ various diagnostic tools and techniques to identify and characterize these conditions.

Complete Blood Count (CBC): The Cornerstone of Blood Testing

A complete blood count (CBC) is often the first test ordered when a blood disorder is suspected. This comprehensive test provides information about:

• Red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit
• White blood cell count and differential (types of white blood cells)
• Platelet count
• Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and other red blood cell indices

How does a CBC help diagnose blood disorders? By providing a detailed overview of blood cell populations, a CBC can reveal abnormalities that may indicate specific conditions. For example, a low red blood cell count might suggest anemia, while an elevated white blood cell count could point to an infection or leukemia.

Blood Smear: A Closer Look at Cell Morphology

In a blood smear, a thin layer of blood is examined under a microscope. This test allows healthcare professionals to:

• Evaluate the size, shape, and appearance of blood cells
• Detect abnormal cells or parasites
• Confirm or clarify findings from the CBC

Bone Marrow Biopsy: Exploring the Source of Blood Cells

When more information is needed, a bone marrow biopsy may be performed. This procedure involves extracting a small sample of bone marrow, usually from the hip bone, for examination. A bone marrow biopsy can help:

• Diagnose or stage blood cancers
• Evaluate the production of blood cells
• Identify genetic abnormalities in blood-forming cells

The Genetic Factor: Inherited Blood Disorders

Many blood disorders have a genetic component, passed down through families. Understanding the genetic basis of these conditions is crucial for diagnosis, treatment, and genetic counseling.

Hemoglobinopathies: When Hemoglobin Goes Wrong

Hemoglobinopathies are inherited disorders affecting the structure or production of hemoglobin. The two most common types are:

• Sickle cell disease: Caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene, leading to abnormally shaped red blood cells
• Thalassemia: Results from defects in alpha or beta-globin gene production, causing reduced hemoglobin synthesis

How do these genetic mutations affect blood function? In sickle cell disease, the abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become crescent-shaped, leading to blocked blood vessels and organ damage. Thalassemia results in fewer red blood cells and less hemoglobin, causing anemia and related complications.

Hemophilia: When Clotting Factors Fall Short

Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in specific blood clotting factors. The two main types are:

• Hemophilia A: Deficiency in factor VIII
• Hemophilia B: Deficiency in factor IX

Both types are typically inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern, meaning they primarily affect males and are passed down through female carriers.

Nutritional Influences on Blood Health: The Role of Diet

While many blood disorders have genetic or environmental causes, nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining blood health and preventing certain conditions.

Iron: The Building Block of Hemoglobin

Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional cause of anemia worldwide. Good dietary sources of iron include:

• Red meat, poultry, and fish
• Beans and lentils
• Dark leafy greens
• Iron-fortified cereals and breads

How can iron absorption be enhanced? Consuming vitamin C-rich foods alongside iron-rich foods can improve iron absorption. Conversely, calcium and tannins (found in tea and coffee) can inhibit iron absorption.

Vitamin B12 and Folate: Critical for Red Blood Cell Formation

Vitamin B12 and folate are necessary for the proper development of red blood cells. Deficiencies in these nutrients can lead to megaloblastic anemia. Sources of these vitamins include:

• Vitamin B12: Animal products, fortified foods, and supplements
• Folate: Leafy greens, legumes, fortified grains, and supplements

Preventive Measures: Safeguarding Blood Health

While some blood disorders are inherited and cannot be prevented, there are steps individuals can take to maintain overall blood health and reduce the risk of certain acquired conditions.

Lifestyle Factors: The Power of Healthy Choices

Several lifestyle factors can influence blood health:

• Regular exercise: Promotes healthy blood circulation and may reduce the risk of certain blood disorders
• Balanced diet: Ensures adequate intake of essential nutrients for blood cell production and function
• Stress management: Chronic stress can affect immune function and potentially impact blood health
• Avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol: These substances can negatively affect blood cell production and function

Regular Health Screenings: Catching Problems Early

Routine health check-ups and blood tests can help detect blood disorders in their early stages, when they are often more treatable. Recommended screenings may include:

• Complete blood count (CBC) as part of regular physical exams
• Genetic testing for those with a family history of inherited blood disorders
• Specialized tests based on individual risk factors or symptoms

Treatment Approaches: Addressing Blood Disorders

Treatment for blood disorders varies widely depending on the specific condition, its severity, and individual patient factors. Some common treatment approaches include:

Medication Therapies: Targeting the Root Cause

Various medications can be used to treat blood disorders:

• Iron supplements or injections for iron-deficiency anemia
• Anticoagulants for clotting disorders
• Growth factors to stimulate blood cell production
• Chemotherapy drugs for blood cancers

Blood Transfusions: Replenishing Blood Components

Transfusions can provide immediate relief for certain blood disorders by replacing missing or deficient blood components. Types of transfusions include:

• Whole blood transfusions
• Packed red blood cell transfusions
• Platelet transfusions
• Plasma transfusions

Stem Cell Transplantation: A Potential Cure for Some Disorders

For certain blood cancers and inherited disorders, stem cell transplantation may offer a potential cure. This procedure involves replacing diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells, which can then produce normal blood cells.

How does stem cell transplantation work? The patient’s own stem cells (autologous transplant) or donor stem cells (allogeneic transplant) are infused into the bloodstream, where they migrate to the bone marrow and begin producing healthy blood cells.

Emerging Research: The Future of Blood Disorder Treatment

Ongoing research in hematology is paving the way for new and improved treatments for blood disorders. Some exciting areas of study include:

Gene Therapy: Correcting Genetic Defects

Gene therapy holds promise for treating inherited blood disorders by correcting or replacing faulty genes. Clinical trials are underway for conditions such as:

• Sickle cell disease
• Hemophilia
• Beta-thalassemia

Immunotherapy: Harnessing the Immune System

Immunotherapy approaches, such as CAR T-cell therapy, are showing remarkable results in treating certain blood cancers. These therapies work by enhancing the body’s own immune system to fight cancer cells.

Targeted Therapies: Precision Medicine for Blood Disorders

Researchers are developing increasingly specific and effective targeted therapies that address the molecular mechanisms underlying various blood disorders. These treatments aim to maximize efficacy while minimizing side effects.

As our understanding of blood disorders continues to grow, so too does our ability to diagnose, treat, and potentially prevent these conditions. By staying informed about the latest developments in hematology, individuals can better advocate for their health and work with healthcare professionals to achieve optimal outcomes.

Blood Disorders | MedlinePlus

Also called: Hematologic diseases

On this page

Basics

• Summary
• Start Here
• Symptoms
• Diagnosis and Tests

Learn More

• Related Issues
• Specifics
• Genetics

See, Play and Learn

• No links available

Research

• Clinical Trials
• Journal Articles

Resources

• Reference Desk
• Find an Expert

For You

• Children
• Patient Handouts

Your blood is living tissue made up of liquid and solids. The liquid part, called plasma, is made of water, salts and protein. Over half of your blood is plasma. The solid part of your blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Blood disorders affect one or more parts of the blood and prevent your blood from doing its job. They can be acute or chronic. Many blood disorders are inherited. Other causes include other diseases, side effects of medicines, and a lack of certain nutrients in your diet.

Types of blood disorders include:

• Platelet disorders, excessive clotting, and bleeding problems, which affect how your blood clots
• Anemia, which happens when your blood does not carry enough oxygen to the rest of your body
• Cancers of the blood, such as leukemia and myeloma
• Eosinophilic disorders, which are problems with one type of white blood cell.

• Blood (For Parents)

  (Nemours Foundation)

  Also in Spanish

• Symptoms of Blood Disorders

  (Merck & Co. , Inc.)

  Also in Spanish

• How Lupus Affects the Blood

  (Lupus Foundation of America)

• Eosinophilia

  (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

  Also in Spanish

• Heavy Chain Diseases

  (Merck & Co. , Inc.)

  Also in Spanish

• Hemoglobin C, S-C, and E Diseases

  (Merck & Co., Inc.)

  Also in Spanish

• High Red Blood Cell Count

  (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

  Also in Spanish

• Low White Blood Cell Count

  (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

  Also in Spanish

• Lymphocytosis (High Lymphocyte Count)

  (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

  Also in Spanish

• Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)

  (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

• Neutropenia (Low Neutrophil Count)

  (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

  Also in Spanish

• Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)

  (Aplastic Anemia & MDS International Foundation)

• Plasma Cell Disorders

  (Merck & Co. , Inc.)

  Also in Spanish

• Polycythemia Vera

  (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute)

• What Is Lymphopenia?

  (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute)

• White Blood Cell Disorders

  (Merck & Co. , Inc.)

  Also in Spanish

• ClinicalTrials.gov: Hematologic Diseases

  (National Institutes of Health)

• Article: Exploration of KIR genes and hematological-related diseases in Chinese Han population.

• Article: Potential role of long non-coding RNA h29 and Neat1 in haemophilic…

• Article: Charcot-Leiden Crystals in Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Bone Marrow Necrosis.

• Blood Disorders — see more articles

• Hematology Glossary

  (American Society of Hematology)

• Find a Hematologist

  (American Society of Hematology)

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

• Hereditary Spherocytosis (For Parents)

  (Nemours Foundation)

  Also in Spanish

CBC blood test

Medical Tests 

Definition

adam.com”>A complete blood count (CBC) test measures the following:

• The number of red blood cells (RBC count)
• The number of white blood cells (WBC count)
• The total amount of hemoglobin in the blood
• The fraction of the blood composed of red blood cells (hematocrit)

The CBC test also provides information about the following measurements:

• Average red blood cell size (MCV)
• Hemoglobin amount per red blood cell (MCH)
• The amount of hemoglobin relative to the size of the cell (hemoglobin concentration) per red blood cell (MCHC)

The platelet count is also most often included in the CBC.

Alternative Names

Complete blood count; Anemia – CBC

How the Test is Performed

A blood sample is needed.

How to Prepare for the Test

adam.com”>There is no special preparation needed.

How the Test will Feel

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, you may feel moderate pain. Some people feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward there may be some throbbing or slight bruising. This soon goes away.

Why the Test is Performed

A CBC is a commonly performed lab test. It can be used to detect or monitor many different health conditions. Your health care provider may order this test:

• As part of a routine check-up
• If you are having symptoms, such as fatigue, weight loss, fever or other signs of an infection, weakness, bruising, bleeding, or any signs of cancer
• When you are receiving treatments (medicines or radiation) that may change your blood count results
• To monitor a long-term (chronic) health problem that may change your blood count results, such as chronic kidney disease

Normal Results

adam.com”>Blood counts may vary with altitude. In general, normal results are:

RBC count:

• Male: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells/mcL
• Female: 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcL

WBC count:

• 4,500 to 10,000 cells/mcL

Hematocrit:

• Male: 40.7% to 50.3%
• Female: 36.1% to 44.3%

Hemoglobin:

• Male: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL
• Female: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL

Red blood cell indices:

• MCV: 80 to 95 femtoliter
• MCH: 27 to 31 pg/cell
• MCHC: 32 to 36 gm/dL

Platelet count:

• 150,000 to 450,000/dL

com”>The examples above are common measurements for results of these tests. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.

What Abnormal Results Mean

High RBC, hemoglobin, or hematocrit may be due to:

• A lack of enough water and fluids, such as from severe diarrhea, excessive sweating, or water pills used to treat high blood pressure
• Kidney disease with high erythropoietin production
• Low oxygen level in the blood for a long time, most often due to heart or lung disease
• Polycythemia vera
• Smoking

Low RBC, hemoglobin, or hematocrit is a sign of anemia, which can result from:

• Blood loss (either sudden, or from problems such as heavy menstrual periods over a long time)
• Bone marrow failure (for example, from radiation, infection, or tumor)
• Breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis)
• Cancer and cancer treatment
• Certain long-term (chronic) medical conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, ulcerative colitis, or rheumatoid arthritis
• Leukemia
• Long-term infections such as hepatitis
• Poor diet and nutrition, causing too little iron, folate, vitamin B12, or vitamin B6
• Multiple myeloma

adam.com”>A lower than normal white blood cell count is called leukopenia. A decreased WBC count may be due to:

• Alcohol abuse and liver damage
• Autoimmune diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematosus)
• Bone marrow failure (for example, due to infection, tumor, radiation, or fibrosis)
• Chemotherapy medicines used to treat cancer
• Disease of the liver or spleen
• Enlarged spleen
• Infections caused by viruses, such as mono or AIDS
• Medicines

A high WBC count is called leukocytosis. It can result from:

• Certain medicines, such as corticosteroids
• Infections
• Diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or allergy
• Leukemia
• Severe emotional or physical stress
• Tissue damage (such as from burns or a heart attack)

A high platelet count may be due to:

adam.com”>
• Bleeding
• Diseases such as cancer
• Iron deficiency
• Problems with the bone marrow

A low platelet count may be due to:

• Disorders where platelets are destroyed
• Pregnancy
• Enlarged spleen
• Bone marrow failure (for example, due to infection, tumor, radiation, or fibrosis)
• Chemotherapy medicines used to treat cancer

Risks

There is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another, and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.

Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include:

• Excessive bleeding
• Fainting or feeling lightheaded
• Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
• Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)

Considerations

adam.com”>RBCs transport hemoglobin which, in turn, carries oxygen. The amount of oxygen received by body tissues depends on the amount and function of RBCs and hemoglobin.

WBCs are mediators of inflammation and the immune response. There are various types of WBCs that normally appear in the blood:

• Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
• Band cells (slightly immature neutrophils)
• T-type lymphocytes (T cells)
• B-type lymphocytes (B cells)
• Monocytes
• Eosinophils
• Basophils

References

Bunn HF. Approach to the anemias. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 158.

Costa K. Hematology. In: The Johns Hopkins Hospital; Hughes HK, Kahl LK, eds. The Johns Hopkins Hospital: The Harriet Lane Handbook. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 14.

Vajpayee N, Graham SS, Bem S. Basic examination of blood and bone marrow. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 22nd ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2017:chap 30.

Review Date: 10/24/2018

The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only — they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright ©2019 A.D.A.M., Inc., as modified by University of California San Francisco. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

Information developed by A.D.A.M., Inc. regarding tests and test results may not directly correspond with information provided by UCSF Health. Please discuss with your doctor any questions or concerns you may have.

prices, take tests in Moscow near you in the laboratory DNAOM

Attention! The service is not running in CITO mode.
Complete blood count 5 diff is a study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of blood elements.
The material for the study is blood taken from a finger into a microvete.

Capillary blood sampling is recommended:

• for burns that occupy a large surface area of ​​the patient’s body;
• with severe obesity of the patient;
• with established predisposition to venous thrombosis;
• in newborns.

Complete blood count 5 diff includes:

• determination of the size, number, shape of erythrocytes and their hemoglobin content;
• determination of the ratio of plasma volume to blood cells;
• determination of the total number of leukocytes;
• calculation of the percentage of different leukocytes: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils on an automatic analyzer;
• counting and evaluation of the average size of platelets.

The CBC is performed as the first screening test for complaints of “malaise”. The analysis gives an idea of ​​the possible areas where pathological changes occur and helps the clinician determine further examination tactics.

Indications:
• screening examinations as part of preventive, dispensary observation;
• basic examinations during hospitalization in therapeutic and surgical hospitals;
• diagnosis of anemia;
• diagnostics of inflammatory, infectious diseases;
• diagnostics of diseases of the blood system;
• monitoring of ongoing therapy and the course of various diseases.

Preparation
Special preparation is not required. Blood sampling is recommended no earlier than 4 hours after the last meal. Children – before the next feeding. If possible, eliminate high emotional and physical stress the day before.

Interpretation of results
When interpreting the analysis, it should be taken into account that in 5% of healthy people, the blood test values ​​deviate from the accepted reference values. Blood counts depend on race and sex, age.

The most important indicators in the general blood test:


1. Hb (hemoglobin) – hemoglobin;
2. Ht – hematocrit;
3. total number of erythrocytes ;
4. MCV* — mean erythrocyte volume;
5. RDW * – distribution of erythrocytes by volume;
6. MCH * — average content of hemoglobin in 1 erythrocyte;
7. MCHC * – average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes;
8. total platelet count;
9. total leukocyte count ;
10. leukocyte formula.

*It should be taken into account that the value is not specific, the indicator should be used to diagnose anemia only in combination with other indicators of the general blood test and biochemical blood test.

Determination of CBC parameters allows diagnosing conditions such as anemia/polycythemia, thrombocytopenia/thrombocytosis and leukopenia/leukocytosis, which can either be symptoms of a disease or act as independent pathologies.


Hemoglobin (Hb, hemoglobin)
A protein in erythrocytes that contains heme. The main function is the transport of oxygen.
Units of measurement: g/l.

Increased hemoglobin:


• dehydration: with severe diarrhea, vomiting, increased sweating, diabetes, burn disease, peritonitis;
• physiological erythrocytosis: in residents of highlands, pilots, athletes;
• symptomatic erythrocytosis: with insufficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, polycystic kidney disease; erythremia.

Decrease in hemoglobin:


• anemia of various etiologies;
• hyperhydration.

Hematocrit (Ht, hematocrit)
An indicator of the proportion of cells in the majority of red blood cells to the liquid part of the blood.
Units: %

Increase in hematocrit:



• dehydration: with severe diarrhea, vomiting, increased sweating, diabetes, burn disease, peritonitis;
• physiological erythrocytosis: in residents of highlands, pilots, athletes;
• symptomatic erythrocytosis: with insufficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, polycystic kidney disease;
• erythremia.

Decreased hematocrit:


• anemia of various etiologies;
• hyperhydration.

Erythrocytes
Units: ppm (10 ⁶ /µl).
Alternative units of measurement: 10 ¹² cells/L.
Conversion factors: 10 ¹² cells/L = 10 ⁶ cells/µL = million/µL.

Increased concentration of erythrocytes:


• dehydration: with severe diarrhea, vomiting, increased sweating, diabetes, burn disease, peritonitis;
• physiological erythrocytosis: in residents of highlands, pilots, athletes;
• symptomatic erythrocytosis: with insufficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, polycystic kidney disease;
• erythremia.

Decrease in the concentration of erythrocytes:


• anemia of various etiologies;
• hyperhydration.

MCV
Estimated indicator, which is calculated based on the histogram of the distribution by size of erythrocytes. According to MCV, microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic anemias are distinguished. An increase in the indicator indicates the presence of large erythrocytes in the blood, a decrease indicates the presence of small ones.

Units: fl (femtoliter).

Increased MCV values:


• B ₁₂ – deficiency and folate deficiency anemia;
• aplastic anemia;
• liver disease;
• hypothyroidism;
• autoimmune anemias;
• smoking and drinking.

Reduced MCVs:


• iron deficiency anemia;
• anemia of chronic disease;
• thalassemia;
• some types of hemoglobinopathies.

RDW (Red cell Distribution Width)
The calculated value, which is calculated on the basis of the histogram of the distribution of erythrocytes by volume. Reflects the heterogeneity of erythrocyte sizes. An increase in the indicator indicates that small and large red blood cells are present in the blood sample. Decreasing the value indicates the homogeneity of erythrocytes in the sample.

Units: %

RDW boost:



• anemia with heterogeneity in erythrocyte size, including those associated with nutrition; myelodysplastic, megaloblastic and sideroblastic types; anemia accompanying myelophthisis; homozygous thalassemias and some homozygous hemoglobinopathies;
• a significant increase in the number of reticulocytes;
• condition after red cell transfusion;
• interference – cold agglutinins, leukemia, hyperglycemia.

MCH
A calculated indicator that characterizes the average mass of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte. An increase in the indicator is associated with a supersaturation of erythrocytes with hemoglobin, a decrease indicates a deficiency of hemoglobin.

Units: pg (picogram).

Increase in MCH values:



• B ₁₂ – deficiency and folate deficiency anemia;
• aplastic anemia;
• liver disease;
• hypothyroidism;
• autoimmune anemias;
• smoking and drinking.

Decreased MCH:


• iron deficiency anemia;
• anemia of chronic disease;
• some types of hemoglobinopathies.

MCHC
A calculated indicator that characterizes the average mass of hemoglobin contained in a unit volume of an erythrocyte.

Units: g/dl.
Alternative units of measurement: g/l.
Conversion factor: g/l x 0.1 ==> g/dl.

Increase in MCHC values:



• hereditary microspherocytic anemia.

Decreased MCHC values:


• iron deficiency anemia;
• anemia of chronic disease;
• some types of hemoglobinopathies.

It should be borne in mind that the MCHC value is not specific, the indicator should be used to diagnose anemia only in combination with other indicators of a general blood test and a biochemical blood test.

Platelets
Units of measurement: thousand/µl (10 ³ cells/µl).
Alternative units of measure: 10 ⁹ cells/l.
Conversion factors: 10 ⁹ cells/l = 10 ³ cells/µl = thousand/µl.

Increased platelet concentration:


• physical overexertion;
• inflammatory diseases, acute and chronic;
• hemolytic anemias;
• anemia due to acute or chronic blood loss;
• conditions after undergoing surgical interventions;
• condition after splenectomy;
• oncological diseases and hemoblastoses.

Decreased platelet concentration:


• pregnancy;
• B ₁₂ – deficiency and folic acid deficiency anemia;
• aplastic anemia;
• viral and bacterial infections;
• taking drugs that inhibit platelet production;
• congenital thrombocytopenia;
• splenomegaly;
• autoimmune diseases;
• conditions after undergoing massive blood transfusions.

Leukocytes

Cells with nuclei that perform protective functions. Formed in the red bone marrow and organs of the lymphatic system. There are 5 populations: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils or basophils. Functions and lifetime depend on which population the leukocyte belongs to.

Units: thousand/µL (10 ³ cells/µL).
Alternative units of measurement: 10 ⁹ cells/l.
Conversion factors: 10 ⁹ cells/l = 10 ³ cells/µl = thousand/µl.

Increase in the concentration of leukocytes:


• physiological leukocytosis: emotional and physical stress, exposure to sunlight, cold, eating, pregnancy, menstruation;
• inflammatory processes;
• viral and bacterial infections;
• conditions after undergoing surgical interventions;
• intoxication;
• burns and injuries;
• infarcts of internal organs;
• malignant neoplasms;
• hemoblastosis.

Decreased leukocyte count:


• viral and certain chronic infections;
• taking medications: antibiotics, cytostatics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, etc.;
• autoimmune diseases;
• exposure to ionizing radiation;
• wasting and cachexia;
• anemia;
• splenomegaly;
• hemoblastosis.

Leukocyte formula
Leukocyte formula – the percentage of different types of leukocytes in peripheral blood and counting their number per unit volume. In the presence of atypical forms of cells, a blood test is performed under a microscope. The population of leukocytes is divided into 5 types: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils. Cells differ in appearance and function.

Different types of white blood cells are counted with the Sysmex XS1000i hematology analyzer.

Complete blood count with leukoformula and ESR with a discount of up to 50% at Lab4U in Moscow

Description of analysis

Index :

A general blood test shows how many red blood cells and hemoglobin it contains, which perform the function of respiration, leukocytes that protect the body from infection, platelets that are responsible for blood clotting, how the body reacts to pathological processes, in a word, KLA reflects the general state of the body.

Designations :

Usually this is the first analysis that a person takes when he undergoes a medical examination or at the beginning of any diagnosis. It is used for general health assessment, diagnosing anemia, inflammation and many other parameters.

Specialist

Appointed by a therapist.

Test material
— Venous blood with EDTA

includes 2 studies

• Blood cells are responsible for oxygen transport, blood clotting and immune defense

• ESR increases if the number of erythrocytes is reduced or there are a lot of proteins in the blood, for example, inflammatory

Order other complexes suitable for you

if the analyzes are repeated, the price of the complex will decrease by their cost

• Current Complex

  Clinical complete blood count CBC / Diff with leukocyte formula and ESR – 2 studies

  • Immune system

  • Kidneys

  • Liver

  • Bronchi and lungs

• Another

  Annual examination (complex of analyzes) – 16 examinations

How to get ready

In advance

Talk to your doctor about taking your medications the night before and on the day of your blood test, and any other extra preparation needs.

Do not take a blood test immediately after X-ray, fluorography, ultrasound, physiotherapy.

The day before

24 hours before blood sampling:

• Limit fatty and fried foods, do not take alcohol.
• Avoid strenuous exercise.

Do not eat for at least 4 hours before donating blood, drink only clean still water.

On the day of donation

Before blood sampling

• 60 minutes without smoking,
• 15-30 minutes to be in a calm state.

Result

• Electronic result

  By mail and in your personal account when ready

  View example

• References and their meaning

  The range within which the result of the analysis is considered normal.