What are blood disorders. How do they affect the body. What are the main types of blood disorders. Can blood disorders be inherited. How are blood disorders diagnosed and treated.

The Composition of Blood: A Vital Life Force

Blood is a complex and essential component of the human body, consisting of both liquid and solid elements. The liquid portion, known as plasma, comprises approximately 55% of blood volume and is primarily composed of water, salts, and proteins. The solid components include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, each playing a crucial role in maintaining bodily functions.

Key Components of Blood

• Plasma: The liquid portion carrying nutrients, hormones, and proteins
• Red blood cells: Responsible for oxygen transport
• White blood cells: Crucial for immune system function
• Platelets: Essential for blood clotting

Understanding the intricate balance of these components is vital in comprehending blood disorders and their impact on overall health.

Defining Blood Disorders: A Diverse Range of Conditions

Blood disorders encompass a wide array of conditions that affect one or more components of the blood, ultimately hindering its ability to perform its vital functions. These disorders can be classified as either acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-lasting), and they can have profound effects on an individual’s health and quality of life.

How do blood disorders manifest? Blood disorders can present in various ways, including abnormalities in blood cell production, function, or lifespan. These irregularities can lead to a range of symptoms and complications, affecting multiple organ systems throughout the body.

Common Causes of Blood Disorders

1. Genetic factors
2. Underlying diseases
3. Medication side effects
4. Nutritional deficiencies
5. Environmental factors

It’s important to note that while some blood disorders are inherited, others can develop due to external factors or as a consequence of other health conditions.

Platelet Disorders and Clotting Abnormalities

Platelet disorders and clotting abnormalities form a significant category of blood disorders, affecting the body’s ability to form blood clots and maintain proper hemostasis. These conditions can lead to either excessive bleeding or, conversely, an increased risk of thrombosis.

What are the primary types of platelet disorders? Platelet disorders can be broadly categorized into three main types:

• Thrombocytopenia: A condition characterized by low platelet count
• Thrombocytosis: An abnormally high platelet count
• Platelet function disorders: Conditions where platelets don’t function properly

Each of these disorders can have serious implications for an individual’s health, potentially leading to complications such as uncontrolled bleeding or dangerous blood clots.

Clotting Disorders: A Delicate Balance

Clotting disorders represent a disruption in the body’s delicate balance between bleeding and clotting. These conditions can be categorized into two main groups:

1. Bleeding disorders: Conditions that impair the body’s ability to form clots, leading to excessive bleeding
2. Thrombophilia: Disorders that increase the risk of abnormal blood clot formation

Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these disorders is crucial for proper diagnosis and management.

Anemia: When Oxygen Transport Falls Short

Anemia is a common blood disorder characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells, resulting in reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. This condition can have far-reaching effects on an individual’s health and well-being.

How does anemia affect the body? The reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood in anemia can lead to a wide range of symptoms, including:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Pale or yellowish skin
• Irregular heartbeats
• Dizziness and lightheadedness
• Cold hands and feet
• Chest pain

These symptoms can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

Types of Anemia

Anemia can be classified into several types based on the underlying cause:

1. Iron-deficiency anemia: The most common type, caused by insufficient iron
2. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia: Also known as pernicious anemia
3. Folate deficiency anemia: Caused by a lack of folic acid
4. Hemolytic anemia: Results from the premature destruction of red blood cells
5. Sickle cell anemia: An inherited disorder affecting hemoglobin structure
6. Aplastic anemia: A rare condition where the body stops producing enough blood cells

Each type of anemia requires a specific approach to diagnosis and treatment, highlighting the importance of accurate identification of the underlying cause.

Blood Cancers: A Complex Group of Disorders

Blood cancers, also known as hematologic malignancies, represent a diverse group of disorders affecting blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic tissues. These cancers can have profound effects on blood cell production and function, leading to a wide range of symptoms and complications.

What are the main types of blood cancers? Blood cancers are generally classified into three main categories:

• Leukemia: Cancer of the blood and bone marrow
• Lymphoma: Cancer affecting the lymphatic system
• Myeloma: Cancer of plasma cells

Each of these categories encompasses various subtypes, each with its own unique characteristics and treatment approaches.

Leukemia: Cancer of the Blood

Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that originates in the bone marrow and affects the production of blood cells. It can be classified into four main types:

1. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
2. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
4. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

The distinction between acute and chronic forms of leukemia is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment approach and prognosis.

Lymphoma: Cancer of the Lymphatic System

Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that affects the lymphatic system, a crucial component of the body’s immune defense. The two main types of lymphoma are:

• Hodgkin lymphoma
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Each type of lymphoma has distinct characteristics and treatment protocols, emphasizing the need for accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment approaches.

Myeloma: Cancer of Plasma Cells

Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that affects plasma cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. This condition can lead to various complications, including:

• Bone pain and fractures
• Anemia
• Kidney problems
• Increased risk of infections

Understanding the unique challenges posed by myeloma is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.

Eosinophilic Disorders: When White Blood Cells Misbehave

Eosinophilic disorders represent a group of conditions characterized by an abnormal increase in eosinophils, a type of white blood cell. These disorders can affect various organs and tissues throughout the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms and complications.

What causes eosinophilic disorders? Eosinophilic disorders can arise from various factors, including:

• Allergic reactions
• Parasitic infections
• Autoimmune conditions
• Certain medications
• Genetic predisposition

Identifying the underlying cause of eosinophilic disorders is crucial for developing an effective treatment plan.

Types of Eosinophilic Disorders

Eosinophilic disorders encompass a wide range of conditions, affecting various organ systems:

1. Eosinophilic esophagitis: Affecting the esophagus
2. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: Impacting the stomach and small intestine
3. Eosinophilic colitis: Affecting the large intestine
4. Hypereosinophilic syndrome: A rare, potentially life-threatening condition
5. Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A systemic vasculitis

Each of these disorders presents unique diagnostic and treatment challenges, requiring a multidisciplinary approach for optimal management.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Blood Disorders

Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of blood disorders are crucial for managing symptoms, preventing complications, and improving overall quality of life. The diagnostic process often involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies.

How are blood disorders diagnosed? The diagnosis of blood disorders typically involves several steps:

• Comprehensive medical history and physical examination
• Complete blood count (CBC) and other blood tests
• Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration
• Genetic testing
• Imaging studies (e.g., CT scans, MRI)
• Specialized tests for specific disorders

The choice of diagnostic tests depends on the suspected disorder and the individual patient’s presentation.

Treatment Approaches for Blood Disorders

Treatment strategies for blood disorders vary widely depending on the specific condition, its severity, and individual patient factors. Common treatment approaches include:

1. Medication therapy (e.g., iron supplements, chemotherapy, targeted therapies)
2. Blood transfusions
3. Stem cell transplantation
4. Immunotherapy
5. Dietary modifications
6. Lifestyle changes
7. Surgical interventions (in some cases)

The goal of treatment is to address the underlying cause of the disorder, alleviate symptoms, and prevent complications. In many cases, a multidisciplinary approach involving hematologists, oncologists, and other specialists is necessary for optimal patient care.

Living with Blood Disorders: Challenges and Coping Strategies

Living with a blood disorder can present numerous challenges, affecting various aspects of an individual’s life. From managing symptoms to navigating treatment regimens, patients with blood disorders often face significant physical, emotional, and social hurdles.

How do blood disorders impact daily life? The impact of blood disorders on daily life can be far-reaching, including:

• Fatigue and reduced energy levels
• Increased susceptibility to infections
• Limitations in physical activities
• Emotional stress and anxiety
• Disruptions to work or school
• Financial burdens related to medical care

Recognizing these challenges is crucial for developing comprehensive care plans that address not only the medical aspects of blood disorders but also the psychosocial needs of patients.

Coping Strategies and Support Systems

Developing effective coping strategies and accessing appropriate support systems can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals living with blood disorders. Key strategies include:

1. Education about the condition and treatment options
2. Adherence to prescribed treatment regimens
3. Regular communication with healthcare providers
4. Participation in support groups
5. Engaging in stress-reduction techniques
6. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
7. Seeking psychological support when needed

By implementing these strategies and leveraging available support systems, individuals with blood disorders can better manage their condition and maintain a higher quality of life.

Advances in Blood Disorder Research and Treatment

The field of hematology is rapidly evolving, with ongoing research and technological advancements leading to improved understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of blood disorders. These developments offer hope for better outcomes and enhanced quality of life for patients affected by these conditions.

What are some recent breakthroughs in blood disorder research? Notable advancements in blood disorder research include:

• Gene therapy approaches for inherited blood disorders
• Immunotherapy for blood cancers
• Development of targeted therapies
• Improved diagnostic techniques
• Advancements in stem cell transplantation
• Novel anticoagulant medications

These innovations are transforming the landscape of blood disorder management, offering new hope for patients with previously difficult-to-treat conditions.

Future Directions in Blood Disorder Management

As research continues to progress, several promising areas are emerging in the field of blood disorder management:

1. Personalized medicine approaches
2. Artificial intelligence in diagnosis and treatment planning
3. Novel drug delivery systems
4. Regenerative medicine techniques
5. Improved long-term monitoring strategies

These future directions hold the potential to revolutionize the way blood disorders are diagnosed, treated, and managed, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes and quality of life.

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Your blood is living tissue made up of liquid and solids. The liquid part, called plasma, is made of water, salts and protein. Over half of your blood is plasma. The solid part of your blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Blood disorders affect one or more parts of the blood and prevent your blood from doing its job. They can be acute or chronic. Many blood disorders are inherited. Other causes include other diseases, side effects of medicines, and a lack of certain nutrients in your diet.

Types of blood disorders include:

• Platelet disorders, excessive clotting, and bleeding problems, which affect how your blood clots
• Anemia, which happens when your blood does not carry enough oxygen to the rest of your body
• Cancers of the blood, such as leukemia and myeloma
• Eosinophilic disorders, which are problems with one type of white blood cell.

• Blood (For Parents)

  (Nemours Foundation)

  Also in Spanish

• Symptoms of Blood Disorders

  (Merck & Co. , Inc.)

  Also in Spanish

• How Lupus Affects the Blood

  (Lupus Foundation of America)

• Eosinophilia

  (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

  Also in Spanish

• Heavy Chain Diseases

  (Merck & Co. , Inc.)

  Also in Spanish

• Hemoglobin C, S-C, and E Diseases

  (Merck & Co., Inc.)

  Also in Spanish

• High Red Blood Cell Count

  (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

  Also in Spanish

• Low White Blood Cell Count

  (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

  Also in Spanish

• Lymphocytosis (High Lymphocyte Count)

  (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

  Also in Spanish

• Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)

  (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

• Neutropenia (Low Neutrophil Count)

  (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

  Also in Spanish

• Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)

  (Aplastic Anemia & MDS International Foundation)

• Plasma Cell Disorders

  (Merck & Co. , Inc.)

  Also in Spanish

• Polycythemia Vera

  (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute)

• What Is Lymphopenia?

  (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute)

• White Blood Cell Disorders

  (Merck & Co. , Inc.)

  Also in Spanish

• ClinicalTrials.gov: Hematologic Diseases

  (National Institutes of Health)

• Article: Exploration of KIR genes and hematological-related diseases in Chinese Han population.

• Article: Potential role of long non-coding RNA h29 and Neat1 in haemophilic…

• Article: Charcot-Leiden Crystals in Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Bone Marrow Necrosis.

• Blood Disorders — see more articles

• Hematology Glossary

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• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

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CBC Blood Test (Complete Blood Count)

Test Quick Guide

The complete blood count (CBC) is an essential comprehensive blood panel that allows your doctor to evaluate each type of cell in your blood.

The CBC measures the number of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets (PLT). Each of these types of blood cells performs important functions, so determining their levels can provide important health information.

A CBC may be used to help diagnose a range of health conditions and also monitor how the body is affected by different diseases or medical treatments.

About the Test

Purpose of the test

The purpose of a CBC is to give your health care provider details about the state of your health. It is an important medical tool because it uses one sample to analyze the complete spectrum of cells found in the blood as well as some of the characteristics of those cells.

Because it provides information about every type of cell in the blood, the CBC can provide information related to a wide variety of medical problems.

The primary uses for the CBC are diagnosis, monitoring, and screening:

• Diagnosis is determining the cause of a patient’s symptoms. The CBC can identify many different abnormalities in the blood that can be linked to distinct medical problems. For this reason, the CBC is frequently used as a diagnostic test. In many cases, it can confirm or rule out certain conditions and may be used alongside other tests to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.
• Monitoring is the process of following a patient’s condition over time. A CBC can be used to monitor patients who have previously been diagnosed with blood cell disorders. It can help see how a person’s condition has responded to treatment and may be used to watch for side effects of some medical treatments.
• Screening is testing to find health problems before there are any symptoms. In some cases, a doctor may prescribe a CBC as a screening test during routine check-ups.

What does the test measure?

A CBC involves multiple measurements that include the number of blood cells and some of their physical features. A standard CBC includes several elements related to RBCs, WBCs, and PLT that are described in the following sections.

Red blood cell measurements

RBC, also called erythrocytes, carry oxygen from your lungs to the tissues and organs in your body. A CBC test includes several basic measurements of RBCs:

• RBC count is the total number of RBCs in your blood sample.
• Hemoglobin measures the amount of this oxygen-carrying protein that is found inside RBCs.
• Hematocrit measures the proportion of your total blood volume that consists of RBCs.

A CBC also provides details about the physical features of RBC. These are known as RBC indices, of which there are several kinds:

• Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a measurement of the average size of RBC.
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is the average amount of hemoglobin inside each RBC.
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is a calculated measurement of how concentrated hemoglobin is within RBC.
• Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a measurement of the variation in the size of your RBC.

The CBC may include the reticulocyte count, the total number of newly released young RBCs in your blood sample. It may also be measured as a percentage.

White blood cell measurements

WBCs, also called leukocytes, are an important part of the body’s immune system.

A standard CBC includes measures of the WBC count, which is the total number of WBCs in a sample of blood.

A common variation of the CBC is the CBC with differential. The WBC differential is a breakdown of the amount of each of five different types of WBCs:

• Neutrophils: Neutrophils make up the greatest percentage of WBCs and are produced by the bone marrow to fight a diverse array of inflammatory and infectious diseases.
• Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes such as B-cells and T-cells are found primarily in the lymph system and fight bacteria and other pathogens in the blood.
• Monocytes: Monocytes work in conjunction with neutrophils to combat infections and other illnesses while removing damaged or dead cells.
• Eosinophils: Eosinophils are WBCs activated in response to allergies and some types of infections.
• Basophils: Basophils are involved in the early identification of infections as well as wound repair and allergic reactions.

Initial blood testing may include a CBC with differential, or this test may be done after an abnormal initial standard CBC. Because each WBC type has a different function, the CBC with differential can be used to identify abnormal levels of specific WBCs, which may offer clues about an underlying health concern.

Platelet measurements

Platelets (PLT), also called thrombocytes, are cell fragments that circulate in the blood and play an essential role in blood clotting. When there is an injury and bleeding begins, PLT help stop bleeding by sticking to the injury site and clumping together to form a temporary plug.

A standard component of the CBC is the PLT count, which is the number of PLT in your blood sample.

In some cases, your doctor may have the laboratory also measure the mean PLT volume (MPV), which determines the average size of PLT.

When should I get a complete blood count?

The CBC is a very common test. You may have a CBC performed when you have a routine health examination, are being diagnosed or assessed for a disease or condition, or when your provider is monitoring the effectiveness of a treatment.

Because blood counts can be affected by a diverse range of health conditions, the CBC may be recommended by your doctor to help identify the cause of many different kinds of symptoms. Your health care provider is in the best position to address whether a CBC is appropriate in your specific situation.

Finding a Complete Blood Count Test

How can I get a complete blood count test?

A CBC requires a needle blood draw and is most commonly conducted by a licensed professional in a health care setting like a hospital or doctor’s office.

Can I take the test at home?

There are few options available for at-home CBC testing. Kits for use at home involve a fingerstick; you prick your finger with a small needle to produce a drop of blood. That blood is applied to a special test paper and is then sent to a lab.

After the lab is done analyzing the blood, it provides results either online or through a smartphone app. Results usually take two to three days after the sample is received.

These at-home tests do not provide a diagnosis or confirm a specific illness or disease. Diagnosis and disease confirmation can only be provided by a doctor. For this reason, it is important to talk to a doctor before and after taking an at-home blood count test.

How much does the test cost?

The cost of a CBC test depends on several factors, including whether or not the patient is paying out of pocket or has health insurance. Because the CBC is common and has many uses, the cost is often covered by insurance. However, there may still be charges for copays and deductibles.

Talk to your doctor or insurance provider for specific details about expected costs for a CBC. If you do not have insurance, a hospital or laboratory administrator may be able to provide information about typical costs for uninsured patients.

Taking a CBC

The CBC is ordered and conducted by a licensed professional. The blood sample is drawn from a vein, usually on the inside of your elbow.

Before the test

Unless specified by your provider, there is no special preparation required before a CBC.

In some instances, a CBC is done along with other blood tests. When you are getting more than one blood test, your provider may ask you to not eat anything for a certain amount of time prior to your test.

If you have questions or concerns about any test preparation, contact your health care provider for specific instructions.

During the test

There are several steps that you can expect during a needle blood draw for a CBC:

1. An antiseptic alcohol wipe is used to cleanse your arm in the area that the needle will be inserted. This is most often either inside the elbow or at the top of the hand.
2. To make the vein in your arm more visible and easier to access with a needle, a band called a tourniquet is tied around your upper arm.
3. A needle is placed in your vein, and a test tube attached to the needle is filled with blood. When the needle is inserted there may be a pinch or a little pain.
4. After the test tube or vial is filled, the needle is removed, and the test is over.

After the test

After the needle is removed, a bandage will be placed over the puncture site.

Slight bruising is a common side effect after any blood draw while dizziness or lightheadedness are less common. Your provider may have you stay for a few minutes after the blood draw to monitor you until they are sure you are safe to walk and/or drive.

If you notice any other effects or signs of bleeding or infection after your blood draw, it is important to promptly contact your health care provider.

Complete Blood Count Test Results

Receiving test results

Depending on the laboratory equipment that is used, the results from a CBC can be available in a few minutes to a few days after the blood sample arrives at the laboratory. You may receive a copy of your results by mail or through an electronic health portal. Your doctor may also call you to discuss the results or to schedule an appointment to review them together.

Interpreting test results

The results from a CBC test will include separate levels listed for each component of the test including RBC, WBC, and PLT.

For each test component, the report will also show a reference range that defines what the laboratory that performed the test considers normal. These ranges, which can vary from lab to lab, are based on the results of a large sample of healthy people and help your doctor determine typical and atypical blood levels.

It is essential to talk with your doctor about the significance of your CBC test results. Your doctor will review your levels and how they compare to the laboratory’s reference ranges. They may also look at the relationships between your different blood levels and will consider your current symptoms and health history.

The following sections describe some potential causes of high or low levels of RBCs, WBCs, or PLT, but it is important to remember that an abnormal test result is not always a sign of a medical problem. Some healthy people may have blood counts that fall outside the standard reference range.

Red blood cell measurements

RBCs carry oxygen through the body, and the RBC count shows the total number of RBCs found in your blood. Hematocrit and hemoglobin are other related measures.

Anemia is a condition marked by low levels of RBCs. There are many potential causes of abnormally low levels of RBCs, hematocrit, and/or hemoglobin, including:

• Excessive acute or chronic bleeding
• Destruction of RBCs, such as in a condition called hemolytic anemia
• Disorders that affect the bone marrow, which produces new RBCs
• Nutritional deficiencies such as low iron, folate, or vitamin B12
• Some types of cancer and cancer treatment
• Chronic illnesses involving inflammation or disrupted organ function

High levels of RBCs, hematocrit, and/or hemoglobin can also have a number of possible causes. Examples include:

• Dehydration
• Heart or lung disease that reduces oxygen levels
• Certain kinds of kidney diseases
• Cigarette smoking
• Polycythemia vera, a rare disease causing overproduction of RBCs

In many cases, the CBC will include a set of measurements known as RBC indices that include the MCV, MCH, and MCHC. These indices can help distinguish between the most likely causes of anemia.

RBC counts are influenced by many different systems of the body, and sometimes abnormal levels are related to more than one factor. Your health care provider is in the best position to explain what the RBC measurements on your CBC mean for your health.

White blood cell counts

WBCs are the main players of the immune system, and the WBC count is the sum total of five different kinds of WBCs; each plays a role in immune function.

A low level of WBCs is known as leukopenia. Some of the possible causes of leukopenia include:

• Liver damage, including from alcohol abuse
• Severe infections
• An enlarged or damaged spleen
• Autoimmune diseases
• Conditions that disrupt bone marrow function
• Certain medications, including many chemotherapies for cancer

Having too many WBCs is known as leukocytosis. Excess WBCs may be related to several potential causes:

• Infections
• Tissue death from injury, burns, or other physical trauma
• Allergies and autoimmune conditions
• Stress
• Some medications
• Leukemia and some other cancers

If you have a CBC with WBC differential, your test report will show the specific levels of each kind of WBC. These are known as neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Knowing the counts of each type of WBC can provide detailed information to help your doctor interpret the findings of your CBC.

Platelet count

PLT are responsible for clotting the blood. Abnormal PLT function can mean you bleed too easily because your blood doesn’t clot properly, or your blood is prone to excess clotting.

Thrombocytopenia, a low PLT count, puts you at risk of excessive bleeding or bruising. Possible causes of a low PLT count include:

• Blood disorders that cause PLT destruction
• Some medications, including many chemotherapies
• An enlarged spleen
• Damage to the bone marrow
• Pregnancy

Having too many PLT is called thrombocytosis, and it is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular complications from blood clots. Abnormally high PLT counts may be caused by several conditions including:

• Iron deficiency
• Some cancers
• Bone marrow dysfunction
• Recent infection or other tissue trauma

The test may also measure the MPV (the size of your PLT). The MPV level can help your doctor understand how rapidly your body is producing new PLT.

Examples of questions that you can ask your doctor to learn more about your CBC test results include:

• What does my CBC indicate about my health?
• Were any results from the test abnormal? If so, which levels were abnormal?
• Are there any diagnoses to be made based on my CBC results?
• Will any follow-up tests be needed based on my CBC results?
• Given my CBC results, is there anything that you would suggest I do to improve my health?

• Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) Test
  Learn More
• Hematrocit Blood Test
  Learn More
• White Blood Cell Count (WBC Blood Test)
  Learn More
• Platelet Count (PLT) Blood Test
  Learn More
• Reticulocyte Count Test
  Learn More
• Blood Smear
  Learn More
• Iron Test
  Learn More
• Hemoglobin Blood Test
  Learn More

Resources

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Blood Tests
• Leukemia and Lymphoma Society: Understanding Blood Counts
• National Library of Medicine: Blood Disorders (Hematological Diseases)
• National Library of Medicine: Bone Marrow Diseases

Sources

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Eyth E, Naik R. Hemoglobin A1C. In: StatPearls. Updated March 15, 2022. Accessed September 28, 2022.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549816/

Feller-Kopman DJ, Schwartzstein RM. The Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of the Adult Patient with Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure. In: Stoller JK, ed. UpToDate. Updated June 14, 2022. Accessed September 28, 2022. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-evaluation-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-the-adult-patient-with-acute-hypercapnic-respiratory-failure

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Complete blood count 5 diff is a study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of blood elements.
The material for the study is blood taken from a finger into a microvete.

Capillary blood sampling is recommended:

• for burns that occupy a large surface area of ​​the patient’s body;
• with severe obesity of the patient;
• with established predisposition to venous thrombosis;
• in newborns.

Complete blood count 5 diff includes:

• determination of the size, number, shape of erythrocytes and their hemoglobin content;
• determination of the ratio of plasma volume to blood cells;
• determination of the total number of leukocytes;
• calculation of the percentage of different leukocytes: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils on an automatic analyzer;
• counting and evaluation of the average size of platelets.

The CBC is performed as the first screening test for complaints of “malaise”. The analysis gives an idea of ​​the possible areas where pathological changes occur and helps the clinician determine further examination tactics.

Indications:
• screening examinations as part of preventive, dispensary observation;
• basic examinations during hospitalization in therapeutic and surgical hospitals;
• diagnosis of anemia;
• diagnostics of inflammatory, infectious diseases;
• diagnostics of diseases of the blood system;
• monitoring of ongoing therapy and the course of various diseases.

Preparation
Special preparation is not required. Blood sampling is recommended no earlier than 4 hours after the last meal. Children – before the next feeding. If possible, eliminate high emotional and physical stress the day before.

Interpretation of results
When interpreting the analysis, it should be taken into account that in 5% of healthy people, the blood test values ​​deviate from the accepted reference values. Blood counts depend on race and sex, age.

The most important indicators in the general blood test:


1. Hb (hemoglobin) – hemoglobin;
2. Ht – hematocrit;
3. total number of erythrocytes ;
4. MCV* — mean erythrocyte volume;
5. RDW * – distribution of erythrocytes by volume;
6. MCH * — average content of hemoglobin in 1 erythrocyte;
7. MCHC * – average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes;
8. total platelet count;
9. total leukocyte count ;
10. leukocyte formula.

*It should be taken into account that the value is not specific, the indicator should be used to diagnose anemia only in combination with other indicators of the general blood test and biochemical blood test.

Determination of CBC parameters allows diagnosing conditions such as anemia/polycythemia, thrombocytopenia/thrombocytosis and leukopenia/leukocytosis, which can either be symptoms of a disease or act as independent pathologies.


Hemoglobin (Hb, hemoglobin)
A protein in erythrocytes that contains heme. The main function is the transport of oxygen.
Units of measurement: g/l.

Increased hemoglobin:


• dehydration: with severe diarrhea, vomiting, increased sweating, diabetes, burn disease, peritonitis;
• physiological erythrocytosis: in residents of highlands, pilots, athletes;
• symptomatic erythrocytosis: with insufficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, polycystic kidney disease; erythremia.

Decrease in hemoglobin:


• anemia of various etiologies;
• hyperhydration.

Hematocrit (Ht, hematocrit)
An indicator of the proportion of cells in the majority of red blood cells to the liquid part of the blood.
Units: %

Increase in hematocrit:



• dehydration: with severe diarrhea, vomiting, increased sweating, diabetes, burn disease, peritonitis;
• physiological erythrocytosis: in residents of highlands, pilots, athletes;
• symptomatic erythrocytosis: with insufficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, polycystic kidney disease;
• erythremia.

Decreased hematocrit:


• anemia of various etiologies;
• hyperhydration.

Erythrocytes
Units: ppm (10 ⁶ /µl).
Alternative units of measurement: 10 ¹² cells/L.
Conversion factors: 10 ¹² cells/L = 10 ⁶ cells/µL = million/µL.

Increased concentration of erythrocytes:


• dehydration: with severe diarrhea, vomiting, increased sweating, diabetes, burn disease, peritonitis;
• physiological erythrocytosis: in residents of highlands, pilots, athletes;
• symptomatic erythrocytosis: with insufficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, polycystic kidney disease;
• erythremia.

Decrease in the concentration of erythrocytes:


• anemia of various etiologies;
• hyperhydration.

MCV
Estimated indicator, which is calculated based on the histogram of the distribution by size of erythrocytes. According to MCV, microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic anemias are distinguished. An increase in the indicator indicates the presence of large erythrocytes in the blood, a decrease indicates the presence of small ones.

Units: fl (femtoliter).

Increased MCV values:


• B ₁₂ – deficiency and folate deficiency anemia;
• aplastic anemia;
• liver disease;
• hypothyroidism;
• autoimmune anemias;
• smoking and drinking.

Reduced MCVs:


• iron deficiency anemia;
• anemia of chronic disease;
• thalassemia;
• some types of hemoglobinopathies.

RDW (Red cell Distribution Width)
The calculated value, which is calculated on the basis of the histogram of the distribution of erythrocytes by volume. Reflects the heterogeneity of erythrocyte sizes. An increase in the indicator indicates that small and large red blood cells are present in the blood sample. Decreasing the value indicates the homogeneity of erythrocytes in the sample.

Units: %

RDW boost:



• anemia with heterogeneity in erythrocyte size, including those associated with nutrition; myelodysplastic, megaloblastic and sideroblastic types; anemia accompanying myelophthisis; homozygous thalassemias and some homozygous hemoglobinopathies;
• a significant increase in the number of reticulocytes;
• condition after red cell transfusion;
• interference – cold agglutinins, leukemia, hyperglycemia.

MCH
A calculated indicator that characterizes the average mass of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte. An increase in the indicator is associated with a supersaturation of erythrocytes with hemoglobin, a decrease indicates a deficiency of hemoglobin.

Units: pg (picogram).

Increase in MCH values:



• B ₁₂ – deficiency and folate deficiency anemia;
• aplastic anemia;
• liver disease;
• hypothyroidism;
• autoimmune anemias;
• smoking and drinking.

Decreased MCH:


• iron deficiency anemia;
• anemia of chronic disease;
• some types of hemoglobinopathies.

MCHC
A calculated indicator that characterizes the average mass of hemoglobin contained in a unit volume of an erythrocyte.

Units: g/dl.
Alternative units of measurement: g/l.
Conversion factor: g/l x 0. 1 ==> g/dl.

Increase in MCHC values:



• hereditary microspherocytic anemia.

Decreased MCHC values:


• iron deficiency anemia;
• anemia of chronic disease;
• some types of hemoglobinopathies.

It should be borne in mind that the MCHC value is not specific, the indicator should be used to diagnose anemia only in combination with other indicators of a general blood test and a biochemical blood test.

Platelets
Units of measurement: thousand/µl (10 ³ cells/µl).
Alternative units of measure: 10 ⁹ cells/l.
Conversion factors: 10 ⁹ cells/l = 10 ³ cells/µl = thousand/µl.

Increased platelet concentration:


• physical overexertion;
• inflammatory diseases, acute and chronic;
• hemolytic anemias;
• anemia due to acute or chronic blood loss;
• conditions after undergoing surgical interventions;
• condition after splenectomy;
• oncological diseases and hemoblastoses.

Decreased platelet concentration:


• pregnancy;
• B ₁₂ – deficiency and folic acid deficiency anemia;
• aplastic anemia;
• viral and bacterial infections;
• taking drugs that inhibit platelet production;
• congenital thrombocytopenia;
• splenomegaly;
• autoimmune diseases;
• conditions after undergoing massive blood transfusions.

Leukocytes

Cells with nuclei that perform protective functions. Formed in the red bone marrow and organs of the lymphatic system. There are 5 populations: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils or basophils. Functions and lifetime depend on which population the leukocyte belongs to.

Units: thousand/µL (10 ³ cells/µL).
Alternative units of measurement: 10 ⁹ cells/l.
Conversion factors: 10 ⁹ cells/l = 10 ³ cells/µl = thousand/µl.

Increase in the concentration of leukocytes:


• physiological leukocytosis: emotional and physical stress, exposure to sunlight, cold, eating, pregnancy, menstruation;
• inflammatory processes;
• viral and bacterial infections;
• conditions after undergoing surgical interventions;
• intoxication;
• burns and injuries;
• infarcts of internal organs;
• malignant neoplasms;
• hemoblastosis.

Decreased leukocyte count:


• viral and certain chronic infections;
• taking medications: antibiotics, cytostatics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, etc.;
• autoimmune diseases;
• exposure to ionizing radiation;
• wasting and cachexia;
• anemia;
• splenomegaly;
• hemoblastosis.

Leukocyte formula
Leukocyte formula – the percentage of different types of leukocytes in peripheral blood and counting their number per unit volume. In the presence of atypical forms of cells, a blood test is performed under a microscope. The population of leukocytes is divided into 5 types: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils. Cells differ in appearance and function.

Different types of white blood cells are counted with the Sysmex XS1000i hematology analyzer.

Complete blood count with leukoformula and ESR with a discount of up to 50% at Lab4U in Moscow

Description of analysis

Index :

A general blood test shows how many red blood cells and hemoglobin it contains, which perform the function of respiration, leukocytes that protect the body from infection, platelets that are responsible for blood clotting, how the body reacts to pathological processes, in a word, KLA reflects the general state of the body.

Designations :

Usually this is the first analysis that a person takes when he undergoes a medical examination or at the beginning of any diagnosis. It is used for general health assessment, diagnosing anemia, inflammation and many other parameters.

Specialist

Appointed by a therapist.

Test material
— Venous blood with EDTA

includes 2 studies

• Blood cells are responsible for oxygen transport, blood clotting and immune defense

• ESR increases if the number of erythrocytes is reduced or there are a lot of proteins in the blood, for example, inflammatory

Order other complexes suitable for you

if the analyzes are repeated, the price of the complex will decrease by their cost

• Current Complex

  Clinical complete blood count CBC / Diff with leukocyte formula and ESR – 2 studies

  • Immune system

  • Kidneys

  • Liver

  • Bronchi and lungs

• Another

  Annual examination (complex of analyzes) – 16 examinations

How to get ready

In advance

Talk to your doctor about taking your medications the night before and on the day of your blood test, and any other extra preparation needs.

Do not take a blood test immediately after X-ray, fluorography, ultrasound, physiotherapy.

The day before

24 hours before blood sampling:

• Limit fatty and fried foods, do not take alcohol.
• Avoid strenuous exercise.

Do not eat for at least 4 hours before donating blood, drink only clean still water.

On the day of donation

Before blood sampling

• 60 minutes without smoking,
• 15-30 minutes to be in a calm state.

Result

• Electronic result

  By mail and in your personal account when ready

  View example

• References and their meaning

  The range within which the result of the analysis is considered normal.