What are the common causes of swollen lymph nodes. How are swollen lymph nodes diagnosed. What treatments are available for swollen lymph nodes. When should you seek medical attention for swollen lymph nodes.

Understanding Lymph Nodes: Your Body’s Defense Mechanism

Lymph nodes play a crucial role in our immune system, acting as filters for harmful substances and housing immune cells that fight off infections. These small, bean-shaped glands are distributed throughout the body, with notable clusters in the neck, armpits, and groin area. When your body is combating an infection or illness, these nodes can become swollen as they work overtime to protect you.

The Anatomy of Lymph Nodes

Lymph nodes are part of the larger lymphatic system, which includes other organs such as the spleen, tonsils, and adenoids. This network of tissues and organs helps rid the body of toxins, waste, and other unwanted materials. Inside each lymph node, you’ll find lymphocytes – specialized white blood cells that are essential for immune response.

Common Symptoms of Swollen Lymph Nodes

Recognizing the symptoms of swollen lymph nodes is crucial for early detection and treatment. While the swelling itself is often the most noticeable sign, there are several other indicators to be aware of:

• Tenderness or pain when touched
• Increase in size, often described as pea-sized or larger
• Redness or warmth in the affected area
• Difficulty moving the neck or head if cervical lymph nodes are involved

Can swollen lymph nodes cause fever? In some cases, yes. Swollen lymph nodes are often accompanied by other symptoms, depending on the underlying cause. These may include fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, or fatigue.

Uncovering the Causes of Swollen Lymph Nodes

Swollen lymph nodes are typically a sign that your body is fighting off an infection or illness. The causes can range from common and benign to more serious conditions:

Common Infections

• Viral infections (e.g., common cold, flu, mononucleosis)
• Bacterial infections (e.g., strep throat, ear infections, skin infections)
• Tooth infections or abscesses

Less Common but Serious Causes

• Tuberculosis
• HIV/AIDS
• Lyme disease
• Certain types of cancer (e.g., lymphoma, leukemia)
• Autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)

Are certain areas of the body more prone to swollen lymph nodes? While lymph nodes can swell in various locations, the most commonly affected areas are the neck, armpits, and groin. The location of the swollen nodes can often provide clues about the underlying cause.

Diagnosing Swollen Lymph Nodes: Medical Approaches

When you visit a healthcare provider for swollen lymph nodes, they will employ various diagnostic techniques to determine the underlying cause:

Physical Examination

Your doctor will carefully palpate the affected areas, checking for size, consistency, and tenderness of the lymph nodes. They will also look for other symptoms that might indicate the cause of the swelling.

Medical History

A thorough review of your medical history, including recent illnesses, travel, and potential exposures, can provide valuable context for the diagnosis.

Diagnostic Tests

Depending on the suspected cause, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests:

• Blood tests to check for infections or abnormalities in blood cell counts
• Imaging studies such as X-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans, or MRIs
• Biopsy, where a small sample of the lymph node is removed for microscopic examination

How long does it typically take to diagnose the cause of swollen lymph nodes? The time frame can vary significantly depending on the complexity of the case. Some causes may be apparent after a simple physical exam, while others might require extensive testing over several days or weeks.

Treatment Options for Swollen Lymph Nodes

The treatment for swollen lymph nodes largely depends on the underlying cause. In many cases, especially when the swelling is due to a minor infection, the nodes will return to normal size once the infection clears. However, there are several approaches to managing swollen lymph nodes:

Self-Care and Home Remedies

• Applying warm compresses to reduce pain and promote drainage
• Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen
• Adequate rest to support the immune system
• Staying hydrated to help flush toxins from the body

Medical Treatments

For more serious underlying conditions, medical interventions may be necessary:

• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Antiviral medications for certain viral infections
• Anti-inflammatory drugs for autoimmune disorders
• Chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer-related lymph node swelling

Can swollen lymph nodes be surgically removed? In some cases, particularly when there’s a concern for malignancy or when the swollen node is causing significant discomfort, surgical removal (lymphadenectomy) may be recommended. However, this is typically a last resort after other treatment options have been exhausted.

When to Seek Medical Attention: Red Flags for Swollen Lymph Nodes

While many cases of swollen lymph nodes resolve on their own, there are certain situations where medical attention is necessary. Be alert for the following warning signs:

• Lymph nodes that are rapidly increasing in size
• Nodes that are hard, fixed in place, or feel irregular
• Persistent swelling lasting more than two weeks
• Unexplained weight loss or fever accompanying the swollen nodes
• Difficulty breathing or swallowing due to swollen nodes in the neck or chest
• Redness or warmth of the skin over the lymph nodes, which may indicate an infection

How quickly should you seek medical attention if you notice these red flags? It’s advisable to consult a healthcare provider within a few days if you observe any of these concerning symptoms. In cases of severe pain, high fever, or difficulty breathing, immediate medical attention is warranted.

Prevention and Long-Term Management of Lymph Node Health

While it’s not always possible to prevent lymph node swelling, there are steps you can take to support overall lymphatic health and reduce the risk of infections that can lead to swollen nodes:

Lifestyle Factors

• Maintaining good hygiene to prevent infections
• Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins
• Regular exercise to promote lymphatic circulation
• Adequate sleep to support immune function
• Stress management techniques like meditation or yoga

Preventive Healthcare

• Staying up-to-date with vaccinations
• Regular health check-ups to catch potential issues early
• Prompt treatment of infections to prevent complications

Is lymphatic drainage massage effective for managing swollen lymph nodes? While lymphatic drainage massage can be beneficial for overall lymphatic health, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider before attempting this technique, especially if you have active swollen lymph nodes. In some cases, massage might not be recommended and could potentially spread infection.

The Connection Between Swollen Lymph Nodes and Other Health Conditions

Swollen lymph nodes can sometimes be an indicator of underlying health issues beyond common infections. Understanding these connections can help in early detection and management of various conditions:

Autoimmune Disorders

Conditions like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren’s syndrome can cause chronic lymph node swelling as part of the body’s misguided immune response. In these cases, the swelling may be more widespread and persistent.

Cancer

Certain types of cancer, particularly lymphomas and leukemias, can cause swollen lymph nodes. These swellings are often painless and may be accompanied by other symptoms like night sweats and unexplained weight loss.

Chronic Infections

Long-term infections such as HIV/AIDS or tuberculosis can result in persistently swollen lymph nodes. Regular monitoring of lymph node status can be an important part of managing these conditions.

How can you differentiate between benign and potentially serious causes of swollen lymph nodes? While it’s not always possible to determine the cause without medical evaluation, some general guidelines include:

• Benign causes often result in tender, movable nodes that return to normal size within a few weeks
• More serious conditions may cause hard, fixed, or rapidly growing nodes that persist for longer periods
• The presence of additional symptoms like fever, weight loss, or night sweats may indicate a more serious underlying condition

Innovations in Lymph Node Diagnostics and Treatment

The field of lymph node health is continuously evolving, with new diagnostic tools and treatment approaches emerging. Some recent advancements include:

Advanced Imaging Techniques

• High-resolution ultrasound for more detailed lymph node visualization
• PET-CT scans for improved detection of cancer-related lymph node involvement
• Lymphoscintigraphy for mapping lymphatic drainage patterns

Minimally Invasive Procedures

Fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsies allow for less invasive sampling of lymph node tissue, reducing the need for more extensive surgical biopsies in some cases.

Targeted Therapies

For lymph node swelling related to cancer, targeted therapies and immunotherapies are showing promise in treating affected nodes while minimizing damage to healthy tissue.

What role does artificial intelligence play in lymph node diagnostics? AI algorithms are being developed to assist in the interpretation of imaging studies, potentially improving the accuracy and speed of lymph node assessments. These tools can help radiologists identify subtle changes that might be indicative of disease.

Living with Chronic Lymph Node Swelling: Coping Strategies and Quality of Life

For some individuals, chronic lymph node swelling may be a long-term reality due to ongoing medical conditions. Developing effective coping strategies is crucial for maintaining quality of life:

Pain Management

• Working with healthcare providers to develop a personalized pain management plan
• Exploring both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to pain relief
• Considering complementary therapies like acupuncture or gentle massage, under medical supervision

Emotional Support

Chronic health issues can take an emotional toll. Seeking support through counseling, support groups, or online communities can be beneficial for mental well-being.

Adaptive Strategies

Developing strategies to accommodate physical limitations, such as adjusting clothing choices or modifying daily activities, can help in managing discomfort associated with swollen nodes.

Regular Monitoring

Maintaining a close relationship with healthcare providers for regular check-ups and monitoring is essential for managing chronic lymph node swelling effectively.

How can patients effectively communicate changes in their lymph node condition to their healthcare providers? Keeping a symptom diary that tracks the size, location, and any associated symptoms of swollen lymph nodes can be invaluable. This information helps healthcare providers monitor progression and adjust treatment plans as needed.

In conclusion, understanding swollen lymph nodes – their causes, diagnosis, and treatment – is crucial for maintaining overall health. While often a sign of the body’s normal immune response, persistent or concerning lymph node swelling warrants medical attention. By staying informed and vigilant, individuals can work effectively with their healthcare providers to address lymph node issues and maintain optimal health.

Swollen Lymph Nodes and Glands: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Emergencies

Written by Stephanie Watson

• Symptoms of Swollen Lymph Nodes
• Causes of Swollen Lymph Nodes
• When to See a Doctor for Swollen Lymph Nodes
• Swollen Lymph Nodes Diagnosis
• Swollen Lymph Node Treatment and Home Remedies

Swollen lymph nodes are a sign that your body is fighting off an infection or an illness. Most of the time, they return to normal size when their job is done.

Lymph nodes are round, bean-shaped glands, and you have them throughout your body. There are clusters of them in places like your neck, under your arm, and in the crease between your thigh and your torso (where your leg begins). You can sometimes feel these clusters as little bumps, especially if they’re swollen.

They’re part of your lymphatic system. Along with your spleen, tonsils, and adenoids, they help protect you from harmful germs.

The most common signs are:

Because swollen lymph nodes are usually linked to some type of illness, you might also have other symptoms, depending on what that illness is:

• Runny nose, sore throat, or fever (caused by an upper respiratory infection)

• Swelling of clusters of lymph nodes in different places in your body (caused by an infection or an immune system disorder, like rheumatoid arthritis)

• Hard lymph nodes that won’t move or get bigger quickly (signs of certain types of cancer)

Lymph nodes have immune cells called lymphocytes in them. They attack bacteria, viruses, and other things that can make you sick. When you’re fighting off harmful germs, your body makes more of those immune cells — that causes the swelling.

Your lymph nodes come across all kinds of germs, so they can be swollen for lots of reasons. Usually, it’s something that’s relatively easy to treat, like:

• A virus, like a cold
• A bacterial infection, like an ear infection, skin infection, or infected tooth

Much less often, it can be a more serious illness. They can include:

• Tuberculosis, an infection that usually affects your lungs
• Lyme disease, an infection spread through a tick bite
• A problem with your immune system, like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
• HIV/AIDS, an infection spread through sexual contact and IV drug use
• Certain kinds of cancer, including:
  • Lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system
  • Leukemia, a cancer of the blood

In most cases, swollen glands return to normal size after the illness or infection has passed. But here are some things to watch for:

• Glands that swelled up very suddenly

• Glands that are much larger than they should be, not just mildly swollen

• Glands that feel hard or don’t move when you push on them

• Glands that stay swollen for more than 5 days in children or 2 to 4 weeks in adults

• The area around the glands turns red or purple, it feels warm or you see pus

• Swelling in your arm or groin

• Sudden weight loss

• A fever that doesn’t go away

• Night sweats

If you notice any of these, see your doctor.

Your doctor will start by asking you about your medical history and giving you a physical exam. They might be able to get an idea of what’s making your glands swell by where they are in your body.

They also may recommend one of these tests to find out more about what’s going on:

• Blood tests

• X-rays

• Ultrasound. High-frequency sound waves are used to let your doctor see what’s happening inside your body.

• Magnetic resonance imaging scan (MRI). A powerful magnet and radio waves are used to make detailed images of your organs and tissues.

• Biopsy. Lymph node tissue is removed and looked at under a microscope.

• PET scan. This looks at the chemical activity in parts of your body. It may help identify a variety of conditions like some cancers, heart disease and brain disorders. This is done less commonly.

• CT scan. A series of X-rays are taken from different angles and put together to form a more complete picture.

If your swollen lymph nodes aren’t caused by something serious, they will go away on their own. A few things may help with any discomfort while you wait for it to run its course:

• Warm compress. A washcloth rinsed in hot water and placed on the area that hurts may help ease pain.

• Rest. Getting good rest can help you get over a mild illness faster.

• Over-the-counter pain relievers: Acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen may make you feel better. (Talk to your doctor before giving aspirin to children or teenagers. )

If something more serious is causing the swelling, treatment can include:

• Antibiotics for an infection caused by bacteria

• Medications that help with inflammation (for lupus and rheumatoid arthritis)

• Surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy (for types of cancer)

Top Picks

Boils Information | Mount Sinai

Furuncle

A boil is an infection that affects groups of hair follicles and nearby skin tissue.

Related conditions include folliculitis, an inflammation of one or more hair follicles, and carbunculosis, a skin infection that often involves a group of hair follicles. 

At the base of the hair follicle are sensory nerve fibers that wrap around each hair bulb. Bending the hair stimulates the nerve endings allowing a person to feel that the hair has been moved. One of the main functions of hair is to act as a sensitive touch receptor. Sebaceous glands are also associated with each hair follicle that produce an oily secretion to help condition the hair and surrounding skin.

Causes

Boils are very common. They are most often caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. They can also be caused by other types of bacteria or fungi found on the skin’s surface. Damage to the hair follicle allows the infection to grow deeper into the follicle and the tissues under it.

Boils may occur in the hair follicles anywhere on the body. They are most common on the face, neck, armpit, buttocks, and thighs. You may have one or many boils. The condition may occur only once or it can be a long-lasting (chronic) or recurring problem.

Symptoms

A boil may begin as tender, pinkish-red, and swollen, on a firm area of the skin. Over time, it will feel like a water-filled balloon or cyst.

Pain gets worse as it fills with pus and dead tissue. Pain lessens when the boil drains. A boil may drain on its own. More often, the boil needs to be opened to drain.

The main symptoms of a boil include:

• A bump about the size of a pea, but may be as large as a golf ball
• White or yellow center (pustules)
• Spread to other skin areas or joining with other boils
• Quick growth
• Weeping, oozing, or crusting

Other symptoms may include:

• Fatigue
• Fever
• General ill-feeling
• Itching before the boil develops
• Skin redness around the boil

Exams and Tests

The health care provider can usually diagnose a boil based on how it looks. A sample of cells from the boil may be sent to the lab for a culture to look for staphylococcus or other bacteria.

Treatment

Boils may heal on their own after a period of itching and mild pain. More often, they become more painful as pus builds up.

Boils usually need to open and drain in order to heal. This most often happens within 2 weeks. You should:

• Put warm, moist, compresses on the boil several times a day to speed draining and healing.
• Never squeeze a boil or try to cut it open at home. This can spread the infection.
• Continue to put warm, wet, compresses on the area after the boil opens.

You may need to have surgery to drain deep or large boils. Get treatment from your provider if:

• You have a fever or other symptoms with the boil.
• The boil causes pain or discomfort. 
• You have a boil on your spine or the middle of your face.
• A boil lasts longer than 1 week.
• A boil comes back.

It is important to keep a boil clean. To do this:

• Clean boils and change their dressing often.
• Wash your hands well before and after touching a boil.
• Do not reuse or share washcloths or towels. Wash clothing, washcloths, towels, and sheets or other items that have touched infected areas in hot water.
• Throw out used dressings in a sealed bag so that fluid from the boil does not touch anything else.

Your provider may give you antibiotics to take by mouth or a shot, if the boil is very bad or comes back.

Antibacterial soaps and creams cannot help much once a boil has formed.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Some people have repeated boil infections and are unable to prevent them.

Boils in areas such as the ear canal or nose can be very painful.

Boils that form close together may expand and join, causing a condition called carbunculosis.

Possible Complications

These complications may occur:

• Abscess of the skin, spinal cord, brain, kidneys, or other organ
• Brain infection
• Heart infection
• Bone infection
• Infection of the blood or tissues (sepsis)
• Spinal cord infection
• Spread of infection to other parts of the body or skin surfaces
• Permanent scarring

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider if boils:

• Appear on your face or spine
• Occur along with a fever, red streaks coming out from the sore, a large build-up of fluid in the area, or other symptoms of infection
• Cause pain or discomfort
• Do not heal with home treatment within 1 week
• Come back after treatment

Prevention

The following may help prevent the spread of infection:

• Antibacterial soaps

• Antiseptic (germ-killing) washes

• Keeping clean (such as thorough hand washing)

Dinulos JGH. Bacterial infections. In: Dinulos JGH, ed. Habif’s Clinical Dermatology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 9.

Pulia M, May LS. Skin and soft tissue infections. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 126.

Last reviewed on: 11/30/2022

Reviewed by: Ramin Fathi, MD, FAAD, Director, Phoenix Surgical Dermatology Group, Phoenix, AZ. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Misuse of water was called a “time bomb”

https://ria.ru/20201212/voda-1588920498.html

Misuse of water was called a “time bomb”

Misuse of water was called a “time bomb” – RIA Novosti, 03.03.2021

Misuse of water was called a “time bomb”

WeChat user told how not to harm the body when drinking water. RIA Novosti, 03.03.2021

2020-12-12T15:50

2020-12-12T15:50

2021-03-03T18:14

water

health

900 02 wechat

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MOSCOW, December 12 – RIA Novosti. A WeChat user told how not to harm the body when drinking water. The author of the post noted that drinking a glass of water in the morning after waking up is useful because it will allow you to replenish the water balance in the body after a night’s sleep. In addition, it will reduce blood viscosity and stimulate blood circulation. The user clarified that many people drink water incorrectly, which causes great harm to their health. He talked about common mistakes while drinking water, which can become a “time bomb” for the body. The author of the post also dispelled the myth that you must first brush your teeth before drinking water. Claims that bacteria from the oral cavity will enter the body with water are exaggerated, since bacteria are mainly concentrated on tartar or plaque. It can only be removed by brushing and rubbing. Water does not have such a frictional force to clean off plaque. Moreover, the acid in the intestines can kill pathogenic bacteria.

https://ria.ru/20201025/yaytsa-1581408015.html

https://ria.ru/20201205/kartofel-1587785603.html

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water, health, wechat

900 02 Water, Health , WeChat

MOSCOW, December 12 – RIA Novosti. WeChat user told how not to harm the body when drinking water.

The author of the post noted that drinking a glass of water in the morning after waking up is useful, because it will allow you to replenish the water balance in the body after a night’s sleep. In addition, it will reduce blood viscosity and stimulate blood circulation.

The user clarified that many people use water incorrectly, which causes great harm to their health. He talked about common mistakes while drinking water, which can be a “time bomb” for the body.

The difference between white and dark shelled eggs explained

October 25, 2020, 02:33

1. In a person with cardiovascular disease, this can lead to a heart attack. In addition, drinking plenty of water on an empty stomach thins out stomach acid. When eating, this affects the process of digestion and over time can cause stomach diseases. It is recommended to drink no more than 150 milliliters of water at a time (about half a glass), and also to do it slowly, in small sips.

2. 2.

   Do not replace the first glass of water with milk, coffee, juices and mineral water. This will not replenish the fluid balance, but will start the digestive process, which will negatively affect the health of the gastrointestinal tract. Some of these drinks are diuretic and will cause more fluid loss in the body.

3. 3.

   Do not drink salted water as it will increase blood pressure. In addition, it will increase the daily amount of salt intake, which will put a strain on the kidneys.

4. 4.

   You can drink water with honey for people who suffer from constipation. Honey should be placed in cold or warm water, but not in boiling water.

5. 5.

   Boiled water is the best choice for most people because it is sugar and salt free and won’t stress the kidneys or the cardiovascular system.

6. 6.

   It is not recommended to drink too cold or too hot water. A cold drink stimulates the gastrointestinal tract, quickly reduces the blood vessels of the gastric mucosa. This can lead to discomfort and diarrhea. Hot water injures the delicate lining of the esophagus and can lead to cancer. The use of liquid, the temperature of which exceeds 65 degrees, causes a burn. If this happens regularly, the normal structure of the cells is destroyed, after which malignant formations occur. In order not to irritate the gastric mucosa, the water temperature should be no more than 50 degrees.

A serious danger of potatoes named

December 5, 2020, 10:20

The author of the post also dispelled the myth that you must first brush your teeth before drinking water. Claims that bacteria from the oral cavity will enter the body with water are exaggerated, since bacteria are mainly concentrated on tartar or plaque. It can only be removed by brushing and rubbing. Water does not have such a frictional force to clean off plaque. Moreover, the acid in the intestines can kill pathogenic bacteria.

Read the full version of the material on the website
Raspberry is a deciduous subshrub of the Rosaceae family. Plant height – up to 2.5 m. The roots are winding, woody. Stems erect. Initially shoots are green and grassy. After a year of life, they begin to stiffen and turn brown. The leaves are oval, green above and whitish below. The flowers are white, up to 1 cm in diameter. The fruits are red drupes.

Raspberry composition

Berries contain about 11% of sugars represented by glucose, fructose and sucrose. They contain essential oils, pectins, mucus, proteins, carotene, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, coumarins, ketones, mineral salts, vitamins A, C, group B, PP.

Attention! The leaves contain a lot of manganese. And in the seeds – fatty oil (up to 22%) and phytosterol (up to 0.8%). They also have everything the same as in berries.

Medicinal properties

The fruits have diaphoretic, tonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antiscorbutic, astringent properties. Leaves and young shoots have an antispasmodic, hemostatic effect.

Effects on the body

The main value of raspberry is that it is a powerful natural antioxidant. Antioxidant activity in it is shown by flavonoids, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, carotenoids and phenols. These compounds deactivate free radicals – oxygen molecules with one unpaired electron. These molecules seek to restore balance and therefore take electrons from cells, amino acids and many other molecules that they meet along the way. As a result, the latter are destroyed, which leads to rapid wear of the body, early aging and an increased risk of tumor formation. Antioxidants interrupt this process.

Attention! Vitamin C prevents the development of scurvy and is necessary for the full functioning of bone and connective tissues. One serving of berries contains about 30% of its required daily intake.

Phenolic substances improve elasticity and regulate capillary permeability, helping to remove harmful compounds from them. Manganese, which is abundant in raspberry leaves, is essential for protein synthesis. Magnesium supports the normal functioning of the heart muscle. And vitamin K – normalizes blood clotting.

Cosmetic properties

In cosmetology, raspberry extracts are most often used. They help eliminate acne, acne, age spots, normalize oily skin, and also stimulate hair growth. In addition, they:

• protect against cell membrane destruction;
• slow down aging;
• moisturize the epidermis;
• cleanse pores;
• nourish the skin;

The extract is used for therapeutic baths, included in the composition of masks for oily skin, lotions, creams, shampoos, hair balms and other cosmetics.

Contraindications and side effects

It is worth minimizing the use of raspberries in the presence of problems with the kidneys and gallbladder. And all because it contains calcium oxalates, which can provoke an exacerbation of these diseases.

It is worth refraining from the product during the period of exacerbation of stomach ulcers, gastritis or diseases of the duodenum 12. Due to the content of purines, the product is contraindicated in nephritis and gout.

Applications and standards

Fruit syrup is used in pharmacology to improve the taste of drugs. For the prevention and treatment of diseases, dry plant materials can be used. It is produced in briquettes, filter bags and in bulk. Raspberries in filter bags are brewed in boiling water: 1 pc. to a glass of water. In loose form, it is used to prepare decoctions: 2 tbsp. l. raw materials pour 500 ml of boiling water, insist 2 hours, filter and take half a glass 4 times a day before meals.