What are the risk factors for osteoporosis in women. How does menopause affect bone health. What preventive measures can women take to maintain strong bones. How does osteoporosis prevalence vary among different ethnic groups. What are the symptoms and causes of bone loss in women.

The Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Women

Osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weakened and brittle bones, disproportionately affects women. Of the estimated 10 million Americans with osteoporosis, about 80% are women. This staggering statistic underscores the importance of understanding and addressing this health concern in the female population.

The risk of osteoporosis increases with age, particularly after menopause. Approximately one in two women over age 50 will experience a bone fracture due to osteoporosis. Even more alarming is the fact that a woman’s risk of breaking a hip is equal to her combined risk of breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer.

Why Are Women More Susceptible to Osteoporosis?

• Women generally have smaller and thinner bones compared to men.
• Estrogen, a hormone that protects bones, decreases sharply during menopause, leading to accelerated bone loss.
• Genetic factors can predispose some women to lower bone density.
• Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and smoking can influence bone health.

Osteoporosis Risk Factors Across Ethnic Groups

While osteoporosis can affect women of all ethnicities, the prevalence and risk factors vary among different groups. Understanding these differences is crucial for targeted prevention and treatment strategies.

Caucasian Women

Caucasian women face the highest risk of osteoporosis among all ethnic groups. Approximately 20% of Caucasian women aged 50 and older have osteoporosis, while more than half have low bone mass. Between ages 20 and 80, Caucasian women lose about one-third of their hip bone mineral density.

African-American Women

Although African-American women generally have higher bone density than Caucasian women, they are not immune to osteoporosis. About 5% of African-American women over 50 have osteoporosis, and 35% have low bone mass. Factors such as lactose intolerance (affecting about 70% of African Americans) and vitamin D deficiency can contribute to bone health issues in this group.

Asian-American Women

Asian-American women have a significant risk of osteoporosis, with about 20% of those aged 50 and older affected by the condition. More than half have low bone density. The high prevalence of lactose intolerance (about 90%) in this group can make it challenging to obtain adequate calcium from dairy sources.

Latina Women

Among Latina women, 10% have osteoporosis, and half of those over 50 have low bone mass. Lactose intolerance is also common in this group, potentially impacting calcium intake. Notably, hip fractures among Latinas in the United States appear to be on the rise, highlighting the need for increased awareness and prevention efforts.

The Impact of Menopause on Bone Health

Menopause marks a critical period for women’s bone health. The sharp decrease in estrogen levels during this time can lead to rapid and severe bone loss. Two major factors influence a woman’s chance of developing osteoporosis during and after menopause:

1. The amount of bone density at the onset of menopause: Higher initial bone density reduces the risk of osteoporosis.
2. The rate of bone loss after menopause: Some women lose bone density more rapidly than others, with up to 20% loss possible in the 5-7 years following menopause.

Hormone Therapy and Bone Health

For women experiencing menopausal symptoms, healthcare providers may prescribe estrogen therapy (ET) or combined estrogen and progesterone hormone therapy (HT). These treatments can help manage menopausal symptoms while also supporting bone health. However, the decision to use hormone therapy should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider, considering individual health risks and benefits.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is often called a “silent disease” because bone loss occurs without noticeable symptoms. However, there are some signs that may indicate the presence of osteoporosis:

• Back pain, which can be severe if a vertebra has collapsed
• Loss of height over time
• A stooped posture
• Bones that break much more easily than expected

Is it possible to detect osteoporosis before a fracture occurs? Yes, bone density scans can diagnose osteoporosis before fractures happen. These painless tests measure bone density in various parts of the body, most commonly the hip and spine.

Preventing Osteoporosis: Lifestyle Strategies for Strong Bones

While certain risk factors for osteoporosis are beyond our control, there are many lifestyle choices that can help maintain strong bones and reduce the risk of developing this condition:

Nutrition for Bone Health

A balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D is essential for bone health. Calcium is the primary building block of bone tissue, while vitamin D helps the body absorb and use calcium effectively.

• Calcium-rich foods: Dairy products, leafy green vegetables, fortified foods
• Vitamin D sources: Sunlight exposure, fatty fish, egg yolks, fortified foods

How much calcium do women need daily? The recommended daily intake of calcium varies by age:
– Women 19-50 years: 1,000 mg
– Women 51+ years: 1,200 mg

Exercise for Stronger Bones

Regular physical activity, particularly weight-bearing and resistance exercises, can help build and maintain bone density. These activities stimulate bone formation and strengthen the muscles that support the skeleton.

• Weight-bearing exercises: Walking, jogging, dancing, stair climbing
• Resistance exercises: Weight lifting, using resistance bands
• Balance-improving activities: Tai chi, yoga

How often should women exercise for bone health? Aim for at least 30 minutes of weight-bearing exercise most days of the week, along with resistance training 2-3 times per week.

Medical Interventions for Osteoporosis

When lifestyle measures are not sufficient, medical treatments can help prevent or manage osteoporosis. These may include:

• Bisphosphonates: Medications that slow bone loss and may increase bone density
• Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Drugs that have estrogen-like effects on bone
• Hormone Therapy: For some postmenopausal women, when benefits outweigh risks
• Denosumab: A biologic therapy that helps reduce bone loss
• Teriparatide and Abaloparatide: Medications that stimulate new bone formation

When should women start considering medical treatment for osteoporosis? Treatment decisions are typically based on bone density measurements, fracture risk assessment, and individual health factors. It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate approach.

The Role of Regular Screenings in Osteoporosis Prevention

Early detection of bone loss is crucial for effective prevention and management of osteoporosis. Bone density screenings can identify individuals at risk before fractures occur.

Bone Density Testing

The most common and accurate method for measuring bone density is dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA). This painless, non-invasive test measures bone density in the hip and spine, providing valuable information about fracture risk.

When should women start getting bone density tests? The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that women aged 65 and older, and younger women with risk factors, undergo bone density screening. However, individual recommendations may vary based on personal risk factors.

Other Screening Tools

In addition to DXA scans, healthcare providers may use other tools to assess osteoporosis risk:

• FRAX tool: Calculates 10-year fracture risk based on various factors
• Heel ultrasound: A quick screening method, though less accurate than DXA
• Blood and urine tests: Can detect markers of bone turnover

Osteoporosis Management: Living Well with the Condition

For women diagnosed with osteoporosis, a comprehensive management plan can help maintain quality of life and reduce the risk of fractures.

Fall Prevention

Preventing falls is crucial for individuals with osteoporosis. Strategies to reduce fall risk include:

• Removing tripping hazards in the home
• Improving lighting
• Using assistive devices when necessary
• Practicing balance exercises

Pain Management

Osteoporosis-related fractures can cause significant pain. Management options may include:

• Over-the-counter pain relievers
• Prescription medications
• Physical therapy
• Hot and cold therapy

Emotional Support

Living with osteoporosis can have emotional impacts. Support strategies include:

• Joining support groups
• Seeking counseling if needed
• Staying socially active
• Engaging in stress-reducing activities

How can women with osteoporosis maintain their independence? By following their treatment plan, staying active, and making necessary lifestyle adjustments, many women with osteoporosis can maintain their independence and quality of life.

The Future of Osteoporosis Research and Treatment

As our understanding of bone biology and osteoporosis continues to grow, new avenues for prevention and treatment are emerging.

Emerging Therapies

Researchers are exploring novel approaches to osteoporosis treatment, including:

• Gene therapies targeting bone metabolism
• Stem cell treatments to regenerate bone tissue
• New combinations of existing medications for improved efficacy
• Personalized medicine approaches based on genetic profiles

Advances in Diagnostic Tools

Improvements in diagnostic technology may allow for earlier and more accurate detection of bone loss:

• High-resolution imaging techniques for detailed bone structure analysis
• Advanced biomarkers for assessing bone turnover
• Artificial intelligence algorithms for predicting fracture risk

What potential breakthroughs in osteoporosis treatment are on the horizon? While it’s difficult to predict specific breakthroughs, ongoing research in areas such as genetics, biomaterials, and drug delivery systems holds promise for more effective and personalized osteoporosis treatments in the future.

In conclusion, osteoporosis represents a significant health concern for women, particularly as they age. However, with increased awareness, early detection, and a combination of lifestyle measures and medical interventions, the impact of this condition can be minimized. By taking proactive steps to maintain bone health throughout life, women can reduce their risk of osteoporosis and related fractures, ensuring better overall health and quality of life in their later years.

What Women Need to Know

Being female puts you at risk of developing osteoporosis and broken bones. Here are some facts:

• Of the estimated 10 million Americans with osteoporosis, about eight million or 80% are women.
• Approximately one in two women over age 50 will break a bone because of osteoporosis.
• A woman’s risk of breaking a hip is equal to her combined risk of breast, uterine and ovarian cancer.

There are multiple reasons why women are more likely to get osteoporosis than men, including:

• • Women tend to have smaller, thinner bones than men.
  • Estrogen, a hormone in women that protects bones, decreases sharply when women reach menopause, which can cause bone loss. This is why the chance of developing osteoporosis increases as women reach menopause.

Now the good news:

People used to think that osteoporosis was an inevitable part of aging. Today we know a lot more about how to prevent, detect, and treat the disease. You are never too young or old to take care of your bones. Good lifestyle habits can help you protect your bones and decrease your chance of getting osteoporosis. And, if your healthcare provider hasn’t talked to you about your bone health, it’s time for you to bring it up!

What’s Your Risk?

Osteoporosis and bone health issues vary for girls and women of different ages and ethnic backgrounds. Caucasian women, and older women, are most at risk for osteoporosis; however, osteoporosis and low bone density are common among other groups as well. And not only are women at risk; men can develop osteoporosis as well.

Are you …
Caucasian Women
African-American Women
Asian-American Women
Latina Women

Caucasian Women

• Twenty percent of Caucasian women age 50 and older are estimated to have osteoporosis.
• More than half of all Caucasian women age 50 and older are estimated to have low bone mass, which means their bones are getting weaker but they don’t yet have osteoporosis.
• Between the ages of 20 and 80, Caucasian women lose one-third of the bone mineral density in their hip.
• About 15 percent of Caucasians are lactose intolerant, which can make it difficult to get enough calcium.

African-American Women

• Five percent of African American women older than 50 are estimated to have osteoporosis.
• Another 35 percent are estimated to have low bone mass, which means their bones are getting weaker but they don’t yet have osteoporosis.
• Recent research shows that even among African American women who do have risk factors for osteoporosis, few are screened for the disease.
• About 70 percent of African Americans are lactose intolerant, which can make it difficult to get enough calcium.
• Many African American women don’t get enough vitamin D, which can make it hard for the body to absorb calcium.
  In the United States, African American women are more likely than many other racial or ethnic groups to have diseases that can lead to osteoporosis, such as lupus.
• Click here to download the infographic: Osteoporosis in the Black Community: Practical Tips and Action

Asian-American Women

• About 20 percent of Asian American women age 50 and older are estimated to have osteoporosis.
• More than half of all Asian American women age 50 and older are estimated to have low bone density, which means their bones are getting weaker but they don’t yet have osteoporosis.
• About 90 percent of Asian American adults are lactose intolerant, which can make it difficult to get enough calcium.

Latina Women

• Ten percent of Latinas have osteoporosis.
• Half of all Latinas older than 50 have low bone mass, which means their bones are getting weaker but they don’t yet have osteoporosis.
• Many Latinas are lactose intolerant, which can make it difficult to get enough calcium.
• Hip fractures among Latinas in the United States appear to be on the rise.

Menopause: A Time for Action

When a woman reaches menopause, her estrogen levels drop and can lead to bone loss. For some women, this bone loss is rapid and severe.

Two major factors that affect your chance of getting osteoporosis are:

• The amount of bone you have when you reach menopause. The greater your bone density is to begin with, the lower your chance of developing osteoporosis. If you had low peak bone mass or other risk factors that caused you to lose bone, your chance of getting osteoporosis is greater.
• How fast you lose bone after you reach menopause. For some women, bone loss happens faster than for others. In fact, a woman can lose up to 20% of her bone density during the five – seven years following menopause. If you lose bone quickly, you have a greater chance of developing osteoporosis.

What about taking estrogen?

If you have menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes, your healthcare provider may prescribe estrogen therapy (ET) or estrogen with progesterone hormone therapy (HT).  In addition to controlling your menopausal symptoms, these therapies can also help prevent bone loss. Some women are advised not to take ET or HT because of the possible risks that may include breast cancer, strokes, heart attacks, blood clots and cognitive (mental) decline. It’s important to discuss the risks and benefits of your treatment options with your healthcare provider.

For more comprehensive information, download NOF’s resource Hormones and Healthy Bones

Teens: What YOU Can Do Now

Osteoporosis is the disease that is most likely to cause weak bones. It is more common in older people, especially women. But it is doesn’t have to happen to YOU when you get older. That’s because, for many people, osteoporosis can be prevented.

Most people don’t have the opportunity that you have right now: YOU can actually build denser, stronger bones now in a way that isn’t possible later. This will make you healthier, and it will set you up to have stronger bones when you are older – when weak bones can be serious.

The recipe for bone health is simple:

• Get enough calcium and vitamin D, and eat a well balanced diet. Read more about balancing your diet
• Exercise – Read more about exercise
• Don’t smoke or drink

Eating Disorders and Other Warning Signs

The eating disorders anorexia and bulimia can weaken your bones and increase your risk of osteoporosis when you are older. If you have anorexia you become very thin, but you don’t eat enough because you think you are fat. Bulimia involves periods of overeating followed by purging, sometimes through vomiting or using laxatives.

You should talk to a parent, doctor, or health professional immediately if you have one of these disorders or if you stop getting your period for more than three months in a row (and you are not pregnant). This is a condition called amenorrhea and it is also bad for your bones.

Young Adult Women

While osteoporosis is most common in older people, it sometimes affects young people, including premenopausal women in their 20s, 30s and 40s. The term “premenopausal” refers to women who are still having regular menstrual periods and have not yet reached menopause. While it is uncommon for premenopausal women to have osteoporosis, some young women have low bone density which increases their chance of getting osteoporosis later in life.

Low Bone Density and Osteoporosis in Young Adult Women

Young women who have low bone density, often caused by low peak bone mass, are at an increased risk of getting osteoporosis later in life.

Often, when premenopausal women have osteoporosis, it may be due to an underlying medical condition or a medicine that causes bone loss. Osteoporosis that is caused by a medical condition or a medicine is called secondary osteoporosis. Sometimes premenopausal women have osteoporosis for no known reason. This is called idiopathic osteoporosis. The term “idiopathic” just means that the osteoporosis is unexplained and we cannot find a cause for it.

Diagnosing Osteoporosis in Young Women

Diagnosing osteoporosis in premenopausal women is not straightforward and can be quite complicated. First of all, bone density tests (jump link to below) are not routinely recommended for young women. Here are some reasons why:

• Most premenopausal women with low bone density do not have an increased risk of breaking a bone in the near future. Therefore, having information about their bone density may only cause unnecessary worry and expense.
• Some premenopausal women have low bone density because their genes (family history) caused them to have low peak bone mass. Nothing can or should be done to change this.
• DXA tests can underestimate bone density in women who are small and thin. Therefore, a DXA test may indicate that a small person has low bone density, but the bone density is actually normal for the person’s body size
• Osteoporosis medicines are not approved or advised for most premenopausal women. Bone density tests are used to help guide decisions about treatment.

Diagnosing osteoporosis in young women usually involves several steps. While these steps may differ for each person, they may include:

• Your medical history
• Physical exam
• Bone mineral density (bone density) testing
• Lab  tests
• X-rays

Bone density testing. A bone density test shows the amount of bone a person has in the hip, spine or other bones. It is routinely recommended for postmenopausal women and men age 50 and older and is how osteoporosis is diagnosed in older people. Bone density tests are usually only done for premenopausal women if they break several bones easily or break bones that are unusual for their age, such as bones in the hip or spine. Also, if you have a condition or take a medicine that causes secondary osteoporosis, your healthcare provider may order a bone density test. This test should be done on a DXA machine. DXA stands for dual energy x-ray absorptiometry.

One or two years after an initial bone density test,  a second bone density may be done and  will determine if you have low peak bone mass that is staying the same or if you are losing bone. If your bone density drops significantly between the first and second test, you may be losing bone and further evaluation by a healthcare provider is needed.

Understanding your bone density test results

A bone density test result shows a Z-score and a T-score. T-scores are used to diagnose osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men age 50 and older, but not in premenopausal women. A Z-score compares your bone density to what is normal for someone your age. While a Z-score alone is not used to diagnose osteoporosis in premenopausal women, it can provide important information. Read some tips to help you understand your Z-score.

• If your Z-score is above -2.0, your bone density is considered within the ranges expected for your age or normal according to the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD). For example, a Z-score of +0.5, -0.5 and -1.5 is considered normal for most premenopausal women.
• If your Z-score is -2.0 or lower, your bone density is considered below the expected range. Examples are -2.1, -2.3 and -2.5. If your Z-score is in this range, your healthcare provider will consider your health history and possible causes of bone loss, including secondary osteoporosis, before making a diagnosis of osteoporosis.
• If your Z-score is normal, but you’ve broken one or more bones from a minor injury, your healthcare provider may diagnose you with osteoporosis because some people with normal bone density break bones easily. As mentioned above, a bone density test will also show a T-score. A T-score compares bone density to what is normal in a healthy 30-year-old adult.

Treating Osteoporosis in Young Women

Most of the osteoporosis medicines available at this time are not approved by the FDA for use in premenopausal women. But, for women who have taken steroid medicines for a long time, three osteoporosis medicines are approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. In very rare cases, a healthcare provider may recommend that a premenopausal woman consider taking an osteoporosis medicine for other reasons. Examples include when a woman breaks a bone because of low bone density or has severe bone loss due to a medical condition.

Expecting Women

If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, be sure to get enough calcium and vitamin D. Calcium and vitamin D are good for you and for your baby’s growing bones. If you don’t get enough of these nutrients, your baby’s calcium needs will be met by taking calcium from your bones.

Most studies show that while some bone loss may occur during pregnancy, a woman usually regains it after giving birth. In fact, studies show that having children, even as many as 10, does not increase a woman’s chance of getting osteoporosis later in life. Research even suggests that each additional pregnancy provides some protection from osteoporosis and broken bones.

Pregnancy-associated Osteoporosis

Some women develop a temporary type of osteoporosis during pregnancy. While we do not fully understand what causes this type of osteoporosis, it is extremely rare and usually goes away shortly after a woman gives birth.

Breastfeeding

Like pregnancy, breastfeeding may cause some temporary bone loss. However, bone density appears to recover over time and should not cause long-term harm to a woman’s bone health. All women who are pregnant or nursing need to get enough calcium, vitamin D and appropriate exercise to keep their bones healthy. If you’re breastfeeding exclusively, ask your child’s pediatrician if you need to give your baby supplemental vitamin D.

Resources

–Show More +

• Aging Smart, Aging Well: How Women Make Decisions About Their Health in the 21st Century
• Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, & Bone Health

Osteoporosis | Office on Women’s Health

Osteoporosis is a disease of the bones that causes bones to become weak and break easily. Osteoporosis affects mostly older women, but prevention starts when you are younger. No matter your age, you can take steps to build bone mass and prevent bone loss. Broken bones from osteoporosis cause serious health problems and disability in older women.

What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a disease of the bones. People with osteoporosis have bones that are weak and break easily.

Osteoporosis is called a “silent” disease. You may have bone loss for many years without any symptoms until you break a bone. A broken bone can cause severe pain and disability. It can make it harder to do daily tasks on your own, such as walking.

What is bone loss?

Bone loss is the amount of minerals, such as calcium, that your body absorbs (takes) from your bones.

Bone loss can happen for several reasons. Some of the most common reasons include:

• You do not get enough calcium from food. Your body uses calcium to build healthy bones and teeth and stores calcium in your bones. Your body also uses calcium to send messages through your nervous system, help your muscles contract, and regulate your heart’s rhythm. But your body does not make calcium. You have to get all the calcium your body needs from the foods you eat and drink (or from supplements). If you don’t get enough calcium each day, your body will take the calcium it needs from your bones.
• You are past menopause. As you get older, your bones don’t make new bone fast enough to keep up with your body’s needs. The calcium taken from your bones causes you to lose bone density. Bone loss also speeds up after menopause and can lead to weak, brittle bones.

Who gets osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis affects more women than men. Of the estimated 10 million Americans with osteoporosis, more than 8 million (or 80%) are women.¹

Women are more likely to get osteoporosis because:^2,3

• Women usually have smaller, thinner, less dense bones than men.
• Women often live longer than men. Bone loss happens naturally as we age.
• Women also lose more bone mass after menopause with very low levels of the hormone estrogen. Higher estrogen levels before menopause helps protect bone density.

Osteoporosis is most common in older women. In the United States, osteoporosis affects one in four women 65 or older.⁴ But younger women can get osteoporosis. And girls and women of all ages need to take steps to protect their bones.

Are some women more at risk for osteoporosis?

Yes. Your risk for osteoporosis is higher if you:

• Are past menopause. After menopause, your ovaries make very little of the hormone estrogen. Estrogen helps protect bone density. Some women lose up to 25% of bone mass in the first 10 years after menopause.⁵
• Have a small, thin body (weigh less than 127 pounds)
• Have a family history of osteoporosis
• Are Mexican-American or white. One in four Mexican-American women and about one in six white women over 50 years old have osteoporosis.⁶ Asian-American women also have a higher risk for osteoporosis because they are usually smaller and thinner than other women and therefore may have less bone density.
• Do not get enough calcium and vitamin D. Calcium and vitamin D work together to build and maintain strong bones.
• Do not get enough physical activity. Women of all ages need to get regular weight-bearing physical activity, such as walking, dancing, or playing tennis, to help build and maintain bone density.
• Have not gotten your menstrual period for three months in a row (called amenorrhea). If you have amenorrhea and you are not pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking a medicine that stops your periods, talk to your doctor or nurse. Not getting your period means your ovaries may have stopped making estrogen.
• Have an eating disorder. Eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, can weaken your bones. Anorexia can also lead to amenorrhea.
• Smoke. Women who smoke have lower bone density and often go through menopause earlier than nonsmokers. ⁷ Studies also suggest that smoking raises your risk for broken bones, and this risk goes up the longer you smoke and the more cigarettes you smoke.⁸
• Have a health problem that raises your risk of getting osteoporosis. These include diabetes,⁹premature ovarian failure,¹⁰  celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease,¹¹ and depression.¹²
• Take certain medicines to treat long-term health problems, such as arthritis, asthma, lupus, or thyroid disease.
• Drink too much alcohol. For women, experts recommend no more than one alcoholic drink a day if you choose to drink alcohol.¹³ Long-term, heavy drinking can cause many health problems, including bone loss, heart disease, and stroke.

What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?

You may not have any symptoms of osteoporosis until you break (fracture) a bone. A fracture can happen in any bone of the body. But fractures are most common in the hip, wrist, and spine (vertebrae). Vertebrae support your body, helping you to stand and sit up. See the picture.

Osteoporosis in the vertebrae can cause serious problems for women. A fracture in this area can happen during day-to-day activities like climbing stairs, lifting objects, or bending forward when you have osteoporosis.

Fractures in the vertebrae can cause it to collapse and bend forward. If this happens, you may get any or all of these symptoms:

• Sloping shoulders
• Curve in the back
• Height loss
• Back pain
• Hunched posture

What causes osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is caused by bone loss. Most often, the reason for bone loss is very low levels of the hormone estrogen. Estrogen plays an important role in building and maintaining your bones.

The most common cause of low estrogen levels is menopause. After menopause, your ovaries make very little estrogen.

Also, your risk for developing osteoporosis is higher if you did not develop strong bones when you were young. Girls develop 90% of bone mass by age 18.¹⁴ If an eating disorder, poor eating, lack of physical activity, or another health problem prevents you from building bone mass early in life, you will have less bone mass to draw on later in life.

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

Your doctor will do a bone density test to see how strong or weak your bones are. A common test is a central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A DXA is a special type of x-ray of your bones. This test uses a very low amount of radiation.

Your doctor may also use other screening tools to predict your risk of having low bone density or breaking a bone.

Do I need to be tested for osteoporosis?

Your doctor may suggest a bone density test for osteoporosis if:¹⁵

• You are 65 or older
• You are younger than 65 and have risk factors for osteoporosis. Bone density testing is recommended for older women whose risk of breaking a bone is the same or greater than that of a 65‑year‑old white woman with no risk factors other than age. Ask your doctor or nurse whether you need a bone density test before age 65.

How can I get free or low-cost osteoporosis screening tests?

Screening for osteoporosis is covered by most insurance plans, including Medicare Part B. Depending on your insurance plan, you may be able to get screenings at no cost to you.

• If you have insurance, check with your insurance provider to find out what’s included in your plan.
• If you have Medicare, find out about Medicare coverage for bone density tests.
• If you have Medicaid, the benefits covered are different in each state, but certain benefits must be covered. Check with your state’s Medicaid program to find out what’s covered.
• If you don’t have insurance, you may be able to get a no-cost or low-cost bone density test. To learn more, find a health center near you by entering your ZIP code in our health clinic finder on the top left side (desktop view) or bottom (mobile view) of this page. To see whether you are eligible for low-cost or no-cost health insurance, visit HealthCare.gov.

How is osteoporosis treated?

If you have osteoporosis, your doctor may prescribe medicine to prevent more bone loss or build new bone mass. The most common types of medicine to prevent or treat osteoporosis include:

• Bisphosphonates. Bisphosphonates help treat bone loss. They may also help build bone mass.
• Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). SERMs may help slow the rate of bone loss after menopause.
• Denosumab. This injectable drug may help reduce bone loss and improve bone strength if you are past menopause and at higher risk for broken bones from osteoporosis.
• Calcitonin. Calcitonin is a hormone made by your thyroid gland that helps regulate calcium levels in your body and build bone mass. Taking calcitonin can help slow the rate of bone loss.
• Menopausal hormone therapy. Often used to treat menopausal symptoms, menopausal hormone therapy may also help prevent bone loss. The Food and Drug Administration recommends taking menopausal hormone therapy at the lowest dose that works for your menopause symptoms for the shortest time needed.
• Parathyroid hormone or teriparatide. Teriparatide is an injectable form of human parathyroid hormone. It helps the body build up new bone faster than the old bone is broken down.

Your doctor may also suggest getting more calcium, vitamin D, and physical activity.

All medicines have risks. For example, menopausal hormone therapy may raise your risk of a blood clot, heart attack, stroke, breast cancer, or gallbladder disease. Talk to your doctor or nurse about the benefits and risks of all medicines.

How can I prevent osteoporosis?

One of the best ways to prevent weak bones is to work on building strong ones. Building strong bones during childhood and the teen years is important to help prevent osteoporosis later.

As you get older, your bones don’t make new bone fast enough to keep up with the bone loss. And after menopause, bone loss happens even more quickly. But you can take steps to slow the natural bone loss with aging and to prevent your bones from becoming weak and brittle.

• Get enough calcium and vitamin D each day.
• Get active. Choose weight-bearing physical activities like running or dancing to build and strengthen your bones.
• Don’t smoke. Smoking raises your risk for broken bones.
• If you drink alcohol, drink in moderation (for women, this is one drink a day at most). Too much alcohol can harm your bones. Also, too much at one time or mixed with certain medicines can affect your balance and lead to falls.
• Talk to your doctor about whether you need medicine to prevent bone loss.

How does calcium help prevent osteoporosis?

Calcium is found in your bones and teeth. It helps build bones and keep them healthy. Your body also uses calcium to help your blood clot and your muscles contract. If you don’t get enough calcium each day from the foods you eat, your body will take the calcium it needs from your bones, making your bones weak.

You can get calcium through food or calcium supplements.

How much calcium do women need each day?

How much calcium you need depends on your age:¹⁶

• 9–18 years: 1,300 mg per day
• 19–50 years: 1,000 mg per day
• 51 and older: 1,200 mg per day

Pregnant or nursing women need the same amount of calcium as other women of the same age.

You can get the calcium you need each day from food and/or calcium supplements.

What foods contain calcium?

Calcium is found naturally in some foods:¹³

• Milk
• Cheese
• Yogurt
• Leafy green vegetables, such as broccoli, kale, and mustard greens

Calcium is sometimes added to certain foods, such as:

• Breakfast cereals (some have up to 100% of the recommended daily value — or 1,000 milligrams — of calcium in each ¾ cup serving)
• Orange juice
• Tofu
• Soymilk
• Breads and pastas

What should I look for when buying food with calcium?

When buying food with calcium, look at the Nutrition Facts label to see how much calcium is in the food. Food labels show the amount of calcium as a percentage of the Daily Value (written as %DV). Foods providing 20%DV or more are high sources of calcium, but foods with lower percentages (5% or more) are still good sources of calcium.¹⁶

See the example of calcium on a food label here. Learn how to read food labels on a package.

What if dairy foods make me sick or I don’t like to eat them? How can I get enough calcium?

If you have problems eating foods with dairy or don’t like to eat them, try the following tips to make sure you get enough calcium:

• Try lactose-reduced or lactose-free products, such as milk or yogurt.
• Take a lactose supplement (in pill or liquid form) before eating dairy foods to help you digest them.
• Choose other food sources of calcium. Other good sources of calcium include tofu or orange juice with calcium added, and vegetables such as bok choy, kale, collard greens, mustard greens, and broccoli.
• Ask your doctor or nurse if you need to take calcium supplements.

Should I take a calcium supplement?

The answer depends on how much calcium you need each day and how much calcium you get from the foods you eat.

It’s best to get the calcium your body needs from food. But if you don’t get enough calcium from the foods you eat, you may want to consider taking a calcium supplement.

You can get calcium supplements at the grocery store or drug store. Talk with your doctor or nurse before taking calcium supplements to see which kind is best for you and how much you need to take.

How does vitamin D help prevent osteoporosis?

Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium from the food you eat. Just eating foods with calcium is not enough. You also need to get enough vitamin D to help your body use the calcium it gets.

Your skin makes vitamin D when it is exposed to sunlight. In general, you need 10 to 15 minutes of sunlight to the hands, arms, and face, two to three times a week to make enough vitamin D. The amount of time depends on how sensitive your skin is to light. It also depends on your use of sunscreen, your skin color, the season, the latitude (how far north or south) where you live, and the amount of pollution in the air.

You can also get vitamin D from foods such as milk or from vitamin supplements. The vitamin D you get from food or supplements is measured in international units (IU).

How much vitamin D do women need each day?

How much vitamin D you need each day depends on your age:¹⁷

• Women up to age 70: 600 international units (IU)
• Women 71 and older: 800 IU each day

Pregnant and breastfeeding women need the same amount of vitamin D (600 IU) as other women of the same age.

What foods contain vitamin D?

Although it’s hard to get enough vitamin D through food alone, foods with vitamin D include:¹³

• Salmon
• Tuna fish
• Egg yolks

Vitamin D is often added to certain foods, including:

• Breakfast cereals
• Milk
• Orange juice

What types of physical activity help prevent osteoporosis?

Regular physical activity of any type can help slow bone loss, improve muscle strength, and help your balance. But weight-bearing physical activity is especially important to build bone and help prevent bone loss. Weight-bearing physical activity is any activity in which your body works against gravity.

Weight-bearing activities you can try include:

• Dancing
• Gardening
• Lifting weights
• Tennis
• Tai chi
• Yoga
• Running
• Walking

Learn more about physical activity and how much you need in our Fitness and Nutrition section.

What can happen if osteoporosis is not treated?

Osteoporosis that is not treated can lead to serious bone breaks (fractures), especially in the hip and spine. One in three women is likely to have a fracture caused by osteoporosis in her lifetime.¹⁸

• Hip fractures can cause serious pain and disability and require surgery.
• Spinal fractures can cause you to lose height or get a stooped back. They often cause serious pain and require surgery.

Fractures can happen after minor falls, stumbles, or bumps into furniture. Falls are the leading cause of injuries in older adults over age 65.¹⁹

Does pregnancy affect bone density?

Maybe. Your unborn baby needs calcium to help his or her bones grow. While in the womb, babies get calcium from what you eat (or the supplements you take). If you don’t get enough calcium from food or supplements, your baby will use the calcium in your bones.

You can lose some bone density during pregnancy, but any bone mass lost is usually restored after childbirth (or after breastfeeding). Also, during pregnancy, you absorb calcium from food and supplements (like prenatal vitamins) better than women who are not pregnant. Your body also makes more of the hormone estrogen, which protects bone.

Does breastfeeding affect bone density?

Yes, women often lose some bone density during breastfeeding. But this loss is temporary. Several studies have shown that when women lose bone mass during breastfeeding, they recover full bone density within six months after breastfeeding stops. ²⁰

Did we answer your question about osteoporosis?

For more information about osteoporosis, call the OWH Helpline at 1-800-994-9662 or contact the following organizations:

• Food and Drug Administration (FDA), HHS
  Phone Number: 888-463-6332
• National Institute on Aging (NIA), NIH, HHS
  Phone Number: 301-496-1752 
• NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases ­– National Resource Center, NIAMS, NIH, HHS
  Phone Number: 800-624-BONE
• American Bone Health
  Phone Number: 888-266-3015 (Bone Health Hotline)
• National Osteoporosis Foundation
  Phone Number: 800-231-4222 

Sources

1. Wright, N.C., Looker, A.C., Saag, K.G., Curtis, J.R., Delzell, E.S., Randall, S., et al. (2014). The Recent Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Low Bone Mass in the United States Based on Bone Mineral Density at the Femoral Neck or Lumbar Spine. J Bone Miner Res; 29(11): 2520-2526.
2. Cawthon, P.M. (2011). Gender Differences in Osteoporosis and Fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res; 469(7): 1900-1905.
3. Schutte, H.E. (1995). Social and economic impact of osteoporosis. European Journal of Radiology; 20(3): 165-169.
4. Looker, A.C., Frenk, S.M. (2015). Percentage of Adults Aged 65 and Over with Osteoporosis or Low Bone Mass at the Femur Neck or Lumbar Spine: United States, 2005-2010.
5. Finkelstein, J.S., Brockwell, S.E., Mehta, V., Greendale, G.A., Sowers, M.R., Ettinger, B. et al. (2008). Bone Mineral Density Changes during the Menopause Transition in a Multiethnic Cohort of Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism; 93(3): 861-868.
6. Looker, A.C., Borrud, L.G., Dawson-Hughes, B., Shepherd, J.A., Wright, N.C. (2012). Osteoporosis or Low Bone Mass at the Femur Neck or Lumbar Spine in Older Adults: United States, 2005–2008. NCHS Data Brief, No. 93. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
7. smokefreewomen. (n.d.). 11 Harmful Effects of Smoking on Women’s Health.
8. Abate, M., Vanni, D., Pantalone, A., Salini, V. (2013). Cigarette smoking and musculoskeletal disorders. Muscle, Ligaments and Tendons Journal. 3(2): 63-69.
9. Paschou, S.A., Dede, A.D., Anagnostis, P.G., Vryonidou, A., Morganstein, D., Goulis, D.G. (2017). Type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis: a guide to optimal management. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism; jc.20174-00042.
10. Shuster, L.T., Rhodes, D.J., Gostout, B.S., Grossardt, B.R., Rocca, W.A. (2010). Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences. Maturitas; 65(2): 161.
11. Katz, S., Weinerman, S. (2010). Osteoporosis and Gastrointestinal Disease. Gastroenterology & Hepatology; 6(8): 506-517.
12. Schweiger, J.U., Schweiger, U. , Huppe, M., Kahl, K.G., Greggersen, W., Fassbinder, E. (2016). Bone density and depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. Brain and Behavior; 6(8): e00489, doi: 10.1002/brb3.489.
13. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2015). Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020. 8th Edition.
14. Moretto, M.R., Silva, C.C., Kurokawa, C.S., Fortes, C.M., Capela, R.C., Teixeira, A.S., et al. (2011). Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Female Adolescents According to Age, Bone Age, and Pubertal Breast Stage. Open Orthopaedics Journal; 5:324-330.
15. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2011). Osteoporosis Screening.
16. Office of Dietary Supplements. (2016). Calcium.
17. Office of Dietary Supplements. (2016). Vitamin D.
18. World Health Organization. (2016). Nutrition for Older Persons.
19. Bergen, G., Stevens, M.R., Burns, E.R. (2016). Falls and Fall Injuries Among Adults Aged ≥ 65 Years – United States, 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; 65(37): 993-998.
20. Salari, P., Abdollahi, M. (2014). The Influence of Pregnancy and Lactation on Maternal Bone Health: A Systematic Review. Journal of Family and Reproductive Health; 8(4): 135-148.

The Office on Women’s Health is grateful for the medical review by:

• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases staff
• Susan Randall, R.N., M.S.N., FNP-BC, Senior Director, Science and Education, National Osteoporosis Foundation

All material contained on these pages are free of copyright restrictions and maybe copied, reproduced, or duplicated without permission of the Office on Women’s Health in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Citation of the source is appreciated.

Page last updated:
February 22, 2021

What is osteoporosis (bone loss)? What are the symptoms?

• House
• What is osteoporosis (bone loss)? What are the symptoms?

Osteoporosis is a disease of the skeletal system that causes brittle bones and an increased likelihood of fractures as a result of reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone microstructure. It affects every third woman and every fifth man over 50 years old. It is characterized by low bone mineral density before it shows any symptoms.

DEXA method (Osteodessitometry) in the diagnosis of bone resorption

The dual energy X-ray absorption (DEXA) method is used in the diagnosis of bone resorption. The final diagnosis is based on bone mineral density measurements and the presence of a fracture. DEXA is the most widely used technique in the world and is recommended by the World Health Organization as the gold standard in the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Diagnosis and follow-up of the disease can be done with dexa measurements.

What should be the measurement values ​​for bone minerals?

The World Health Organization has defined a range of values ​​for measuring bone minerals. These ranges are:

• Normal: bone mineral density or bone mineral content less than 1 standard deviation compared to a young adult (T score > or equal to -1).

• Low bone mass (osteopenia): bone mineral density is -1 to -2.5 standard deviations compared to young adults (T score > -2.5).

• Osteoporosis: bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations or less than in young adults (T-score -2.5 or less).

• Established osteoporosis: bone mineral density -2.5 standard deviations or less compared to a young adult, and one or more additional bone fractures.

What are the causes of bone loss?

As with many diseases, genetic predisposition also plays a role in the formation of osteoporosis. In addition, there are factors that play a role in the formation of osteoporosis, such as:

• Hormonal factors,
• Diet not suitable for bone health,
• Unfavorable living conditions,
• Lack of physical activity and exercise
• Drugs used in various diseases that adversely affect bone health,
• Low estrogen in women, low testosterone in men,
• Low body weight,
• Smoking or also smoking in the past,
• Presence of osteoporosis in first-degree relatives,
• Use of certain drugs, including cortisone, or serious illness.

The risk of osteoporosis increases with age. It is especially common in women over 65 years of age and in men over 70 years of age.

What are the symptoms of bone loss?

Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones become weak and prone to fracture. With this disease, both the density and quality of the bones are reduced. This disease, in which bone loss progresses silently, is often not recognized until fractures occur.

Osteoporosis, which is a common disease of the skeletal system in the world, can occur in women, especially after menopause, but can occur in men, children and both sexes in old age. Fractures are most common in the spine, wrist, hip, and humerus, near the shoulder. This can happen after a minor fall or impact. The shortening of growth that occurs in patients with osteoporosis is also an important clue in identifying the disease.

The most serious osteoporotic fracture is a hip fracture that occurs in the elderly and is life threatening. Back pain, posture disorders, increased risk of falls, fractures due to osteoporosis also negatively affect the quality and life expectancy of patients, causing significant healthcare costs.

How is osteoporosis treated?

Osteoporosis can be treated in a variety of ways. In this sense, methods such as drug therapy and hormone replacement therapy can be used. We can generalize these methods as follows:

• Several treatment options are available to maintain bone density and reduce the risk of fractures in osteoporosis. The treatment takes into account the age, health status, needs and lifestyle of the patient, and therefore during treatment it is necessary to ensure adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D.
• Again, during the treatment of osteoporosis, physical exercise and the avoidance of smoking and alcohol should be considered.
• Patients treated for osteoporosis should be informed about the risk factors for osteoporosis.
• Calcium, vitamin D and exercise should be part of the treatment. Sunbathing for 15 minutes a day is enough for the body to produce and store vitamin D.
• Before starting treatment, secondary causes of osteoporosis should be investigated and bone mineral density in the central region, including the spinal region, should be determined.
• Drugs approved by the FDA for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes; bisphosphonates, estrogens, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and the RANKL inhibitor denosumab. Bisphosphonates prevent bone resorption. They provide an increase in bone mass and a decrease in the incidence of fractures. There are different types of bisphosphonates that can be used weekly and monthly with varying effects and side effects.

Hormone therapy for bone resorption

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is one of the methods used to treat osteoporosis. The role of HRT in treatment has recently been re-evaluated based on the results of studies on a large number of women. In addition to hormone replacement therapy, which has a positive effect on bones and is also used to treat menopausal symptoms, there are other more effective and non-hormonal treatments for osteoporosis.

What should be done to prevent osteoporosis?

Here are a few basic things to do to prevent osteoporosis, or to get it hit with as little damage as possible:

• Eat foods rich in calcium and vitamin D,
• Regular exercise
• Benefiting from sunlight in sufficient time,
• Avoid tobacco and tobacco products such as cigarettes and water pipes.

Other articles

• Kyphoplasty/Vertebroplasty

• Hydrocephalus

• What is manual therapy? What are the benefits?

• Sciatica (sciatica)

• What causes back pain? How does this happen?

• Osteomyelitis

• Ingrown toenails

• restless leg syndrome

• Heel spurs

• Carpal tunnel syndrome (carpal tunnel syndrome)

Copyright ©2022
Özel Medicabil Hastanesi |

causes, symptoms and treatments

Contents

• 1 Osteoporosis in the 21st century: how to prevent bone problems?
  • 1.1 Osteoporosis: causes and symptoms
  • 1.2 What is osteoporosis?
  • 1.3 Causes of osteoporosis
  • 1.4 Symptoms of osteoporosis
  • 1.5 Treatments for osteoporosis
  • 1.6 Prevention of osteoporosis
  • 1.7 Diagnosis of osteoporosis
  • 1.8 Non-pharmacological treatment of osteoporosis
  • 1. 9 Medical treatment of osteoporosis
  • 1.10 Treatment of osteoporosis in menopausal women
  • 1.11 Chi surgical treatment of osteoporosis
  • 1.12 Related videos:
  • 1.13 Q&A:
    • • 1.13.0.1 What is osteoporosis and what are its causes?
      • 1.13.0.2 What symptoms indicate the possible development of osteoporosis?
      • 1.13.0.3 How is osteoporosis diagnosed?
      • 1.13.0.4 What are the treatments for osteoporosis?
      • 1.13.0.5 Can osteoporosis be prevented?
      • 1.13.0.6 What are the consequences of osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a serious disease that everyone needs to know about. The article will talk about the causes of the disease, risk factors, symptoms and methods of treatment. Find out how to keep your bones healthy in this era of increased stress on the skeletal system!

Osteoporosis is currently one of the most common bone diseases in humans, especially in older women. This disease, characterized by thin-walled bones, disruption of their structure and deterioration of the quality of bone tissue, can lead to serious consequences, such as fractures and limitation of motor activity.

Osteoporosis can be caused by lack of calcium and vitamins, hormonal disorders, metabolic disorders, sedentary lifestyle and other factors. However, to date, the disease remains largely incurable, but it is possible to slow down its progression and reduce the risk of fractures.

In this article, we will take a closer look at the symptoms of the disease, its causes, and the treatments that can be used to combat osteoporosis today. Our advice will help not only to understand how to improve bone tissue, but also to improve your lifestyle in order to prevent the possibility of developing this disease in the future.

Osteoporosis: Causes and Symptoms

Osteoporosis is a bone disease in which there is a loss of bone density and calcium. This causes the bones to become more fragile and brittle, which increases the risk of fractures.

There are various causes of osteoporosis. For example, the main reason is the lack of calcium and vitamin D in the body. Also, hormonal imbalance, constant drinking and smoking, as well as thyroid or kidney disease can lead to the risk of developing this disease.

One of the pronounced symptoms of osteoporosis is bone and muscle pain. Usually the pain manifests itself after physical exertion or a long stay in the same position. Also, there may be a decrease in height and a rounding of the upper back due to the fact that the bones lose their density and become less strong. Some signs of osteoporosis also include abdominal pain and diarrhea, which may indicate an acute bone fracture.

• In addition, there may be symptoms such as:
• Weakness and fatigue;
• Weight loss;
• Abrupt mood changes;
• Decreased sexual function;
• Stinging pain in lower back and neck.

What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a pathological condition of the skeleton in which the bones lose their density and become very brittle. In this case, even a small injury can cause a fracture. Osteoporosis can develop for no reason and unnoticed, which is why it has the nickname “silent thief in the night.” Everyone ages and bone density naturally declines over time, but osteoporosis is associated with a more dramatic and dangerous decline in bone health.

Osteoporosis is a disease that most often occurs in women after menopause, but can also occur in men and women at other ages. Osteoporosis is associated with insufficient amounts of calcium and other important minerals needed for bone health. It can occur in those who have a genetic predisposition, or in those who lead an unhealthy lifestyle – smoke, drink alcohol, abuse caffeine, do not exercise.

• Symptoms of osteoporosis

In the early stages, it is possible that osteoporosis does not show any symptoms. As the disease progresses, there may be discomfort and pain in the bones, especially in the lumbar region. Also, patients may experience the following signs:

1. decrease in height;
2. twisting of the spine;
3. bulges on the back;
4. possibility of fracture with a slight impact.

Causes of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by a decrease in bone density and deterioration of its structure. The basis of the disease is a violation of the processes of formation and destruction of bones. The causes of osteoporosis can be:

• Genetic factors . Heredity plays an important role in the development of osteoporosis. If there were cases of the disease in the family, then the likelihood of its occurrence in descendants increases.
• Calcium and vitamin D deficiency . Insufficient intake of calcium and vitamin D in the body leads to poor bone health.
• Inadequate nutrition . An irregular and inadequate diet that does not contain enough essential minerals and vitamins can cause osteoporosis.
• Hormonal disorders . The level of female sex hormones affects bone health. Therefore, post-menopausal women are at an increased risk of developing osteoporosis.
• Low level of physical activity . An insufficient amount of movement and physical activity on the body leads to the fact that the bone tissue ceases to receive the necessary incentives for renewal and growth.

Knowledge of the causes of osteoporosis will help to take measures for its prevention and timely treatment.

Osteoporosis symptoms

Osteoporosis is a disease with few symptoms in the early stages. This is due to the fact that the bones gradually become brittle and weakened without any obvious signs.

However, with the appearance of the first symptoms of osteoporosis, you should immediately consult an orthopedic doctor. The most characteristic signs of osteoporosis include:

• Pain in the bones and joints. This symptom may occur during exertion or even at rest. An accurate diagnosis can be clarified only after special examinations.
• Increased fatigue and weakness. Osteoporosis can lead to poor posture and difficulty in movement, resulting in additional fatigue.
• Frequent bone fractures. The most commonly affected bones are the spine, arms and thighs. This symptom is characteristic in the later stages of osteoporosis.

Methods for the treatment of osteoporosis

Treatment of osteoporosis may include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. The main goal of any method is to increase bone density and reduce the risk of fractures.

• Diet and physical activity are the first steps in the treatment of osteoporosis. Calcium and vitamin D are essential nutrients for healthy bones. Exercise can also reduce the risk of fractures and increase bone density.
• Bisphosphonates are the main class of drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis. They slow down the destruction of bone tissue and increase its density. Some bisphosphonates are taken once a week or a month, others once a year. But it is important to understand that these drugs have side effects and can cause stomach and intestinal problems.
• MabThera are biological medicines that block the activity of cells responsible for bone destruction. They are used in cases where bisphosphonates do not work. But these drugs are quite expensive and can cause side effects.
• Hormone therapy is used to treat post-menopausal women to prevent bone loss associated with low estrogen levels. It can also be prescribed in cases associated with low testosterone levels.

However, the choice of medical treatment for osteoporosis depends on the degree of the disease, as well as on individual patient health factors. Therefore, before starting any method of treatment, it is necessary to consult a doctor.

Prevention of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease of the skeletal system that is associated with the loss of calcium and minerals. To prevent its development, you need to monitor your health and be attentive to nutrition.

• Eating foods rich in calcium. Dairy products, green vegetables, fish, eggs and other sources of calcium should be included in the diet.
• Watch out for vitamin D. Vitamin D promotes the absorption of calcium, so it is important to include foods rich in this vitamin in the diet, such as fish oil, eggs, mushrooms.
• Moderate physical activity. Regular exercise helps strengthen bones.
• Refusal of bad habits. Smoking and alcohol consumption have a negative effect on bone tissue.
• Permanent medical control. It is important to regularly undergo examinations and consultations with specialists in order to timely detect the disease and prevent its development.

Osteoporosis diagnostics

Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density, leading to an increased risk of fractures. In order to detect the disease in time and begin its treatment, it is important to conduct regular diagnostics.

Densitometry

The main method for diagnosing osteoporosis is densitometry, a study that allows you to assess bone density. This diagnostic procedure is used when examining the bones of the spine, thigh and forearm. The study is carried out on a special apparatus that measures the amount of X-ray radiation passed through the bone. The results of densitometry help determine the risk of fractures.

Clinical Tests

Clinical blood and urine tests to determine levels of calcium, phosphorus, and specific markers of bone metabolism (eg, osteocalcin) are also used to detect osteoporosis. In the presence of disorders in the body, there may be a break in bone metabolism, which increases the risk of osteoporosis.

Determination of fracture risk

If a patient already has a diagnosis of osteoporosis, it is also important to determine the risk of fracture. There are special calculators that allow you to calculate the probability of a fracture of the hip, spine or hand, based on data from the general condition of the body, age, sex, height and weight of the patient.

Thus, the diagnosis of osteoporosis is a complex procedure, including various tests and studies aimed at assessing bone mass and density, as well as the risk of fractures. Diagnostic results help to identify the disease in a timely manner and prescribe appropriate treatment.

Non-pharmacological treatments for osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that belongs to the category of osteopathology. It is associated with the removal of bone tissue from the body more than its appearance. In patients suffering from osteoporosis, the bones become very brittle and almost unresponsive to stress, often resulting in fractures.

Non-pharmacological treatments for osteoporosis may increase the effectiveness of drug therapy and may also independently reduce the risk of fractures. Physical activity, diet control, smoking cessation, and fall protection are important parts of a drug-free approach.

• Exercise: From increasing bone density to reducing the risk of falls, physical activity is an important way to treat osteoporosis. Forms of physical activity recommended by doctors include exercises to strengthen muscles and increase body flexibility.
• Proper nutrition: A diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, key components of bone tissue, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis. It is generally accepted that women over 50 and men over 70 should consume more than 1.2 grams of calcium and 800–1,000 IU of vitamin D daily.
• Smoking cessation: Smoking accelerates the removal of calcium from bones, which increases the risk of osteoporosis and impairs quality of life. Quitting smoking can help improve bone health.
• Fall protection: For older people, simple falls can lead to fractures, which in turn can lead to osteoporosis. As a precautionary measure, it is recommended to make sure that the home environment is not hidden dangers to avoid falling.

It should be noted that these treatments are not a panacea for osteoporosis, but the use of these strategies in combination with medical therapy can significantly reduce the risk of disease, strengthen bone and prevent fractures.

Medications for osteoporosis

Calcium and vitamin D. Although calcium and vitamin D are not direct treatments for osteoporosis, they play a key role in maintaining bone health. Sufficient calcium and vitamin D intake is recommended for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Bisphosphonates. This is a class of drugs that can slow down the process of bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures. They can be taken as tablets, injections, or drops. Bisphosphonates are prescribed for a long period of time, usually several years.

Romosozumab. This drug protects against fractures by increasing bone density. Romosozumab is administered by injection for a year, then switched to another drug to maintain the effect.

Calcitonin. A drug that was previously used, but now its use is limited due to its low effectiveness. It may reduce the risk of fractures by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

Teriparatide. This drug may increase bone density. Teriparatide is given by injection and can only be given to those who are at high risk for fracture and who do not respond to other treatments.

Treatment of osteoporosis in menopausal women

Osteoporosis that develops in menopausal women requires a specific approach to treatment.

Another method of treatment is the placement of a special implant that slowly releases testosterone. This method of treatment is carried out only with a sufficiently high risk of complex complications with natural therapy.

In addition, a good, varied diet, which should include foods that contain calcium and other essential vitamins and minerals, is important in the lives of women with osteoporosis. In addition, it is important not to forget about regular exercise – physical activity helps strengthen bones and prevent their further destruction.

It is important to have regular medical examinations and consult specialists. Osteoporosis is a serious enough disease that many women suffer from during menopause, so it is necessary not only to treat an existing disease, but also to prevent its occurrence in the future.

Osteoporosis surgery

Osteoporosis surgery is used when conservative treatment fails or when there is bone damage that requires an immediate response.

There are other surgical options, such as bone grafting, which replace damaged areas of bone with healthy bone tissue. However, the use of this method is limited due to the complex procedure and high risks for the patient.

It is important to note that surgical treatment of osteoporosis should be prescribed only after a thorough examination of the patient and detailed consultation with the doctor. Like any other surgical intervention, it can lead to a number of complications and requires a responsible approach on the part of the medical staff and the patient.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What is osteoporosis and what are its causes?

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become brittle and lose their density and strength. The main cause of osteoporosis is a lack of calcium and vitamin D, as well as hormonal imbalance.

What symptoms indicate the possible development of osteoporosis?

Symptoms of osteoporosis may not appear for a long time, but as the disease progresses, bone pain, scoliosis, decreased height, weight loss, weakness and brittle bones are found.

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

Diagnosis of osteoporosis includes measurement of bone density using dexammetry and blood chemistry for calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D.

What are the treatments for osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis treatment is based on calcium and vitamin D supplementation and hormone therapy. In addition, it is recommended to carry out physical exercises that strengthen bones, and monitor proper nutrition.

Can osteoporosis be prevented?

Yes, you can. Prevention of osteoporosis includes regular consumption of foods rich in calcium and vitamin D, physical activity, and not smoking. It is also necessary to monitor the hormonal balance and undergo an examination for the presence of thyroid diseases.

What are the consequences of osteoporosis?

The consequences of osteoporosis include bone fractures, which can be very painful and limit movement. In addition, osteoporosis can cause problems with the kidneys, spine, and vision.