Osteoporosis Causes & Symptoms | NIAMS

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• Overview, Symptoms, & Causes

• Diagnosis, Treatment, & Steps to Take

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Overview of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the structure and strength of bone changes. This can lead to a decrease in bone strength that can increase the risk of fractures (broken bones).

Osteoporosis is a “silent” disease because you typically do not have symptoms, and you may not even know you have the disease until you break a bone. Osteoporosis is the major cause of fractures in postmenopausal women and in older men. Fractures can occur in any bone but happen most often in bones of the hip, vertebrae in the spine, and wrist.

However, you can take steps to help prevent the disease and fractures by:

• Staying physically active by participating in weight-bearing exercises such as walking.
• Drinking alcohol in moderation.
• Quitting smoking, or not starting if you don’t smoke.
• Taking your medications, if prescribed, which can help prevent fractures in people who have osteoporosis.
• Eating a nutritious diet rich in calcium and vitamin D to help maintain good bone health.

Who Gets Osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis affects women and men of all races and ethnic groups. Osteoporosis can occur at any age, although the risk for developing the disease increases as you get older. For many women, the disease begins to develop a year or two before menopause. Other factors to consider include:

• Osteoporosis is most common in non-Hispanic white women and Asian women.
• African American and Hispanic women have a lower risk of developing osteoporosis, but they are still at significant risk.
• Among men, osteoporosis is more common in non-Hispanic whites.

Certain medications, such as some cancer medications and glucocorticoid steroids, may increase the risk of developing osteoporosis.

Because more women get osteoporosis than men, many men think they are not at risk for the disease. However, both older men and women from all backgrounds are at risk for osteoporosis.

Some children and teens develop a rare form of idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. Doctors do not know the cause; however, most children recover without treatment.

Symptoms of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is called a “silent” disease” because there are typically no symptoms until a bone is broken. Symptoms of vertebral (spine) fracture include severe back pain, loss of height, or spine malformations such as a stooped or hunched posture (kyphosis).

Bones affected by osteoporosis may become so fragile that fractures occur spontaneously or as the result of:

• Minor falls, such as a fall from standing height that would not normally cause a break in a healthy bone.
• Normal stresses such as bending, lifting, or even coughing.

Causes of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis occurs when too much bone mass is lost and changes occur in the structure of bone tissue. Certain risk factors may lead to the development of osteoporosis or can increase the likelihood that you will develop the disease.

Many people with osteoporosis have several risk factors, but others who develop osteoporosis may not have any specific risk factors. There are some risk factors that you cannot change, and others that you may be able to change. However, by understanding these factors, you may be able to prevent the disease and fractures.

Factors that may increase your risk for osteoporosis include:

• Sex. Your chances of developing osteoporosis are greater if you are a woman. Women have lower peak bone mass and smaller bones than men. However, men are still at risk, especially after the age of 70.
• Age. As you age, bone loss happens more quickly, and new bone growth is slower. Over time, your bones can weaken and your risk for osteoporosis increases.
• Body size. Slender, thin-boned women and men are at greater risk to develop osteoporosis because they have less bone to lose compared to larger boned women and men.
• Race. White and Asian women are at highest risk. African American and Mexican American women have a lower risk. White men are at higher risk than African American and Mexican American men.
• Family history. Researchers are finding that your risk for osteoporosis and fractures may increase if one of your parents has a history of osteoporosis or hip fracture.

• Changes to hormones. Low levels of certain hormones can increase your chances of developing osteoporosis. For example:
  • Low estrogen levels in women after menopause.
  • Low levels of estrogen from the abnormal absence of menstrual periods in premenopausal women due to hormone disorders or extreme levels of physical activity.
  • Low levels of testosterone in men. Men with conditions that cause low testosterone are at risk for osteoporosis. However, the gradual decrease of testosterone with aging is probably not a major reason for loss of bone.

• Diet. Beginning in childhood and into old age, a diet low in calcium and vitamin D can increase your risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Excessive dieting or poor protein intake may increase your risk for bone loss and osteoporosis.

• Other medical conditions. Some medical conditions that you may be able to treat or manage can increase the risk of osteoporosis, such as other endocrine and hormonal diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, certain types of cancer, HIV/AIDS, and anorexia nervosa.
• Medications. Long-term use of certain medications may make you more likely to develop bone loss and osteoporosis, such as:
  • Glucocorticoids and adrenocorticotropic hormone, which treat various conditions, such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Antiepileptic medicines, which treat seizures and other neurological disorders.
  • Cancer medications, which use hormones to treat breast and prostate cancer.
  • Proton pump inhibitors, which lower stomach acid.
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which treat depression and anxiety.
  • Thiazolidinediones, which treat type II diabetes.

• Lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle can be important for keeping bones strong. Factors that contribute to bone loss include:
  • Low levels of physical activity and prolonged periods of inactivity can contribute to an increased rate of bone loss. They also leave you in poor physical condition, which can increase your risk of falling and breaking a bone.
  • Chronic heavy drinking of alcohol  is a significant risk factor for osteoporosis.
  • Studies indicate that smoking is a risk factor for osteoporosis and fracture. Researchers are still studying if the impact of smoking on bone health is from tobacco use alone or if people who smoke have more risk factors for osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis Related Information

Juvenile Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that develops when the bones get weaker and less dense. When a child or teen develops osteoporosis, the condition is known as juvenile osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis in Men

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the quality or structure of bone changes. This can lead to a decrease in bone strength that can increase the risk of broken bones (fractures).

Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Bone Health

How do pregnancy and breastfeeding affect a woman’s bones? Calcium is in high demand during both pregnancy and breastfeeding – since it is needed to support the baby’s growth and development in the mother’s womb and after birth.

Preventing Another Broken Bone

After you break a bone, recovery is your first priority. But you might want to find out whether this broken bone is a sign of osteoporosis.

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What causes bone loss? : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

Osteoporosis, or weak bones, is a disease that causes bones to become brittle and more likely to fracture (break). With osteoporosis, the bones lose density. Bone density is the amount of calcified bone tissue that is in your bones.

A diagnosis of osteoporosis means you are at risk for bone fractures even with everyday activities or minor accidents or falls.

Your body needs the minerals calcium and phosphate to make and keep healthy bones.

• During your life, your body continues to both reabsorb old bone and create new bone. Your entire skeleton is replaced about every 10 years, though this process slows as you get older.
• As long as your body has a good balance of new and old bone, your bones stay healthy and strong.
• Bone loss occurs when more old bone is reabsorbed than new bone is created.

Sometimes bone loss occurs without any known cause. Some bone loss with aging is normal for everyone. Other times, bone loss and low bone density run in families and the disease is inherited. In general, white, older women are the most likely to have bone loss. This increases their risk of breaking a bone.

Brittle, fragile bones can be caused by anything that makes your body destroy too much bone, or keeps your body from making enough bone.

Weak bones can break easily, even without an obvious injury.

Bone mineral density is not the only predictor of how fragile your bones are. Consuming alcohol, smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle all increase the risk of having fragile bones. There are other unknown factors related to bone quality that are as important as bone quantity. Most bone density tests only measure the bone quantity.

As you age, your body may reabsorb calcium and phosphate from your bones instead of keeping these minerals in your bones. This makes your bones weaker. When this process reaches a certain stage, it is called osteoporosis.

Watch this video about:Osteoporosis

Many times, a person will fracture a bone before they even know they have bone loss. By the time a fracture occurs, the bone loss may be serious.

Women age 50 and older and men age 70 and older have a higher risk for osteoporosis than younger women and men.

• For women, a drop in estrogen at the time of menopause is a major cause of bone loss.
• For men, a drop in testosterone as they age can cause bone loss.

Your body needs calcium and vitamin D and enough exercise to build and keep strong bones.

Your body may not make enough new bone if:

• You do not eat enough high-calcium foods
• Your body does not absorb enough calcium from the foods you eat
• Your body removes more calcium than normal in the urine

Certain habits can affect your bones.

• Drinking alcohol. Too much alcohol can damage your bones. It can also put you at risk of falling and breaking a bone.
• Smoking. Men and women who smoke have weaker bones. Women who smoke after menopause have an even higher chance of fractures.

Younger women who do not have menstrual periods for a long time also have a higher risk of bone loss and osteoporosis.

Low body weight is linked to less bone mass and weaker bones.

Exercise, especially weight-bearing exercise, is linked to higher bone mass and stronger bones.

Many long-term (chronic) medical conditions can keep people confined to a bed or chair.

• This keeps the muscles and bones in their hips and spines from being used or bearing any weight.
• Not being able to walk or exercise may lead to bone loss and fractures.

Other medical conditions that may also lead to bone loss are:

• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Long-term (chronic) kidney disease
• Overactive parathyroid gland
• Diabetes, most often type 1 diabetes
• Organ transplant

Sometimes, medicines that treat certain medical conditions can cause osteoporosis. Some of these are:

• Hormone-blocking treatments for prostate cancer or breast cancer
• Some medicines that are used to treat seizures or epilepsy
• Glucocorticoid (steroid) medicines, if they are taken by mouth every day for more than 3 months, or are taken several times a year

Any treatment or condition that causes calcium or vitamin D to be poorly absorbed can also lead to weak bones. Some of these are:

• Gastric bypass (weight-loss surgery)
• Cystic fibrosis
• Other conditions that prevent the small intestine from absorbing nutrients well

People with eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia, are also at higher risk for osteoporosis.

Talk to your health care provider about your risk for bone loss and osteoporosis. Find out how to get the right amount of calcium and vitamin D, what exercise or lifestyle changes are right for you, and what medicines you may need to take.

Osteoporosis – causes; Low bone density – causes

• Vitamin D benefit
• Calcium source

De Paula FJA, Black DM, Rosen CJ. Osteoporosis: basic and clinical aspects. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 30.

Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, Cheung AM, Murad MH, Shoback D. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(5):1595-1622. PMID: 30907953 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30907953/.

Weber TJ. Osteoporosis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 230.

Updated by: Sandeep K. Dhaliwal, MD, board-certified in Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Springfield, VA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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symptoms and causes of the disease

Osteopenia is a decrease in bone density that can lead to weakening of the bones and osteoporosis. Symptoms may be subtle, and the causes are calcium metabolism disorders, vitamin D deficiency, hormonal disorders, etc. Learn more about the causes and symptoms of osteopenia on our website.

Osteopenia is a skeletal disease in which bone density decreases, i.e. bones become more fragile and thin. It can occur in people of any age, but most often occurs in older people. Osteopenia is a precursor to osteoporosis, which is characterized by an even greater loss of calcium and phosphorus, which is very dangerous.

Osteopenia can be caused by several causes, including poor circulation to the bone, metabolic disorders, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, and genetic factors. Some other causes may be related to lifestyle, including lack of physical activity, alcohol use, and smoking.

Osteopenia is a serious disease that requires proper attention and treatment to prevent possible consequences such as injuries, fractures and skeletal deformities. It is important to understand the possible causes and symptoms of this disease in order to find the best treatment and prevent its development.

Osteopenia: causes, symptoms and treatment

Causes of osteopenia

Osteopenia is a skeletal condition in which the bones become more fragile and thin. This is due to a violation of the processes of formation of bone tissue. The most common cause of osteopenia is calcium and vitamin D deficiency in the body.

However, in addition to calcium and vitamin D deficiency, many other factors can contribute to the development of osteopenia. For example, bad habits (smoking, alcohol abuse), low physical activity, thyroid disease, hormonal imbalance and other diseases.

Symptoms of osteopenia

• Pain in bones and muscles;
• Weakness and discomfort in the bones;
• Excessive sweating;
• Frequent fractures and injuries;
• Decreased height and detrimental effect on posture;
• Development of kyphosis and scoliosis;
• General health reduction.

Treatment of osteopenia

The treatment of osteopenia depends on the underlying cause. However, common treatments are:

1. Nutrition rich in calcium and vitamin D;
2. Moderate physical activity.

Medications such as bisphosphonates and hormones may also be prescribed.

It is worth noting that the prevention of bone disease, aimed at increasing bone density and strengthening the skeleton, is the main method of combating osteopenia at any age.

Osteopenia: the essence of the disease and its symptoms

Osteopenia is a disease in which the bones become more fragile and weak. This can happen due to a decrease in bone density. In the process of aging, a person undergoes changes in the body, and thus there is a significant increase in the risk of developing this disease.

One of the main risks for developing this disease is low levels of calcium and vitamin D in the body. The lack of these elements leads to the development of weakening of the bone tissue and, as a result, to the appearance of osteopenia. In addition, this disease can be associated with the use of alcohol, certain drugs, as well as genetic factors.

• Risk factors :
  • Age;
  • Low levels of calcium and vitamin D in the body;
  • Certain medicines;
  • Heredity;
  • Alcoholism;
  • Lack of physical activity.

Causes of osteopenia

Lack of calcium in the body. Calcium is the main element of bone tissue, and if it is not enough, the bones become brittle and prone to fracture.

Hormone metabolism disorder. Decreased estrogen levels in women after menopause and in men as they age can lead to bone loss and weak bones.

Eating disorders. Insufficient intake of protein, vitamin D and other nutrients may lead to osteopenia.

Susceptibility to genetic diseases. Osteopenia may be hereditary. For example, a genetic defect can cause abnormal bone metabolism.

Long-term use of certain drugs. These include glucocorticosteroids, antidepressants and antiepileptics.

Low level of physical activity. Lack of physical activity can lead to a decrease in bone density.

Heredity as a risk factor

Osteopenia can be caused by various factors, among which heredity occupies an important place. If one of the close relatives had this disease, then other family members are at a higher risk of developing it.

Certain conditions can also increase the chance of developing osteopenia, such as early menopause, anorexia, vitamin D and other nutritional deficiencies, and certain hormonal and endocrine disorders. If you have a family history or any of the risk factors listed above, it is important to know that you must take steps to prevent and detect the disease early.

Symptoms of osteopenia

Osteopenia is a possible cause of bone fractures and a slowdown in general physical activity. Symptoms of osteopenia can be subtle or very obvious, depending on the degree of the disease.

One of the first signs of osteopenia is bone tenderness, starting in the upper back and neck. In more advanced cases, there may be a general feeling of weakness and fatigue.

A sharp decrease in height or curvature of the spine can also become a symptom of osteopenia. In people living in regions with low levels of sunlight, blurred vision, conjunctivitis, and skin disease may indicate a vitamin D deficiency, which in turn may be the cause of osteopenia.

There may be no noticeable symptoms of osteopenia in the early stages, but monitoring calcium levels, vitamin D, and bone mass can help patients recognize the disease early and avoid future complications.

Diagnosis of osteopenia

Clinical manifestations

Symptoms of osteopenia may not be noticeable at the initial stage of the disease. However, over time, the patient begins to feel pain and discomfort in the bones, especially in the spine and pelvis. A characteristic sign is a deterioration in posture, a decrease in height and an increase in the risk of fractures.

Instrumental research methods

The main method for diagnosing osteopenia is the measurement of bone density using densitometry. This method is the most accurate and allows you to detect pathological changes in bones in the early stages.

In addition, radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can be used to clarify the diagnosis. These methods allow you to determine the degree of bone damage and identify possible complications.

Laboratory tests

One of the additional methods for diagnosing osteopenia is a biochemical blood test. In osteopenia, the levels of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D in the blood may be reduced, and the level of alkaline phosphatase may be elevated.

In addition, general and biochemical blood and urine tests are performed to identify possible diseases that can lead to osteopenia.

In general, the doctor uses an integrated approach to diagnose osteopenia, which includes clinical, instrumental and laboratory research methods.

Osteopenia in women over 50 years old

Osteopenia is a disease that is manifested by a decrease in bone density. Women over 50 are more prone to this disease due to changes in hormonal balance caused by menopause. The lack of calcium in the body also affects the development of osteopenia in women at this age.

There are several symptoms that may indicate the presence of osteopenia in women. Among them are pain in the back, neck and arms, bone weakness and increased fatigue. In addition, bone damage can occur even with slight stress or trauma, which is also a sign of the disease.

To prevent osteopenia in women over 50, it is recommended to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D, which will help strengthen bones. Regular exercise and physical activity are also important for keeping bones healthy and preventing osteopenia in older women.

• Risk factors: family history of the disease, short height and weight, lack of hormones.
• Diagnosis: measurement of bone density, analysis of calcium and vitamin D levels in the blood, X-ray examination.
• Treatment: lifestyle changes, calcium and vitamin D supplements, bisphosphonate drugs.

Treatment of osteopenia

Main directions of osteopenia treatment:

1. Correction of nutrition. In osteopenia, it is recommended to increase the amount of calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus and magnesium in the diet.

2. Physical exercises. Regular exercise helps to strengthen bone tissue, increase its mass and density. It is recommended to go in for walking, running, swimming, gymnastics, yoga.

3. Drug therapy. Mostly drugs that strengthen bones are used: calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonates, zyudova hormone, relsek, etc.

4. Refusal of bad habits. Smoking and alcohol consumption have a negative effect on bone health. With osteopenia, these habits must be abandoned.

Additional treatments:

• Massage — improves blood circulation and bone metabolism;
• Physiotherapeutic methods – improve blood circulation and general condition of tissues;
• Diet – helps to control weight and not overload the bones;
• Daily routine – you need to get quality sleep and avoid excessive physical activity.

Osteopenia should be treated under medical supervision. You should not take medicines without his recommendation and you should not self-medicate. It is important to follow the doctor’s recommendations and undergo regular check-ups to evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen treatment.

Bone strengthening exercises

Weight training exercises

One way to strengthen bones is to use weights during exercise. Classic exercises such as squats, dips, barbell presses, and biceps and triceps exercises can be done using dumbbells or barbells.

Exercise example:

• Dumbbell squat. Take dumbbells in each hand and place them on your shoulders. Squat down, keeping the correct form and vertical back.

Stretching exercises

Stretching is an important element of any workout, as it allows you to soften the muscles and ligaments. Regular stretching also promotes bone health.

Sample exercise:

• Leg extension. Lie on your back, lift one leg and keep it extended for about 30 seconds. Repeat with the other leg.

Balance exercises

Balance exercises can improve coordination and help develop bone strength. To perform this type of exercise, you need to look for a platform point on which you can maintain balance.

Sample exercise:

• Stand on one leg and lift the other. Hold the balance for about 30 seconds, then repeat with the other leg.

Nutrition for Osteopenia

Nutrition Basics

It is important to eat a proper osteopenia diet to provide the body with the nutrients it needs to maintain bone health.

Nutrition guidelines for people with osteopenia:

• Increased intake of foods rich in calcium
• Reduced intake of foods that slow calcium absorption (phosphates, oxalates, fatty foods)
• Increased intake of foods rich in vitamin D
• Moderate intake of foods rich in protein
• Not adequate intake of foods containing vitamin K

Calcium-rich foods

The following foods are recommended to provide calcium to the bones:

• Dairy products (cheese, cottage cheese, yogurt)
• Nuts and seeds (almonds, sesame)
• Leafy vegetables (broccoli, spinach)
• Fish (sardines, salmon)

900 02 In addition, it is recommended to consume calcium in the form of supplements, the intake of which should be coordinated with a doctor.

Foods that slow calcium absorption

In case of osteopenia, the following foods should be limited:

• Phosphate-containing foods (carbonated drinks, salted nuts, sausage)
• Oxalate-containing foods (spinach, rhubarb)
• Fatty foods (fatty meats, mayonnaise)

Foods rich in vitamin D

Vitamin D is essential for proper absorption of calcium. It is found in the following foods:

• Fish oil (codfish, sardines)
• Egg yolk shell
• Foods fortified with vitamin D (milk, yogurt) spend time outdoors with plenty of sunshine.

  Foods rich in protein

  Protein plays an important role in strengthening bones. Recommended foods high in protein:

  • Meat (chicken, beef)
  • Fish (tuna, salmon)
  • Nuts (hazelnuts, walnuts)
  • Seeds (sunflower seeds, pumpkin)

  9 0012 Products containing vitamin K

  Vitamin K is essential for strengthening bones and preventing osteoporosis. It is found in the following products:

  • Green leafy vegetables (broccoli, spinach, cabbage)
  • Fish oil (sardines, anchovies)

  Osteopenia prevention

  Healthy lifestyle

  Exercise mi, proper nutrition, avoidance of bad habits are the main components of a healthy lifestyle life. It is the basis for the prevention of osteopenia.

  Adequate levels of calcium and vitamin D

  Calcium and vitamin D are important for bone health. The diet should include a sufficient amount of foods rich in calcium and vitamin D, such as dairy products, fish, eggs, leafy vegetables. In case of deficiency of these vitamins, it is necessary to take the appropriate supplements on the recommendation of a doctor.

  Avoiding excessive alcohol and coffee

  Avoiding excessive alcohol and coffee not only reduces the risk of osteopenia, but also improves overall health.

  Taking Your Medications Correctly

  Medications such as glucocorticosteroids or antidepressants may increase the risk of osteopenia. If you need to take such drugs, you must always consult with your doctor and follow his recommendations.

  Timely visit to a doctor

  In case of any changes in the state of health, it is necessary to consult a doctor for examination and prevention. As a prevention of osteopenia, it is recommended to undergo annual examinations for the content of calcium and vitamins in the body.

  Findings of osteopenia

  Unsafe consequences of treating suspected cases of osteopenia

  Osteopenia is a serious disease that can lead to bone fragmentation and loss of bone density. Often it occurs without any symptoms, so patients may not be aware of their problem. However, its detection can be very important, since osteopenia is a major risk factor for osteoporosis and bone fractures.

  Therapy depends on the stage of the disease, restoration of bone density can take up to 6 months or more. Therefore, if patients want to speed up the recovery process, medical professionals can prescribe calcium supplements, vitamin D and others, but this can increase the risk of negative effects in the body. Therefore, medications for osteopenia should only be taken at the discretion and supervision of the treating physician.

  Prevention and treatment

  Many signs and factors have been identified that may explain why patients develop osteopenia. Including age, gender, racial traits, genetic factors, lack of calcium and vitamin D, metabolic disorders, long-term medication, etc.

  It is important to note that in the process of treating osteopenia, specialists are guided not only by the main goal – to restore bone density, but also accumulate data that will help improve the prevention and treatment of this disease in the future. Among the main measures that are recommended for those who are experiencing osteopenia are bone mass exercises, regular medical check-ups, a balanced diet, avoiding bad habits, etc.

  Expert advice

  Tracking the dynamics of the disease, experts emphasize that static indicators are the main ‘link;’ between osteopenia and osteoporosis. Assessment of bone density and control of all factors affecting this indicator play a high role in the treatment of osteopenia.
  More information about risk factors and warnings is needed, especially in women and the elderly. The optimal way out will be to consult a doctor and individual selection of therapy to improve the condition of bone tissues.

  The only way to avoid osteopenia is to lead a healthy lifestyle, including exercise, diet, control of their diseases. Only in this way can we provide our bones with maximum protection in life and cope with malignant changes in bone tissue.

  Related videos:

  Q&A:

  What is osteopenia?

  Osteopenia is a bone disease in which bone density decreases, resulting in poor bone structure and an increased tendency to fracture.

  What are the symptoms associated with osteopenia?

  Osteopenia usually does not show obvious symptoms in the initial stage of development. However, with age, patients may develop soreness in the bones, a tendency to fracture, and a decrease in height due to compression of the spinal discs.

  Who is at risk for developing osteopenia?

  Osteopenia most often develops in women after menopause, in patients with a low level of physical activity, with insufficient dietary calcium intake. Also, this disease can occur while taking certain medications, such as glucocorticoids.

  How can osteopenia be diagnosed?

  Osteopenia requires a densitometry test, which measures bone density. It is a safe and simple procedure recommended for women over 65 and men over 70.

  How to prevent the development of osteopenia?

  To prevent the development of osteopenia, calcium-rich foods such as milk, yogurt, cheese, cottage cheese should be consumed regularly. It is also important to exercise regularly, especially strength-training exercises that help strengthen bones.

  What medications are used to treat osteopenia?

  Preparations containing calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonates, reparations are used to treat osteopenia. The choice of method of therapy, dosage and duration of treatment depend on the severity of the disease and the individual characteristics of the patient.

  Osteoporosis of the bones: causes and treatments

  Contents

  • 1 Osteoporosis of the bones: causes, symptoms and effective treatments
    • 1.1 Osteoporosis of the bones: causes and treatments
      • 1.1.1 What is osteoporosis?
    • 1.2 What causes osteoporosis?
    • 1.3 Who is at risk of developing osteoporosis?
    • 1.4 Symptoms of osteoporosis:
    • 1.5 Diagnosis of osteoporosis: how to identify the disease?
    • 1.6 Treatment of osteoporosis: medication
    • 1.7 Treatment of osteoporosis: transverse bone fractures
    • 1. 8 Osteoporosis of bones: causes and treatments
      • 1.8.1 Treatment of osteoporosis: surgery
    • 1.9 How to reduce the risk of osteoporosis?
    • 1.10 Diet for osteoporosis
      • 1.10.1 The importance of proper nutrition
      • 1.10.2 What foods should be avoided?
      • 1.10.3 What products are needed?
      • 1.10.4 Menu for healthy bones
      • 1.10.5 Conclusion
    • 1.11 The importance of exercise for bones in osteoporosis
    • 1.12 Related videos:
    • 1.13 Question -answer:
      • • 1.13.0.1 What is osteoporosis bones?
        • 1.13.0.2 What are the causes of osteoporosis of the bones?
        • 1.13.0.3 How can the risk of developing osteoporosis of the bones be reduced?
        • 1.13.0.4 What medications are used to treat osteoporosis of the bones?
        • 1.13.0.5 What are the consequences of osteoporosis of the bones?
        • 1.13.0.6 Are there any additional treatments for osteoporosis of the bones?

  Osteoporosis of the bones is a serious disease that can lead to poor quality of life and limited mobility. The article describes the causes and methods of treatment of osteoporosis of the bones, and also gives recommendations for the prevention of the disease.

  Osteoporosis is a disease that deteriorates bone quality, making it less dense and more fragile. It leads to an increased risk of fractures, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist.

  Why does osteoporosis occur?

  In practice, osteoporosis is often associated with a lack of calcium in the bones. But in fact, there may be more reasons, such as genetic predisposition, certain thyroid diseases, eating disorders and other factors.

  Treatments for osteoporosis

  The approach to treating osteoporosis can vary depending on the underlying cause of the disease in each individual patient. But general recommendations include changing your diet, exercising, and taking vitamins and minerals. If necessary, medications can be used, but only after consulting a doctor and conducting additional examinations.

  Osteoporosis of the bones: causes and treatments

  What is osteoporosis?

  Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease in which the bones become brittle and brittle. Bone tissue loses its density and becomes more porous, which leads to an increased risk of fractures with the slightest injury. Osteoporosis can develop in people of any age and gender, but most often the disease is diagnosed in women after menopause.

  Osteoporosis is a serious disease that increases the risk of death and disability. The sooner treatment begins, the greater the chance of stopping the development of the disease and preventing its complications.

  What causes osteoporosis?

  Osteoporosis is a disease associated with a decrease in bone density and quality, which most often occurs in women after menopause and in men in old age. There are several factors that can lead to the development of osteoporosis.

  • Heredity. Some genes can affect bone quality and bone structure, which may increase the risk of osteoporosis.
  • Calcium and vitamin D deficiency. Calcium and vitamin D play an important role in the formation and maintenance of healthy bones. The lack of these substances in the body can exacerbate osteoporosis.
  • Low physical activity. Lack of regular exercise may decrease bone density and increase the risk of osteoporosis.
  • Smoking, drinking alcohol. Smoking and alcohol consumption may adversely affect bone tissue and increase the risk of osteoporosis.
  • Some drugs. Some medications, such as glucocorticosteroids (eg, prednisone), may increase the risk of osteoporosis.

  Table: Risk factors for osteoporosisRisk factorHow does it affect the risk of osteoporosis?

  Heredity	Increases the risk of developing the disease.
  Calcium and vitamin D deficiency	May cause bone deterioration and increase the risk of osteoporosis.
  Physical inactivity	Increases the risk of osteoporosis due to poor bone density.
  Smoking, alcohol consumption	May adversely affect bone tissue and increase the risk of osteoporosis.
  Some drugs	May aggravate osteoporosis due to negative effects on bone tissue.

  Who is at risk for osteoporosis?

  Osteoporosis of the bones is a disease of the skeletal system that results in a decrease in bone density and an increased risk of fractures. While anyone can develop osteoporosis, regardless of gender or age, certain groups of people are at greater risk of developing the disease.

  1. Postmenopausal women – they have low levels of estrogen in the body, which leads to a decrease in bone density. As a result, women over the age of 50 are at greater risk of developing osteoporosis.
  2. Older people – As we age, we lose calcium and other important minerals that are needed to maintain normal bone tissue. Therefore, people over the age of 60-65 are also at an increased risk of developing osteoporosis.
  3. People with a low level of physical activity – lack of physical activity leads to a decrease in the load on the skeleton and, as a result, to a violation of the natural process of growth and bone tissue renewal.
  4. People with bad habits – Smoking and alcohol consumption adversely affect the condition of the bone tissue and can lead to its destruction.
  5. People with low levels of calcium in the body – calcium plays an important role in bone formation. If its level is reduced, then the risk of osteoporosis increases significantly.

  Symptoms of osteoporosis:

  In the early stages of osteoporosis, symptoms may be absent and so mild as to be difficult to notice. However, as the disease progresses, you may experience:

  • Pain in the back and neck. The cause may be tight muscles or pulled ligaments due to bone weakness.
  • Frequent fractures. Osteoporosis makes bones more fragile and more prone to damage, so people with this disease are more likely to get fractures even with minor injuries.
  • Height decline. As a result of the weakening of the bone tissue, the spine begins to shrink, which leads to a decrease in height.
  • Curvature of the spine. Thoracic or lumbar kyphosis can be caused by damage to the bones in the spine, resulting in a hump or round shoulders.
  • Decreased strength and energy. Patients may feel weak and tired due to impaired calcium and mineral metabolism.

  If you have any of these symptoms, see your doctor. Only he can diagnose osteoporosis and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

  Diagnosis of osteoporosis: how to identify the disease?

  Osteoporosis is a disease that often goes without symptoms for many years. However, if there are risk factors (age, gender, heredity, low levels of calcium and vitamin D in the body, etc. ), it is necessary to undergo regular preventive examinations to detect the disease at an early stage.

  Densitometry (or measurement of bone mineral density) is the main method for diagnosing osteoporosis. This method allows you to determine the level of minerals in the bones and identify their weakening. The results of densitometry are compared with the norm for the corresponding age and sex.

  Other methods of diagnosing osteoporosis may include:
  • X-rays to check for fractures and changes in bone structure;
  • Blood tests for levels of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D and other chemical elements necessary for bone health;
  • Ultrasound scanning of bones to assess the risk of fractures and to detect loss of bone density in various parts of the body.

  If you are at risk and worried about the possibility of developing osteoporosis, you should consult with a specialist (general practitioner, endocrinologist, rheumatologist, etc.) and perform the examinations and tests recommended by him.

  Treatment of osteoporosis: medication

  Treatment of osteoporosis is complex and includes medication, diet, exercise and fall prevention. Medical treatment aims to increase bone density and reduce the likelihood of fractures.

  Another important class of medications are drugs that affect calcium metabolism in the body. They help increase the amount of calcium in the bones and reduce its loss. These include vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (for hyperparathyroidism), and other medications.

  • Resorption inhibitors. These are drugs that slow down the process of bone resorption. They block the action of osteoclasts and allow the bones to retain more calcium.
  • Teriparatide. This is a drug that contains an analogue of the parathyroid hormone. It increases bone density and reduces the risk of fractures.
  • Ronacalib. This is a drug that blocks the action of the protein sclerostin, which inhibits the growth and development of bones.

  Preparations for the treatment of osteoporosis should only be prescribed by a doctor and after the necessary investigations. Taking medications should be combined with proper nutrition and physical activity.

  Treatment of osteoporosis: transverse bone fractures

  Transverse bone fractures are one of the most dangerous effects of osteoporosis. This is the result of bones becoming more brittle and prone to damage. Treatment of transverse bone fractures can be quite complex and may involve several methods.

  One of the treatments is surgery. Surgery may involve using larger plates and stronger screws to hold the bones together. The advantage of this method is the stability and durability of the treatment result.

  In some cases, it may be necessary to undergo physical therapy to restore bone function and strength. This may include exercises to strengthen muscles and increase mobility. Physical therapy can also help restore balance and coordination if the bones in the legs and hips are damaged.

  Regardless of which treatment is chosen, it is important to seek immediate help if a transverse bone fracture is suspected. This will help prevent further complications and speed up the recovery process.

  Osteoporosis of the bones: causes and treatments

  Treatment of osteoporosis: surgery

  When osteoporosis becomes too advanced, surgery is necessary. Surgery may be recommended in cases of excessive development of kyphosis or scoliosis, severe bone fractures that can lead to restriction of movement.

  Surgeries used to treat osteoporosis include a range of techniques:

  • Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. These are invasive techniques performed on the bulges of the spinal column in order to strengthen the collapsed vertebrae and stabilize them.
  • Orthopedic operations. They are prescribed for serious bone fractures that cannot be treated by other means, such as fractures of the femur.
  • Osteoplasty. This is a method that replaces part of the affected bone with an artificial material, such as ceramics or metal implants.

  The choice of an operative method for the treatment of osteoporosis should be carried out by a doctor individually for each patient, taking into account his state of health and the degree of development of the disease. Operations for the treatment of osteoporosis are an offshoot of a longer complex of treatment, their use should be as thoughtful and justified as possible.

  How to reduce the risk of osteoporosis?

  If you want to keep your bones from breaking down and avoid osteoporosis, you need to take care of your health today.

  • Proper nutrition. Bones need nutrients such as calcium, vitamin D, potassium and magnesium. To get them, you should include dairy products, hard cheeses, nuts, beans, broccoli and dark green vegetables in your diet.
  • Physical activity. Regular exercise can help strengthen bones and reduce the risk of osteoporosis. It can be walking, dancing, yoga or light gymnastics.
  • Refusal of bad habits. Drinking alcohol, smoking and using cocaine can adversely affect bone health.
  • Test for osteoporosis. Your best bet is to see a doctor to determine your bone mass and see if treatment is needed.

  Following these simple rules will help reduce the risk of osteoporosis and ensure healthy, strong bones for years to come.

  Osteoporosis diet

  The importance of proper nutrition

  Nutrition plays an important role in maintaining healthy bones. People with osteoporosis need to include in their diet foods that contain sufficient amounts of calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus and magnesium.

  Which foods should be avoided?

  If you have osteoporosis, it’s best to avoid foods that can negatively affect bone health. These are, first of all, foods rich in starch and sugar, as well as salty, fried, fatty and smoked foods.

  What products are needed?

  To optimize bone health, consume foods rich in calcium and other essential vitamins and minerals. These are dairy products, fish, greens, nuts, seeds, eggs, legumes, fruits and vegetables. It is also important to take vitamin D, which helps calcium to be better absorbed and incorporated into bone tissue.

  Healthy Bone Menu

  The ideal menu for healthy bones includes dairy products, hard cheeses, eggs, nuts, goats, fish, legumes and greens. For saturation with vitamin D, you need to increase the amount of fish and milkshakes. At the same time, fatty meats, carbonated drinks and cereals should be avoided.

  Conclusion

  Diet for osteoporosis is an important component of the treatment process. Of great importance is proper nutrition, based on the use of foods rich in calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus and magnesium. Based on these recommendations, you can create a menu that will help maintain bone tissue in a healthy state.

  The Importance of Exercise for Bones in Osteoporosis

  Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become brittle and brittle. It occurs due to the loss of minerals, such as calcium, in the bone tissue. Bone exercise can relieve symptoms of osteoporosis and strengthen bones.

  Bone exercises for osteoporosis can be divided into different types of physical activity: aerobic exercises, strength exercises and exercises for flexibility and balance. All of these can help maintain bone mass and strengthen muscles.

  • Aerobic exercise (walking, running, dancing, etc.) strengthens the cardiovascular system, increases oxygen uptake and helps improve bone circulation.
  • Strength exercises (dumbbell lifts, push-ups, etc.) help strengthen the bones and muscles around them, which can reduce the risk of fractures.
  • Flexibility and balance exercises (yoga, tai chi, etc.) improve coordination, help maintain balance and reduce the risk of falls, especially for older people.

  It is important to remember that you should consult your doctor before starting exercise. Also, do not exercise too intensely and for a long time, so as not to overload the bones and muscles.

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  Q&A:

  What is bone osteoporosis?

  Osteoporosis of bones is a disease that is characterized by a decrease in the density and mass of bone tissue, as well as a violation of its architectonics. This leads to an increased risk of fractures with the slightest injury, as well as diseases of the spine, such as scoliosis.

  What are the causes of osteoporosis of the bones?

  Osteoporosis of the bones can be caused by many factors, including heredity, lack of calcium and vitamin D, long-term use of certain medications such as hormonal drugs and anticancer drugs, and endocrine diseases such as diabetes and hyperthyroidism.

  How can the risk of osteoporosis of the bones be reduced?

  There are several ways that can help reduce the risk of osteoporosis of the bones, including eating a healthy diet with enough calcium and vitamin D, regular exercise, not smoking or drinking alcohol, and taking medication if necessary.