What are the common breast problems? How to perform breast self-exam. What are the different types of breast lumps and their treatment. When should you get a mammogram. What are the causes of breast pain.

Breast Lumps: Types and Treatment

Breast lumps come in many forms, including cysts, adenomas, and papillomas. They differ in size, shape, and location, as well as in causes and treatment. About half of all women have lumpy breasts, or fibrocystic change. They are more common during the premenstrual period and usually disappear after menopause. Most lumps are benign and do not signal cancer; however, any time you find a new or unusual lump, have your doctor check it to make sure it is not precancerous or cancerous.

What is the risk of breast cancer with hormone replacement therapy (HRT)? Researchers have found that in combination HRT, where women take the hormones estrogen and progestin, there is an increased risk of breast cancer. If 10,000 women took combined HRT for a year, this would add up to about 8 more cases of breast cancer per year than if they had not taken hormone therapy (HT).

Types of Breast Lumps

Cysts, which can be large or small, are often harmless, fluid-filled sacs that may be painful. After menopause, many cysts shrink or disappear. Fibroadenomas are the most common benign breast tumors in women under 25 and occasionally in adolescents. These tumors are usually round, several centimeters across, and mobile. They tend to regress after menopause. Nipple adenomas are tumors of the nipple area. They vary in appearance, sometimes come back after being removed, and are sometimes associated with cancer. An intraductal papilloma is an uncommon small growth in the lining of the milk ducts near the nipple. Usually seen in women over 40, papillomas produce a discharge, which may be bloody.

Breast Self-Exams and Mammograms

The American Cancer Society states that research has not shown a clear benefit of performing regular breast self-exams. If you decide to perform breast self-exams, your doctor should go over how to perform them with you. Premenstrual changes can cause temporary thickening in breast tissue that disappears after your period, so your doctor may tell you to wait until a few days after your period to do them.

Mammograms — detailed X-ray pictures of the breasts — can reveal tumors too tiny to be felt by hand. There is disagreement as to when a woman should start getting mammograms: Some doctors say between ages 35 and 40; others say not until age 50. The American Cancer Society recommends women ages 40 to 44 should have a choice to start yearly screening mammograms if they would like. Women ages 45 to 54 should have a mammogram each year, and those 55 years and over should continue getting mammograms every 1 to 2 years.

Breast Pain: Causes and Management

Breast pain can have many causes, including the normal swelling of breast tissue during the menstrual cycle. Other causes include infection or injury; growths, including cancer; and perhaps diet.

The general swelling of breast tissue with your period can be painful, but it is not dangerous, and no treatment is necessary if you can tolerate the discomfort. Each monthly cycle brings about changes in hormones, including more estrogen and progesterone, that bring more fluid into the breasts, expanding tissue, stretching nerves, and causing pain.

Breast Self-Exam Technique

A breast self-exam is easiest in the shower, using soap to smooth your skin. Look for dimpling. Using light pressure, check for lumps near the surface. Use firm pressure to explore deeper tissues. Squeeze each nipple gently; if there is any discharge — especially if it is bloody — consult your doctor. Any time you find a new or unusual lump in your breast, have your doctor check it to make sure it is not cancer.

Role of Ultrasound and Biopsy

The best test for distinguishing a cyst from a solid tumor is ultrasound; a needle biopsy may also be done. Ultrasound can help determine whether a lump is a solid mass or a fluid-filled cyst. If a lump is solid, a needle biopsy may be performed to obtain a small sample of the tissue for testing.

When to Start Mammograms

If you have a family history of breast cancer, especially in your mother or sister, your doctor may want you to start getting mammograms earlier. Three-dimensional mammograms, to be used along with traditional digital mammograms, are also available in some screening centers.

Breast Problems: Self-Exam, Lumps, and Pain

The female breast is an organ that changes with puberty, with the monthly menstrual cycle, and with pregnancy. It also continues to change with age.

Most changes in your breasts are perfectly normal and no cause for concern. But some changes need medical attention. Chief among these are breast pain and lumps.

Breast Lumps

Breast lumps come in many forms, including cysts, adenomas, and papillomas. They differ in size, shape, and location, as well as in causes and treatment. About half of all women have lumpy breasts, or fibrocystic change. They are more common during the premenstrual period and usually disappear after menopause. Most lumps are benign and do not signal cancer; however, any time you find a new or unusual lump, have your doctor check it to make sure it is not precancerous or cancerous.

Researchers are studying the incidence of breast lumps in women using hormone replacement therapy (HRT). In combination HRT, women take the hormones estrogen and progestin to ease the symptoms of menopause. In 2002, a study called the Women’s Health Initiative discovered that HRT often resulted in more harm than good. Taking both hormones was shown to increase the risk of breast cancer and change the breast’s structure, increasing breast density and making mammograms harder to read. This could make finding cancer more difficult. To put this into numbers, if 10,000 women took combined HRT for a year, this would add up to about 8 more cases of breast cancer per year than if they had not taken hormone therapy (HT).

Continued

Cysts, which can be large or small, are often harmless, fluid-filled sacs that may be painful.

After menopause, many cysts shrink or disappear. You should immediately have your doctor check any lumps that form after menopause.

Fibroadenomas are the most common benign breast tumors in women under 25 and occasionally in adolescents. These tumors are usually round, several centimeters across, and mobile. They tend to regress after menopause. Your doctor may recommend removal if the lump persists, gets larger, or if you are anxious about it. Tests will be done to check for cancer when it is removed.

Nipple adenomas are tumors of the nipple area. They vary in appearance, sometimes come back after being removed, and are sometimes associated with cancer. An intraductal papilloma is an uncommon small growth in the lining of the milk ducts near the nipple. Usually seen in women over 40, papillomas produce a discharge, which may be bloody.

Breast Self-Exams and Mammograms

The ACS states that research has not shown a clear benefit of performing regular breast self-exams. If you decide to perform breast self-exams, your doctor should go over how to perform them with you. Premenstrual changes can cause temporary thickening in breast tissue that disappears after your period, so your doctor may tell you to wait until a few days after your period to do them.

Continued

A breast self-exam is easiest in the shower, using soap to smooth your skin. Look for dimpling. Using light pressure, check for lumps near the surface. Use firm pressure to explore deeper tissues. Squeeze each nipple gently; if there is any discharge — especially if it is bloody — consult your doctor.

Any time you find a new or unusual lump in your breast, have your doctor check it to make sure it is not cancer. Most lumps are harmless. The best test for distinguishing a cyst from a solid tumor is ultrasound; a needle biopsy may also be done.

Mammograms — detailed X-ray pictures of the breasts — can reveal tumors too tiny to be felt by hand. There is disagreement as to when a woman should start getting mammograms: Some doctors say between ages 35 and 40; others say not until age 50. The American Cancer Society recommends women ages 40 to 44 should have a choice to start yearly screening mammograms if they would like.  Women ages 45 to 54 should have a mammogram each year. and those 55 years and over should continue getting mammograms every 1 to 2 years.. The USPSTF recommends routine screening for women starting at 50. If you have a family history of breast cancer, especially in your mother or sister, your doctor may want you to start them earlier. Three-dimensional mammograms, to be used along with traditional digital mammograms, are also available in some screening centers.

Breast Pain

Breast pain can have many causes, including the normal swelling of breast tissue during the menstrual cycle. Other causes include infection or injury; growths, including cancer; and perhaps diet.

The general swelling of breast tissue with your period can be painful, but it is not dangerous, and no treatment is necessary if you can tolerate the discomfort. Each monthly cycle brings about changes in hormones, including more estrogen and progesterone, that bring more fluid into the breasts, expanding tissue, stretching nerve fibers, and causing pain. Some women have this painful swelling just before their periods, with symptoms easing near the end of the menstrual flow. Others have it as a side effect of birth control pills.

Continued

Trauma and infection in the breast have the same symptoms you would see elsewhere in your body. Infections tend to become walled off from surrounding tissue, producing small abscesses. This may give them the appearance of cysts. If you think you have an infection, see your doctor. Your doctor will usually prescribe antibiotics, although many times the infection will come back and may require the removal of the infected tissue.

Cysts may produce pain, but breast cancer rarely does — although pain does not rule out the possibility of cancer.

Breast Engorgement | Michigan Medicine

Overview

What is breast engorgement, and what causes it?

Breast engorgement means your breasts are painfully overfull of milk. This usually occurs when a mother makes more milk than her baby uses. Your breasts may become firm and swollen, which can make it hard for your baby to breastfeed. Engorged breasts can be treated at home.

Engorgement may happen:

• When your milk first comes in, during the first few days after birth.
• When you have a regular breastfeeding routine but can’t nurse or pump as much as usual.
• If you suddenly stop breastfeeding.
• When your baby suddenly starts breastfeeding less than usual. This may happen when your baby is starting or increasing solid foods or when your baby is ill and has a poor appetite.

Your breasts start making milk about 2 to 5 days after your baby is born. (Before that, they make colostrum, which contains important nutrients that your baby needs right after birth.) It’s normal for your breasts to feel heavy, warm, and swollen when your milk “comes in.” This early breast fullness is from the milk you make and extra blood and fluids in your breasts. Your body uses the extra fluids to make more breast milk for your baby.

This normal breast fullness will probably go away in a few days as you breastfeed and your body adjusts to your baby’s needs. Your breasts may become painfully engorged if you aren’t breastfeeding your baby often or if the feedings don’t empty your breasts.

Your breasts will be engorged for several days if you don’t or can’t breastfeed after your baby is born. This will gradually go away if your breasts are not stimulated to make milk. At present, there is no approved medicine to “dry up” your milk supply and prevent engorgement.

If you have any concerns or questions, you can work with a lactation consultant. This is someone who helps mothers learn to breastfeed.

What are common symptoms?

Symptoms of engorged breasts include:

• Swollen, firm, and painful breasts. If the breasts are severely engorged, they are very swollen, hard, shiny, warm, and slightly lumpy to the touch.
• Flattened nipples. The dark area around the nipple, the areola, may be very firm. This makes it hard for your baby to latch on.
• A slight fever of around 100.4°F (38°C).
• Slightly swollen and tender lymph nodes in your armpits.

What can happen if breast engorgement gets worse?

If engorgement is severe, your breasts get very swollen and painful. Severe engorgement can make it hard for your baby to latch on to the breast properly. As a result:

• Your baby may not get enough milk.
• Your breasts may not empty completely.
• Your nipples may become sore and cracked. This may cause you to breastfeed less, and that makes the engorgement worse.

Severe engorgement can lead to blocked milk ducts and breast infection, which is called mastitis. Mastitis needs to be treated with antibiotics.

How is it treated?

If engorgement is making it hard to breastfeed, use the following steps. They can relieve your symptoms and keep your milk flowing.

• Soften your breasts before feedings. You can apply a warm compress for a couple of minutes before you breastfeed. Or you can use your hands or use a pump to let out (express) a small amount of milk from both breasts.
• Try to breastfeed more often. Pump your breasts if your baby won’t breastfeed. Take care to empty your breasts each time.
• Take ibuprofen (such as Advil or Motrin) to reduce pain and swelling. Ibuprofen is safe for breastfeeding moms when taken as directed. But it’s a good idea to check with your doctor before you take any kind of medicine while breastfeeding.
• If your breasts still feel uncomfortable after nursing, try a cold compress to reduce swelling. You can use a frozen wet towel, a cold pack, or a bag of frozen vegetables. Apply it to your breasts for 15 minutes at a time every hour as needed. To prevent damage to your skin, place a thin cloth between your breast and the cold pack.

If you are not breastfeeding, use one or more of these steps to relieve discomfort:

• Do not pump or remove a lot of milk from your breasts. If your breasts are very painful, it’s okay to remove just a little bit to make you more comfortable.
• Apply a cold pack to your breasts for 15 minutes at a time every hour as needed. To prevent damage to your skin, place a thin cloth between your breast and the cold pack.
• Take ibuprofen (such as Advil or Motrin) in addition to using non-medicine treatments. Be safe with ibuprofen. Read and follow all instructions on the label.
• Wear a bra that fits well and provides good support.

How can you prevent breast engorgement?

You may be able to prevent engorgement if you keep milk moving out of your breasts and take care not to let your breasts become overfilled.

• Breastfeed whenever you notice signs that your baby is hungry, such as eagerly sucking on fingers or rooting.
• Make sure that your baby is latching on and feeding well. If your breasts are hard and overfilled, let out (express) enough to soften your nipples before putting your baby to the breast.
• Empty your breasts with each feeding. Empty one breast completely before you switch to the other side. You can tell that it’s time to switch sides when both of the following things happen:
  • Your baby’s sucking slows down a lot or stops.
  • You can no longer hear your baby swallowing.

References

Other Works Consulted

• American Academy of Pediatrics (2009). Feeding your baby: Breast and bottle. In SP Shelov et al., eds., Caring For Your Baby And Young Child: Birth to Age 5, 5th ed., chap. 4, pp. 91–93. New York: Bantam.
• Cunningham FG, et al. (2010). The puerperium. In Williams Obstetrics, 23rd ed., pp. 646–660. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Credits

Current as of:
October 8, 2020

Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Sarah Marshall MD – Family Medicine
Adam Husney MD – Family Medicine
Kathleen Romito MD – Family Medicine
Kirtly Jones MD – Obstetrics and Gynecology

Current as of: October 8, 2020

Author:
Healthwise Staff

Medical Review:Sarah Marshall MD – Family Medicine & Adam Husney MD – Family Medicine & Kathleen Romito MD – Family Medicine & Kirtly Jones MD – Obstetrics and Gynecology

Causes, types, checking, and treatment

A breast lump is a localized swelling, protuberance, bulge, or bump in the breast that feels different from the breast tissue around it or the breast tissue in the same area of the other breast.

There are different reasons why breast lumps develop. Most lumps are not cancerous and do not pose any risk.

Causes include infection, trauma, fibroadenoma, cyst, fat necrosis, or fibrocystic breasts. Breast lumps may develop in both males and females, but they are much more common in females.

A person who detects a breast lump should have it evaluated as soon as possible.

Breast lumps can result from a number of factors, and most are harmless.

The female breast consists of different types of tissue. The two main types are milk glands, where milk is made, and milk ducts, or tubes, for milk to pass through to reach the nipple.

Breast tissue composition can vary, depending on the function. For example, when a woman is breastfeeding, her breasts will change. They will feel and look different.

The breast also contains fibrous connective tissue, fatty tissue, nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes.

Each part of the breast can react in different ways to changes in body chemistry. These changes impact the sensations and texture of the breast, and they can affect the development of breast lumps.

Possible causes of breast lumps include:

• an abscess or infection
• adenoma or fibroadenoma
• cysts
• fat necrosis
• lipoma
• breast cancer

Some breast lumps feel as though they have a distinct border, while others may feel like a general area of thickened tissue.

The size, feel, and texture of breast lumps can vary differ considerably. The consistency may help a physician to diagnose what kind of a lump it is.

Breast cysts

A breast cyst is a benign, or noncancerous, fluid-filled sac in the breast. It usually feels smooth and rubbery under the skin. Some breast cysts may be painless, while others are quite painful. Breast cysts are rare in women aged over 50 years. It is not clear what causes breast cysts, but they may develop in response to hormones related to menstruation.

Cysts can range in size from very small, only visible on an ultrasound scan, to between 2.5 and 5 centimeters. Large cysts can put pressure on other tissue, and this can be uncomfortable.

A sebaceous cyst may occur if the ducts of sebaceous or oil glands become blocked. A closed sac or cyst may develop below the skin. These may grow bigger as a result of injury or hormone stimulation. Sebaceous cysts do not usually need treatment, but they can be removed if they are painful or bothersome.

Abscesses

Abscesses sometimes develop in the breast. They can be painful. They are noncancerous, and they are usually caused by bacteria. Nearby breast skin can become red, and it can feel hot or solid. Women who are breast feeding are more likely to develop breast abscesses.

Adenoma

An adenoma is an abnormal growth of the glandular tissue in the breast.

Fibroadenomas are the most common types of adenoma in the breast, and they tend to affect women under the age of 30 years, but they may occur in older women too. They account for 50 percent of breast biopsies, but they do not usually become cancerous.

They are not cancerous, and they often go away spontaneously. Fibroadenomas are generally round and firm with smooth borders.

Intraductal papillomas

Intraductal papillomas are wart-like growths that develop in the ducts of the breast. They tend to develop under the nipple. Sometimes there is a bloody discharge. Younger women tend to have multiple growths, while females nearing the menopause usually have just one.

Fat necrosis and lipoma

If fatty tissue in the breast becomes damaged or broken down, fat necrosis may occur. Noncancerous lumps can form in the breast. They may be painful. There may be a nipple discharge and a dimpling of the skin over the lump.

A lipoma is soft, noncancerous lump that is generally movable and painless. It is a benign, fatty tumor.

A breast cancer lump or tumor usually feels hard or firm. It typically has an irregular shape, and it may feel as if it is stuck to the skin or deep tissue within the breast.

Breast cancer is not usually painful, especially in the early stages. It can develop in any part of the breast or nipple, but it is most common in the upper outer quadrant.

Some malignant tumors are painful. This can happen when they are large, and if they cause other structures in the breast to be compressed, or if they ulcerate or grow through the skin.

Five steps for a breast self-examination.

It is important for women to be familiar with their bodies and their breasts. Knowing how the breasts normally feel can help to recognize any problematic changes or lumps.

The following guidelines will help women carry out a self examination.

1. Looking in a mirror, check the size, shape, and color and look for visible swellings or lumps
2. Raise the arms and repeat step 1.
3. Check for any discharge from the nipples that may be watery, milky, yellow, or with blood.
4. Feel the breasts with a firm, smooth motion while lying down, including under the arms and down to the ribcage.
5. Repeat step 4 while standing or sitting, It may be easier in the shower.

Even though most breast lumps are benign, anything unusual should be checked by a doctor.

While it is worth seeing a doctor about any breast lump that causes concern, treatment is not often needed, depending on the cause of the lump.

The doctor will carry out a physical examination and they may recommend a mammogram or ultrasound scan to check what kind of lump is present.

If there is a cyst or a fibrous lump, they may recommend monitoring the lump but not taking any further action.

If there is an abscess, the doctor may lance and drain it with a fine needle, and prescribe antibiotics.

If the doctor suspect cancer, a biopsy may be taken. If cancer is found, treatment usually involves surgery and chemotherapy or radiation therapy, depending on the stage of the cancer.

A test for changes in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes may be recommended. If this gene is present and breast cancer has occurred, preventive surgery may be an option to prevent a recurrence.

Most breast lumps are not cancerous, but it is a good idea to have them checked by a medical professional.

Read the article in Spanish.

Causes, types, checking, and treatment

A breast lump is a localized swelling, protuberance, bulge, or bump in the breast that feels different from the breast tissue around it or the breast tissue in the same area of the other breast.

There are different reasons why breast lumps develop. Most lumps are not cancerous and do not pose any risk.

Causes include infection, trauma, fibroadenoma, cyst, fat necrosis, or fibrocystic breasts. Breast lumps may develop in both males and females, but they are much more common in females.

A person who detects a breast lump should have it evaluated as soon as possible.

Breast lumps can result from a number of factors, and most are harmless.

The female breast consists of different types of tissue. The two main types are milk glands, where milk is made, and milk ducts, or tubes, for milk to pass through to reach the nipple.

Breast tissue composition can vary, depending on the function. For example, when a woman is breastfeeding, her breasts will change. They will feel and look different.

The breast also contains fibrous connective tissue, fatty tissue, nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes.

Each part of the breast can react in different ways to changes in body chemistry. These changes impact the sensations and texture of the breast, and they can affect the development of breast lumps.

Possible causes of breast lumps include:

• an abscess or infection
• adenoma or fibroadenoma
• cysts
• fat necrosis
• lipoma
• breast cancer

Some breast lumps feel as though they have a distinct border, while others may feel like a general area of thickened tissue.

The size, feel, and texture of breast lumps can vary differ considerably. The consistency may help a physician to diagnose what kind of a lump it is.

Breast cysts

A breast cyst is a benign, or noncancerous, fluid-filled sac in the breast. It usually feels smooth and rubbery under the skin. Some breast cysts may be painless, while others are quite painful. Breast cysts are rare in women aged over 50 years. It is not clear what causes breast cysts, but they may develop in response to hormones related to menstruation.

Cysts can range in size from very small, only visible on an ultrasound scan, to between 2.5 and 5 centimeters. Large cysts can put pressure on other tissue, and this can be uncomfortable.

A sebaceous cyst may occur if the ducts of sebaceous or oil glands become blocked. A closed sac or cyst may develop below the skin. These may grow bigger as a result of injury or hormone stimulation. Sebaceous cysts do not usually need treatment, but they can be removed if they are painful or bothersome.

Abscesses

Abscesses sometimes develop in the breast. They can be painful. They are noncancerous, and they are usually caused by bacteria. Nearby breast skin can become red, and it can feel hot or solid. Women who are breast feeding are more likely to develop breast abscesses.

Adenoma

An adenoma is an abnormal growth of the glandular tissue in the breast.

Fibroadenomas are the most common types of adenoma in the breast, and they tend to affect women under the age of 30 years, but they may occur in older women too. They account for 50 percent of breast biopsies, but they do not usually become cancerous.

They are not cancerous, and they often go away spontaneously. Fibroadenomas are generally round and firm with smooth borders.

Intraductal papillomas

Intraductal papillomas are wart-like growths that develop in the ducts of the breast. They tend to develop under the nipple. Sometimes there is a bloody discharge. Younger women tend to have multiple growths, while females nearing the menopause usually have just one.

Fat necrosis and lipoma

If fatty tissue in the breast becomes damaged or broken down, fat necrosis may occur. Noncancerous lumps can form in the breast. They may be painful. There may be a nipple discharge and a dimpling of the skin over the lump.

A lipoma is soft, noncancerous lump that is generally movable and painless. It is a benign, fatty tumor.

A breast cancer lump or tumor usually feels hard or firm. It typically has an irregular shape, and it may feel as if it is stuck to the skin or deep tissue within the breast.

Breast cancer is not usually painful, especially in the early stages. It can develop in any part of the breast or nipple, but it is most common in the upper outer quadrant.

Some malignant tumors are painful. This can happen when they are large, and if they cause other structures in the breast to be compressed, or if they ulcerate or grow through the skin.

Five steps for a breast self-examination.

It is important for women to be familiar with their bodies and their breasts. Knowing how the breasts normally feel can help to recognize any problematic changes or lumps.

The following guidelines will help women carry out a self examination.

1. Looking in a mirror, check the size, shape, and color and look for visible swellings or lumps
2. Raise the arms and repeat step 1.
3. Check for any discharge from the nipples that may be watery, milky, yellow, or with blood.
4. Feel the breasts with a firm, smooth motion while lying down, including under the arms and down to the ribcage.
5. Repeat step 4 while standing or sitting, It may be easier in the shower.

Even though most breast lumps are benign, anything unusual should be checked by a doctor.

While it is worth seeing a doctor about any breast lump that causes concern, treatment is not often needed, depending on the cause of the lump.

The doctor will carry out a physical examination and they may recommend a mammogram or ultrasound scan to check what kind of lump is present.

If there is a cyst or a fibrous lump, they may recommend monitoring the lump but not taking any further action.

If there is an abscess, the doctor may lance and drain it with a fine needle, and prescribe antibiotics.

If the doctor suspect cancer, a biopsy may be taken. If cancer is found, treatment usually involves surgery and chemotherapy or radiation therapy, depending on the stage of the cancer.

A test for changes in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes may be recommended. If this gene is present and breast cancer has occurred, preventive surgery may be an option to prevent a recurrence.

Most breast lumps are not cancerous, but it is a good idea to have them checked by a medical professional.

Read the article in Spanish.

10 common causes of breast pain

Women of all ages report having breast pain, also known as mastalgia. Pain can occur both before and after the menopause. However, breast pain is most common during the reproductive years.

Nearly 70 percent of women report breast pain at some point during their lives, but only around 15 percent need medical treatment.

The severity and location of breast pain can vary. Pain can occur in both breasts, one breast, or in the underarm. Severity can range from mild to severe and is typically described as tenderness, sharp burning, or tightening of the breast tissue.

Hormonal changes due to events such as menstruation, pregnancy, lactation, and menopause can also have an effect on the type of breast pain experienced.

The following are ten common causes of breast pain.

1. Breast cysts

Some women have a higher risk of developing painful breast conditions than others. At times, milk duct or gland changes may result in the formation of breast cysts.

Breast cysts can feel like a lump in the breast. They are fluid-filled sacs that can be soft or firm.

They may or may not cause pain. These cysts typically enlarge during the menstrual cycle and go away once menopause is reached.

Most breast cysts consist of fluid rather than cells. A cyst is different from a tumor, and it is not cancerous.

2. Medications

Certain medications can contribute to the development of breast pain.

Medications that are linked to an increase in breast pain include:

• drugs that affect the reproductive hormones
• some treatments for mental health conditions
• some cardiovascular treatments

Examples of these types of drugs are:

• oral hormonal contraceptives
• postmenopausal estrogen and progesterone preparations
• antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
• antipsychotic, such as Haloperidol
• digitalis preparations, for example, digoxin
• Methyldopa (Aldomet)
• Spironolactone (Aldactone)

Others that can have this effect include:

People with breast pain should speak to their healthcare provider to see if any of their medications are having an effect.

3. Breast surgery

Undergoing breast surgery and the formation of scar tissue can lead to breast pain.

The severity and type of pain vary between individuals and ranges from no pain to severe pain. It can result from nerve damage or inflammation. Pain may affect the surface of the breast, or it may be deep.

The amount and type of pain may change over time.

Soon after surgery, pain may be severe.

Long-term effects may include:

• increased sensitivity
• pain on touching the area
• reduced sensitivity and possible numbness
• inability to raise the arm over the head
• difficulty driving, doing handicrafts, and other regular activities

Some of these may last 6 months or longer.

One study that followed up women who had undergone breast surgery over 6 months found that overall, mild pain tends to persist over time, moderate pain may increase, and severe pain will likely decrease.

4. Costochondritis

Costochondritis, or costosternal syndrome, is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs and breastbone.

It can occur with arthritis. Arthritis in the neck or upper back can also lead to pain or numbness in the chest. It can also occur with an injury or physical strain.

Sometimes, there may be swelling.

It is not related to the breast, but it causes a burning pain that can be confused with breast pain.

This condition most often affects women and people over 40 years of age.

5. Fibrocystic breast changes

Fibrocystic breast changes can cause one or both breasts to become lumpy, tender, and swollen. This is due to a buildup of fluid-filled cysts and fibrous tissue. There may also be nipple discharge.

This harmless condition is not uncommon in women aged between their 20s and 50s. It is not linked to a higher risk of breast cancer.

Some changes that might help reduce discomfort include:

• following a low-salt diet
• using mild pain-relief medication

At least one study has suggested that vitamin E and B6 supplements may help with cyclic mastalgia, and especially fibrocystic changes.

However, a systematic review concluded that vitamins make no difference.

Caffeine reduction and evening primrose oil are often recommended, but one systematic review has concluded that these are not effective in treating breast pain.

6. Mastitis

Mastitis is a painful infection of the breast.

It is most common during breast-feeding, due to a clogged milk duct. However, it can happen at other times.

Symptoms may include:

• fever
• aches
• tiredness
• breast changes, such as warmth, redness, swelling, and pain

Treatment options include antibiotics. Some research has linked the use of probiotics with a reduction in the levels of some bacteria, suggesting that this could be a useful treatment option.

7. A poorly fitted bra

Breast pain can result from an improperly fitted bra. A bra that is too tight or too loose can compress the breasts or leave them improperly supported, resulting in discomfort.

To check if a bra fits properly, ask yourself:

• Is the bra riding up at the back?
• Are the straps or underwire digging in or the breasts bulging out?
• Does the center fit close to the breastbone and can you pass a finger easily under the band below the cups?

Many department stores offer a bra-fitting service.

Wearing a sports bra during exercise can also be beneficial.

8. Breast cancer

Most breast cancers do not cause pain. However, inflammatory breast cancer and some tumors can lead to breast discomfort.

People should contact their doctor if they experience:

• a lump or other area of concern in the breast
• pain or a lump that does not go away after menstruation
• any nipple discharge, bloody, clear, or otherwise
• breast pain without a known cause or that does not go away
• symptoms consistent with a breast infection such as redness, pus, or fever

Breast pain is not usually linked to cancer.

9. Back, neck, or shoulder sprains

Sprains in these parts of the body might end up causing painful sensations in the breasts.

This might occur due to the distribution of nerves in the upper torso.

10. Chest wall pain

A range of conditions can cause pain in the wall of the chest. This can sometimes feel as if it is coming from the breast, even though it is not.

Common causes of chest wall pain include:

• a pulled muscle in the chest
• inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the ribs due to costochondritis or Tietze’s syndrome
• angina
• gallstones

This type of pain might seem to spread down the arm on moving and intensifies under pressure.

Eight Warning Signs | Susan G. Komen Northern & Central California

Due to the increased use of mammography, most women in the United States are diagnosed at an early stage of breast cancer, before symptoms appear. However, not all breast cancers are found through mammography. The most common symptoms of breast cancer are a change in the look or feel of the breast, a change in the look or feel of the nipple and nipple discharge. Warning signs you should be aware of are listed below:

If you have any of these symptoms, see your health care provider. In most cases, these changes are not cancer. For example, breast pain is more common with benign breast conditions than with breast cancer. However, the only way to know for sure is to see your provider. If breast cancer is present, it is best to find it at an early stage, when the cancer is most treatable.

Breast lumps or lumpiness

Many women may find that their breasts feel lumpy. Breast tissue naturally has a bumpy texture. For some women, the lumpiness is more pronounced than for others. In most cases, this lumpiness is no cause to worry.

If the lumpiness can be felt throughout the breast and feels like your other breast, then it is probably normal breast tissue. Lumps that feel harder or different from the rest of the breast (or the other breast) or that feel like a change are a concern. When this type of lump is found, it may be a sign of breast cancer or a benign breast condition (such as a cyst or fibroadenoma). Learn more about benign breast conditions.

See your health care provider if:

• You find a new lump or any change that feels different from the rest of your breast.
• You find a new lump or any change that feels different from your other breast.
• Feel something that is different from what you felt before.

If you are unsure whether you should have a lump checked, it is best to see your provider. Although a lump may be nothing to worry about, you will have the peace of mind that it has been checked.

Nipple discharge

Liquid leaking from your nipple (nipple discharge) can be troubling, but it is rarely a sign of cancer. Discharge can be your body’s natural reaction when the nipple is squeezed. Signs of a more serious condition, such as breast cancer, include:

• Discharge that occurs without squeezing the nipple
• Discharge that occurs in only one breast
• Discharge that has blood in it or is clear (not milky)

Nipple discharge can also be caused by an infection or another condition that needs medical treatment. For these reasons, if you have any nipple discharge, see your health care provider.

Normal changes in your breasts

Breasts change a lot over a woman’s life. This information will explain what normal changes are and why they have occurred.

Some common reasons for breast change are:

• pregnancy
• breastfeeding
• hormonal changes over each menstrual cycle
• weight loss or gain
• ageing.

At some stage in their lives, many women have a change in their breast that is different to their usual hormonal changes. Most of these changes are not cancerous or harmful, but it’s important that a doctor checks them to make sure.

Ruling out breast cancer

To be confident that your breast change is not cancer or another disease, your doctor will consider:

• your age and family history
• the history of the breast change
• the results of a physical examination and any ultrasounds, mammograms or other tests that are needed
• whether you are still having periods or taking Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Why do breasts change?

Breasts are made up of milk systems, fat, lymph nodes, veins and nerves. They do not have muscles, but there is some fibrous tissue. Some lumpiness, tissue that feels like a rope or a thick cord, or dense masses of tissue are usually natural and normal.

Usually, normal breast changes develop slowly but you can become suddenely aware of changes, which can make you think that the change has happened overnight. 

Breasts are very responsive to hormones in the menstrual cycle or in HRT. Hormones called oestrogens increase before a period, causing milk ducts and glands to swell. This can trap fluid in the breasts and cause swelling and lumpiness.

Young women usually have dense breasts because their milk systems might be needed for feeding babies. Sometimes this thickness is felt as a lump or a mass of tissue. As women age, their milk systems shrink and are replaced by fat. By menopause, most women’s breasts are completely soft. This can make normal lumps more noticeable.

Sometimes women find their breasts feel different when they lose or gain weight and sometimes breasts change for no obvious reason. Your doctor might not be able to explain why the change in your breast has happened. If you feel frustrated by this, it is important to talk openly about your feelings with your doctor and other supportive people.

Do breast changes increase the risk of getting cancer?

The normal changes that you have in your breast do not put you at any increased risk of breast cancer. You should, however, follow the recommendations for screening for breast cancer for women of your age and family history.

All women need to be alert to any changes in their breasts that are not usual for them. If you have any change in your breasts that is different to your usual hormonal changes, you should have it checked by your doctor.

Feelings

For most women, having an unusual breast change is upsetting. It can bring up many different feelings and worries. It’s understandable to fear cancer. It’s also common to find tests stressful and invasive.

Most of the time women feel relieved to know that their breast change is not cancerous or harmful. Sometimes, however, women keep worrying about getting cancer. Some find that their breast change affects how they feel about themselves, their sexuality or relationships.

If your breast change is having a negative impact on your life, it might help to share your feelings with supportive family members or friends. You could also get information or advice from your GP or a Women’s Health Nurse at your local community health centre. 

Disclaimer

The Women’s does not accept any liability to any person for the information or advice (or use of such information or advice) which is provided on the Website or incorporated into it by reference. The Women’s provide this information on the understanding that all persons accessing it take responsibility for assessing its relevance and accuracy. Women are encouraged to discuss their health needs with a health practitioner. If you have concerns about your health, you should seek advice from your health care provider or if you require urgent care you should go to the nearest Emergency Dept.

Seals, nodes in the mammary gland

In the Clinical Hospital on Yauza, highly informative and safe methods (digital low-dose mammography, ultrasound, MR mammography, ductography, histological examination of biopsy material, etc.) are used to assess the condition of the mammary gland and to identify the presence and causes of lumps or nodes. In case of detection of pathological formations, the specialist will prescribe a complex treatment – effective drug therapy, if necessary – surgical intervention.

Does a lump in the chest always indicate a pathological process? Nodal formations associated with hormonal changes in the body (pregnancy, lactation, menopause, etc.) can disappear on their own with the normalization of hormonal levels. In other cases, our mammologists, after a thorough diagnosis, will prescribe and carry out treatment.

Causes of seals, nodes in the mammary gland

Among the reasons for the formation of seals and nodes in the mammary gland are the following:

• gynecological diseases;
• endocrine diseases;
• early onset of menstruation
• late onset of menopause;
• breastfeeding;
• syphilis, tuberculosis,
• hereditary predisposition;
• late first childbirth (after 35 years) or their absence;

90,013 abortions;

• taking hormonal drugs;
• stress.

The seal can be as small as a pea or as large as a grapefruit. Small size is not a reason to ignore the problem. Often, small neoplasms grow to gigantic proportions in a short time. If you find you have a lump in your chest, make an urgent appointment with your doctor. Perhaps it will save your life and, for sure, preserve your health.

Types of breast seals

Mastopathy

Mastopathy is a benign disease, dyshormonal hyperplasia of the mammary gland.This is one of the most common breast diseases – it is diagnosed in 60–80% of women. For mastopathy, painful sensations and compaction of the mammary glands are characteristic, discharge from the nipples is possible. There are two main types of mastopathy – diffuse and nodular. For diffuse mastopathy, the spread of the pathological process to the entire mammary gland is characteristic. With nodular mastopathy, cysts and nodes are formed with certain clearly defined boundaries.

Benign breast tumors

Benign breast tumors include adenoma, fibroadenoma, intraductal papilloma, lipoma, hamartoma, etc.In many benign tumors, seals appear, painful sensations in the mammary glands, intensifying from the middle of the menstrual cycle and before menstruation, axillary lymph nodes increase.

Adenoma and fibroadenoma. Fibroadenoma is one of the most common benign breast tumors. It is a rounded nodular formation, which consists of epithelial elements and a connective tissue stroma.Adenoma in its pure form is much less common.

Malignant tumors of the breast

Among malignant tumors of the breast, there are different types of cancer, sarcoma. The nodular form of cancer is characterized by a dense tumor with clear boundaries. If the disease progresses, edema, changes in the areola and nipple, wrinkling of the skin over the tumor, and retraction of the nipple are possible. In a diffuse form of cancer, a tumor without clear boundaries spreads throughout the mammary gland.The mammary gland is painful, there is reddening of the skin, the temperature rises. In the later stages of cancer development, various organs and systems are affected by metastases.

In the initial stages of development, most of the malignant neoplasms do not give pain. Therefore, even if the seal does not cause discomfort, you should definitely visit a doctor to determine the nature of the pathology. Make an appointment with a specialist to protect yourself from serious illnesses.

Mastitis

Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the breast, which occurs as a result of the penetration of an infection (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus) mainly through cracks in the nipple when feeding a baby. It most often develops in lactating women in the postpartum period, and may also not be associated with lactation. With mastitis, inflammation of the lactiferous ducts occurs, while milk may be excreted with an admixture of pus. The appearance of compaction and nodular formation in one or more lobules of the mammary gland is observed.A movable, painless seal with clear boundaries is palpated.

Breast cysts

A breast cyst is a pathological cavity that is filled with liquid contents. It is manifested by aching pain, which is associated with an increase in the formation, which squeezes the surrounding tissues.

Hyperplastic breast lobules

A hyperplastic lobule of the mammary gland is an increase in the proportion of the mammary gland.It occurs mainly during pregnancy and can cause the development of fibrocystic mastopathy. No treatment required.

Diagnostics of the causes of seals, nodes in the mammary gland

• Consultation with a mammologist. A mammologist will examine the patient, palpate, revealing a seal, a node, prescribe all the necessary examinations and, if necessary, send for consultation to other specialists of our center – an oncologist, gynecologist, genetics, endocrinologist, surgeon.
• Instrumental studies :
  • Breast ultrasound;
  • ductography;
  • digital and MR mammography.
• 3. Laboratory research:
  • biopsy followed by histological examination;
  • cytological examination of a breast smear;
  • determination of hormonal levels;
  • Genetic study to determine the risk of developing breast cancer.

If, as a result of the examination, this or that pathology was revealed, the mammologist will draw up an individual treatment program.

Most breast lumps are not ultimately cancerous. However, to be sure of this, you need to undergo a quality examination. By making an appointment now, you will have the opportunity to undergo diagnostics using the latest equipment at a convenient time for you.

Treatment of seals, nodes in the mammary glands

Treatment for breast lumps and nodules depends on the cause.The exception is a hyperplastic lobule, which is a variant of the norm and does not require treatment. But observation by a specialist with such a diagnosis is necessary.

In other cases, we use:

• conservative therapy;
• Surgical treatment: abscess opening, sectoral breast resection without breast removal in case of benign tumors; radical resection (with the underlying areas of muscles and fascia) or mastectomy with the removal of regional lymph nodes in malignant processes, later plastic reconstructive and aesthetic surgeries are possible;
• chemotherapy for malignant neoplasms.

Self-examination, which must be carried out regularly, is of great importance for the early detection of breast pathology. If you find lumps in your breasts, see a specialist. The success of treatment directly depends on the early diagnosis of the disease. Doctors of the Clinical Hospital on Yauza will identify the cause and help you cope with any breast disease.

Cost of services

Prices for services You can look at the price list or specify by phone, indicated on the website.

Signs and diagnosis of breast cancer (breast)

A real way to improve the results of treatment of breast tumors is early, and in some cases, preclinical diagnosis. This problem can be solved only if complex diagnostic methods are used.

Breast cancer diagnosis consists of two stages:

• primary
• updated diagnostics.

Primary diagnostics include self-examination of patients and individual examination by doctors of various specialties.

When studying the anamnesis, it is necessary to find out the timing of the appearance of the first signs of the disease and the rate of their development. Dyshormonal hyperplasias, postpartum mastitis and trauma, primary infertility, early onset of menstruation and late onset of menopause, late onset of sexual activity and its irregularity, first childbirth in adulthood, burdened heredity, gynecological diseases, hypothyroidism, obesity play a significant role in the development of breast cancer …

During self-examination and examination, attention should be paid to the symmetry, size and shape of the mammary glands, the level of standing of the nipples, deformities of the mammary gland, the condition of the skin, nipple and areola of the mammary gland. The presence of retraction of the nipple, its deformation, maceration (swelling) or erosion of the nipple and areola (with Paget’s cancer), bloody discharge from the nipple, the presence of deformity of the mammary gland, retraction of the skin in various parts of the mammary gland (symptom of “umbilization”), partial or total edema skin (symptom of “lemon” or “orange peel”), thickening of breast tissue (infiltration) should immediately alert the patient herself or the doctor for the presence of a malignant breast tumor.Inspection should be carried out with the hands down, then with the hands out and hands thrown over the head.

Following the examination, palpation is performed, and both mammary glands should be equally carefully probed, and not only the gland with the changes revealed during examination, since cases of bilateral lesions of the mammary glands with cancer are very common. First, the mammary glands are palpated in a standing position. They examine the condition of the nipples and areolas, thickening or induration, the presence or absence of nipple discharge, and their nature.Particular attention should be paid to bloody discharge from the nipple, which is a pathognomonic symptom for intraductal papilloma and breast cancer.

Carefully collecting the skin of the mammary gland in folds, reveal the presence or absence of skin symptoms – pathological wrinkling, “area” or umbilization. After superficial palpation, the condition of the mammary glands is studied in more depth. In this case, the tissue of the mammary glands is sequentially captured between the fingers in all departments, and also a study is performed with the fingertips.This makes it possible to identify a limited area of ​​compaction or a tumor in the mammary gland. If a seal or tumor is found, this area of ​​the mammary gland is pressed with the palm of the hand against the chest wall (it is more convenient to stand behind the patient). If the lump does not disappear, this indicates the presence of cancer or fibroadenoma (Koenig’s symptom). In the standing position of the patient, the shape, size, consistency, surface, the relation of the tumor to the surrounding tissues, its mobility, and soreness are determined.

After examination in an upright position, the patient should be laid on a couch and the examination should be repeated in the supine and lateral positions in the same sequence.A decrease or disappearance of a seal in the mammary gland indicates its benign nature (Koenig’s symptom). The displacement of the tumor after the nipple when stretching for the latter indicates the malignant nature of the tumor (Pribram’s symptom).

After a thorough examination of the mammary glands, the regional zones (axillary, supraclavicular and subclavian regions) are examined and palpated on both sides in order to identify possible metastases to the lymph nodes.

In the initial diagnosis of breast cancer, one should remember about several of its clinical forms:

• nodal;
• diffuse;
• Paget’s disease.

The most common form of a nodular tumor, which can be unicentric (the presence of one node in the mammary gland) and multicentric (the presence of two or more nodes). This form is characterized by the presence of a clearly defined node (s) in the mammary gland, usually painless, dense tumor consistency, limited mobility or immobility of the tumor in the mammary gland, indistinct tumor contours, pathological wrinkling or retraction of the skin over the tumor, determined when the skin is shifted over knot.

In the axillary region, on the same side, one or more dense movable lymph nodes of a round shape can be palpated. In later stages, retraction and fixation of the nipple may occur, umbilization of the skin over the tumor determined by eye, the phenomenon of lymphostasis, i.e. symptom “ lemon peel ” above or outside the tumor, ulceration or invasion of the skin by the tumor, thickening of the nipple and folds of the areola (Krause symptom), decrease or increase in the size of the mammary gland, pulling it up, fixation to the chest wall.In this case, there may be pain in the mammary gland. In the axillary region there are large immobile lymph nodes that can merge together into massive conglomerates.

Diffuse cancer

combines edematous-infiltrative, armor-like, erysipelas and mastitis-like forms. These forms are characterized by the rapid development of the process both in the mammary gland itself and in the surrounding tissues, extensive lymphogenous and hematogenous metastasis, extreme malignancy, and an extremely poor prognosis.Of all the diffuse forms, the most torpid is carapace cancer.

Edematous infiltrative cancer

occurs more often at a young age, often during pregnancy and lactation. Characterized by diffuse thickening of part and sometimes all of the breast tissue. The skin of the mammary gland, nipple and areola are pasty and edematous, hyperemia and a symptom of “lemon peel” are expressed. An infiltrate without clear contours is palpated, occupying most or all of the mammary gland.Edema is caused by the blockade of the lymphatic pathways of the mammary gland itself by metastatic emboli or their compression by a tumor infiltrate. Edematous infiltrative cancer should be differentiated from the nodular form of breast cancer, accompanied by significant secondary lymphostasis due to metastases in the regional zones.

Carapace cancer

is characterized by tumor infiltration of both the breast tissue itself and the skin covering it. Sometimes the process extends beyond the mammary gland and extends to the chest wall, opposite the mammary gland.The skin becomes dense, poorly displaceable, and may be pigmented. Multiple intradermal tumor nodes are characteristic, some of them may ulcerate and become crusted. The mammary gland shrinks, pulls up, decreases in size.

Erysipelas

is accompanied by severe flushing of the skin with uneven, tongue-like edges, which can extend to the skin of the chest wall. The skin of the gland is covered with red spots, which is caused by the spread of tumor cells through the capillaries and lymphatic vessels (carcinomatous lymphangitis).More often, the disease is acute, with a high temperature (39-40 ° C). This form of cancer is difficult to treat. An even more violent course is characterized by a mastitis-like form of cancer, in which the mammary gland is significantly enlarged, tense, dense, limitedly mobile, hyperemia and hyperthermia of the skin are expressed. In the depths of the glandular tissue, diffuse seals are palpated. The process spreads quickly, often accompanied by fever.

Diffuse cancers, especially inflammatory cancers, should be differentiated from acute forms of mastitis.

Paget’s disease accounts for up to 5% of all breast cancers. Begins with redness and thickening of the nipple, dry and weeping crusts and scabs. When they fall off, a wet, grainy surface is found. The areola is slowly involved in the process. Gradually, the nipple flattens, ulcerates, the process extends beyond the areola to the skin of the mammary gland. At the same time, the tumor spreads along the ducts deep into the mammary gland.Paget’s cancer is characterized by a relatively torpid course and a relatively favorable prognosis. Should be differentiated from psoriasis or eczema of the nipple.

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Thus, the primary diagnosis of clinical forms of breast cancer with a careful and thorough interpretation of the revealed changes allows the majority of patients to make the correct diagnosis.However, in some cases, the correct clinical assessment of the diagnosis is difficult. In this case, instrumental and laboratory research methods come to the aid of the clinician, that is, a clarifying diagnosis is carried out.

One of the leading methods for diagnosing various forms of breast cancer is X-ray examination – mammography. The study is carried out in two projections:

• straight;
• lateral.

Mammography distinguishes between primary and secondary signs of malignancy.The primary and main radiological signs of breast cancer are the presence of a tumor shadow and microcalcifications. The shadow of the tumor is most clearly differentiated in women of the older age group against the background of involutively altered breast tissue. The shadow of the tumor, as a rule, is irregular, stellate or amoeba-shaped, with irregular indistinct contours, characteristic of radial severity.

Very often, the tumor node is accompanied by “ track ” to the nipple and retraction of the latter, thickening of the skin of the gland, sometimes with its retraction.However, it should be noted that some forms of restrictedly growing nodular cancer (medullary, mucous) can produce a rounded oval shadow on mammograms with clear, but polycyclic contours, and sometimes without them. In these cases, the differential diagnosis between cancer, fibroadenomas, and limited growing breast sarcomas is very difficult.

One of the most reliable and early signs of cancer is the presence of microcalcifications, which are a reflection of salt deposition in the duct wall.Sometimes microcalcifications are the only radiological manifestation of early breast cancer. Usually, microcalcifications are small-celled (<1 mm in size), resembling grains of sand. The more and the smaller they are, the greater the likelihood of cancer. Microcalcifications can also be found in mastopathy and even in normal conditions, however, their nature is significantly different from the above: there are few of them, they are much larger (> 3-5 mm), more shapeless and lumpy.

Secondary (indirect) radiological signs of breast cancer include symptoms from the skin, nipple, surrounding breast tissue, increased vascularization, etc.etc.

Despite the effectiveness of the X-ray method, the resolution of mammography in a number of patients is sharply reduced: with pronounced diffuse forms of mastopathy, in young patients with dense mammary glands, in the presence of implants, pronounced inflammatory changes, gland edema and background diseases such as fibroadenomatosis. In this case, an ultrasound examination (ultrasound) of the mammary glands comes to the aid of the doctor. Ultrasound is an absolutely harmless research method, which allows it to be used repeatedly in the process of monitoring and screening.

With ultrasound, the tumor is detected in the form of a hyperechoic round-shaped zone with uneven contours. However, in an independent form, ultrasound has a relatively low information content, especially with a minimal tumor size, therefore it should be used in combination with other diagnostic methods, especially in young women with dense mammary glands and severe background diseases.

A highly informative and rapidly developing diagnostic method is a radioisotope study of the mammary glands – scintimammography.With scintimammography, it is possible to detect non-palpable tumors, multicentric growth, small tumors, and it is also possible to simultaneously detect regional metastases.

Recently, the method of microwave radio thermoscanning (UHF-RTS) of the mammary glands has been widely used, based on the assessment of the tissue temperature gradient at a depth of 7-14 cm in the decimeter wavelength range.

The final stage of clarifying diagnostics is morphological (cytological and / or histological) examination.Morphological verification of cancer is necessary for any suspicion of a malignant process in the mammary gland. Material for cytological examination is obtained by puncture of the tumor, discharge from the nipple, scraping from the nipple in Paget’s cancer. In almost all clinics, histological examination most accurately verifies the true nature of the disease. Indications for histological examination are: lack of cytological verification of cancer, suspicion of a malignant neoplasm, detection of non-palpable neoplasms suspicious of cancer on mammograms.

Thus, the diagnosis of breast cancer, although it does not present significant difficulties, should be based on a comprehensive and complete assessment of all clinical, laboratory, instrumental and morphological data, which will make it possible to develop adequate treatment tactics and maximize the immediate and long-term results of therapy.

Lactostasis | Women’s consultation number 22

Lactostasis – stagnation of milk in the ducts of the mammary glands.A woman’s mammary gland, on average, consists of 15-25 acini, in which milk is synthesized. The acini are connected to the nipple by ducts. If any acinus does not get rid of its production for several days or one of the ducts is compressed, a milk plug is formed, which prevents the secretion of the gland from secreting into the external environment. Thus, milk stagnation occurs in one or more segments of the mammary gland. Long-term lactostasis ends in mastitis.

Causes of lactostasis:

– Insufficient emptying of the mammary glands, due to improper attachment of the child, as a result, not all breast lobes are emptied.
– Inappropriate adherence to the breast when feeding with two fingers, while the index finger can squeeze some of the ducts.
– Irregular and insufficient emptying of the breast
– Tight bra, sleeping on the stomach
– Incomplete emptying of the breast due to sagging of the lower part of it
– Cracked nipple
– Narrow breast ducts
– Excessive production of breast milk by the mammary gland – overlactation 9017
– Stress, overwork and lack of sleep
– Injuries and bruises of the mammary glands
– Hypothermia of the mammary glands

Lactostasis symptoms:

-Painful sensations in the mammary gland
-You can feel lumps (dense lumps) in the breast in some places
-Sometimes redness of skin areas on the mammary gland
-After or during the process of emptying the breast, painful sensations, discomfort occur.

Measures to eliminate lactostasis:

1. Pay attention to the correct attachment of the baby to the breast. If the baby does not suckle or suckles poorly, it is necessary to express milk by hand or with a breast pump.
2. More often attach the baby to the sore breast, not forgetting about the healthy one.
3. Before applying, apply dry heat to the breast to facilitate milk flow.
4. Massage your breasts regularly with gentle and smooth movements from the periphery to the center. 5.Never crush fabrics
6.Start taking a warm shower or warm bath before breastfeeding to help milk flow.
7. After feeding, apply cold for 15-20 minutes. It reduces swelling, pain, and inflammation. You can apply cool, clean-washed cabbage leaves to your chest
8. Adequate water-salt regime, you cannot restrict liquid – you need to drink enough so that you do not feel thirsty.
9. It is advisable to express a diseased breast before feeding.
10. When the body temperature rises to 38 degrees, it is necessary to seek advice from a specialist: a mammologist.

Remember that lactostasis that is not eliminated within two days can lead to mastitis.

Prevention of lactostasis:

– Free feeding (feeding on demand)
– Correct attachment to the breast where the baby can suck milk from different areas of the breast. The baby must grasp the breast correctly

– Hold the breast without pressure when feeding.
– Sleep on your back and on your side
– Wear supportive but not constricting underwear
– Protect your chest from bumps and bruises, severe hypothermia

When is urgent straining required?

– a lump or painful area appeared in the mammary gland, which you cannot eliminate on your own for more than a day;

– redness of the skin appeared over the area of ​​compaction or soreness, the mammary gland became hot to the touch;

– a flu-like syndrome appeared (body aches, fever, general malaise) against the background of compaction or soreness in the mammary gland;

– against the background of the above symptoms, milk is separated sluggishly, drop by drop.

The help of our mammologists will allow not only to preserve lactation, but also to make breastfeeding painless and comfortable for you and your baby!

How much does it cost?

You can see the actual prices for services in the section “Services and prices”. And also, learn about the current discounts in the “Promotions” section.

What is included in the price?

Consultation with a mammologist, examination of the mother, identification and prevention of lactation problems, breast straining, training in breast care, breast self-massage, effective attachment and expression, practicing attachment skills in different positions, practical recommendations, telephone support.

How does it happen?

During the consultation, the doctor will assess the general condition of the nursing mother, examine the mammary glands. Based on the results, he will give an opinion and recommendations on restoring normal lactation and preventing problems in the future. He will teach you how to properly attach the baby to the breast, self-massage, self-pumping, and answer all your questions.

Straining is performed after examining the mammary glands. It is necessary in all cases of violation of the outflow of milk from the breast.
For lactostasis, physiotherapeutic methods of treatment are also used (according to indications).

Physiotherapy treatments:

Ultrasound therapy for lactostasis allows you to quickly and painlessly eliminate congestion in the mammary gland. In our work we use professional ultrasound equipment. Ultrasound improves milk flow, blood and lymph flow, has an anti-inflammatory effect, which is important for the prevention of mastitis. The ultrasound probe is used to massage the breast over the lump.After the procedure, milk leaves much easier. The use of ultrasound is effective and safe for breastfeeding.

To eliminate lactostasis, the effect of laser radiation on the area of ​​the mammary glands is especially effective. The unique properties of the laser increase local immunity, reduce the intensity of pain, reduce tissue edema, eliminate inflammation, improve overall well-being, and significantly increase the quality of milk and its outflow.
The procedure is absolutely safe and comfortable for patients.

What will be the result?

You will feel better immediately. In the mammary gland, tension, a feeling of heaviness and pain will go away. The outflow of milk will be restored, the temperature will return to normal. You will receive knowledge, skills and personal advice for further successful breastfeeding!

Complex use of modern equipment, unique techniques, medical approach and professionalism of breastfeeding specialists allow us to achieve high results!

Lump in the chest – causes, diagnosis and treatment

Based on the statistics of the World Health Organization, a mammologist should become the best friend of all women without exception, visits to which should not be postponed in any case.The fact is that breast cancer today ranks first among oncological diseases in women. More than a million cases of this formidable disease are registered in the world every year. The popular phrase “Cancer is not a sentence” is correct only if the disease is detected in the early stages, when recovery is possible in almost 95-98% of cases. All that is required of the woman herself, who wants to maintain her health and beauty of her breasts, is not to forget to take time for herself and regularly, even without any complaints, undergo preventive examinations by specialists.## Why cancer occurs – The exact causes of any type of cancer, including breast cancer, are still unknown to scientists. However, many years of research and observations of oncologists have made it possible to compile a list of factors that increase the risk of developing breast cancer. – Age over 40-45 years – according to statistics, cancer often attacks women during and after menopause, when there is a decrease in the body’s adaptive capabilities. – Increased levels of the sex hormones estrogen produced by the ovaries.- Heredity – you should be especially attentive to yourself if close relatives were ill with breast cancer. – Termination of pregnancy. – Taking hormonal drugs for contraception or substitution therapy, especially without consulting a doctor. – First pregnancy over the age of 30, no childbirth or breastfeeding. – Previously transferred ovarian cancer. – Endocrinological diseases and metabolic disorders, including obesity. – Incorrect selection of underwear – blindly following fashion and wearing heavily squeezing underwear with excessively stiff bones and strapless straps can disrupt blood circulation and lead to the development of various diseases, including cancer.- Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight. Unfortunately, you can get breast cancer even if you don’t have any of the above factors. For example, in recent decades, cases of cancer in very young girls who are far from menopause have become more frequent. This means that every woman needs to be attentive to her health. ## Symptoms requiring attention There are a number of symptoms that should make a woman put off all business and make an appointment with a mammologist in the coming days.- The appearance in the mammary gland of a nodule or multiple nodules, a seal of any size that does not have clear boundaries. – Discoloration of the skin of certain areas of the mammary glands – the skin in the area of ​​the tumor may become yellowish, bluish or red. – Enlargement of one of the mammary glands, retraction of the skin, changes in skin density and the appearance of the so-called “lemon peel”. – Changes in the shape of the nipple and its position, not associated with breastfeeding. – Discharge from the nipple outside lactation, including transparent or bloody.- Swelling and tenderness of the lymph nodes in the armpit. If you find any of these signs, do not hesitate to see your doctor. ! [] (http://static.medportal.ru/pic/enc/images/uplotneniye-v-grudi1.jpg) ## Self-diagnosis of the mammary glands It is necessary to examine the mammary glands at least once a month, a week after menstruation. To do this, you need to strip to the waist, stand in front of a mirror and carefully look for visual changes – compare the symmetry of the mammary glands, check for enlargements, retractions and changes in skin color, whether the contours of the nipples have changed.Then you need to carefully feel each mammary gland from top to bottom, checking for seals. By pulling the nipple slightly, make sure there is no discharge. It is also worth paying attention to the lymph nodes located in the armpits – whether they are painful, whether there is swelling. Remember that even the absence of suspicious symptoms still requires regular preventive examinations with a mammologist – cancer, like many other diseases, initially develops asymptomatically. Only a combination of self-diagnosis with visits to specialists will allow starting treatment as early as possible and help to avoid the development of complications.## Mastopathy, cyst, fat necrosis Diseases such as mastopathy, cysts (fluid-filled sacs), fat necrosis (degeneration of normal fat cells), breast lipoma and blockage can also lead to the appearance of lumps and single or multiple “balls” in the breast milk ducts due to incomplete emptying of the breast and stagnation of milk when feeding the baby. In addition, the development of fibroadenoma of the mammary gland (non-cancerous pathological neoplasm in the glandular tissue), intraductal papillomas (similar to condyloma neoplasms in the ducts of the mammary gland), thrombophlebitis, expansion of the duct of the mammary gland is possible.Only a doctor can make the correct diagnosis – it is impossible to determine independently and by touch whether the detected tumor is benign or whether you will have to undergo treatment with an oncologist. On the one hand, many women are reassured by the fact that not all breast growths are a sign of cancer. But even in the presence of a benign tumor, treatment by a doctor is necessary. Otherwise, serious problems may appear, up to the degeneration of the tumor into a malignant one.

Lump in the chest – Aleksandrovskaya Family Clinic

The pride of any woman is beautiful breasts. To be deprived of it is a tragedy. That is why, upon finding a lump in their breasts, they immediately begin to panic and prepare for a sad outcome. Calm down, lovely ladies, not all seals are malignant. Some of them are quite easy to treat, and some go away on their own – after stopping hormonal drugs or after menstruation. Many factors affect the health of women’s mammary glands: ecology, bad habits, unhealthy diet, and much more.

Schedule: Breast examination, Breast ultrasound , Breast ultrasound

For what reasons do neoplasms appear, which of them can be classified as malignant, and which are not? What if you find some kind of lump in your chest? In any case, you cannot diagnose yourself and self-medicate, so carefully read these simple recommendations.

Alexander Nikolaevich Kosolapov – Oncologist, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, General Director of the Aleksandrovskaya Family Clinic, expert in mammology Med74.ru.

So, in the mammary glands, many seals are found, most of them are benign. Standing in the shower, you suddenly found a lump in your chest that you had not noticed before? An adequate response is both panic and thoughts about the worst. Most of the seals newly discovered by the woman herself are absolutely harmless, and, as a rule, do not even need treatment.However, any breast masses should be shown to a doctor! Take your time to check your breasts and not regret your inaction for the rest of your life! After ingestion, memorize your normal body condition in order to notice any unexpected change in time.

How to understand that the formation is most likely malignant? These are five basic rules every woman should know.

• A painful lump is less likely to be malignant.
• Soft seals are less hazardous than tight seals.
• Lumps that move freely are less suspicious than non-moving ones.
• Seals with a smooth surface are less likely to be malignant than those with an uneven surface.
• Seals that grow very quickly (within a few days) are unlikely to be dangerous.

Remember: are just general principles that work in most cases, but not all, and if you have the slightest suspicion, see your doctor immediately!

Breast cancer detection at Aleksandrovskaya Family Clinic

Love yourself! Take care of yourself! Be happy and healthy!

Medical examination of women

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90,000 Advice from an obstetrician-gynecologist: how to independently detect a breast tumor

Advice from an obstetrician-gynecologist: how to independently detect a breast tumor

If you find a tumor in your chest, or lump, lump, congestion, do not rush to panic.Your concern is understandable, but remember that 80% of the breast cancers examined are benign, that is, not cancerous. However, it is very important to call your doctor right away to arrange a visit and have your breasts examined. In case of confirmation of breast cancer, early detection of the disease and timely treatment are essential. It is important to know how to recognize a breast tumor in order to quickly orient yourself.

Feel your breasts every month for possible swelling. Most women who suffer from this disease discover it by accident. It is very important at any age to carefully monitor your health. It is necessary to feel your chest while standing or lying directly on your back.

– Raise your right hand behind your head. Squeeze your right chest firmly with your left hand. Run your fingers clockwise over the area around the nipple and armpit.

– Raise your left arm and do the same for your left chest and armpit.

– In addition to standing and lying positions, this self-examination is also convenient to perform in the shower, Wet and soapy fingers will slide even more easily over the entire surface of the chest.

Feel the swelling in the chest area. Talk to your doctor if you find new ones or if the mammary gland is quite hard (most bumps are about the size of peas). If you find a lump in your breast, don’t panic: 8 out of 10 tumors are non-cancerous. Benign tumors are usually caused by a cyst, fibroadenoma, sometimes just a hard breast.

Lumps in the chest area sometimes appear for a short period, they are associated with the menstrual cycle and disappear after it. To avoid false panic, check your breasts a week before your period, by this time your breasts should not be swollen yet. If you are already having menopause or have an unstable cycle, do the procedure on the same day every month.

Pay attention to bumps that appear unexpectedly or change their shape. Most women feel that they are not doing well with their breasts, but more often than not, there is no threat to health.If you feel the same firmness in both breasts, then there is no need to worry. It’s worth worrying if you can find an area that is much harder than your entire chest.

If you are young, small hard areas in your breasts are normal. Do not be afraid. Ring the bell if the texture of these buds changes.

Stand in front of a mirror and examine your chest for other symptoms. These symptoms may or may not be related to cancer.

Look for blood or pus in the nipple.

Look for a reddish or pink rash near or around the nipple.

Pay attention to any nipple changes, especially if they appear to be inverted.

Watch the skin on your chest. If it is hardened, scaly, dry, dimpled, flushed, or pink, talk to your doctor.

90,000 Breast cancer in men – Poster Daily

It is generally accepted that breast cancer is a “female” disease, although in fact men are also susceptible to it.In the month of the fight against breast cancer, which takes place every October, “Afisha Daily” tells the story of Alexander, who is being treated for this disease right now.

Alexander, 34 years old

Being treated for stage 4 breast cancer

“I felt the tumor myself”

Six years ago I worked on construction sites, making concrete floors. I often asked for business trips, but I hardly spent time with my family – all the time I wanted to get out somewhere, to see a new city, new people.In the stream of life, time passed very imperceptibly. And suddenly I found out that I have cancer. Then we lived in the town of Horlivka, two hours’ drive from Donetsk.

I felt the tumor myself – I noticed a lump on the nipple. In general, I am suspicious, but it was that time that I did not go to the doctor, dismissed it – probably out of fear. My father had thyroid cancer, my aunt had breast cancer, and my grandfather had a bladder cancer. Of these, only the father was cured.

Of course, I told my wife about my fears, but she did not particularly push me to turn to doctors.But my mother, as I found out, at every conversation asked me to go to the clinic. As a result, I went to the oncologist a month later, when my chest began to ache. I was already sure it was cancer. I went with my mom.

“I began to reflect on the topic of why I have a female disease”

When we arrived at the hospital, I immediately wanted to leave – I felt some kind of disregard. This is understandable, the war has already begun. There were many problems in the hospital, even in a small one, without me.

Still, the diagnosis was confirmed.The doctor was so calm that at first I didn’t really believe him. The first operation was done somehow unexpectedly easily – after a couple of days I came to the appointment, I was given a local anesthesia, the nipple was cut off right in front of my eyes, and after half an hour they were released. Before the operation, I did not talk to anyone about the problem, not even my wife. But after the operation, of course, I had to discuss the situation, because I was sent to another hospital, to Donetsk.

In the big city they treated me better, more attentively. Then I began to reflect in almost every office on the topic of why I have a female disease.It was somehow strange and even a little embarrassing. I thought it never happens.

When I was prescribed a second operation, more serious, it somehow didn’t give a damn whether a woman’s illness or not — cancer is cancer.

Until now, no one knows about my illness, except my family and a couple of friends. In principle, I don’t want to talk about cancer. So even if I go to the sauna or pool, I try not to take off my shirt so that no one can see the cut off nipple.Men, by the way, if they notice, don’t ask much questions. But women can get scared.

When I had a general operation, “chemotherapy” and removed the lymph nodes, a war broke out in Donetsk. At that time, one of my daughter was five years old, the second was a year old. It was not up to myself. It was necessary to move urgently.

Topic details

“I Feel Immortal”: How It Is To Beat Breast Cancer

“I Feel Immortal”: How It Is To Beat Breast Cancer

“For two years in a row I said that I have no opportunity to go to an oncologist”

Together with the family of my older sister (she has a husband and a daughter), we moved to St. Petersburg.Since we didn’t have enough money, we had to live in a “kopeck piece” on the outskirts in seven ways. I started to get depressed, I didn’t want to return home: I filled myself up with work, usually at construction sites, and on my free evenings I bought alcohol, sat up with my friends. I had a clear feeling that I had nowhere to come to rest, that I had no place anywhere.

For two years in a row, I said that I had no opportunity to go to an oncologist and get tested. The first six months there was no policy, problems with work and housing continued.And only when my family and I finally moved into a separate apartment, I decided to go to the hospital. All this time, the disease progressed, and I was immediately prescribed a new “chemotherapy”. The treatment was completely free.

I think chemistry is the hardest part of cancer treatment . Constantly nauseous, do not want to eat and sleep, work too. I had nowhere to draw positive emotions. So that life did not seem so unbearable, I had to somehow amuse myself, and I could not think of anything better how to start smoking weed every day – it lasted six months.The mood did not really rise, but the nausea still went away. There was even a desire to work, but it ended badly – with a cough. Then I began to make alcohol for friends myself – sambuca, moonshine, whiskey, absinthe. I myself did not drink much, it was a hobby: people came, I sold to someone, gave to someone. This brightened up life a little, albeit not for long. Six months later, the doctor said that the disease began to progress again, and I had liver problems.

When I was diagnosed with breast cancer, I did not seek support and did not really think about the disease, because you walk around and do not notice it.But when problems with my lungs and liver appeared, I began to think about life almost every day, as soon as I got out of bed. During my illness, I became more introverted, loved to observe nature, and began to conduct dialogues with myself.

I began by looking for an answer to the question of why life was given to me at all. Now I think the meaning of life is in the process. Every day becomes a great value for me.

“I often feel lonely”

Usually all cancer patients are offered psychological help.I never went to classes in groups, I also did not receive individual consultations. I don’t want to talk to anyone on this topic at all. Even my wife talks to my doctors, and I try not to get into it.

Sometimes people with such diagnoses turn to faith, but I think this is complete nonsense. I am not an atheist, I believe that God exists, but I don’t want to feed the priests with money. I don’t think there is anything sincere left in the church now, and I don’t need these pictures to calm me down.

What I really want now is a warmer relationship with my wife.But it would be foolish to think that only because of illness we will become closer. I often feel lonely. Probably, this is the case for all people, but due to illness, this feeling is sometimes exacerbated. A couple of times I jokingly asked my wife what she would do if I was gone. She doesn’t say anything, just waves it off.

In recent years, I’ve got a wish list. It is a pity that I have never been abroad, and indeed I have not traveled much. It seems that in life there were somehow not enough impressions.

But now I cannot allow myself to think about it too often: we still have a difficult situation, I work as a foundry worker, my wife works in a bag factory. The eldest daughter is already 10 years old, and the youngest is six. The youngest daughter did not have enough space in the kindergarten, so the mother-in-law moved to us to sit with her – we also have to take care of the mother-in-law. Also, we still haven’t been given passports. Money is sorely lacking. If possible, I take a part-time job and work seven days a week.

The hardest thing is to live without a goal. is impossible without a goal. And I cannot make big plans for the future – well, for a year or two, you can still. Further – the unknown. Of course, I want to buy a land plot outside the city, build a house. This is my main task now. You can’t leave your family homeless.

Now I try to spend all my free time with girls. It seems to me that my daughters understand me better than anyone else. With them I am most interested. It’s a shame that I can’t see them more often because of my work. The eldest, at the age of ten, has read more books than his wife in her entire life – it is very easy for me to communicate with the eldest, there is always something to talk about.And the soul becomes very calm. The girls, of course, don’t know what’s wrong with me. I haven’t talked to them yet, I haven’t explained anything. Maybe my wife was saying something … I don’t know. I really feel sorry for the girls.

Topic details

“I know what I can go through”: what it is like to get cancer when you are an oncologist surgeon

“I know what I can go through”: what it is like to get cancer when you are an oncologist surgeon

Ineza Sharvashidze

Chemotherapist of the City Clinical Oncological Dispensary

How is breast cancer (BC) treated? And does the treatment differ between men and women?

Treatment includes three components: surgical, radiation, and medicinal.Oncological treatment is selected individually, taking into account a huge number of parameters. There are no general schemes. At the same time, there is no gender difference in the treatment and structure of breast cancer. Although among men, up to 5% become patients, but among women this type of cancer is in first place in terms of frequency of occurrence. Why is not yet known exactly.

Is it difficult to get psychological help?

In St. Petersburg, free psychological assistance at an oncological dispensary is easily accessible to both patients and relatives.If you wish, you can go through a whole program to restore psychological health. And the sooner the patient takes advantage of this opportunity, the more he will increase the success of treatment in general.

Is psychological support for breast cancer different by gender?

Of course, in men it is not visible that the mammary gland is removed, but this does not mean that they survive the disease easier. Any cancer patient’s worldview turns one hundred and eighty degrees. People become selfish, psychologically vulnerable – regardless of gender .They start digging into themselves, thinking what they did wrong. And here the main thing is to help a person stop feeling sorry for himself, stop avoiding contact. He needs to be given faith in his recovery. Never cry in front of him, never walk with a sad face. Science hasn’t explained it yet, but joy and trust can help fight cancer. The mindset is the main remedy. And if there is a purpose in life, then a person lives.

Topic details

A loved one fell ill with cancer: how to support him? 5 tips from an oncological psychologist

A loved one fell ill with cancer: how to support him? 5 tips from an oncological psychologist

What are the chances of recovering from advanced breast cancer?

Early detection of cancer is paramount.This factor, with further proper treatment, gives excellent chances for a long life. But in our country, quite often, the ailment is detected at stages 3-4. Of course, you should never lower your wings, and with the later stages you can live long enough. As a matter of fact, the main achievements of oncology now relate precisely to the increase in life expectancy precisely at the later stages.