Bun low creatinine normal: High vs. Low Levels, Normal Range

27.08.202316.06.2023 by alexxlab

Содержание

High vs. Low Levels, Normal Range

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

Why You Get the BUN Test
How Do I Prepare for the Test?
What Happens During the Test?
Understanding Your Results
What High BUN Levels Can Mean
Creatinine Test
More

Your doctor may order a blood urea nitrogen test as part of a routine health screening. It helps them see how well your kidneys are working.

Urea nitrogen is a normal waste product that your body creates after you eat. Your liver breaks down the proteins in your food — and while it does that, it creates blood urea nitrogen, also known as BUN. Your liver releases the substance into the blood, and it eventually ends up in your kidneys.

When your kidneys are healthy, they remove the BUN, usually leaving a small amount of it in the blood. But for the most part, your kidneys get rid of it by flushing it out of your body through urine.

When your kidneys are not healthy, they have trouble removing BUN and leave more of it in your blood.

The blood urea nitrogen test, which is also called a BUN or serum BUN test, measures how much of the waste product you have in your blood. If your levels are off the normal range, this could mean that either your kidneys or your liver may not be working properly.

Your doctor may order a BUN test as part of a routine checkup. It may be one of several blood tests that you get.

If you have a kidney condition, the test is a way to check what your BUN levels are before you start a medication or treatment. Also, it’s standard for a BUN test to be given when you’re in the hospital for certain conditions.

If your doctor suspects you may be getting kidney problems, they may order the BUN test.

Tell your doctor if you have the following symptoms, which can be signs that something is wrong with your kidneys:

● A change in how much you urinate

● Pee that is foamy, bloody, discolored, or brown

● Pain while you pee

● Swelling in your arms, hands, legs, ankles, around your eyes, face, or abdomen

● Restless legs during sleep

● Pain in the mid-back where kidneys are located

● You’re tired all the time

Before the blood test, tell your doctor what medications you’re taking. If any of them might alter the test result, your doctor may ask you to stop taking them for a period of time.

If you’re only getting a BUN test, you can eat and drink. But if you’re getting other blood tests, your doctor may give you directions that may include fasting before the test.

A lab tech will take a sample of your blood from a vein in your arm or the back of your hand. You may feel a slight sting when the needle pricks through your skin.

It may feel a little bit sore afterward, but you can go straight back to your everyday activities.

Your doctor’s office will send the blood sample to a lab to be analyzed. You should get the results in a few days, depending on how fast the lab and your doctor’s office can work.

Your result will be a number that measures how much BUN is in your blood. The range considered normal is between 7 to 20 milligrams per deciliter. (A milligram is a very tiny amount — more than 28,000 to an ounce, and a deciliter is equal to about 3. 4 ounces).

If your test results are not in that range, talk to your doctor.

Several things can affect your BUN test results, so having a BUN level that is lower or higher than the normal range doesn’t always mean there is a problem.

Things that affect your BUN level might include:

● High-protein diet (may cause high BUN levels)

● Low-protein diet (may cause low BUN levels)

● Several medications, including steroids and antibiotics (increased or decreased BUN levels)

● Pregnancy

● Aging

High BUN levels can also indicate various problems with your kidneys. Talk to your doctor about what could be causing the problem and plan your next steps.

High levels can also indicate the following:

● Dehydration

● Urinary tract obstruction (blockage from being able to pee)

● Congestive heart failure (when your heart doesn’t pump blood to your body like it should)

● Shock

● Burn injuries

● Stress

● Heart attack

● Gastrointestinal bleeding (bleeding in your digestive tracts, such as your stomach, intestines, or esophagus)

Low BUN levels are rare. If you have low BUN levels, it could indicate:

● Liver disease

● Malnutrition (when your diet doesn’t have enough nutrients or your body can’t take them in well)

● Overhydration (having too much fluid)

But a BUN test is not a way to diagnose these issues, so more tests may be needed

Your doctor may also order a creatinine test, which is another blood test that also checks your kidney health. This is because the BUN level by itself doesn’t always reveal much.

When your BUN levels are compared with your creatinine levels, it gives a fuller picture of what’s happening with your kidneys. This is known as the BUN/Creatinine ratio.

Creatinine is a waste product from your muscles that is also filtered by your kidneys. Like BUN, high levels of creatinine could mean there is a lot of waste product that hasn’t been removed by the kidneys.

The ideal ratio of BUN to creatinine falls between 10-to-1 and 20-to-1.

Having a ratio above this range could mean you may not be getting enough blood flow to your kidneys, and could have conditions such as congestive heart failure, dehydration, or gastrointestinal bleeding.

A ratio below the normal range could mean liver disease or malnutrition.

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BUN/Creatinine Ratio – Lab Results explained

What is the BUN/Creatinine Ratio?

The Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): Creatinine Ratio [BUN/Creatinine Ratio] is a renal (related to kidneys) function indicator, commonly used to diagnose acute or chronic renal (kidney) disease or damage.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine are both waste products of normal metabolism in the human body.

BUN represents the amount of nitrogen produced from the metabolism of proteins.

Creatinine is a normal waste product of muscle.

Once a person performs both a BUN and Creatinine test, doctors can use the combined results to find the BUN-to-creatinine ratio. The BUN and creatinine tests alone are excellent methods of testing liver and kidney health, but together, doctors get a much better understanding of your kidney health and can provide a more accurate diagnosis to kidney-related issues.

Most clinicians agree that creatinine is a more specific indicator of glomerular function than BUN. However, the BUN to creatinine ratio may be used as an indirect estimate of renal function.

Note: If results for BUN and Creatinine are both within the normal reference range, the BUN/Creatinine ratio will not be reported (not applicable).

What is a BUN test?

A Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood, and is used to provide doctors with information on how well your kidneys and liver are functioning. The nitrogen comes from the waste product urea, which is converted from nitrogen and produced in the liver when protein is metabolized after eating. Healthy kidneys then filter the urea and remove other waste products like urea through urination. It is normal to have some urea present in the blood since your liver is always producing it, but too much may indicate an issue with your kidneys.

What is a Creatinine test?

Creatinine is another type of molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism. Like urea, creatinine is transported through the bloodstream and to the kidneys, where it is also filtered and excreted through the urine. The rate of creatinine formation depends on the individual’s muscle mass. Because muscle mass remains fairly consistent, creatinine levels remain essentially unchanged throughout the day. When results of a creatinine test reveal excess amounts, it could signify impaired kidney function or kidney disease.

Why are we measuring the BUN/Creatinine ratio?

The BUN/Creatinine ratio blood test is used to diagnose acute or chronic renal (kidney) disease or damage. It may also be used to determine gastrointestinal bleeding or trauma. BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine are both filtered in the kidneys and excreted in urine. The two together are used to measure overall kidney function.

The BUN/Creatinine ratio provides specific clinical information about the kidney that can be used for multiple purposes. The BUN/Creatinine ratio is obtained to assess normal kidney function, help identify possible kidney diseases, to monitor the progression of kidney disease, or to monitor the effectiveness of medications in treating kidney disease.

The BUN/Creatinine ratio is useful in the differential diagnosis of acute or chronic renal disease. Reduced renal perfusion, e.g., congestive heart failure, or recent onset of urinary tract obstruction will result in an increase in BUN/Creatinine ratio. Increased urea formation also results in an increase in the ratio, e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, trauma, etc. When there is decreased formation of urea as seen in liver disease, there is a decrease in the BUN/Creatinine ratio. In most cases of chronic renal disease the ratio remains relatively normal.

Basic on your kidneys:

You have two kidneys, each about the size of an adult fist, located on either side of the spine just below the rib cage. Although they are small, your kidneys perform many complex and vital functions that keep the rest of the body in balance.

For example, kidneys:

– Help remove waste and excess fluid

– Filter the blood, keeping some compounds while removing others

– Control the production of red blood cells

– Make vitamins that control growth

– Release hormones that help regulate blood pressure

– Help regulate blood pressure, red blood cells, and the amount of certain nutrients in the body, such as calcium and potassium.

BUN and creatinine are two metabolites steadily produced in the body.

The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) level is a reflection of the amount of protein breakdown in the blood and it will accumulate with kidney malfunction. Creatinine is a breakdown product of muscle metabolism. It will also accumulate in the blood with kidney malfunction.

BUN is filtered in the nephrons and then reabsorbed in the blood, whereas creatinine is filtered and then secreted by the tubular cells into the tubular lumen.

Each of your kidneys is made up of about a million filtering units called nephrons. Those are the functional units of the kidney. They perform the filtering of the blood. Each nephron includes a filter, called the glomerulus, and a tubule. The nephrons work through a two-step process: the glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes.

What is acute renal failure (ARF)?

Acute renal failure (ARF), also known as acute kidney injury (AKI), is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days. AKI causes a build-up of waste products in your blood and makes it hard for your kidneys to keep the right balance of fluid in your body. ARF can also affect other organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. Acute kidney injury is common in patients who are in the hospital, in intensive care units, and especially in older adults.

What are the signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury?

Signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury differ depending on the cause and may include:

– Too little urine leaving the body

– Swelling in legs, ankles, and around the eyes

– Fatigue or tiredness

– Shortness of breath

– Confusion

– Nausea

– Seizures or coma in severe cases

– Chest pain or pressure

In some cases, AKI causes no symptoms and is only found through other tests done by your healthcare provider.

What are normal levels:

The ratio of BUN to creatinine is usually between 10:1 and 20:1.

A healthy individual typically has serum BUN levels higher than serum creatinine levels. A measurable increase in the serum creatinine levels in hospitalized patients is indicative of Acute renal failure (ARF).

Differentiating Acute renal failure (ARF) into 3 categories (prerenal, intrinsic renal, and postrenal failure) is of significant clinical utility.

→ BUN/Creatinine Ratio between 10 and 20 is considered a normal value or may be suggestive of a post-renal cause of ARF.

→ High BUN/Creatinine Ratio (>20) may be suggestive of a pre-renal cause of AFR.

→ Low BCR (<10) may be suggestive of an intrinsic renal cause of AFR.

What is the BUN/Creatinine ratio used for?

Looking at the BUN/Creatinine ratio can further aid in distinguishing which disease state may be causing abnormal lab values. The BUN/Creatinine ratio usually remains normal in chronic kidney disease. A BUN:creatinine ratio that is >20 suggests dehydration or another state that causes decreased renal perfusion.

A BUN:creatinine ratio >30 can suggest a GI bleed.

One may look at the BUN / Creatinine ratio to help determine the cause of renal failure. The ratio of BUN to creatinine is usually between 10:1 and 20:1. An increased ratio may be due to a condition that causes a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidneys, such as CHF (=Congestive Heart Failure) or dehydration. It may also be seen with increased protein, from BI bleed, or increased protein in the diet. The ratio may be decreased with liver disease (due to a decrease in the formation of urea) and malnutrition.

Reference Range(s):

Bun/Creatinine Ratio	6-22 (calc)
Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Age	Male (mg/dL)	Female (mg/dL)
<1 Month	4-12	3-17
1-11 Months	2-13	4-14
1-3 Years	3-12	3-14
4-19 Years	7-20	7-20
≥20 Years	7-25	7-25

Creatinine
Age	Male (mg/dL)	Female (mg/dL)
≤2 days	0. 79-1.58	0.79-1.58
3-27 days	0.35-1.23	0.35-1.23
1 month-9 years	0.20-0.73	0.20-0.73
10-12 years	0.30-0.78	0.30-0.78
13-15 years	0.40-1.05	0.40-1.00
16-17 years	0.60-1.20	0.50-1.00
18-19 years	0.60-1.26	0.50-1.00
20-49 years	0.60-1.35	0.50-1.10
50-59 years	0.70-1.33	0.50-1.05
60-69 years	0.70-1.25	0.50-0.99
70-79 years	0.70-1.18	0.60-0.93
≥80 years	0. 70-1.11	0.60-0.88

For patients >49 years of age, the upper reference limit for creatinine is approximately 13% higher for people identified as African-American.

Sources:

https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/AcuteKidneyInjury

https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blood-urea-nitrogen-test

What does it mean if your BUN/Creatinine Ratio result is too low?

A decreased ratio may be observed with liver disease and poor diet. Temporary levels that are high or low may not be a cause for concern and should be retested to confirm.

– Liver disease can cause a lower BUN level.

– A low BUN level is common in the second or third trimester of pregnancy.

– May be related to malnutrition.

What does it mean if your BUN/Creatinine Ratio result is too high?

An increased ratio of BUN to creatinine may be due to conditions that cause a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidneys, such as congestive heart failure or dehydration. It may also be seen with high protein blood levels or from gastrointestinal bleeding.

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norms, causes of increase and methods of analysis

Contents

1 Creatinine in blood and urine: what is it, how to determine and what do the test results show?
- 1. 1 Blood and urine creatinine: what is it and why is it measured?
- 1.2 Definition and functions of creatinine
- 1.3 How to check the level of creatinine?
- 1.4 Blood and urine creatinine levels
- 1.5 Causes of elevated blood and urine creatinine levels
- 1.6 Symptoms of high creatinine levels
- 1.7 Influence of diet on creatinine levels
- 1.8 Methods of processing creatinine analyzes
- 1.9 How to lower blood and urine creatinine levels?
- 1.10 Factors affecting blood and urine creatinine
- 1.11 Conclusions on blood and urine creatinine
- 1.12 Related videos:
- 1.13 Q&A:
  - - 1.13.0.1 What is creatinine?
    - 1.13.0.2 What are the norms for creatinine in blood and urine?
    - 1.13.0.3 What does it mean if my blood creatinine is high?
    - 1.13.0.4 Does diet affect blood creatinine levels?
    - 1.13.0.5 What methods of creatinine analysis are used in practice?
    - 1. 13.0.6 How can I lower my blood creatinine?

Find out what creatinine is in blood and urine, how it is tested, what high and low levels mean, and what diseases can cause changes in the level of this substance in the body.

Creatinine is a metabolite that is formed in human muscles as a result of the synthesis of creatine, which is a source of energy for cells. Creatinine is constantly excreted from the body in the urine and is an important indicator of kidney function. Creatinine in the blood and urine is one of the main indicators of the health of the body.

With an increase in the level of creatinine in the blood and a decrease in its excretion in the urine, there is a risk of developing serious diseases of the kidneys, as well as the cardiovascular system. Elevated creatinine levels are most often indicative of impaired renal function and can serve as a diagnostic criterion for various diseases of the renal system, such as chronic renal failure.

Blood and urine creatinine is analyzed in the laboratory to evaluate kidney function and detect elevated levels. Such an analysis can be extremely important if there is a suspicion of a violation of the functionality of the organs of the urinary system. Based on the results of the analysis, the doctor can prescribe the appropriate treatment and reveal the factors that affect the level of creatinine in the body.

Blood and urine creatinine: what is it and why is it measured?

Creatinine is a substance formed in the muscles and especially actively released into the blood during their work. The transportability of creatine across cell membranes is practically zero, so its amount in the blood is a reliable indicator of the functioning of the kidneys and the rate of blood filtration through them.

Creatinine is measured in blood and urine. In the blood, its concentration should be stable and suggest the state of kidney function. In the urine, the amount of creatinine is measured to understand how efficiently the kidneys work and excrete excess substances into the urine. Norms of creatinine level depend on gender, age and physical parameters of a person, as well as the level of physical activity. The most accurate way to measure it is to do a blood and urine test.

Important to know: Elevated creatinine levels can be a sign not only of kidney disease but also of other diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, myopathy and cancer. Therefore, when conducting tests, it is important to take into account all factors and consult a doctor if creatinine levels are above normal.
There is also another way to assess kidney function – GFR: filtration rate of the glomerular system of the kidneys. This blood test provides a more accurate picture of kidney function than just measuring creatinine levels.

Definition and functions of creatinine

Creatinine is a by-product of creatine metabolism, a substance involved in energy metabolism in muscles. Creatinine is formed in the muscles and enters the bloodstream, where it is removed from the body through the kidneys.

The creatinine test is one of the first indicators determined in the general analysis of urine and blood. In a general analysis of urine, creatinine allows you to detect impaired renal function. In the blood, its level reflects the work of the kidneys as a whole.

Normal blood creatinine levels range from 0.74 to 1.35 mg/dl in men and 0.59 to 1.04 mg/dl in women. Donor urine creatinine levels should be less than 0.8 mg/dl.

How to check the creatinine level?

To have your blood and urine creatinine tested, you need to go to a laboratory at a healthcare facility. To obtain the reliability of the results of the analysis, it is necessary to follow a number of recommendations.

Before testing, you must:

Eliminate alcohol intake 24 hours before the test
Avoid physical activity 24 hours before the test
Pass urine and blood for creatinine in the morning on an empty stomach

To test for creatinine, you need to pass a urine and blood test. Analysis results can be obtained within a few days.

If the creatinine level is elevated, you can consult a nephrologist to order additional tests and determine the reasons for the increase.

Blood and urine creatinine levels

Blood creatinine is an important indicator of kidney function. The normal value for adult women is 53 to 97 µmol/L, and for men it is 70 to 115 µmol/L.

It is important to remember that laboratories may use different methods and standards for measuring creatinine, so rates may vary slightly depending on where the test is performed.

Causes of increased creatinine levels in the blood and urine

Elevated levels of creatinine in the blood and urine can be due to various causes, including kidney problems, muscle mass problems, and even certain medications.

One of the main causes of elevated creatinine is kidney disorders such as chronic kidney failure and acute kidney injury. In kidney failure, creatinine is not excreted from the body, which leads to its accumulation in the blood and urine.

Also, elevated creatinine levels may be associated with more muscle mass. During muscle activity, creatinine is produced in the muscles and excreted from the body through the kidneys. With a large amount of muscle mass, the level of creatinine may be higher than normal.

Some medicines can also increase blood creatinine levels. This is especially true for drugs that affect kidney function, such as certain anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drugs.

Symptoms of high creatinine levels

Creatinine is a substance that is produced in the muscles and then released into the bloodstream and excreted in the urine. The level of creatinine in the blood helps determine how well the kidneys are functioning. If the creatinine level is elevated, this may indicate a problem with the kidneys, as they cannot effectively remove creatinine from the body.

High creatinine levels can lead to a variety of symptoms, including:

back pain;
frequent urination;
obesity;
increased cardiac tension;
insomnia;
poor appetite;
nausea and vomiting;
weakness and fatigue;
puffiness;
changes in urine color and odor.

If you have any of these symptoms, you should see your doctor and have a blood and urine test to check your creatinine level.

Effect of diet on creatinine levels

Creatinine is a product of creatine metabolism in skeletal muscle. The level of creatinine in the blood and urine can be increased in various diseases, as well as when taking certain medications.

It should be noted that some diets, such as low carbohydrate diets, can also cause an increase in creatinine levels due to weight loss and loss of muscle mass.

To regulate blood creatinine levels, it is recommended to eat a balanced diet that includes the optimal amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins.
It is also important to drink enough water to maintain normal kidney function.

In case of elevated blood and urine creatinine levels, it is recommended to consult a doctor for diagnosis and prescribing the necessary treatment.

Methods for processing creatinine analyzes

Various methods of analysis are used to determine the level of creatinine in blood and urine. One of the most common methods is a biochemical analysis of blood and urine. For this, a sample of blood or urine is taken, which is then sent to the laboratory for further analysis.

Another method is a rapid test that allows you to quickly determine the level of creatinine in the blood and urine. For the test, you must use special test strips and reagents.

Several methods are also used to monitor urinary creatinine levels, such as microalbuminuria and the IMG test. Microalbuminuria is commonly used to check the protein level of albumin in the urine, and the IMG test is based on the assessment of the concentration of creatinine in the urine and pectoral muscle.

It is important to note that the accuracy of the results of these methods depends on the qualifications of the laboratory staff and the condition of the equipment. Therefore, when prescribing tests, it is necessary to contact professionals who can choose the right method and process the results of the study.

How to lower blood and urine creatinine levels?

High levels of creatinine in the blood and urine are a sign of impaired kidney function. Therefore, the main task in the case of an increase in the level of creatinine is to restore the normal functioning of the kidneys.

To do this, you need to follow a special diet that will reduce the burden on the kidneys. The diet should be enriched with potassium, magnesium, calcium, but poor in proteins and fats. It is also recommended to include magnesium-containing foods (oatmeal, buckwheat, chocolate, mineral water) in the diet.

Some medicines can help control elevated creatinine levels. These can be drugs aimed at improving kidney function, as well as drugs containing potassium citrate.

Despite the fact that some folk remedies can also help in the fight against elevated creatinine levels, it is important not to neglect a visit to the doctor and the advice of a specialist who will determine the cause of impaired kidney function and prescribe a comprehensive treatment.

Factors affecting blood and urine creatinine levels

Blood and urine creatinine levels can be influenced by many factors. One of them is the individual physiological characteristics of the organism. Creatinine levels may vary depending on age, sex, body weight, level of physical activity, and the presence or absence of pregnancy.

Another factor that can affect creatinine levels is the presence of kidney disease. If the kidneys cannot completely clear the blood of creatinine, then the level of creatinine in the blood will be increased. Thus, an elevated creatinine level may indicate various kidney diseases, including chronic renal failure, glomerulonephritis, and others.

Blood creatinine levels may also increase with certain medications. In particular, some antibiotics, antibacterial drugs, and anticancer drugs can increase blood creatinine levels. Therefore, when conducting tests for creatinine, it is necessary to clarify information about taking any medications.

A person’s diet can also affect creatinine test results. If the creatine stores in the body are less, then the creatinine level will be lower. Therefore, when testing for creatinine, it is necessary to follow the doctor’s recommendations regarding diet and fluid intake.

Summary of blood and urine creatinine

Blood and urine creatinine is an important indicator of kidney function. The level of creatinine in the blood measures how well the kidneys filter the blood and remove waste products of metabolism. At the same time, the level of creatinine in the urine shows the efficiency of removing creatinine from the blood through the kidneys.

Normative values of creatinine in the blood and urine depend on the age and sex of the person. There is a possibility of age-related changes in creatinine levels, with higher levels of creatinine in the blood may indicate problems with kidney function.

Elevated levels of creatinine in the blood and urine can be associated with various diseases and conditions. For example, elevated blood creatinine may be a sign of chronic kidney failure, and elevated urine creatinine may be an indicator of impaired kidney function or a urinary tract infection.

Blood and urine creatinine analysis requires appropriate preparation for the analysis. For example, before taking the test, it is necessary to limit the intake of protein foods, exclude physical activity and the intake of certain medications that can distort the results of the analysis.

Q&A:

What is creatinine?

Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine that is produced in the muscles of our body. Creatinine exits the blood through the kidneys and is excreted in the urine.

What are the norms for creatinine in the blood and urine?

Norms of creatinine in the blood depend on gender, age and physical activity of a person. In men, the norm of creatinine in the blood is from 0.74 to 1.35 mg / ml, in women – from 0.59 to 1.04 mg / ml. Norms of creatinine in the urine – in men from 1.75 to 8.75 mmol / day, in women – from 0.9up to 6.9 mmol/day.

What does it mean if my blood creatinine is high?

Elevated blood creatinine may mean you have problems with your kidneys or muscle metabolism. High creatinine levels may also be related to medications taken.

Does diet affect blood creatinine levels?

Yes, diet can affect blood creatinine levels. Eating a large amount of protein foods can lead to elevated creatinine levels. Regular consumption of red meat and high protein foods can increase blood creatinine levels.

What methods of creatinine analysis are used in practice?

Creatinine is usually tested in blood and urine. Blood creatinine analysis requires venous blood. Analysis of creatinine in urine is carried out on the basis of daily urine. There is also a rapid test that allows you to quickly determine the level of creatinine in the blood.

How can I lower my blood creatinine?

If you have high blood creatinine, you should see your doctor. He will prescribe additional studies and determine the cause of the elevated creatinine level. Eating a balanced diet, avoiding bad habits, exercising regularly, and taking medications prescribed by your doctor can help lower blood creatinine levels.

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003

For dough, dissolve the yeast in 200 ml of warm (38-40 ° C) water, add a spoonful of sugar, salt and 250 g of sifted flour, mix thoroughly. Leave in a warm place for 40-50 minutes.

Step 2

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Step 3

Pour the eggs with cream into the “well”. Add the dough, knead the dough, gradually adding butter first, and then vegetable oil. Lay out the raisins.

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Line a large baking sheet with baking paper. Divide the dough into 12-16 equal parts, form round buns, grease each with vegetable oil. Place the buns 1.5 cm apart and let rise in a warm place for 30-50 minutes.

Step 6

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Urea Nitrogen Levels: Measurements, Results and Procedure

The Urea Nitrogen Test measures blood urea nitrogen levels using a standard blood sample.

BUN is blood urea nitrogen, which is a natural by-product of protein breakdown.

According to the American Association of Clinical Chemistry, doctors perform BUN tests to assess kidney health. However, a change in the amount of urea nitrogen can be the result of almost any disease, drug, or condition that causes changes in the kidneys or liver.

Because of the many conditions that a BUN test can indicate, your doctor may recommend a BUN test as part of your routine checkups. BUN tests are part of standard blood tests such as metabolic panels.

Healthcare professionals use BUN tests for a variety of reasons, including monitoring kidney and liver function.

The liver and kidneys strongly influence urea nitrogen levels as they are responsible for protein breakdown and waste disposal.

The liver produces urea as part of the body’s protein breakdown process. The liver releases urea into the blood and it is sent to the kidneys to be eliminated in the urine. Urea contains nitrogen and is also a compound that helps remove excess nitrogen from the body.

For this reason, people often refer to both “urea” and “urea nitrogen” as the same compound. Technically wrong, but they go hand in hand, and measuring the levels of this substance in the bloodstream helps provide reliable indications of kidney and liver health.

As a component of many other blood tests, a doctor can order a BUN test for anyone, even if they don’t have obvious symptoms or underlying conditions. A doctor will most often request a BUN test along with other lab tests if they suspect kidney or liver disease.

Kidney and liver diseases are common in adults but can be easily overlooked or mistaken for other diseases.

The BUN test only requires a blood sample. Your doctor may do a BUN test along with other kidney tests, such as a serum creatinine test.

Symptoms of Liver and Kidney Disease

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 15 percent of adults in the United States have chronic kidney disease, known as chronic kidney disease. Many people are unaware of their condition.

Symptoms of kidney disease include:

frequent urination, especially at night
change in urine volume
decreased need to urinate
burning sensation during urination
brown or red urine with foamy shade
pain, especially in the region of the kidneys (groin)
muscle spasms
numbness in arms and legs
interrupted sleep
fatigue and lack of concentration or attention
itching
poor appetite
nausea
swelling or swelling, especially around the face, wrists, ankles, abdomen and thighs
high blood pressure

Symptoms of liver disease include:

dark urine
pale stools
skin and whites of the eyes that appear yellow
bruising easily
loss of appetite
nausea or vomiting ting
diarrhea
weight loss or weight gain
constant fatigue or weakness
pain and swelling in the abdomen
swelling in the legs and ankles

9 0005 itching

Preparing for the BUN test is relatively simple.

Those who have a BUN test should eat and drink as usual before the test. This helps ensure that the results accurately reflect the levels as they normally are.

Tell your doctor about any medications or supplements you take before or on the day of the test.

To perform a BUN test, a health worker draws blood from a vein. They often use the vein in front of the elbow or the back of the hand.

The lab technicians then examine the blood sample and send the results to the attending physician.

After the test, most people return to their normal daily routine. However, some people may also feel weak, hungry, or dehydrated.

If the area around the blood draw becomes painful, inflamed, or begins to ooze pus or excess blood, the person should seek medical attention.

A BUN test showing an increase or decrease in blood urea nitrogen can indicate a wide range of health problems.

This is because the kidneys and liver are involved in so many bodily functions, and problems in other parts of the body that affect kidney or liver function can also eventually lead to abnormal urea nitrogen levels.

The general reference ranges for normal BUN are as follows:

Adults under 60: 6-20 mg/dL
Adults over 60: 8-23 mg/dL

However, these ranges are likely to differ from lab to lab. If you are significantly abnormal in the laboratory where the blood is sent, it may be due to kidney or liver disease.

The following factors may lead to elevated BUN levels:

Low BUN levels, which are uncommon, may result from:

liver failure
overhydration
inadequate dietary protein intake due to poor nutrition or a very low protein diet

Typically nitrogen level urea increases with age. Changes in BUN levels also occur during pregnancy.

The ideal BUN range may vary depending on the age of the individual and the reference range used by the laboratory. People should talk to their doctor about what their results mean.

Some over-the-counter pain medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can adversely affect the kidneys. This class of drugs includes ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin.

Natural diuretics such as caffeine and prescription diuretics can also affect the kidneys. Antibiotics can also affect BUN levels.

Many prescription drugs can affect the kidneys, some less frequently than others, resulting in abnormal levels of urea nitrogen, including:

amphotericin B
carbamazepine
celecoxib
cephalexin
furosemide
methotrexil
penicil
spironolactone
hydrochlorothiazide
furosemide
gentamicin
tetracycline
vancomycin
sulfanilamide antibiotics 9 0008

According to National Kidney Foundation, herbal supplements may also adversely affect kidney disease in people with kidney disease.

Generally, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate natural health products. This means that the effective dosage, source, and even the exact blend of the supplement has not been determined.

Lack of regulation also means that herbal supplements may contain compounds that damage the kidneys, such as heavy metals or aristolochic acid.

People with kidney or liver disease should also limit or control their intake of phosphorus and potassium.

Share on Pinterest. BUN tests can give a picture of kidney health but not diagnose disease.

BUN testing alone is not enough to diagnose any condition. This may simply indicate the need for further, more specific testing.

If your BUN is higher or lower than usual, your healthcare provider will usually do other tests. Serum creatinine analysis combined with BUN levels can help identify certain conditions.

Your doctor may also do tests to measure the levels of certain electrolytes in your blood, such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, and order urine tests.

A serum chemistry panel is usually ordered and usually measures BUN, creatinine and electrolyte levels.

In some cases, doctors can also monitor for BUN abnormalities by measuring the ratio of BUN to creatinine in the bloodstream.

Creatinine is a waste product that is formed after the breakdown of creatine in the muscles. Creatine is an amino acid metabolism product that is formed after the breakdown of protein and is needed by the body to help produce energy and move muscles.

The ratio of BUN to creatinine is usually between 10:1 and 20:1.

The course of treatment for each person with an abnormal level of BUN varies depending on the cause and severity. Less serious health problems that lead to abnormal BUN levels may require less intensive therapy and longer follow-up.

People with more severe conditions, such as end-stage kidney disease, often require intensive and ongoing treatment, such as dialysis.

In the event of abnormal levels of urea nitrogen caused by eating too much protein, people can limit protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, beans, and dairy products and increase the amount of fruits and vegetables consumed. Good hydration also helps prevent accumulation urea nitrogen.

According to a 2014 cross-sectional study, a person with high BUN is more likely to have high blood pressure.

A 2014 survey of more than 1 million US military veterans linked high urea nitrogen levels to an increased risk of diabetes.

BUN tests are easy to perform and can be a useful indicator of overall health and kidney and liver function.

Q:

What lifestyle changes can I make to get my BUN back to normal?

A:

If you have elevated urea nitrogen, you will need to see a doctor to determine the cause, which may be a minor complaint or a more serious condition.

For example, if your BUN is too high due to insufficient hydration, take time during the day to try to drink more water. Another possibility is that your diet may not be balanced enough. You can work with your doctor or dietitian to choose a diet that is right for you.

If a more significant underlying medical condition is causing your BUN to be too high, your doctor can work with you to develop a treatment plan to help you manage the problem.

Stacey Sampson, DO Answers reflect the views of our medical experts. All content is for informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice. .

Calorie Cycle 101: A Beginner’s Guide

Your body does everything it can to slow weight loss, conserve energy, and even gain weight after a diet.

Changes in weight-regulating hormones play a key role in this (34, 35, 36, 37, 38).

Like a swing, leptin reduces hunger while ghrelin increases it (31, 35, 39).

In a six-month weight loss study, ghrelin levels increased by 24%. Another study that followed a very lean bodybuilder found that ghrelin levels increased by 40% in 6 months (19, 32, 33).

In one study, when participants lost 21% of their body weight, leptin levels dropped by more than 70%. Another study found that 3 days of a high-calorie meal increased leptin levels by 28% and energy expenditure by 7% (31, 40).

This is one of the potential benefits of the calorie cycle, as periods of higher calories can lower ghrelin and increase leptin.

For example, one study showed that after 2 weeks of eating 29–45% more calories, ghrelin levels decreased by 18% (41).

Another study compared 3 months on a high-calorie diet with 3 months on a low-calorie diet. As expected, ghrelin levels increased by 20% in the dieting group, compared with a 17% decrease in the high-calorie group (42) .

Total:
The diet causes an increase in the hunger hormone ghrelin and a decrease in the satiety hormone leptin. A calorie cycle can help by reducing these negative hormonal adaptations.

A Ranking of soups in terms of calories from lowest to highest

Soups are often included in weight loss diet plans, but not all soups are the same. What soup to choose? According to the ranking below, it is best to choose water-based soups, which are lower in fat and calories than cream-based soups.

The serving sizes shown below are based on an 8-ounce cup, which is a standard baking and cooking cup. Most people consume 1-2 cups of soup per serving.

Below is a ranking of soups in terms of calories from lowest to highest. Soup broths have the fewest calories because they have the fewest ingredients. Other low-calorie soups include chicken noodles, egg drop soup, vegetable soup, and wonton soup. Different recipes affect the calorie content of any of these soups. Any high-calorie food added to these soups will increase the calorie content. Pay attention to the ingredients.

As a general rule, the more water in the soup, the fewer calories it contains. To learn more about the diet, read the article on low-calorie foods.

Appendix 2: Estimated Daily Calorie Requirement by Age, Gender and Level of Physical Activity – Dietary Guidelines 2015-2020

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The total number of calories a person needs each day depends on a number of factors, including age, gender, height, weight, and physical activity level of the individual. In addition, the need to lose, maintain or gain weight and other factors affect the amount of calories consumed. Estimated calories needed to maintain caloric balance for different age and gender groups at three different levels of physical activity are presented in Table A2-1. weights (healthy) for each age and sex group. For children and adolescents, reference height and weight differ. For adults, the reference male is 5’10” tall and weighs 154 pounds. The reference woman is 5’4″ tall and weighs 126 pounds.

Estimated 1600 to 2400 calories per day for adult women and 2000 to 3000 calories per day for adult men. In each age and gender category, the lower end of the range is for sedentary people; the upper end of the range is for active people. Due to the decline in basal metabolic rate that occurs with age, caloric requirements in adults generally decrease with age. Estimated needs for young children range from 1,000 to 2,000 calories per day, and for older children and adolescents, the range varies substantially from 1,400 to 3,200 calories per day, with boys generally having higher calorie needs than girls. These are only rough estimates, and estimated individual calorie requirements can be supported using online tools such as those available at www.supertracker.usda.gov.

Table A2-1. Estimated calorie requirement per day, by age, sex and activity level

9057 4 2.600

90 568

9057 4 3 200

3 000

0568

9 0574 2.400

90 574 2000

**MEN**
AGE	Sedentary	Moderate Active	Active
2	1,000	1,000	1,000
3	1,000	1.400	1.400
4	1.200	1.400	1.600
5 9056 0	1.200	1.400	1.600
6	1.400	1.600	1. 800
7	1.400	1.600	1.800
8	1.400	1.600	2000
9	1.600	1.800	2000
10	1.6 00	1.800	2.200
11	1.800	2000	2.200 905 75
12	1.800	2.200	2.400
13	2000	2.200
14	2000	2.400	2.800
15	2.200 90 575	2.600	3000
16	2.400	2.800	3200
17	2.400	2.800	3200
18	2. 400	2.800
19-20	2.600	2.800	3 000
21-25	2.400	2.800
26-30	2.400	2.600	3 000
31-35	2.400	2.600	3000
36-40	2 .400	2.600	2.800
41-45	2.200	2.600	2.800
46-50	2, 200	2.400	2.800
51-55	2.200	2.400	2.800
56-60	2.200	2.400	2.600
61-65	2000	2.600
66-70	2000	2. 200	2.600
71-75	2.200	2.600
76 and up	2000	2.200	2,400

9056 1 Moderate
Active

9057 2 3

9057 4 2 000

9 0574 1.600

90 574 1.600

90 574 1.