How can the smell of your poop indicate potential health issues. What causes stool to smell like burnt hair, rubber, or chemicals. Why is monitoring your poop important for overall health. How do different foods and medications affect fecal odor.

The Science Behind Poop Odors: What Your Nose Knows

The human digestive system is a complex network that processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates waste. The byproduct of this intricate process – our poop – can tell us a lot about our health. One particularly informative aspect is its smell. While generally unpleasant, the odor of our stool can provide valuable insights into our digestive health and overall well-being.

Fecal matter contains a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are responsible for the distinct smells we associate with poop. These VOCs are the result of metabolic and microbial processes occurring within our gut. They include substances like methane, benzaldehyde, acetone, and various sulfur-containing compounds.

What are VOCs in fecal matter?

VOCs in fecal matter are gaseous compounds produced during digestion and metabolism. They can vary based on several factors:

• Diet
• Gut microbiome composition
• Digestive health
• Medications
• Overall health status

Research published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology suggests that patterns of fecal VOCs can be used to identify various disease states. This means that the smell of your poop isn’t just an unpleasant side effect of digestion – it’s a potential diagnostic tool.

Burnt Hair Smell in Poop: Causes and Implications

One of the more unusual and concerning fecal odors is that of burnt hair. This distinctive smell is often associated with sulfur-containing VOCs. While it can be alarming, there are several potential explanations for this phenomenon.

Dietary factors contributing to burnt hair smell

Certain foods high in sulfur content can lead to increased production of sulfur gases in the digestive tract. These include:

• Garlic
• Onions
• Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts)
• Eggs
• Dairy products

Consuming large quantities of these foods may result in a temporary increase in sulfur-containing VOCs, leading to the burnt hair smell in your stool.

Medication-related causes

Certain medications can alter the composition of gut bacteria or affect digestive processes, potentially leading to changes in fecal odor. Medications that may contribute to a burnt hair smell include:

• Antibiotics
• Diuretics
• Diabetes medications

Malabsorption and digestive disorders

In some cases, a burnt hair smell in poop may be indicative of malabsorption or digestive disorders. Conditions such as celiac disease or irritable bowel syndrome can impair nutrient absorption, leading to changes in fecal composition and odor.

When the body fails to properly absorb nutrients, undigested food enters the large intestine. Here, it undergoes fermentation by gut bacteria, producing a range of VOCs that can result in unusual and unpleasant odors.

Beyond Burnt Hair: Other Unusual Fecal Odors and Their Meanings

While a burnt hair smell is certainly concerning, it’s not the only unusual odor that can emanate from your stool. Let’s explore some other common yet atypical fecal smells and what they might indicate about your health.

Burnt rubber or chemical smell

A fecal odor reminiscent of burnt rubber or chemicals can be alarming. This smell is often associated with mercaptans, a type of VOC that can increase in concentration due to certain conditions:

• Dysbiosis (imbalance in gut bacteria)
• Parasitic infections like Giardia
• Use of certain antibiotics

Burnt popcorn odor

Stool that smells like burnt popcorn may be linked to:

• Uncontrolled diabetes
• Use of certain diabetes medications, particularly metformin

Research published in Diabetes Care found that metformin promotes the elimination of excess blood sugar through the stool. This can lead to bacterial fermentation in the colon, producing VOCs with a sweet, popcorn-like smell.

Iron or metallic smell

An iron or metallic smell in your stool could be due to:

• Consumption of iron-rich foods or iron supplements
• Gastrointestinal bleeding

If the metallic smell persists or is accompanied by dark, tarry stools, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare provider as it may indicate internal bleeding.

The Role of Diet in Fecal Odor: From Coffee to Cruciferous Veggies

Our diet plays a significant role in determining the smell of our stool. Certain foods can dramatically alter fecal odor, either due to their inherent properties or how they interact with our digestive system.

Coffee and fecal odor

Coffee lovers might notice that their stool sometimes smells like their favorite brew. This is because coffee contains various compounds, including volatile oils and aromatic substances, that can persist through the digestive process. Dark roast coffee, in particular, may produce a burnt coffee smell in stool.

Sulfur-rich foods and their impact

As mentioned earlier, foods high in sulfur can lead to increased production of sulfur-containing VOCs in the gut. While these foods are generally healthy and nutritious, they can temporarily alter fecal odor. Some sulfur-rich foods include:

• Eggs
• Cheese
• Nuts
• Legumes
• Dried fruits

When Fecal Odor Signals Health Concerns: Red Flags to Watch For

While variations in fecal odor are often benign and related to diet or temporary digestive issues, certain smells can be indicative of more serious health concerns. It’s important to be aware of these potential red flags.

Ammonia-like smell

An overpowering ammonia smell in your stool could be a sign of:

• Dehydration
• Excessive protein consumption
• Liver or kidney problems

If this smell persists or is accompanied by other symptoms, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional.

Persistent foul odor

While all feces have an unpleasant smell, a persistently foul odor that’s notably different from your usual stool smell could indicate:

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Celiac disease
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Cystic fibrosis

Changes in odor accompanied by other symptoms

If changes in fecal odor are accompanied by other symptoms, it’s important to seek medical attention. These symptoms may include:

• Abdominal pain
• Changes in stool consistency (diarrhea or constipation)
• Blood in the stool
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fever

The Importance of Poop Monitoring: Your DIY Health Check

While it may not be the most pleasant topic, monitoring your poop can provide valuable insights into your overall health. Research published in Healthcare suggests that self-appraisal of stool frequency and consistency may be a simple but useful tool for informing about major chronic illnesses.

What to look for when monitoring your poop

When monitoring your poop, pay attention to:

• Color: Normal stool color ranges from light to dark brown. Persistent changes in color (especially black, red, or very pale stools) may indicate health issues.
• Consistency: Ideal stool consistency is smooth and sausage-like. Very hard or very loose stools may indicate digestive problems.
• Frequency: Normal bowel movement frequency varies from person to person, but generally ranges from three times a day to three times a week.
• Odor: While not pleasant, stool odor should be fairly consistent. Persistent changes in odor may warrant investigation.

When to consult a healthcare provider

While occasional changes in your stool are normal, certain signs should prompt a visit to your healthcare provider:

• Persistent changes in stool color, consistency, or odor
• Blood in the stool
• Severe abdominal pain
• Unexplained weight loss
• Chronic diarrhea or constipation

Maintaining Digestive Health: Strategies for Optimal Gut Function

While some factors affecting fecal odor are beyond our control, there are several strategies we can employ to maintain optimal digestive health and potentially reduce unpleasant stool odors.

Dietary considerations for gut health

A balanced diet rich in fiber and nutrients can promote healthy digestion and potentially reduce unpleasant fecal odors. Consider incorporating:

• Whole grains
• Fruits and vegetables
• Lean proteins
• Probiotic-rich foods (yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut)
• Adequate hydration

Lifestyle factors affecting digestive health

Beyond diet, several lifestyle factors can impact digestive health and potentially influence fecal odor:

• Regular exercise
• Stress management
• Adequate sleep
• Limiting alcohol and tobacco use

The role of probiotics in gut health

Probiotics, or beneficial bacteria, play a crucial role in maintaining gut health. They can help balance the gut microbiome, potentially reducing the production of odor-causing compounds. Probiotic supplements or probiotic-rich foods may be beneficial for some individuals, but it’s always best to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

In conclusion, while the smell of our poop isn’t a typical dinner table conversation, it’s an important aspect of our health that shouldn’t be ignored. From burnt hair to coffee, the various odors emanating from our stool can provide valuable insights into our digestive health and overall well-being. By paying attention to these often-overlooked signs and maintaining good digestive health practices, we can take a proactive approach to our health and catch potential issues early. Remember, when in doubt, it’s always best to consult with a healthcare professional about any persistent or concerning changes in your stool.

Why Does My Poop Smell like Burnt Hair?

Poop that smells of burnt hair, rubber, iron, or chemicals can indicate potential issues with your digestive system. 

While an unpleasant odor often is harmless and may be linked to the foods you’re eating, smelly poop can also be caused by bacterial infection, celiac disease, internal bleeding, and inflammatory bowel disease.   

Discover some common reasons for foul-smelling stools and why it’s a good idea to monitor your poop.  

What the smell of your poop says about your health

The color, consistency, and smell of your stools can provide important information about the health of your digestive tract. 

Poop contains a range of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are metabolic and microbial by-products such as methane, benzaldehyde, acetone, and sulfur gas that emit pungent smells, giving stool its distinct odor. 

The composition and concentrations of VOCs can provide valuable insight into your metabolic and digestive health.  

Different levels of VOCs have been found to indicate potential health issues, including irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn’s disease, or intestinal infection.  

In fact, research published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology suggests, “Patterns of fecal VOCs, and thus patterns of smell, can be used to identify disease states.”

Here are six common poop smells and their potential causes. 

1. Burnt hair

Stool with a foul odor reminiscent of burnt hair is typically linked to sulfur-containing VOCs.

Consuming sulfur-containing foods such as garlic, onions, and cruciferous vegetables can raise concentrations of sulfur gas in the digestive tract, causing burnt hair poop smell. 

Burnt-match fecal odors are also common after consuming large amounts of sulfur-rich foods or may be caused by prescription drugs, including antibiotics, diuretics, and diabetes medications. 

There also is evidence that malabsorption has been linked to poop that smells like burnt hair.  

Digestive conditions such as celiac disease or irritable bowel syndrome can impair digestive function and prevent your body from absorbing nutrients.

When undigested food enters the large bowel, it’s degraded and fermented by intestinal microbes, which releases a range of different VOCs and may explain why malabsorption syndrome is associated with a foul stool smell.    

2. Burnt rubber or chemicals

Poop with an acrid and chemical smell can be caused by antibiotic drugs that can alter the composition of gut bacteria, also known as dysbiosis, linked to changes in fecal smell.

Mercaptans are a type of VOC often described as having a burnt rubber smell. 

Dysbiosis and parasitic infections such as Giardia have been linked to higher concentrations of mercaptans in stool and may be the reason for poop that smells of sulfur or burnt tires.

3. Burnt popcorn 

Stool and urine that smells like burnt popcorn can be a side effect of uncontrolled diabetes or prescription drugs.   

Research published in Diabetes Care found that metformin, a popular anti-diabetic medication promotes the elimination of excess blood sugar through the stool rather than urine.  

When sugar enters the colon, it causes bacterial fermentation, which can liberate VOCs with a sweet, almost popcorn-like smell. 

Depending on the unique composition of the microflora, higher concentrations of sulfur gas may be generated, which can result in a stool smell similar to burnt popcorn. 

4. Iron

Iron has a unique smell, and eating iron-rich foods or taking iron supplements can make your poop smell metallic or even blood-like. 

Stools that smell of iron can also be a sign of gastrointestinal bleeding, which can be caused by various factors, including Crohn’s disease, intestinal ulcers, hemorrhoids, or inflammatory bowel disease. 

5. Coffee

Certain foods can change the odor of your stool.

Coffee contains various compounds, including volatile oils and other aromatic substances, that can undergo chemical changes during digestion and may produce a coffee-like odor in your stool.

If you consume too many chocolate-covered coffee beans, it’s possible that your stool can have a coffee bean odor.

Dark roast coffee may also produce a burnt coffee smell.

3. Ammonia

Ammonia is a byproduct of protein metabolism that’s eliminated via the kidneys.

If your stool smells strongly of ammonia, you may be dehydrated, consume too much protein, or have certain liver and kidney conditions. 

The importance of monitoring your poop

Poop isn’t just a waste material. It can provide valuable insight into your overall health.

While some day-to-day variations in stool smell can be expected, unusual changes in odor, color, consistency, or frequency may indicate potential health problems. 

In fact, research published in Healthcare suggests, “Self-appraisal of stool frequency and consistency may be a simple but useful tool for informing about major chronic illnesses.”

Stools that contain blood may be a sign of conditions like hemorrhoids, intestinal inflammation, ulcers, or colorectal cancer.  

Your poop also reflects your dietary habits and can highlight if your body isn’t absorbing nutrients well, you have a food allergy, or your digestive process is sluggish. 

Pale-colored stool typically results from sluggish gallbladder function and fat malabsorption, and poop that’s small and hard can be a sign of dehydration or lack of dietary fiber.   

When to see a doctor

A sudden and significant change in the smell of your poop without any apparent reason may be a sign of an underlying health issue.

It’s recommended to consult a medical professional if you experience:

• Prolonged foul-smelling stool

• Blood in your stool 

• Stools that are abnormal in color or texture 

• Sudden changes in bowel movements 

• Persistent gastrointestinal issues  

• Abdominal pain 

A thorough evaluation of your symptoms in combination with blood tests and laboratory assessment of your stool can identify potential causes and help to formulate an individual treatment plan.   

Key takeaways

Your poop says a lot about your health. 

While most cases of foul-smelling stools reflect your diet, hydration status, and medication use, they also can be a symptom of underlying health issues. 

If you experience sudden and noticeable changes in the odor, color, or consistency of your poop, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider to rule out gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammatory disorders, and malabsorption.

FAQ

1. Why does my poop smell like burnt matches?

Poop that smells like burnt matches is typically a result of higher concentrations of sulfur gasses in the large intestines. 

Microbes residing in the large bowel ferment organic matter, which releases a wide range of odorous compounds, including sulfur, which has a pungent odor often described as burnt matches, natural gas, or rotten eggs. 

2. Why does my poop smell like burning sulfur?

There is evidence that sulfur-rich foods, malabsorption syndrome, and drugs such as antibiotics, diuretics, and diabetes medications can increase sulfur production in the large intestines, resulting in stools that smell like burning sulfur.

3. Why does my poop smell like burnt hair?

Poop that smells of burnt hair can be a result of sulfur-rich foods such as onion, garlic, and cruciferous vegetables. 

In addition, malabsorption also has been linked to stool odor reminiscent of burnt hair. Undigested food is degraded and fermented by intestinal bacteria, which generate several different gasses with pungent odors. 

4. What does it mean when my poop smells like iron?

Stool that smells of iron can be indicative of intestinal bleeding, hemorrhoids, or ulcers. Blood contains iron which has a distinct metallic smell when exposed to oxygen.

It’s important to consult with a medical professional if your poop smells of iron or if you notice sudden changes in the color of your stools.  

5. Does celiac poop smell bad?

People with Celiac disease often have some degree of dysbiosis, also known as an imbalanced intestinal microflora, linked to higher concentrations of pungent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the large bowels.  

In addition, even small amounts of gluten can trigger bouts of diarrhea and foul-smelling poop. 

6. Why does my poop smell weird all of a sudden?

Sudden changes in stool odor can reflect dietary choices or medication use. However, smelly poop can also be indicative of potential underlying health issues such as intestinal infection, bleeding, or malabsorption. Make sure you closely monitor your stool if it suddenly has a different smell.

7. Why does my poop smell metallic?

Poop that smells metallic typically contains iron which can be caused by iron supplements or may indicate intestinal bleeding, hemorrhoids, or ulcers. 

8. What does Giardia smell like?

Giardia infections have been linked to poop that has a distinctive foul smell often described as sulfuric or rotten egg-like. Smelly poop along with abdominal cramping and pain could indicate an infection.

9. Why do I keep smelling ammonia?

Ammonia odor in poop can be a sign of dehydration, a high protein diet, or poor kidney function.  

Why Does My Poop Smell Like Burnt Hair?

Our bowel movements can tell us a lot about our overall health. It may not be the most pleasant topic to discuss, but monitoring our poop can help us detect any underlying health conditions that may require attention. One question that may come to mind is, “Why does my poop smell like burnt hair?”

The smell of burnt hair in poop may be a result of a few different factors. The first factor is diet. Certain foods such as garlic, onions, and heavily spiced dishes can cause our poop to have a strong odor. Additionally, consuming red meat can also cause a burnt hair smell due to the high iron content.

Another factor that can contribute to the scent of our poop is dehydration. When we are dehydrated, our body tries to conserve water by extracting it from our stools, resulting in a more concentrated odor. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water can alleviate this issue.

However, if the burnt hair smell is persistent and accompanied by other symptoms such as pain or discomfort, it may be a sign of an underlying health condition. One such condition is malabsorption syndrome, which can occur due to a variety of factors such as celiac disease or pancreatitis. Malabsorption syndrome prevents the body from properly digesting and absorbing nutrients, leading to foul-smelling stools.

In rare cases, a burnt hair smell in poop may be a sign of a more serious condition such as a bowel obstruction or tumor. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional if you experience persistent symptoms or if you have any concerns about the smell of your poop.

The smell of our poop can be influenced by varous factors such as diet, hydration levels, and underlying health conditions. While a burnt hair smell in poop may be caused by something as simple as diet or dehydration, it is important to monitor any persistent symptoms and seek medical attention if necessary. Remember to stay hydrated, eat a balanced diet, and listen to your body’s signals.

The Unpleasant Smell of Burnt Tires in My Poop

If your poop smells like a burnt tire, it could be a sign of an underlying health issue. One possible cause is gastrointestinal bleeding, which can produce a foul odor in the stool. Another potential cause is an infection, which can lead to a strong, tar-like smell.

Other conditions that can cause unusual odors in stool include certain types of diarrhea, such as C. difficile or Giardia infections, as well as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and celiac disease. These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and weight loss.

If you are experiencing persistent changes in the smell or consistency of your stool, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider. They may recommend testing to identify any underlying health issues and develop a treatment plan to address your symptoms. In some cases, changes in diet or lifestyle may also be recommended to help manage your symptoms and promote overall digestive health.

To summarize, if your poop smells like a burnt tire, it may be a sign of an underlying health issue such as gastrointestinal bleeding or infection. Other conditions such as IBD or celiac disease can also cause unusual odors in stool. It is important to speak with a healthcare provider if you are experiencing persistent changes in your stool.

Conclusion

While it may not be the most pleasant topic to discuss, paying attention to the appearance and smell of your poop can provide important insights into your digestive health. Normal stool should be brown in color, formed, and have a mild odor. Any significant changes in color, consistency, or smell may be a sign of an underlying health issue, such as an infection, inflammation, or malabsorption. If you notice any concerning changes in your bowel habits, it’s important to speak with a healthcare provider to determine the cause and appropriate treatment. Remember, healthy digestion is essential for overall well-being, so don’t be shy about discussing your poop with your doctor or seeking ther advice if you have concerns.

Nancy Sherman

Nancy Sherman has more than a decade of experience in education and is passionate about helping schools, teachers, and students succeed. She began her career as a Teaching Fellow in NY where she worked with educators to develop their instructional practice. Since then she held diverse roles in the field including Educational Researcher, Academic Director for a non-profit foundation, Curriculum Expert and Coach, while also serving on boards of directors for multiple organizations.
She is trained in Project-Based Learning, Capstone Design (PBL), Competency-Based Evaluation (CBE) and Social Emotional Learning Development (SELD).

New stink: perfume with the smell of rot, semen and manure

Amorphophallus titanic, also known as a corpse flower, has a powerful smell of rotten fish, sewage and rotting meat. With the help of smell, the plant successfully attracts pollinators – carrion flies and dead beetles. However, people flock just as willingly to the floral stench: whenever an amorphophallus blooms in the New York Botanical Garden, colossal queues line up in front of the greenhouse. Regular botanists idolize their stinkers – they hunt for their tubers at auctions, give them names (the “titanic” Alice lives in the Chicago Botanical Garden, for example), and take care of specimens that accidentally fall into their hands in every possible way. This can be understood: in the natural environment – on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia, mutilated by rough agriculture – corpse flowers are almost never found and today they mostly live in nurseries. But what do ordinary people find in stinkers?

Dolls

Moth and Rabbit

Perfumer Mark Buxton’s perfume dedicated to Takeshi Kitano’s great “Dolls” really smells like a doll. Or, rather, a baby doll – his sweet rubber top. Pleasantly artificial, very unusual smell.

Charogne

Etat Libre d’Orange

The name of the fragrance translates from French as “carrion, rotten meat, carrion” – a good challenge for perfume consultants who need to somehow sell these perfumes. Those who buy will face a worse test – putrid lilies in a cloud of mothballs.

Psychologists know the answer to this question. Our amazing attraction to things that cause discomfort, they call “benign masochism” and explain it as a need for strong sensations. We get the latter during painful massages, when we choke on a fiery chili in a Szechuan restaurant, while watching horror in a movie theater, and even in our own bedroom while having hard sex. At these moments, according to researcher Paul Rosin, professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, our brains are faced with an interesting paradox. On the one hand, the body sends him clear signals of danger: it burns, it hurts, it’s scary! On the other hand, the same brain, analyzing the situation, understands that the danger is imaginary and will not cause serious injuries. And somewhere at the junction of these opposite things, a deep sense of relief is born, very pleasant. “Tickling,” as Rozin writes.

A good example of benign masochism in action is our interest in “weird” foods and smells. Take at least the bitterness that is fashionable today – dark chocolate, arugula, kale. “In theory, we should not like all of the above: the ability to feel bitterness and dislike for it is a defense mechanism against toxins in food that appeared in the course of evolution,” says Irina Zhegulina, geneticist, head of the Center for Genomic Medicine at EMC. Indeed, babies who have not had time to taste the advanced cuisine of the 21st century and become “benign masochists” react instantly and strictly negatively to bitter. A similar story with smells: it is the sense of smell that tells us not to eat rotten buffalo or drink swamp water, and our ability to distinguish “bad” smells from “good” ones is innate (with slight adjustments for cultural differences).

1805 Tonnerre

Beaufort London

Even Hippocrates formulated the miasmatic theory of disease, according to which it was strange and unpleasant odors – miasma – that caused people to feel unwell. A man smelling of “1805” – blood, salt and something burned – would not be allowed on the threshold of any enlightened ancient Greek.

#602 Here Piggy

CB I Hate Perfume

And here is the good old semen, perfume immortalized for the first time in the Secretions Magnifiques of the French Etat Libre d’Orange. Perfumer Christopher Brosius pairs her characteristic damp mushroom scent with leather and latex as an homage to 2015 Gay Pride.

But what is happening today, in the era of refrigerators and affordable food, when the main function of smell – to prevent us from getting poisoned by something – is gradually becoming unnecessary? Another one comes to the fore – hedonistic: now we sniff mainly for pleasure. And sometimes we tickle our nerves with the help of all sorts of experimental stench – durian, moldy cheeses, kimchi and rotten Icelandic shark. Kopi-luwak can be sent to the same piggy bank – coffee that has gone through the entire digestive tract of the viverra, wines “with subtle tones of undergrowth” (read: rot) and some spirits. Especially perfumes: just as bitters and bitter digestifs are returning to cocktail cards, and fermented products that knock out a tear with their aroma are returning to restaurant menus, the strange comes to perfumery.

The smells of blood and semen, stagnant water and a dug up grave, fresh cow dung and a dead fox from Antichrist — all this is legitimate, all this is found in the reserved bushes of the modern niche.

Dodo

Zoologist Perfumes

Probably the strangest fragrance of the “zoological” Canadians who gave us, for a moment, the fecal Hyrax (“Hyrax”) and the afterlife Bat (“Bat”). It smells like a dodo, or a Mauritian dodo, a real chicken coop if it were built in the tropical jungle.

No. 6 Brume Radieuse

Thomas Kosmala

“There’s some great goo in here,” one peasant says to another in “Monty Python and the Holy Grail” as he digs through the stinking pit. Somewhere at the bottom, probably, there is a bottle of Brume Radieuse – an exclusively fecal, stable oud with fruit milk,
mixed with dirt.

Not everyone likes the new stink — those who gravitate toward harmony and smooth gliding in fragrant ones complain about the angularity of today’s perfumes and see in manure and semen an empty provocation. Others find something else, like perfumery’s long-awaited move towards the art it longs to be. She has a hard time: good cinema can be disgusting, good music can be atonal, a good picture can be vile, like Francis Bacon’s. But perfume is also a consumer product. The person who uses them expects understandable things: that they smell good, that people do not recoil in public transport, and that the loan officer, grimacing, does not point to the door. Being pleasant is the main limitation of perfumery as an art form. And if manure and semen are her first steps towards freedom, so be it.

Illustration: Marta Hambartsumyan

New world. 1994. No. 12

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