What are ovarian cysts and how do they form. Can ovarian cysts cause serious health issues. What treatments are available for ovarian cysts. How can you differentiate between harmless and potentially dangerous ovarian cysts.

Understanding Ovarian Cysts: Types and Formation

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or within the ovaries. These structures can vary in size and composition, leading to different classifications and potential health implications. To better understand ovarian cysts, it’s crucial to explore their types and how they form.

Simple vs. Complex Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are primarily categorized into two main types:

• Simple cysts: These contain only fluid and are generally benign.
• Complex cysts: These contain both fluid and solid components, potentially requiring closer medical scrutiny.

Are all ovarian cysts cause for concern? Not necessarily. Many ovarian cysts are harmless and resolve on their own without causing any noticeable symptoms. However, understanding the different types can help in identifying potential risks.

Functional Ovarian Cysts

The most common type of ovarian cyst is the functional cyst, which forms as part of the natural ovarian cycle. These include:

1. Follicular cysts: Develop when an ovarian follicle fails to release an egg during ovulation.
2. Corpus luteum cysts: Form after a follicle has released an egg.

Why do functional cysts occur? They are a result of the ovary’s normal functioning during the menstrual cycle. In most cases, these cysts disappear on their own within a few weeks or months without requiring treatment.

Recognizing Ovarian Cyst Symptoms: When to Seek Medical Attention

While many ovarian cysts are asymptomatic, some women may experience various signs and symptoms. Recognizing these symptoms is crucial for timely medical intervention when necessary.

Common Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

Women with symptomatic ovarian cysts may experience:

• Abdominal pain or discomfort
• A feeling of fullness or pressure in the lower abdomen
• Increased urge to urinate or have bowel movements
• Pain during sexual intercourse
• Bloating or swelling in the abdominal area

Why do some ovarian cysts cause pain while others don’t? The pain associated with ovarian cysts often results from the pressure exerted on the ovary’s outer layer as the cyst grows. This stretching sensation can lead to discomfort or sharp pain in some cases.

Differentiating Ovarian Cyst Symptoms from Other Conditions

It’s important to note that many symptoms associated with ovarian cysts are not exclusive to this condition. Healthcare providers often need to rule out other possibilities before confirming the presence of an ovarian cyst. For instance:

• Right-sided ovarian cyst pain might be mistaken for appendicitis
• Large cysts causing widespread abdominal pain could be confused with gastrointestinal issues
• Cysts near the bladder may mimic symptoms of urinary tract infections

How can you determine if your symptoms are due to an ovarian cyst or another condition? The most reliable way is to consult with a healthcare professional who can perform the necessary examinations and tests to make an accurate diagnosis.

Causes and Risk Factors for Ovarian Cyst Development

Understanding the underlying causes and risk factors associated with ovarian cysts can help in prevention and early detection. While some cysts form naturally as part of the menstrual cycle, others may develop due to various factors.

Hormonal Imbalances and Ovarian Cysts

Hormonal fluctuations play a significant role in the formation of functional ovarian cysts. Conditions that affect hormone levels, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hypothyroidism, may increase the likelihood of cyst development.

Can hormonal contraceptives influence ovarian cyst formation? Interestingly, some hormonal birth control methods, like combination birth control pills, may actually reduce the risk of developing certain types of ovarian cysts by regulating hormone levels and suppressing ovulation.

Genetic and Environmental Factors

While the exact causes of all ovarian cysts are not fully understood, research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors may contribute to their development. Some potential risk factors include:

• Family history of ovarian cysts or ovarian cancer
• Early onset of menstruation
• Obesity
• Smoking
• Exposure to certain environmental toxins

How can you reduce your risk of developing ovarian cysts? While some risk factors are beyond our control, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet, may help reduce the likelihood of cyst formation.

Diagnostic Procedures for Ovarian Cysts: From Symptoms to Confirmation

Accurate diagnosis of ovarian cysts is crucial for determining the appropriate course of action. Healthcare providers employ various diagnostic tools and procedures to confirm the presence of cysts and assess their nature.

Initial Assessment and Physical Examination

The diagnostic process typically begins with a thorough medical history and physical examination. During this stage, the healthcare provider will:

• Discuss symptoms and their duration
• Perform a pelvic examination to check for any abnormalities
• Assess overall health and potential risk factors

What information should you provide to your healthcare provider during the initial assessment? Be prepared to discuss your menstrual history, any changes in your cycle, and any family history of reproductive health issues.

Imaging Studies for Ovarian Cyst Detection

To visualize and characterize ovarian cysts, healthcare providers often rely on imaging studies. Common imaging techniques include:

1. Ultrasound: This non-invasive procedure uses sound waves to create images of the ovaries and can help determine the size, location, and composition of cysts.
2. CT scan: Computed tomography scans provide detailed cross-sectional images of the pelvis and can be useful in cases where ultrasound results are inconclusive.
3. MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging offers high-resolution images and can be particularly helpful in differentiating between benign and potentially malignant cysts.

How do healthcare providers choose which imaging study to use? The selection often depends on the suspected type of cyst, the patient’s symptoms, and the need for detailed information about the cyst’s characteristics.

Blood Tests and Tumor Markers

In some cases, healthcare providers may recommend blood tests to gather additional information. These tests can help:

• Assess hormone levels
• Check for signs of infection
• Detect tumor markers that might indicate the presence of ovarian cancer

Are blood tests always necessary for diagnosing ovarian cysts? Not always. Blood tests are typically reserved for cases where there’s suspicion of a more serious condition or when additional information is needed to guide treatment decisions.

Treatment Options for Ovarian Cysts: From Watchful Waiting to Surgery

The appropriate treatment for ovarian cysts depends on various factors, including the type of cyst, its size, and the presence of symptoms. Healthcare providers consider these elements when developing a treatment plan.

Conservative Management and Watchful Waiting

For many functional ovarian cysts, especially those that are small and asymptomatic, a conservative approach is often recommended. This may involve:

• Regular monitoring through ultrasound examinations
• Over-the-counter pain management for mild discomfort
• Hormonal birth control to regulate the menstrual cycle and potentially prevent new cyst formation

How long does it typically take for a functional ovarian cyst to resolve on its own? Many functional cysts disappear within a few menstrual cycles, usually within two to three months.

Surgical Interventions for Ovarian Cysts

In some cases, surgical removal of ovarian cysts may be necessary. Situations that might warrant surgery include:

1. Large cysts that don’t resolve on their own
2. Cysts causing severe symptoms or complications
3. Suspicion of malignancy
4. Cysts in post-menopausal women

What surgical approaches are used for ovarian cyst removal? The two main surgical options are:

• Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive procedure using small incisions
• Laparotomy: An open surgery performed through a larger abdominal incision, typically reserved for larger cysts or when cancer is suspected

How do healthcare providers decide between conservative management and surgical intervention? The decision is based on a careful evaluation of the cyst’s characteristics, the patient’s symptoms, age, and overall health status.

Potential Complications of Ovarian Cysts: When to Worry

While many ovarian cysts are benign and resolve without complications, it’s important to be aware of potential risks and know when to seek immediate medical attention.

Ovarian Cyst Rupture

One of the most common complications associated with ovarian cysts is rupture. When a cyst ruptures:

• It may cause sudden, sharp pain in the lower abdomen
• Internal bleeding can occur, which may lead to more serious complications
• In some cases, the rupture may go unnoticed and resolve on its own

What signs indicate that a ruptured ovarian cyst requires immediate medical attention? Seek emergency care if you experience:

• Severe, persistent abdominal pain
• Fever
• Dizziness or weakness
• Rapid breathing

Ovarian Torsion

Another potential complication is ovarian torsion, where the ovary twists on its supporting tissues, cutting off its blood supply. This condition:

• Can cause severe pain and nausea
• Requires immediate medical intervention to prevent permanent damage to the ovary
• May occur more frequently with larger cysts

How can you differentiate between normal cyst pain and signs of a more serious complication? While some discomfort is normal with ovarian cysts, severe, sudden pain or pain accompanied by fever, vomiting, or signs of shock should prompt immediate medical evaluation.

Living with Ovarian Cysts: Lifestyle Considerations and Management

For women diagnosed with ovarian cysts, certain lifestyle modifications and ongoing management strategies can help alleviate symptoms and promote overall reproductive health.

Diet and Exercise

While there’s no specific diet proven to prevent or treat ovarian cysts, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can support overall reproductive health. Consider:

• Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Limiting processed foods and excessive sugar intake
• Engaging in regular physical activity to maintain a healthy weight

Can certain foods or supplements help manage ovarian cysts? While some natural remedies are touted for cyst management, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider before making significant dietary changes or starting any supplements.

Stress Management and Hormonal Balance

Stress can potentially impact hormonal balance, which may influence ovarian function. To promote hormonal health:

• Practice stress-reduction techniques like meditation or yoga
• Ensure adequate sleep and rest
• Consider counseling or support groups if dealing with chronic stress or anxiety related to reproductive health concerns

How does stress affect ovarian cyst development? While stress alone doesn’t cause ovarian cysts, chronic stress may contribute to hormonal imbalances that could influence reproductive health.

Regular Check-ups and Monitoring

For women with a history of ovarian cysts or those at higher risk, regular gynecological check-ups are crucial. These appointments allow healthcare providers to:

• Monitor existing cysts
• Detect new cysts early
• Adjust treatment plans as needed
• Address any concerns or questions about reproductive health

How often should women with a history of ovarian cysts have check-ups? The frequency of follow-up appointments depends on individual circumstances, but generally, annual gynecological exams are recommended for most women.

In conclusion, understanding ovarian cysts – their causes, symptoms, and potential complications – empowers women to take proactive steps in managing their reproductive health. While many ovarian cysts are benign and resolve on their own, being aware of warning signs and maintaining open communication with healthcare providers ensures timely intervention when necessary. By adopting healthy lifestyle habits and staying informed about their bodies, women can navigate the challenges of ovarian cysts with confidence and peace of mind.

Ovarian Cysts: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

Most ovarian cysts are harmless and cause no pain. They go away on their own, and you never even knew they existed. But sometimes ovarian cysts can be more serious and require medical attention.

We talked to OB-GYN James Hardy, MD, to find out the difference.

What is an ovarian cyst?

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled pocket inside or on the surface of an ovary. There are two types of ovarian cysts: simple and complex. Simple cysts contain only fluid. Complex cysts are filled with both fluid and solid components.

What are the symptoms of an ovarian cyst?

Most women who have ovarian cysts don’t have any symptoms. For those who do experience symptoms, common ones are:

• Abdominal pain
• A fullness or pressure in the stomach or lower abdomen
• Feeling a more frequent urge to urinate or have a bowel movement
• A feeling of pressing on the bladder
• Pain during sex

Why do some ovarian cysts hurt?

The pain comes from the pressure on the layer of cells covering the ovary, caused by the growth of the cyst. This pressure causes stretching, which hurts.

Do ovarian cyst symptoms ever get confused for other conditions?

Yes. Most symptoms of ovarian cysts are not specific to ovarian cysts, meaning that these symptoms do not immediately signal that an ovarian cyst is present. Doctors first have to rule out other possibilities.

Most of the symptoms associated with ovarian cysts can also indicate other health conditions. For example, if the cyst is on the right ovary, its symptoms could make doctors suspect appendicitis.

If it’s a very large cyst, there could be pain throughout the abdomen, which could indicate gastrointestinal or other disease.

If you have a cyst near your bladder and feel that you have to go to the bathroom with increased frequency, a doctor may suspect a urinary tract infection.

What causes ovarian cysts?

By far the most common type of ovarian cyst is a functional cyst, a cyst that occurs as part of the natural functioning of the ovaries. These are common and don’t cause major health problems.

When women who have periods ovulate, the ovarian follicles produce eggs. Follicles, in this sense, don’t refer to the ones that create hairs on your skin. Instead, we’re talking about the collection of cells in the ovary. Follicles on your skin produce hairs; follicles in your ovary produce eggs.

Sometimes the follicle does not release an egg but instead makes a perfectly normal cyst. This is a follicular cyst, and it’s very common.

Another type of ovarian cyst is the corpus luteum cyst, which forms after a follicle has released an egg. It usually carries no symptoms and is also a totally normal, functional cyst.

Other cysts, however, are related to abnormal functioning of the ovary and require medical attention. These can include benign or malignant tumors and endometriomas, the specific type of benign tumors or cysts that occur with endometriosis.

If you have pain associated with an ovarian cyst, your doctor will do some tests, depending on your symptoms.

Can ovarian cysts rupture? What risks are present in the case of a rupture?

If an ovarian cyst ruptures, it’s possible that you won’t even notice.

Sometimes when a cyst ruptures, there’s some acute pain associated with the rupture. However, any ongoing pain from the cyst typically goes away after the initial pain from the rupture passes.

There are some risks, though. Sometimes when cysts rupture, internal tissue might bleed. If it’s internal bleeding that doesn’t stop, it can become a surgical emergency.

Signs of dangerous internal bleeding include continued pain and pain that gets worse in the abdomen (blood in the abdomen hurts). If you lose enough blood and don’t seek medical attention, you could have other symptoms of blood loss, including weakness and dizziness.

What should I do if I think I may have a cyst or even a ruptured cyst?

If you’re having symptoms of a ruptured cyst, including worsening pain or feeling lightheaded and dizzy, you should seek medical attention immediately. Call your doctor. Or, if you can’t immediately reach a doctor and feel that your symptoms are significant, go to the emergency department.

What are the most common treatments for ovarian cysts?

Most functional ovarian cysts resolve without significant symptoms. Most of these cysts do not need to be medically treated.

If a functional cyst is causing some symptoms, doctors will often use conservative management, such as over-the-counter or prescription pain management, depending on your symptoms. Doctors don’t want to operate unless it’s necessary.

Surgery is usually done if the cyst is a tumor, is bleeding excessively or is otherwise a life-threatening event.

Talk to your doctor if you think you’re experiencing symptoms of an ovarian cyst, or find an OB-GYN near you.

Ovarian Cysts and Ovarian Cancer

Am Fam Physician. 2009;80(8):821-822

See related article on adnexal masses.

What are ovarian cysts?

During your period each month, you usually get a small cyst on your ovaries. These cysts are a normal part of your period. Sometimes they cause pain, but usually they do not cause any symptoms. Your doctor may find these cysts during an exam or ultrasound. Most cysts go away with time, but your doctor may want to check you again in four to six weeks to make sure they are gone. In women who are menopausal, the ovaries have stopped working and should not form cysts. There are different types of cysts that are not cancerous, but sometimes (especially in older women), the cysts can be ovarian cancer.

What is ovarian cancer?

Ovarian cancer is an abnormal growth of tissue in the ovaries that can spread to other organs in the body and lead to death.

What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?

You may have pain in your stomach or pelvis, bloating, or increased stomach size. You may also have a strong urge to urinate, may urinate often, or may leak urine. You could also get full quickly when eating, have trouble eating, or lose weight. If you have any of these symptoms every day for two weeks, talk to your doctor right away.

What tests will I need?

Your doctor may do an ultrasound. An ultrasound uses sound waves to form a picture of organs in your body. It is the best and safest way to look at the ovaries and uterus. An ultrasound can be done on the lower part of your stomach or through your vagina. It lasts about 20 minutes and gives your doctor information about the size and appearance of your ovaries and other pelvic organs.

Your doctor may also test your blood for a raised level of a protein called CA 125. Patients with ovarian cancer may produce more of this protein, but there are also noncancerous conditions that can cause a raised CA 125 level.

Will I need surgery for an ovarian cyst?

It depends on your age, symptoms, and how your ovaries look on the ultrasound. If you are still having periods, your cysts are probably not cancerous and only need to be watched. Women who are menopausal are the most likely to need surgery because the risk of ovarian cancer increases with age.

What type of surgery will I have?

Most women who need surgery for an ovarian cyst have a laparoscopy (lah-pah-rohs-KOH-pee). This is done with a lighted tool that looks like a thin telescope. It is inserted through a small cut around your belly button. Your doctor can use a camera to see inside your body and examine your organs. Often, the cyst can be removed through the same small cut.

Sometimes, a patient will need a laparotomy (lah-pah-ROT-o-me). This type of surgery requires a larger cut on your stomach. The tissue that is removed during surgery is examined to make sure that there are no cancer cells in it. If the removed tissue has cancer cells, your doctor will do other tests to figure out what stage the cancer is in.

Where can I get more information?

Your doctor

American Academy of Family Physicians

American Cancer Society

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

Ovarian cyst: treatment of ovarian cyst

• What is an ovarian cyst
• Why does an ovarian cyst appear
• How an ovarian cyst manifests itself
• Symptoms that can be detected on examination
• When to seek medical help
• When you need emergency medical care
• Laboratory diagnostics for ovarian cysts
• Diagnosis of ovarian cyst by ultrasound
• Ovarian cyst treatment

What is an ovarian cyst

A cyst is a vesicle containing liquid or semi-liquid contents. A cyst that occurs on the ovary is called an ovarian cyst. This condition is very often detected through the use of ultrasound diagnostic methods and during routine gynecological examinations on the chair. The discovery of an ovarian cyst is often worrisome for women, as some cysts may be cancerous. Yet the vast majority of ovarian cysts are benign in nature.

Why an ovarian cyst appears

Every month a small cyst appears in a functioning ovary – Graaff’s vesicle. Under the influence of gonadotropins (hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle), this bubble grows and reaches a size of up to 2.8 cm. In the middle of the cycle, this bubble bursts and a mature egg comes out of it (ovulation occurs). In place of the burst bubble, a corpus luteum appears, which has a cavity (cyst) in the center and reaches 2 cm in diameter. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum undergoes degradation. If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum grows for some time, then it also undergoes reverse development, and the placenta takes over its function. Ovarian cysts that form during the normal process of ovulation are called functional ovarian cysts. These cysts are also called theca-luteal. They are always good quality. When an excessive amount of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone, which is produced by the pituitary gland) or Chorionic Gonadotropin (a hormone similar in action to luteinizing hormone) occurs in a woman’s body. Such conditions occur with stimulation of the ovaries during infertility treatment, with the occurrence of tumors that produce chorionic gonadotropin (chorioepithelioma), with hydatidiform mole, sometimes with multiple pregnancies and diabetes mellitus. Unlike functional ovarian cysts, neoplastic cysts result from abnormal cell division within the ovary. They can be benign and malignant. Malignant neoplasms of the ovaries can arise from any ovarian cells, but most often they are epithelial (mesothelial) tumors, a significant part of which may contain cystic components. If remnants of embryonic tissue remain in the ovary, tumors – teratomas may occur. Cysts often form with endometriosis. As a result of this disease, the cyst has bloody contents. With polycystic ovaries, cysts are small follicles, from 2 to 5 mm in diameter. Often, ovarian cysts are a sign of some serious disease.

How an ovarian cyst manifests itself

In most cases, ovarian cysts do not bother a woman in any way. Even malignant cysts do not show themselves until they reach a certain stage. Sometimes pain and discomfort in the lower abdomen can disturb. In the event that ovarian cyst is subjected to twisting or rupture, the pain reaches a significant degree. With ovarian cysts, a woman may experience pain during intercourse. Pressing the cyst wall on the intestines can lead to the urge to defecate. Frequent urge to urinate may occur. Ovarian cysts can occur against the background of irregular periods. There may be a feeling of bloating and tightness in the abdomen. Another symptom is a lack of appetite and a feeling of rapid satiety. Endometriosis is characterized by a triad: heavy periods, pain during intercourse and pain in the lower abdomen. Polycystic ovaries may be a manifestation of polycystic ovary syndrome, which is characterized by hirsutism, infertility, obesity, oligomenorrhea, and acne.

Complications that occur with an ovarian cyst can be life-threatening. The most common rupture of the cyst occurs, in which the contents of the cyst enter the abdominal cavity, and bleeding can occur from the walls of the cyst. Cyst torsion is accompanied by a cessation of blood flow to the tissues and their necrosis and may be the cause of peritonitis. Suppuration of an ovarian cyst can also lead to peritonitis.

Symptoms that can be detected on examination

In the case of advanced stages of malignant cysts, emaciation, enlarged lymph nodes, difficulty breathing and signs of fluid in the pleural cavities (in the lungs) can be observed. Large cysts can be palpated by a doctor when viewed from a chair. It is believed that normal ovaries in a woman can be felt in the premenopausal period. If the ovaries can be felt after menopause, this is a sign of pathology. Of course, when examining on a chair, the doctor cannot accurately determine whether the palpable formation is malignant or malignant, and also determine the nature of the formation. In addition to this factor, the patient’s fatness has a significant impact.

When to seek medical help

• Fever
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fainting and weakness
• Signs of anemia
• Abnormal duration and painful menses
• Abdominal augmentation
• Abdominal pain while taking anticoagulants (warfarin)
• Appearance of male facial hair
• Non-drug related rise or fall in blood pressure
• Excessive thirst or copious urination
• Unexplained weight loss
• Lower abdominal mass detection

When you need emergency medical attention

• Weakness, dizziness and fainting
• Persistent fever
• Intense pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis
• Sustained changes in blood pressure not responding to drug therapy
• Persistent vomiting and nausea
• Shoulder pain and abdominal pain simultaneously

Laboratory diagnostics for ovarian cysts

Laboratory diagnostics alone cannot be used to diagnose cysts. Nevertheless, it allows you to answer a very important question, is the ovarian cyst malignant . A very common analysis is the assessment of the level of CA 125. CA 125 is a protein that is determined on the cell membranes of normal ovarian cells and in carcinomas. An increase in the level of this protein may indicate a malignant process. However, CA 125 can also be elevated in healthy people and in some benign tumors. Assessment of the level of CA 125 in the blood is most valuable in combination with transvaginal ultrasound. The level of this protein cannot be used as a single study to detect a malignant tumor. Several consecutive measurements are required. For a more sensitive diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumors in the early stages, the Ovasure complex test is used – the determination of 6 proteins that increase in the early stages of a malignant neoplasm – leptin, prolactin, osteopontin, insulin-like growth factor, macrophage inhibitory factor and CA 125. For the diagnosis of ovarian cysts, they also use tests for the levels of the hormones FSH, LH, Estradiol and Progesterone, since some cysts form as a result of hormonal imbalance. It is also necessary to exclude an ectopic pregnancy, since many of its symptoms are similar to those of a complicated cyst.

Diagnosis of ovarian cysts using ultrasound

Transvaginal ultrasound is currently the method of choice for research in gynecological practice. With this method, you can get information about the structure of the ovarian cyst and suggest its origin. Ovarian cysts can be single or multiple, contain various fluids. Partitions and blood clots can be found in their cavity. Some ovarian cysts have very characteristic features that make them benign. The method of duplex scanning of the vessels of the cyst is very helpful in the diagnosis. Evaluation of blood flow in the cyst walls can help in establishing the correct diagnosis. If the size of the cysts is very large or the surrounding tissues are involved, the abdominal approach is also used during the study. In our clinic, the method of 3D reconstruction of ovarian cysts is widely used. The method has many advantages, as it allows you to evaluate the relationship of the cyst with adjacent structures. With transvaginal ultrasound, different types of cysts can be distinguished, for example, an endometrioid cyst and a teratoma.

MRI is used less frequently than ultrasound. CT is even rarer. These techniques play a secondary role in the diagnosis of ovarian cysts and are used as auxiliary, if necessary, to examine the retroperitoneal tissue for the spread of the tumor process.

Ovarian cyst treatment

Treatment can be conservative or surgical. In the vast majority of cases, conservative treatment with constant monitoring is used. In premenopausal women with a normal serum CA 125 protein level and a cyst size of up to 10 cm, expectant management is used. For treatment, pain medications (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and contraceptives are used, which prevent the appearance of new cysts and allow time for the reduction of existing ones.

Surgical treatment is used primarily for complications – ruptures and torsion of cysts and suspected malignancy. The advantage is currently given to laparoscopic methods.

In our clinic, there is the possibility of a comprehensive diagnosis of ovarian cysts by a specialized specialist. In one visit, you can get a consultation, perform ultrasound diagnostics on an expert-class device and take tests for tumor markers.

in obstetrics and gynecology we work in such areas as:

• Management of pregnancy from early pregnancy to delivery
• Women’s consultation
• TORCH infections (torch infections)
• Antiphospholipid syndrome
• Basal body temperature
• Pregnancy
• Chickenpox during pregnancy
• Pregnancy planning
• Pregnancy drugs
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Perineal reconstruction after childbirth
• Vaginal discharge in women, discharge during pregnancy
• Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion)
• Recurrent miscarriage
• Genital herpes during pregnancy
• Delayed menstruation

• Missed pregnancy
• Urinary tract infections in pregnancy
• Intimate plasty without surgery
• Pregnancy calendar
• Lactation
• Polyhydramnios in pregnant women
• Ovulation
• Determination of the sex of the child
• Edema during pregnancy
• First signs of pregnancy: symptoms of pregnancy
• Termination of pregnancy
• Prenatal screening (double and triple test)
• Rh conflict during pregnancy
• Pregnancy test
• Toxicosis during pregnancy
• Ultrasound diagnostics of Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities

We treat the following problems:

• Adenomyosis
• Andexite
• Bacterial vaginosis
• Beli
• Pain in the lower abdomen
• Pain when urinating
• Pain during menstruation: if menstruation hurts
• Infertility
• Infertility in metabolic syndrome: infertility in overweight women
• Unexplained infertility
• Vaginal bleeding
• Vaginitis
• Human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Restoration of the patency of the fallopian tubes
• Inflammation of the appendages
• Inflammation of the cervix
• Genital herpes
• Endometrial hyperplasia
• Gardnerellosis
• Cervical dysplasia
• STI
• About treatment regimens for STDs
• Itching of the genitals
• Condylomas
• Ovarian cyst

• Climax
• Blood in urine (hematuria)
• Colpitis
• Mastopathy
• Uterine bleeding
• Menses (menses)
• Uterine fibroids
• Mycoplasmosis
• Thrush
• Papillomavirus
• Polycystic ovaries
• Polyps
• Contraceptives
• PMS – premenstrual syndrome
• Uterine cancer
• Cervical cancer
• Early menopause (early menopause)
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• IUD (intrauterine device)
• Trichomoniasis
• Ureaplasmosis
• Chlamydia
• Cervicitis
• Cystitis
• Frequent urination
• Cervical erosion
• Endometritis
• Endometriosis
• Endocervicitis

Operative gynecology:

• Diagnostic hysteroscopy (office)
• Surgical hysteroresectoscopy
• Diagnostic laparoscopy
• Laparoscopic tubal plasty
• Laparoscopic myomectomy
• Laparoscopic treatment of ectopic pregnancy
• Laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis
• Laparoscopic treatment of pelvic organ prolapse

• Laparoscopic ovarian cyst removal
• Laparoscopic treatment of polycystic ovaries (drilling)
• Labia minora plasty
• Vaginoplasty after childbirth
• Surgical treatment of urinary incontinence
• Surgical treatment of bartholinitis (cyst, abscess of the Bartholin gland)

verified information about a formidable symptom

Hematuria – the presence of blood in the urine, the manifestation of various diseases from mild to severe severity, as well as an emergency in urology due to danger to life.

That’s interesting!

1 ml of blood is enough to make 1 liter of urine red.

Why hematuria appears, or let’s break down the causes

1. Urological (associated with the urinary tract) factors: urolithiasis, tumors and tuberculosis of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urinary tract injuries, hemorrhages in the kidney or its prolapse.

2. Nephrological (directly related to the kidneys): glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the filtration apparatus of the kidneys), hereditary pathology or polycystic kidney disease.

Important to know!

With glomerulonephritis, urine has a peculiar specific appearance – the color of meat slops, and the disease itself is accompanied by distinct swelling of the face and pain in the area of ​​the affected kidney.

3. Diseases of the blood system: thrombocytopenic purpura, blood cancer, hemophilia, overdose of blood-thinning drugs (eg heparin, warfarin).

4. Gynecological – problems with the uterine mucosa: hematuria in women during the premenstrual period should suggest endometriosis.

Classification: hematuria, like a woman, can also be different

Morphological types of hematuria

Hemoglobinuria – the presence in the urine of the respiratory pigment of erythrocytes – hemoglobin during their destruction in the vessels of the kidneys. This biological fluid is bright red. Reasons: transfusion of incompatible blood, poisoning, cooling or burns.

Red-brown urine – the appearance in the urine of myoglobin – a pigment of muscle fibers, which is formed in free form due to the breakdown of the latter in the syndrome of prolonged compression (muscles are clamped by heavy objects during an accident or other accidents).

That’s interesting!

The red color of urine may not be associated with the presence of blood impurities, but with the use of certain foods (beets, carrots, blackberries) or the influence of drugs and chemicals (pyridine, rifampicin, phenolphthalein). The urine remains clear.

RBC distribution

Interestingly, it is not always possible to detect hematuria with the naked eye.

Hematuria depending on the period of onset

Depending on the association with pain in the lumbar spine

Painless profuse hematuria is determined in the presence of a malignant tumor of the genitourinary system. True, the occurrence of pain syndrome is possible after blockage of the ureter with blood clots.

Diagnosis of hematuria: how to detect the problem and determine its causes

It all starts with a simple one: the doctor asks the patient in detail about the symptoms, the development of the disease, possible falls and blows with organ damage, the presence of concomitant diseases, examines the patient, feels the stomach and kidneys, examines the woman on the gynecological chair.

To clarify the diagnosis, modern medicine offers the use of various additional diagnostic methods.

✔ Complete urinalysis – laboratory method for determining hematuria: fast, easy, cheap and quite informative. These positive characteristics allow the routine use of urine sediment microscopy. During the study, it is possible to determine a large number of erythrocytes – red blood cells.

Interpretation of results based on targeted examination of blood cells

By the structure of red blood cells

Evaluation of the shape of blood clots allows you to locate the pathology, because conglomerates of blood follow the shape of the organ:

✔ Determination of tumor markers (cancer cells) is carried out during blood tests – a new technological procedure – polymerase chain reaction.

✔ Biopsy – intravital sampling of material (a piece) of a certain organ to rule out malignancy.

✔ Diagnostic ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) – the latest instrumental research methods. They allow you to find out the shape, location of the organ, the intensity of its blood supply and the presence of pathology.

✔ Urethroscopy – Examination of the urethral cavity with a tube-shaped apparatus. It is indicated for suspected inflammation, integrity disorders, anomalies in the development of the bladder and ureter, the presence of stones and foreign objects.

✔ Renal angiography – X-ray image of the vessels supplying the kidneys after injection of a radiopaque substance into them. Informative in terms of assessing the integrity or neoplasm of blood vessels, determining the difference between a cyst and a tumor (the latter actively receives nutrients due to the large number of arteries).

✔ Cystoscopy – examination of the bladder cavity to assess the condition of its mucosa.

Important to know!

Cystoscopy is a capricious procedure, because it requires not only strict preparation by the medical staff, but also has a number of contraindications: inflammation of the urinary tract, internal genital organs and prostate, postoperative adhesions in the bladder and urethra.

✔ Bladder catheterization – the insertion of a generally elastic catheter, suitable for examining urine to exclude bleeding when bleeding occurs from the external opening of the urethra outside the process of urination. Manipulation is especially relevant in women, because without an appropriate event it is difficult for them to determine the pathological portion of urine.

Treatment: the right choice of individual rescue plays a key role

At the pre-hospital stage it is important to provide emergency care, the essence of which is to stop the bleeding. Specialists use the following medicines:

Important to know!

Theoretically, the introduction of hemostatic agents should be performed after determining the source of bleeding, so as not to mask the disease of the culprit. However, hematuria with massive blood loss is an exception to the rule and requires an urgent start of therapeutic measures.

In the hospital , decisions are made about the fate of the patient.

According to vital indications and in the presence of a second healthy kidney, the diseased kidney is removed.