4 Causes of Vaginal Yellow Discharge

• Normal vaginal discharge is odorless and clear or white in color. 
• Yellow discharge could be a sign of a condition like chlamydia, cervical cancer, or trichomoniasis.
• If you have yellow vaginal discharge, schedule an appointment with an OB-GYN to determine the cause.

Vaginal discharge is normal and typically clear, white, and odorless, says Peace Nwegbo-Banks, MD, an OB-GYN at Serenity Women’s Health & Med Spa.  

However, discharge that is a different color like yellowish-green or accompanied by a fishy odor may be a sign of the following underlying conditions.

1. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection that occurs when bacteria travels from the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. It is commonly caused by sexually transmitted infections, like gonorrhea, and is often accompanied by a yellow discharge. An estimated one million people are diagnosed with it each year in the US. 

In addition to yellow discharge, common symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease include:

• Bleeding or pain during intercourse
• Painful and frequent urination
• Bleeding between periods
• Pelvic pain 
• Fever, usually above 100℉ 

You can usually treat pelvic inflammatory disease with a 2-week-course of prescribed antibiotics.  However, more severe cases may require hospitalization so you can receive intravenous treatment. 

2. Chlamydia 

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted bacterial disease that produces yellow discharge with a strong, foul odor. An estimated one in 20 women aged 14 to 24 has the infection. 

Additional symptoms of chlamydia include:

• Burning during urination or sex
• Rectal bleeding or pain
• Bleeding between periods, aka spotting

You can treat chlamydia in about one week with prescribed antibiotics. Both men and women are susceptible to chlamydia, so you should avoid having intercourse until the infection is gone to avoid spreading it. 

3. Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis is a parasite-induced sexually transmitted infection. Discharge may be white, green, yellow, or gray with a foul, fishy-smelling odor. 

Additional symptoms of trichomoniasis include: 

• Excess discharge
• Pain during intercourse
• Burning during urination
• Soreness or swelling around the vagina
• Itchiness around the vagina or on the inner thighs

You can treat trichomoniasis with a one-dose antibiotic although sometimes you may be prescribed a twice-daily version for a week. 

4. Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). In 2021, an estimated 14,480 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed in the United States. In this case, discharge may be watery, bloody, thick, yellow, and foul smell.

Note: Most women who have regular pap smears do not need to suspect cervical cancer if they experience yellow discharge.

Additional symptoms of cervical cancer include: 

• Bleeding or pain during intercourse
• Bleeding between periods 

Treatment for cervical cancer may involve:

• Surgery to remove the cancer, cervix, or uterus
• Radiation
• Chemotherapy
• Immunotherapy
• Palliative care

Important: If you suspect you have cervical cancer, set up an appointment with your OB-GYN who will perform a pap smear to test for irregular cervix cells. Cervical cancer can also be prevented by the HPV vaccine. 

When to see a doctor 

It’s always a good idea to visit a doctor if you’re unsure what’s causing abnormal discharge or discomfort.  

A doctor can identify the underlying condition, prescribe any necessary medication, and provide a thorough treatment plan, says  Mary Jane Minkin, MD, an OB-GYN and clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Yale University Medical. 

Don’t hesitate to get a second opinion from another doctor as well. In fact, a 2020 study found that 42% of women with vaginitis — such as bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, and trichomoniasis — received wrong prescriptions.

Insider’s takeaway 

Many conditions can cause yellow discharge, such as pelvic inflammatory disease and chlamydia. A majority of them are easy to treat with prescription antibiotics. So speak to your doctor if you think you have any of the discussed symptoms.

Sarah Fielding

Sarah Fielding is a freelance writer covering a range of topics with a focus on mental health and women’s issues.  She is also the co-founder of Empire Coven, a space for highlighting trailblazing women across New York.

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Causes of white, yellow, and clear discharge

Vaginal discharge is typically white or clear, and may be thick or thin in texture. Healthy discharge can dry yellow, but if it has an odor, it may be a sign of infection.

Vaginal discharge is fluid that contains a mix of vaginal secretions and cervical mucus. The amount of vaginal discharge produced varies from person to person.

Pregnancy, changing hormones, or the presence of an infection can affect the consistency and amount of vaginal discharge.

Vaginal discharge has several functions. It naturally keeps the vagina clean, provides lubrication during sexual intercourse, and may help prevent infection.

Share on PinterestVaginal discharge may change in appearance during the menstrual cycle.

Vaginal discharge can be abnormal or normal. In many cases, it does not signify a problem.

Normal vaginal discharge is clear, may be thick or thin, and is usually odorless. The amount produced and the consistency may change at different times during a woman’s monthly menstrual cycle.

For instance, discharge may become heavier, thicker, and more noticeable when a woman is ovulating. It may also be white at this time.

The amount of discharge may also change due to sexual activity and the use of birth control.

There are different types of vaginal discharge based on consistency and color. Changes in the color, amount, or smell of vaginal discharge may indicate a problem.

In some cases, it is difficult to make a diagnosis based on vaginal discharge alone. Other symptoms such as burning, itchiness, or irritation are often a better indication of a problem.

Below are different types of vaginal discharge and their possible causes.

White

Different shades of white discharge may be normal, especially if it occurs during ovulation or just before a woman’s period. As long as there is no vaginal itching, burning, or unusual smell accompanying the discharge, there is probably no underlying issue.

But in other instances, white vaginal discharge could be a sign of an infection. If the discharge is clumpy and looks similar to cottage cheese, it may be due to a yeast infection.

A yeast infection may also cause vaginal itching and burning. It occurs due to an overgrowth of a type of fungus called Candida.

Thin, white vaginal discharge that has a strong fishy odor may indicate bacterial vaginosis (BV). BV is the most common vaginal infection in women between 15 and 44. Other symptoms may include burning on urination and vaginal itching.

Yellow

Yellow discharge may or may not indicate an infection. If the discharge is a pale yellow, odorless, and not accompanied by other symptoms, it may not be a cause for concern.

In other instances, yellow discharge can be a sign of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or a bacterial infection.

Causes of yellow discharge include:

• Trichomoniasis, which may also cause itching, pain during urination, and an unpleasant odor.
• Chlamydia, which often does not have any symptoms.

Clear

Clear vaginal discharge is typically normal. However, the amount may vary during a woman’s monthly menstrual cycle and between individuals.

For instance, clear discharge may be stretchy and have an egg white consistency around the time of ovulation.

Normal vaginal discharge does not need to be prevented. However, taking the following precautions can sometimes prevent abnormal discharge:

• Avoid douching, which can destroy the good bacteria that help prevent vaginal infections.
• Wear cotton underwear, which absorbs moisture and may prevent a yeast infection.
• Practice safe sex by using a condom, limiting the number of sexual partners, and getting tested regularly for STIs.
• Use unscented soaps, tampons, and pads. Scented or strong products may disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina, which can increase the risk of infection.

Share on PinterestAbnormal discharge may be a sign of infection and may require medical attention.

Vaginal discharge is often nothing to be concerned about, but there are times when changes in discharge can indicate a problem.

Different types of infections can have similar symptoms, but they are treated differently. It is essential to see a doctor if any of the following develops:

• green, yellow, or gray discharge
• vaginal itching or burning
• discharge that is frothy, foamy, or looks like cottage cheese
• a fishy or unpleasant odor
• pelvic pain

To determine the cause of abnormal discharge, the doctor may ask about any additional symptoms, a person’s general health, and their sexual history.

Treatment for the underlying cause of abnormal vaginal discharge will vary and may include antibiotics or antifungal medication.

Vaginal discharge is often normal, but there are instances when the color, amount, or consistency of discharge may indicate a problem.

Yeast infections, STIs, and BV can all lead to a change in vaginal discharge. In most cases, causes of abnormal vaginal discharge can be treated successfully.

Read this article in Spanish.

Vaginal discharge after taking antibiotics

Antibiotics are drugs prescribed for the treatment of complicated infectious diseases or diseases accompanied by purulent processes in the body. However, such funds have a strong blow to the body and can easily disable its work. A sign of this is atypical discharge from the vagina after taking antibiotics. They can be different – white, brown, bloody, yellow, scarce or plentiful, with or without a smell. But why is this happening? How does taking antibacterial drugs affect the functioning of the female reproductive organs? And what complications can lead to their use? You will learn about this and much more now.

Contents

1. 1 The effect of antibacterial drugs on the body
2. 2 Why does the nature of menstruation change after taking antibiotics?
3. 3 Atypical discharge outside of menstruation
4. 4 Antibiotics and pregnancy

The effect of antibacterial drugs on the body

Antibiotics contain substances that provide relief from a bacterial infection and prevent the development of complications against it. After the pathogenic bacteria die under the action of the active components of the drug, a kind of intoxication occurs in the body. It can proceed in different ways – for some it does not give any symptoms, for others it manifests itself as weakness, headaches, nausea, etc.

The active components of antibiotics have a detrimental effect not only on bacteria, but also on antibodies of the immune system, as a result of which they also die, which causes a decrease in immunity. Because of this, after a course of antibiotic therapy, a person becomes susceptible to frequent colds and attacks of allergic reactions.

As for women, the effect of these drugs also does not bypass reproductive functions. The appearance of atypical discharge in the middle of the cycle or scanty periods after antibiotics is not uncommon. This is due to the fact that the active components of such drugs adversely affect the vaginal microflora and can lead to an exacerbation of chronic diseases of the genital area, such as candidiasis or endometritis.

In addition, a violation of the vaginal microflora against the background of a decrease in immunity can cause an acceleration in the growth of neoplasms, which are often diagnosed in women of reproductive age on the ovaries, in the uterine cavity or cervix. And this, too, may be accompanied by the appearance of bloody or brown discharge that occurs on different days of the cycle. Therefore, if after taking antibiotics you have a change in the nature of the vaginal secret, you must definitely visit a doctor.

Why does my period change after taking antibiotics?

After a course of antibiotic therapy, a change in the nature of menstruation in women is often noted. This phenomenon is caused by:

• Decreased immunity.
• Changes in the vaginal microflora.
• Exacerbation of chronic diseases.
• The development of infectious diseases of the genital area, which is a frequent complication after taking antibiotics.

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At the same time, the periods themselves can become scarce or, conversely, abundant. And in the latter case, it is important to understand when bloody discharge is the norm, and when it is a pathology, because an abundant discharge of blood may indicate the opening of bleeding. Its main features are:

• The need to change sanitary napkins every 1-1.5 hours.
• The appearance of weakness, blanching of the skin, nausea, loss of consciousness, etc.

Important! If taking antibiotics provoked the appearance of profuse spotting, accompanied by the symptoms described above, you should immediately call an ambulance! If a woman is not provided with timely medical assistance, everything can end in death!

If, during menstruation after a course of antibiotic therapy, a woman begins to produce scanty brown discharge, this may indicate the growth of neoplasms in the cervical canal or uterus. Their increase blocks the cervix, disrupting the release of menstrual blood from the uterus. In this case, the woman needs an emergency operation, because if it is not done, against the background of a disturbed outflow of blood in the uterus, congestion may occur, which will cause the development of an abscess. Their main features are:

• weakness;
• abdominal pain;
• temperature;
• chills.

Not always a change in menstruation after a course of treatment is a consequence of the development of complications, but it is necessary to play it safe. To make sure that taking antibiotics has not led to serious consequences, you should definitely visit a doctor if you change the nature of menstruation.

Atypical discharge outside of menstruation

As already mentioned, antibacterial drugs have a negative effect on the vaginal microflora and contribute to the activation of pathogenic flora. And this, in turn, can cause the development of sexually transmitted diseases, especially if a woman, after a course of treatment, had unprotected sex. Among them are:

• Chlamydia.
• Mycoplasmosis.
• Gardenellosis.
• Herpes.
• Syphilis, etc.

Signs of their development are the following symptoms:

• Green or yellow vaginal discharge.
• Itching and burning in the intimate area.
• Pungent specific odor reminiscent of rotten fish or a missing egg.
• Hyperemia of the labia.
• Rash.

In this case, in order to understand what infection provoked the appearance of these symptoms, it is necessary to take a vaginal swab to determine the bacterial flora. It is taken in the gynecologist’s office during the examination or in the department of venereology. If the development of the infection is confirmed, the woman will need to undergo a course of treatment, which, oddly enough, requires the same antibiotics, but only a wide spectrum of action. In parallel with them, the doctor may prescribe immunostimulating drugs or vitamins. At the same time, a prerequisite for the treatment of such infections is a ban on sexual intercourse and simultaneous treatment of a partner.

White discharge with a curdled consistency or pink streaks, accompanied by itching and swelling of the labia, indicate the development of thrush (candidiasis). This disease is chronic and not only antibiotics can provoke its exacerbation, but also frequent stress, alcohol abuse, and non-compliance with personal hygiene rules.

The provocateur of the development of thrush is the Candida fungus, which is part of the opportunistic microflora, and therefore its treatment involves the use of antifungal drugs and the observance of a special diet that excludes dairy and sour-milk products from the diet of women, as well as bakery products containing yeast.

If candidiasis is in an advanced stage, the secreted vaginal secretion may become dark or light brown. This is due to the fact that the fungus reaches the deeper layers of the mucous membranes of the vagina, damaging them and their capillaries, as a result of which blood begins to be present in the secretions. And since its quantity is small and it quickly oxidizes under the action of oxygen, this gives it a brownish color.

Important! Thrush in an advanced stage can lead to serious health problems, including infertility. Therefore, if you have signs of the development of this disease and begin to smear brown from the vagina, you should immediately consult a doctor and undergo a full course of treatment.

Minor spotting after taking antibiotics can also begin against the background of an exacerbation of such gynecological diseases as:

• Endometriosis or adenometry.
• Polypos.
• Uterine fibroids.
• Uterine cancer.
• Cervicitis, etc.

In all these cases, the full course of treatment must also be completed to prevent serious complications. What it will be, only the doctor decides. In the event that a woman has rapidly increasing neoplasms, it may be necessary to perform an operation.

Antibiotics and pregnancy

Pregnant women are also not immune from diseases that require antibiotics to treat. And when they are taken, some complications may also arise. The most common of these is candidiasis. Unfortunately, in pregnant women, its exacerbation occurs often and without taking antibiotics. The danger of this disease in this case is that during the opening of labor, the infection can be transmitted to the newborn, provoking the development of health problems in him. Therefore, when primary signs of an exacerbation of candidiasis appear, a pregnant woman should visit a doctor as soon as possible.

In addition, do not forget that antibiotics cause a decrease in immunity, and this can lead to:

• Termination of pregnancy in the early stages.
• Fetal fading.
• Prematurity in late pregnancy.

Therefore, taking antibiotics during pregnancy is highly undesirable. But if they cannot be dispensed with, they should be taken only under the strict supervision of a physician, without exceeding the dosages and duration of the course of treatment.

Vaginal discharge (leucorrhoea): types, causes, treatment

How to understand how much vaginal discharge is normal and how much is not? What should a normal discharge look like? And are there signs by which a woman can immediately understand that it is time for her to make an appointment with a gynecologist?

Starting from the period of menarche (the arrival of the first menstruation) and ending with the postmenopausal period, leucorrhoea is normally present in all women ¹ .

Vaginal secretions are a way to protect against infections by moisturizing and “cleansing” the vagina of germs, old cells and mucus. The nature of the discharge depends on both internal and external factors: age, phase of the menstrual cycle and fluctuations in the level of sex hormones, pregnancy, menopause, sexual activity, taking antibiotics or hormonal drugs, the presence of chronic diseases and stress ^1.2 .

It is known that the main signs of disease in the vagina begin when pathogenic microorganisms infect its epithelial cells. One of the protective mechanisms on the part of the vagina is the formation of a so-called physical barrier on the surface of epithelial cells – a layer of mucus and secretions rich in immunoglobulins – protective proteins that are produced by immune cells and other components ^1-3 .

Types of vaginal discharge

Normal vaginal discharge

There are a number of signs that a woman can be sure that her discharge is normal.

The amount of discharge: is normally insignificant. Almost throughout the entire cycle, the volume of secretions approximately corresponds to 1 tsp. (up to 5 ml). In the middle of the cycle, the amount of discharge can be increased, but this is of a short-term nature.

Discharge color: transparent, translucent in the first phase of the cycle or whitish (sometimes with a slight yellowish tint) in the second phase of the cycle closer to menstruation.

Consistency: normal discharge is homogeneous, without any impurities and components (no large lumps, streaks or traces of blood). Most often they are mucous, in the middle of the cycle (during the period of ovulation) the mucus can acquire viscous properties (similar to raw egg white). By the end of the cycle after ovulation, the discharge may become thicker and creamy in consistency.

Smell: normal leucorrhea has a slightly acidic odor or no odor at all ^{1. 4} .

The nature of the discharge, as a rule, changes during the menstrual cycle, but in the absence of diseases, they never lose the properties characteristic of normal discharge.

Signs of abnormal discharge in the intimate area

Any vaginal discharge should always be compared with the standard of normal discharge. This is convenient for both the doctor and the woman herself.

Pathological discharges that occur in various gynecological diseases are characterized by the following symptoms:

• The amount of discharge: in a number of gynecological diseases, the discharge often becomes abundant, their number increases and does not change throughout the menstrual cycle (more than 5 ml). Sometimes the discharge becomes so much that you have to change daily pads several times. At the same time, a woman is haunted by a feeling of constant moisture in the genital area, which brings significant discomfort.
• There are infections, such as chlamydia, where the amount of discharge can change throughout the cycle. In this case, you should pay attention to additional signs: pain during urination, discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse, pain in the lower abdomen.
• Color of discharge: the color of pathological leucorrhoea may be different. Whites with the presence of blood in them have a bright scarlet, dark or brown color. If such discharge appears outside the scheduled days of menstruation, then this may be due to a gynecological disease (endometriosis, a polyp in the uterus or cervix, cystic formations on the ovaries). Other reasons may be taking hormonal pills (including contraceptives) or setting up an intrauterine device, as a rule, this is temporary.
• Yellow or green vaginal discharge may be associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). For bacterial vaginosis – an infectious disease of the vagina – a dirty gray color is characteristic. Allocations with white large lumps, resembling cottage cheese, are characteristic of thrush.

The appearance of bleeding outside of menstruation always requires specialist advice and additional examination.

• Consistency: pathological secretions acquire a different consistency: watery, thick creamy, “curdled”.
• Smell: discharge from various diseases, as a rule, has an unpleasant, sometimes pungent odor ^1,4,5 .

Additional signs of the disease along with pathological discharge can be: itching, burning sensation, pain when urinating or during sexual intercourse, redness, swelling in the vulva.

Diagnosing the cause of vaginal discharge

Every woman should make an appointment with a gynecologist when abnormal discharge occurs. In addition to subjective signs that a woman herself can evaluate, there are also objective signs of the disease that the doctor reveals during the examination, as well as the results of mandatory laboratory diagnostics confirming a specific diagnosis.

Diagnosis of diseases of the vagina begins with an assessment of complaints at the doctor’s appointment. Already according to characteristic complaints, the doctor may suspect a particular disease.

Second stage of diagnostics

Examination by a gynecologist on a chair. The doctor can assess the degree of inflammation and the nature of the discharge, if any. Also, during the examination, the doctor takes a discharge from the vagina for further laboratory diagnosis.

Third diagnostic step

Laboratory examination of vaginal discharge. Using a microscope, the number of cells and the nature of the microflora of the vagina are determined. Additional laboratory tests may be performed to confirm an accurate diagnosis.

Additionally, according to the doctor’s prescription, in case of pathological discharge, instrumental methods of examination may be recommended – colposcopy (examination of the cervix and vagina under magnification using a colposcope) and ultrasound (ultrasound examination) of the pelvic organs ^5.6 .

Treatment of abnormal vaginal discharge

Complaints about vaginal discharge are the most frequent complaints at a gynecologist’s appointment.

Specific drugs for the treatment of pathological discharges are prescribed after a final diagnosis has been made.

Often there is a combination of pathogens of various diseases that cause pathological discharge from the vagina ^1,6,7 .

Preparations for the treatment of abnormal discharge are available in various forms: oral (capsules or tablets) or topical (vaginal suppositories or tablets, gels, creams, solutions).

The most common treatment for abnormal vaginal discharge is topical agents that are inserted into the vagina. When using local preparations, the medicine enters directly into the focus of inflammation.

Given that vaginal discharge is often a sign of a combination of several diseases (for example, a combination of bacterial vaginosis and thrush caused by fungi), it is preferable to consider drugs with a wide spectrum of action, that is, those that can cause the death of several types of microorganisms at once.

Betadine® Suppositories in the treatment of diseases with pathological discharge

Betadine ^® is a drug that acts on a wide range of microorganisms: fungi (cause of thrush), gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (cause of inflammation in the vagina ( vaginitis) and bacterial vaginosis) and a number of other microorganisms.

For abnormal vaginal discharge, use Betadine ^® in the form of vaginal suppositories. With the introduction of one suppository from the main active ingredient (povidone-iodine), from 18 to 24 mg of active iodine is released, which has a strong effect on pathogenic microbes, contributes to their destruction. Most pathogens die within 1 minute after being exposed to iodine ⁸ .

Indications for the use of suppositories Betadine ^® are acute or chronic vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis (caused by Gardnerella vaginalis), candidiasis, infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis (trichomoniasis). Vaginal infections after antibiotic or steroid therapy. Another indication is the prevention of various infections during surgical interventions in gynecology.

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It should be remembered that for the use of Betadine ^® containing an iodine compound, there are a number of restrictions: the period of bearing a child and the period of breastfeeding, the presence of any dysfunction of the thyroid gland, a also hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

In acute vaginitis, as a rule, 1 suppository Betadine 9 is prescribed0164 ® overnight in the vagina for 7 days. In more severe situations, treatment can be continued for another 7 days ⁸ .

Prevention of pathological vaginal discharge

Many infectious and inflammatory diseases are accompanied by pathological discharge and disturbance of the vaginal microflora. It is important to observe the following prevention rules:

• Refuse casual sex and frequent change of sexual partners
• Observe proper intimate hygiene
• limit the uncontrolled use of antibiotics, glucocorticoids and hormonal drugs without existing indications
• do not wear close synthetic clothing
• to treat exacerbations of chronic diseases in a timely manner (for example, control the level of glucose in the blood in diabetes)

,

• Timely treat any gynecological pathology 9000 8
• Regularly attend preventive examinations by a gynecologist

Frequently asked questions

Is it necessary to treat a sexual partner if a woman has abnormal leucorrhoea?

If any pathological discharge occurs in a woman, it is necessary to consult a gynecologist. Depending on what specific disease is detected during the examination of a woman, it is recommended for her partner to consult an andrologist and conduct the necessary examination. Treatment of both sexual partners does not occur in all cases of the appearance of pathological discharge in a woman. This is decided individually depending on the clinical situation.

Can spotting appear in the middle of the cycle? And repeat almost every month?

The appearance of bleeding in the middle of the cycle is sometimes a normal sign of completed ovulation (the release of the egg from the ovary and its readiness for fertilization). At the same time, a woman, as a rule, also feels other signs of ovulation – more abundant mucous secretions (similar to raw egg protein), minor pains in the lower abdomen (sometimes only on one side), an increase in sexual desire. The discharge itself is not abundant, but rather streaks of blood or slight spotting, which are not accompanied by pathological signs, do not have a pungent odor and are short-lived (literally 1, maximum 2 days). In any case, the appearance of bloody discharge from the vagina outside of menstruation requires a full-time visit to the doctor.

Bloody discharge only after intercourse what can it indicate? Is this the norm?

The appearance of blood can be observed after the first sexual intercourse in a woman’s life. If we are talking about a different situation, then such spotting is not the norm. Often this is associated with inflammatory processes, in particular with cervicitis (inflammation in the cervix). A woman with similar symptoms should see a doctor.

Molchanov Oleg Leonidovich

Gynecologist, reproductive specialist, doctor of medical sciences.

Read on topic

Bacterial vaginosis

Almost 90% of cases of pathological discharge in women are diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis. Why does this disease occur and how is it treated?

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Vaginitis suppositories

Treatment of vaginitis with local preparations in the form of vaginal suppositories. How to choose suppositories for inflammation in the vagina?

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Povidone iodine

Characteristics and properties of povidone-iodine. What is povidone-iodine used for? Instructions for use of the solution, ointment, suppositories Betadine ^® with povidone-iodine.

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References

1. Savelyeva G. M., Sukhikh G. T., Serov V. N., Radzinsky V. E. National guide “Gynecology” // GEOTAR-Media 2020, Moscow.
2. Clinical guidelines “Inflammatory diseases of the cervix, vagina, vulva”// ROAG, 2021.
3. Petersen E.E. Infections in obstetrics and gynecology // MEDpress inform, Moscow 2007.
4. Clinical recommendations “Chlamydial infection” dated 17.02.2021.
5. Clinical guidelines “Gonococcal infection” 2021.
6. Clinical guidelines “Urogenital trichomoniasis” 2021.
7. Clinical guidelines “Anogenital herpetic viral infection” 2021.
8. Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases accompanied by pathological discharge from the female genital tract, 2019.