Can diabetics donate blood. How does diabetes affect organ donation. What factors influence blood glucose meter accuracy at high altitudes. How can diabetics improve wound healing. What are the criteria for diabetics to donate blood.

Blood Donation Eligibility for Diabetics

Many diabetics wonder if they can contribute to blood banks. The good news is that individuals with diabetes can indeed donate blood, provided they meet specific criteria:

• Controlled blood sugar levels
• Good overall health
• Blood pressure below 180/100
• No anemia (adequate red blood cell count)

However, it’s important to note that blood banks conduct additional screening tests and questionnaires to determine donor eligibility. One particular exclusion criterion is the use of bovine insulin since 1980, due to potential risks associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Preparing for Blood Donation as a Diabetic

If you’re eligible to donate blood, consider these tips to ensure a smooth experience:

1. Eat a nutritious meal before donating
2. Increase fluid intake to compensate for blood loss
3. Avoid caffeinated beverages on donation day
4. Consume iron-rich foods (e.g., spinach, kale, lean red meat) around the time of donation
5. Steer clear of fatty foods that may interfere with eligibility tests

Organ Donation for Diabetics: Opportunities and Limitations

Organ donation is a noble act that can save lives. While diabetics face some restrictions, they still have opportunities to contribute. Here’s what you need to know:

Living Organ Donation

Unfortunately, diabetics are generally excluded from being living organ donors. This restriction is due to several factors:

• Diabetes affects vital organs such as the kidneys and pancreas
• Increased surgical risks for diabetic donors
• Potential long-term health complications for the donor

Deceased Organ Donation

The good news is that diabetics can still be organ donors after death. Each organ is evaluated individually, and many body parts unaffected by diabetes can be used to save or improve lives. Transplantable organs and tissues include:

• Heart
• Lungs
• Kidneys
• Pancreas
• Liver
• Intestines
• Skin
• Cartilage
• Tendons
• Corneas
• Veins
• Heart valves

Wound Healing Challenges for Diabetics

Diabetics often struggle with slow-healing wounds, particularly on their feet. This issue arises from several factors:

• Increased susceptibility to infections
• Poor blood circulation
• Potential nutritional deficiencies
• Impaired immune response due to high glucose levels
• Rigid cell walls hindering oxygen and nutrient flow

Strategies to Improve Wound Healing in Diabetics

To address these challenges, diabetics can take several proactive steps:

1. Conduct daily examinations of hands, feet, and insulin injection sites
2. Seek immediate medical attention for concerning areas
3. Avoid putting pressure on wounds, especially on the feet
4. Maintain proper nutrition and hydration
5. Keep blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible
6. Follow up closely with a doctor or wound specialist
7. Apply prescribed antibiotic ointments or take oral antibiotics if needed
8. Keep wounds moist to promote healing

Blood Glucose Meter Accuracy at High Altitudes

Living at high altitudes can indeed affect blood glucose meter readings. This is a concern for diabetics residing in mountainous regions or those who frequently travel to high-altitude destinations.

Factors Influencing Meter Accuracy at High Altitudes

Several factors can contribute to inaccurate readings at elevated locations:

• Reduced atmospheric pressure
• Changes in blood oxygen levels
• Altered enzyme activity in test strips
• Variations in humidity and temperature

Ensuring Accurate Readings at High Altitudes

To maintain the reliability of your blood glucose measurements at high altitudes, consider these strategies:

1. Consult with your healthcare provider about altitude-specific adjustments
2. Use a meter designed for high-altitude use
3. Calibrate your meter more frequently
4. Compare readings with laboratory tests when possible
5. Be aware of potential discrepancies and monitor for symptoms of hypo- or hyperglycemia

Managing Type 2 Diabetes: Beyond Blood Sugar Control

While maintaining optimal blood glucose levels is crucial for diabetics, comprehensive management of Type 2 diabetes involves addressing multiple aspects of health and lifestyle:

Diet and Nutrition

A balanced diet plays a vital role in managing Type 2 diabetes. Consider these dietary guidelines:

• Focus on low glycemic index foods
• Incorporate plenty of fiber-rich vegetables and fruits
• Choose lean proteins and healthy fats
• Monitor carbohydrate intake
• Stay hydrated with water and unsweetened beverages

Regular Physical Activity

Exercise is essential for diabetes management. Aim for a combination of aerobic activities and strength training:

• Engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week
• Incorporate resistance training 2-3 times per week
• Choose activities you enjoy to maintain long-term consistency
• Monitor blood glucose levels before, during, and after exercise

Stress Management

Chronic stress can negatively impact blood glucose levels. Implement stress-reduction techniques such as:

• Mindfulness meditation
• Deep breathing exercises
• Yoga or tai chi
• Regular relaxation practices
• Engaging in hobbies or activities you enjoy

Complications of Type 2 Diabetes: Prevention and Early Detection

Type 2 diabetes can lead to various complications if not properly managed. Understanding these potential issues and taking preventive measures is crucial for long-term health:

Cardiovascular Complications

Diabetics are at increased risk for heart disease and stroke. To minimize these risks:

• Monitor and control blood pressure
• Manage cholesterol levels through diet and medication if necessary
• Quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Take prescribed medications as directed

Diabetic Neuropathy

Nerve damage is a common complication of diabetes. To prevent or manage neuropathy:

• Keep blood glucose levels within target range
• Perform regular foot examinations
• Wear comfortable, well-fitting shoes
• Seek immediate medical attention for any foot injuries or infections
• Consider physical therapy or prescribed medications for pain management

Diabetic Retinopathy

To protect your vision and prevent diabetic eye disease:

• Schedule regular eye exams with an ophthalmologist
• Maintain stable blood glucose and blood pressure levels
• Report any changes in vision promptly
• Consider laser treatments or other interventions if recommended by your eye specialist

Emerging Treatments and Technologies for Type 2 Diabetes

The field of diabetes management is constantly evolving, with new treatments and technologies offering improved care options:

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Systems

CGM devices provide real-time glucose data, allowing for more precise management:

• Reduces the need for frequent finger pricks
• Helps identify glucose trends and patterns
• Enables faster response to hypo- or hyperglycemia
• Improves overall glycemic control

Artificial Pancreas Systems

These closed-loop systems combine CGM with insulin pumps for automated glucose management:

• Adjusts insulin delivery based on real-time glucose readings
• Reduces the burden of constant diabetes management
• Improves nighttime glucose control
• Potentially reduces the risk of long-term complications

Novel Medications

New classes of drugs offer additional options for managing Type 2 diabetes:

• GLP-1 receptor agonists: Improve glucose control and may aid in weight loss
• SGLT2 inhibitors: Lower blood glucose and offer cardiovascular benefits
• Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonists: Provide enhanced glycemic control
• Oral semaglutide: Offers a non-injectable GLP-1 option

As research continues, these and other emerging treatments promise to further improve the lives of individuals with Type 2 diabetes.

The Importance of Mental Health in Diabetes Management

Living with Type 2 diabetes can take a toll on mental health. Addressing psychological aspects is crucial for comprehensive diabetes care:

Depression and Anxiety

Diabetics are at higher risk for mental health issues. To address this:

• Be aware of symptoms such as persistent sadness, loss of interest, or excessive worry
• Seek professional help if you experience these symptoms
• Consider cognitive-behavioral therapy or other forms of counseling
• Explore support groups for individuals with diabetes
• Discuss potential medication options with your healthcare provider if needed

Diabetes Distress

Many diabetics experience emotional burden related to managing their condition. To cope with diabetes distress:

• Communicate openly with your healthcare team about your concerns
• Set realistic goals and celebrate small victories
• Practice self-compassion and avoid self-blame
• Engage in stress-reducing activities
• Connect with others who understand the challenges of living with diabetes

Building a Support Network

A strong support system can greatly improve diabetes management and quality of life:

• Educate family and friends about diabetes and its management
• Join local or online diabetes support groups
• Consider working with a diabetes educator or health coach
• Participate in community events focused on diabetes awareness and education
• Volunteer or become an advocate for diabetes-related causes

By addressing mental health alongside physical health, individuals with Type 2 diabetes can achieve better overall well-being and more effective disease management.

Living with Type 2 Diabetes

Q. 1 I am 42 years old, and I have diabetes. Can I donate blood or become an organ donor?

— Annette, New Jersey

How wonderful it is that you are thinking about donating blood or an organ. It is a constant struggle for the blood banks and transplant centers to maintain an adequate supply.

The answer to your question is not the same for both organ and blood donation, so I will first address blood donation. Yes, you can donate blood, if you meet the following criteria:

• Your sugar level is controlled.
• You are in good health.
• Your blood pressure is below 180/100.
• You are not anemic (low red blood cells).

The blood banks usually check for donor eligibility through a series of other questions and tests, so keep in mind that you might still be disqualified. For example, if you have received bovine (beef) insulin since 1980, you may not be eligible to donate. That’s because some bovine insulin was made from cattle in the United Kingdom and might carry Creutzfeldt-Jakob (or “mad cow”) disease.

If you are eligible to donate, make sure you have an adequate meal, drink extra fluids to replace the volume being removed, and stay away from caffeinated beverages on the day of your donation. Around that date, it’s important to eat iron-rich foods (such as spinach, kale, and lean red meat). And as always, stay away from fatty foods, which might affect some of the tests done to determine eligibility.

Regarding organ donation, let me give you some general information. There are various organs and tissues in the human body that can be transplanted to save lives or cure illnesses. The heart, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, liver, and intestines can be donated. Besides organs, we can donate tissues such as skin, cartilage, tendons, corneas, veins, and heart valves.

Q. 2 What can I do to help with the healing of cuts? I have type 2 diabetes and it seems to take forever for any wounds to heal.

— Sally, New York

You raise an important issue. Wounds are more difficult to heal in people with diabetes for various reasons: Wounds are infected quite easily; blood circulation to the wound might be poor; some diabetics might have nutritional deficits; and often wounds are managed poorly. More importantly, having high glucose levels causes poor immune response and makes the cell walls become rigid. As a result, the flow of much-needed oxygen and nutrients is impaired. Feet in particular are more vulnerable to wounds that heal poorly, especially among diabetics who have lost sensation due to nerve damage.

My first recommendation is to examine your hands, feet, and other vulnerable areas such as insulin injection sites daily for any sign of early skin breaks. Second, if you have identified worrisome areas, seek immediate medical attention. A callus or scrape on your feet, and especially any sign of infection in the toe webs (the connective skin between your toes) should be taken care of early by a foot specialist or your doctor. This is a very important step to prevent the development of ulcers or a skin infection called cellulitis. Third, if you have a skin break on your feet, try to stay off your feet. If you have a wound anywhere else, prevent pressure that will further compromise blood circulation. Fourth, always maintain adequate nutrition and hydration. Fifth, and most importantly, maintain a close-to-normal glucose level.

Once you have an ulcer, close follow-up with your doctor or a wound specialist is important. You might need to apply an antibiotic ointment or take an antibiotic pill if the wound is infected. Also, the wound should be kept moist. Finally, your doctor might prescribe other agents that are applied to the wound to speed up healing.

The donation of an organ can be life saving for many people in need, and tissue transplantation can give them a chance to see, walk, or otherwise have a second chance at life. One can be a living donor or donate after death. Live donors, for example, can give a kidney or a part of their liver. Diabetics are excluded from being living donors, though. Here’s why: Diabetes impacts the kidneys, the pancreas, and other organs, and the procedure exposes the donor to surgical risks. However, you are eligible to donate your organs after death. This is because each organ is evaluated on a case-by-case basis and many parts of the body not affected by diabetes can be used to sustain life.

Q. 3 I’ve just read about how you can get false readings at high altitudes. I’ve been a type 2 diabetic for more than three years now and do keep my A1C at a very good level, and I’m well within my weight range. I’ve lived at a high altitude over seven years now and would hope that I’m getting the proper reading. Is it true that altitude can affect your readings?

— Joan, Colorado

Yes, it is true, and you are right to be concerned about the accuracy of your glucose meter readings. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is a very important aspect of managing your diabetes. You should know that the performance of the device you use is affected by a number of factors: altitude, humidity, temperature, oxygen saturation of blood, low atmospheric pressure, and a change in red blood cell count, as well as errors by the user. Some devices underestimate or overestimate the sugar level. Others have been shown to give accurate measurements at high-altitude places similar to Penrose, located at or above 6,000 feet.

You have been using your glucose meter for the last three years and have maintained good control. This probably means the device is giving you accurate or very close to accurate readings, or you have found the correlation between the glucometer readings and your hemoglobin A1C levels. The manufacturers of the devices can give you performance-related information on the specific glucometer you are currently using.

In general, the difference in performance at high altitudes for many of the devices is small and not detrimental. However, if you find a discrepancy between your glucometer readings and your hemoglobin A1C values, then you must start troubleshooting and consider that a possible cause for the discrepancy may be high altitude.

Try the printable Diabetes Glucose Log (PDF) right here on Everyday Health if you need help keeping track of your values.

Q. 4 There is a history of diabetes in my family, and I’ve been worried about getting it. Now my older sister just got diagnosed, and I feel it’s hit my generation for the first time. I’m a little overweight but not too much, and I try to watch what I eat. Is there a specific diet I should try to follow so that I don’t end up getting diabetes, too?

— Susan, New York

Congratulations! First, you recognize the predisposition you carry to the disease. Second, you are motivated to beat the odds. The good news is that there is something you can do to prevent diabetes. Two recent large studies have found that healthy habits can stave off diabetes among those who are at risk. These habits include eating a balanced diet, getting regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight. Of course, I understand if your eyes are glazing over, since this is the same mantra for everything from improving skin health to reducing the risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. But seriously, a healthful diet should accomplish several things:

1. Provide an adequate amount of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and essential fatty acids
2. Help you lose weight
3. Be pleasing to your palate
4. Be a plan that you can maintain for the rest of your life.

There are many registered dietitians who can help design a plan for you. The specific composition of a diet that meets your body’s needs depends on your age, current health condition, and health risks, including diabetes. But simply put, if you make sure that every meal contains a variety of sources of vitamins and minerals, two of your meals contain one source of protein, and you use olive or canola oil (in lieu of animal fat), you should be able to meet most of your needs.

A quick way to ensure that you are consuming all that your body needs is to make your plate as colorful as you can. The colors of vegetables and fruits are an indication of the different vitamins they contain. You should also think outside the box when it comes to protein sources, which should include not only animal products such as meat, chicken, fish, cheese, milk, and eggs but also plant-based products such as soybeans/tofu, nuts, and legumes. Generally, the more plant-based protein sources you ingest, the fewer calories you consume.

While you concentrate on including vitamins, minerals, and proteins in your diet, you mustn’t forget that carbohydrates matter. We need carbohydrates as energy sources, and whole grains as a source of various vitamins and fiber. There are two categories of carbohydrates: simple and complex. If you remember anything, remember this: Avoid simple carbohydrates such as white bread, white-flour pasta, cakes, candy, and table sugar. Instead, focus on fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain products that contain complex carbohydrates and are a great source of energy.

More words to the wise: Don’t forget to pay attention to portion sizes and cooking methods, as both are very important in limiting caloric intake. Again, you must determine the amount of energy you need to reach your ideal body weight and adjust your caloric intake accordingly. A registered dietitian can help, but the rule of thumb is that regular exercise is key to maintaining weight loss and reducing sugar levels.

I know I have given you a general guide instead of a specific diet, in the hope that you can craft a plan that meets your particular needs, and one that you can maintain over the course of your life. Diabetes risk is a lifelong risk, and the changes you make in your diet and exercise plan should be long-term behavioral adaptations. Remember — an overall healthy diet, good weight maintenance, and regular exercise are key in reducing the odds of developing diabetes.

Learn more in the Everyday Health Type 2 Diabetes Center.

Diabetes Week: One in five think people with diabetes cannot join organ register

Over a fifth of people think that people with diabetes cannot join the organ donation register, according to a new survey commissioned by Diabetes UK.

The YouGov survey of 2,334 adults revealed that 22 per cent of people incorrectly thought people with diabetes cannot join the register. In reality having a medical condition, such as diabetes, does not prevent a person from becoming an organ or tissue donor.

The survey revealed there are still lots of misconceptions about how having diabetes restricts people from doing things. More than one in 10 people (13 per cent) thought people with diabetes were not allowed to become a fire fighter, while almost a third of people (29 per cent) thought people with the condition cannot eat sweets. 

In fact, people with diabetes can include treats such as sweets and chocolates in their diet, but like everyone else, they shouldensure their overall diet is well balanced and healthy by eating less fat, sugar and salt and eating plenty of fruit and vegetables. Some people with diabetes use sweets to raise their blood glucose levels if they fall too low. 

The survey also contained some encouraging news, showing that 46 per cent of people did not think there was anything that people with diabetes would not be able to do.  

The research has been released to mark the start ofDiabetes Week, which this year is focused on dispelling the myth that having diabetes stops people living normal and happy lives. The theme for the week is ‘I can’, and Diabetes UK is encouraging people with diabetes to use social media to share their stories of living with the condition. 

“Diabetes Week will celebrate those people who have changed ‘you can’t’ into ‘I can’ “

Barbara Young, Chief Executive of Diabetes UK, said: “People with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are all too often told ‘you can’t’. There are many myths surrounding diabetes that can get in the way, and the fact that many people still think that people with diabetes cannot join the organ register, eat sweets or become a firefighter shows that there is still a long way to go before we explode these myths.

“This is why we want this year’sDiabetes Weekto focus on the positive stories of people overcoming the challenges of the condition to celebrate those people who have changed ‘you can’t’ into ‘I can’.  

“There are countless men, women, and children who have the condition but overcome hurdles every day to get the most out of their lives. You only have to look at the examples of Steve Redgrave and Theresa May to see people with the condition not letting it hold them back.

“As well as celebrating the achievements of people with diabetes, we want to use the week to call for the NHS and the Government to do more to empower people with the condition. There are far too many people not being offered the diabetes educationthat can give them the tools they need to manage their own condition. We need to make sure everyone gets access to this education, as it can make a real difference to giving people the best possible chance of a long and healthy life.

“We also still hear from people with diabetes who say that they do not feel involved inplanning their own care. This is despite strong evidence that giving people greater control over how their condition is managed improves their health outcomes. ”

E-newsletter

Pancreas Donors: A Key to a Diabetes Cure?

If you haven’t heard of the JDRF Network for the Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes aka nPOD, you will. nPOD is not just a research lab or a clearing house for pancreas tissue from donors with diabetes, it’s on the front lines to finding a cure.

Last December, during the International Diabetes Federation World Diabetes Congress in Vancouver, British Columbia, Mark Atkinson, PhD, director of the Diabetes Institute at the University of Florida, Gainesville, presented results from collaborative studies on viruses’ roles in the development of type 1 diabetes.

The objective of this work, he says, was to seek evidence of viral infections in the etiology of type 1 diabetes, and that investigators had “obtained reproducible data further supporting a potential association of viruses or other environmental agents with type 1 diabetes.” An important finding, to be sure, since that could potentially mean the first step in a cure or vaccine for type 1 diabetes.

But what’s also interesting, beyond the finding itself, is the method of obtaining said data – the JDRF Network for the Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes (nPOD), of which Atkinson is the executive director together with Alberto Pugilese, MD. nPOD collects pancreata and other tissues from patients with type 1 diabetes, and disseminates those tissues to approved investigators around the world, with one of the main goals being collaborative research using real-time data sharing. Next year will mark nPOD’s 10th anniversary, and the group is currently tracking more than 180 projects in 19 countries.

“The disease is still killing, and believe me when you get a phone call at three in the morning and they tell you a 12-year-old girl died because of diabetes, it breaks your heart.” – Alberto Pugliese, MD, co-executive director, JDRF Network for the Pancreatic Organ Donor with Diabetes (nPOD)

Atkinson explains that about 2.5 million people die in the U. S. each year, and of those, around 100,000 become some sort of tissue donor. Of those, 9,000 become solid organ donors and 5,000 of those donate their organs to research. All of this is overseen by 58 Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs) around the country. The nPOD staff is on call 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year, for obvious reasons. “We at nPOD have relationships with nearly all of these [OPOs] to the point if someone is an organ donor with type 1 diabetes (or diabetes of another form) and is willing to donate their organs to research, we receive a call,” he says.

The University of Florida is the central hub for tissue collection, and the tissues are transplantable quality and are handled as if they are being transplanted into someone. Investigators who want to use these tissues submit an application, are approved by a scientific committee (comprising some of the top diabetes researchers) based on what they want to study, publish papers, and supply their raw data back to nPOD. All tissues are provided free to investigators with, as Atkinson says, “the hope that major lessons will be learned.”

Playing Catch Up

When nPOD started in 2007, one of its missions was to prove that viable, high-quality pancreata could be obtained from organ donors that were suitable for research about type 1 diabetes. Biopsy of the pancreas in living patients is not practiced because it’s a surgery with potential for complications, and thus organ donors are the only other possible source of human pancreata with type 1 diabetes. Mouse models and in vitro models provide important data, but clinical and translational trials have had limited success; moreover, there are critical questions about the causes and molecular basis of the disease that mouse models cannot answer. Atkinson says that the diabetes-related community had previously elected to deemphasize attempts to study human tissues, especially the pancreas. “I really believe we find ourselves in the current state of diabetes care and research (type 1 and 2) because we have, for decades, ignored what other fields have placed emphasis on, be it psoriasis (autoimmunity) or cancer — that is, on studies of human tissues,” he says. “Pathology is a fundamental basis of medicine but we, as a community, have seen aversion to such notions and placed them elsewhere. With this, we have fallen behind other diseases.”

nPOD currently has tissue samples from 406 pancreata, including 141 from donors who had type 1 diabetes, 41 from donors who had type 2 diabetes, and 160 controls. The tissue samples are collected and stained for various markers, and then converted to digital slides, and stored in an online database. Investigators can access the database and see cases based on different demographics, clinical histories, and histopathological features that characterize each particular pancreas. “They can select cases based on all of this information to choose ones that are better fits for their studies,” says Irina Kusmartseva, PhD, director of nPOD’s Organ Processing and Pathology Core (OPPC).

“This is the first time that the type 1 diabetes community has come together to recover and study the tissues directly involved at the site of autoimmune destruction, the pancreas, and the surrounding lymphoid tissue,” says David M. Harlan, MD, chief of the Diabetes Division at the University of Massachusetts School of Medicine.

So nPOD is providing human tissues to investigators with an interest in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, but these human tissue samples are limited, again, for obvious reasons. Collecting samples from a donor around the time of diagnosis is very difficult, because, fortunately, most people no longer die soon after a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. “Incidentally,” says Alberto Pugliese, MD, co-executive director of nPOD, “that is the pancreas that everybody wants [to study]. We have a few of those, but by necessity, we have a limited supply.”

But this predicament also led to an opportunity for nPOD and the researchers who utilize these tissue samples – collaborative science using the same materials. It’s a different scenario than say, a researcher taking 10 blood samples and 10 controls and publishing the findings, and then another researcher taking 10 different blood samples and 10 different controls and publishing those findings. “When you have studies where multiple people can look at the same patient, at the same samples, I think you can make a lot more sense of what you’re looking at,” Pugliese says.

Atkinson and Pugliese act as managers for the almost 200 ongoing projects around the world. Neither is very hands on with the research projects. Rather, they act as advocates for all nPOD efforts, attracting researchers who may be working on interesting studies, overseeing the application process for the pancreata (“It’s not like going to the supermarket,” Pugliese says), and encouraging investigators to collaborate with one another. Pugliese is very active in promoting collaboration, the formation of working groups, and in helping nPOD investigators obtain funds for the research. For example, he has obtained funds from both the JDRF and the Helmsley Charitable Trust to support collaborative research conducted by nPOD investigators.

Getting Involved
If you are a medical professional and become aware of the death or impending death of a patient near the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, you could help by involving your local OPO and/or by contacting nPOD, 24/7. The OPO has professionals who can discuss the option of organ donation with the family and work routinely with nPOD. Interested investigators can become part of one of nPOD’s Working Groups:

• nPOD-V (Viral), formed to investigate the role of viruses in T1D;
• nPOD-A (Autoimmunity), which studies autoimmune responses through the pancreas and lymphoid tissues;
• nPOD-ECM (Extracellular Matrix), focused on whether islet and lymph node extracellular matrix components are involved in T1D;
• nPOD-T (Transplantation), which studies transplanted human pancreatic tissues;
• nPOD-O (Omics), which looks at genetic factors with genomics, genetic expression, and epigenetic approaches; and
• nPOD Pancreas Slices Group, which is developing novel methods to conduct ex-vivo manipulation and functional analysis of pancreas slices.

For more information on nPOD, visit jdrfnpod.org. You can also call (352) 273-8277 or email [email protected]. To refer a potential organ donor, please call 866-731-6585, 24/7.

Sorting Cells

In fact, one example of this collaboration comes from Harlan’s institution, where he and his colleague Sally Kent, MD, both have ongoing projects with tissues provided by nPOD. Kent has been working with nPOD since the beginning and is currently studying a number of things. One is to look at B lymphocyte phenotype and function, the cells that secrete autoantibodies and also participate in antigen presentation to stimulate T cells. Another is to study the T cells that are the final killers of the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Kent pioneered and continues studies of such cells isolated from the spleen and pancreatic draining lymph nodes (PLN) from control donors and from donors with type 1 diabetes. More recently, she and several of her nPOD colleagues have studied T cells that are present in inflammatory lesions of the pancreatic islets in type 1 diabetes.

Harlan says that he and Kent receive aliquots of isolated islets from nPOD that are also shared with multiple other investigators at several institutions. Kent has recovered live islet infiltrating T cells from these islets, and has expanded the T cells in culture to then determine the antigen target recognized by those T cells. Harlan’s team’s work has been focused on the endocrine cells within the isolated islets. They have developed techniques to break the islets up into their individual cellular components, then sort those single cells into their various cell subsets – insulin-producing beta-cells, glucagon-producing alpha-cells, and somatostatin producing delta cells. Then, using Next Generation RNA sequencing, they have been able to determine the gene expression of those individual cell subsets to compare, for instance, the beta-cell transcriptome found in individuals with type 1 diabetes with that found in age-similar control individuals. “These kinds of studies have only been technically possible within the past few years,” Harlan says.

“Looking at the endocrine cells from donors with type 1 diabetes, we are finding that insulin producing beta-cells can be isolated several years after disease diagnosis,” he continues, “and are just beginning to understand how the immune and metabolic stress on those cells influences their gene expression patterns. ”

Harlan says that his team is pursuing gene expression patterns found within donor endocrine cells. “The hope is that we’ll uncover therapeutic targets to either weaken the T cells that are killing the pancreatic beta-cells, or find a gene expression pattern that protects those cells from dysfunction and death,” he says.

Pursuing a Cure

Of course, the main goal of nPOD — and all the researchers the group supports — is finding a cure for type 1 diabetes. No one knows when this breakthrough will come, but nPOD’s work may hold the key. For Atkinson, the answer is to stop relying on what was taught decades ago, pointing to what nPOD has accomplished in just 10 years. “Moving forward, we see notions of big data, genetics, single cell technologies, and integration of clinical data and new and novel ways to represent the future for nPOD,” he says. “We believe this new generation of studies will be vital for efforts for disease prevention/cure.” He invites whoever reads this article to reach out to nPOD in order to identify ways to help them do what they do better. (See “Getting Involved” sidebar).

At a Glance:

– The JDRF Network for Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes (nPOD) collects pancreata and other tissues from people with T1D and distributes them to approved investigators.
– One of nPOD’s main goals is collaborative research; there are currently 180 projects in 19 countries using tissue samples provided by nPOD.
– The hope is to find a cure for T1D, since the very nature of nPOD is a reminder to all involved that many people still die from complications of T1D.

Kusmartseva says that by being able to look at the entire pancreas, they’re learning that type 1 diabetes is a heterogeneous disease. For example, they’ve learned that a child with type 1 diabetes still has a significant number of insulin-positive islets. They’ve also been able to look at type 1 diabetes-positive pancreata that have some areas totally devoid of beta-cells while other parts of the same pancreas look normal. “The big breakthrough would be finding a cure, and then we’d be out of business,” Kusmartseva says with a laugh. “But I wouldn’t mind.”

“Moving forward, we see notions of big data, genetics, single cell technologies, and integration of clinical data and new and novel ways to represent the future for nPOD. We believe this new generation of studies will be vital for efforts for disease prevention/cure.” – Mark Atkinson, PhD, director, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville

And again, it’s the collaborative nature of these projects that give hope to these investigators. “One never knows where the breakthrough to cure type 1 diabetes might come,” Harlan says, “but nPOD is certain to have played a role when that Holy Grail is found.”

Throughout the year, nPOD holds conference calls and webinars with the researchers, during which they discuss findings, what they want to work on next, and so on. So instead of all the researchers who shared the samples waiting for each other to be published, there’s real-time data sharing and peer review. Because of the very nature of nPOD, dealing with human tissues, donations that mean the worst has happened to someone — Pugliese sees this collaboration as a way of accelerating discovery, which means the sooner doctors can start saving lives. He’s one of the nPOD staff on call 24/7, in case a donation is ready to be made. “The disease is still killing,” he says, “and believe me when you get a phone call at three in the morning and they tell you a 12-year-old girl died because of diabetes, it breaks your heart.”
— Bagley is the associate editor of Endocrine News. He wrote about an encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma being classified as a non-cancerous thyroid tumor in the October issue.

Organ Donation Facts

At this moment, more than 113,000 people in the U.S. are waiting for an organ. One more person is added to the national waiting list every 10 minutes.

Each of these people is in desperate need of a kidney, liver, heart, or other organ. About 20 people a day in the U.S. die before that organ becomes available.

Organ donors are always in short supply. There are far more people in need of a transplant than there are people willing to donate an organ.

Most of the organs that are available come from deceased donors. When you fill out an organ donor card with your driver’s license, you’re agreeing to donate all or some of your organs if you die.

A smaller number of organs come from healthy people. More than 6,000 transplants from living donors are performed each year.

You might have wondered about donating an organ — either to a friend or relative who needs an organ right now, or by filling out an organ donor card. Before you decide to become an organ donor, here is some important information you need to consider.

Organ Donation: The Facts

Here are a few questions you might be asking if you’re considering organ donation:

Who can donate an organ?

Just about anyone, at any age, can become an organ donor. Anyone younger than age18 needs to have the consent of a parent or guardian.

For organ donation after death, a medical assessment will be done to determine what organs can be donated. Certain conditions, such as having HIV, actively spreading cancer, or severe infection would exclude organ donation.

Having a serious condition like cancer, HIV, diabetes, kidney disease, or heart disease can prevent you from donating as a living donor.

Let your transplant team know about any health conditions you have at the beginning of the process. Then they can decide whether you’re a good candidate.

Do my blood and tissue type have to match the recipient’s?

It’s easier to transplant an organ if the donor and recipient are a good match. The transplant team will give you a series of tests to determine whether your blood and tissue types are compatible with the recipient’s.

Some medical centers can transplant an organ even if the donor’s and recipient’s blood and tissue types don’t match. In that case, the recipient will receive special treatments to prevent their body from rejecting the donor organ.

How can I become an organ donor?

To donate your organs after death, you can either register with your state’s donor registry (visit OrganDonor.gov), or fill out an organ donor card when you get or renew your driver’s license.

To become a living donor, you can either work directly with your family member or friend’s transplant team, or contact a transplant center in your area to find out who’s in need of an organ.

With kidney transplants, it’s sometimes possible to do a “paired” kidney exchange. For instance, if someone wants to donate a kidney to a loved one but isn’t a match, they may be able to donate their kidney to someone else, and in turn their loved one gets a kidney that is a good match from another donor.

If I donate an organ, will I have health problems in the future?

Not necessarily. There are some organs you can give up all or part of without having long-term health issues. You can donate a whole kidney, or part of the pancreas, intestine, liver, or lung. Your body will compensate for the missing organ or organ part. As for kidneys, there is some data showing that kidney donors may be slightly more likely, over the long term, to develop high blood pressure, preeclampsia, and chronic kidney disease. But the data on that is limited and mixed. If donating an organ would put your health at risk in the short term or long term, then you would not be able to donate.

Will I be paid for donating an organ?

No. It’s illegal to pay someone for an organ. The transplant program, recipient’s insurance, or recipient should cover your expenses from tests and hospital costs related to a living organ donation. The transplant program can go over what coverage is available for additional medical services. Some or all of your travel costs may also be covered.

Will organ donation after death mean I can’t have an open-casket funeral?

No. The surgical cuts used for organ donation will all be closed.

Will my organ donation after death incur any costs to my family?

No. The costs of the tests and surgery related to the donation will be covered by the recipient — most often by the recipient’s insurance. Your medical care and funeral costs are paid for by your family.

Does signing a donor card have an impact on the quality of medical care I get at a hospital?

No. When you are in a life-threatening situation,

the medical team that is treating you is separate from the transplant team. Every effort to save your life will be made before an organ donation is considered.

Pros and Cons of Organ Donation

When you’re considering becoming a living organ donor, think very carefully about these pros and cons:

Pros. Probably the greatest benefit of organ donation is knowing that you’re saving a life. That life might be your partner, child, parent, brother or sister, a close friend, or even a stranger.

Cons. Organ donation is major surgery. All surgery comes with risks such as bleeding, infection, blood clots, allergic reactions, or damage to nearby organs and tissues.

Although you will have anesthesia during the surgery as a living donor, you can have pain while you recover. Pain and discomfort will vary depending on the type of surgery. And you may have visible, lasting scars from surgery.

It will take some time for your body to recover from surgery. You might have to miss work until you’re fully healed.

Should You Become an Organ Donor? Making the Decision

As you decide whether to donate an organ as a living donor, weigh the benefits and risks very seriously.

Get as much information as you can before making a decision. The transplant center should fully explain the organ donation process to you. You should also be assigned an independent donor advocate who will make sure you know your medical rights.

Make sure you ask a lot of questions throughout this process. It’s important for you to fully understand the surgery and how becoming an organ donor might affect your future health.

Finally, remember that this is your decision — yours alone. Don’t let anyone sway that decision. Even if a friend or loved one is very sick, you have to consider how donating an organ might affect your own life. Remember that even though the donation process has started, you have the right to stop it at any time if you change your mind.

Would Certain Conditions or Diseases Make You Ineligible to Donate?

Your age of health should not prevent you from registering as a donor. Most health conditions do NOT prevent donation and age is not a factor.

There are very few diseases that would make you ineligible to be an organ donor. Some severe infections, such as viral meningitis, active tuberculosis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob (Mad Cow) disease, and a few others would disqualify donation.

At the time of death, doctors determine whether you are medically suitable for donation. They evaluate each organ individually and even though some organs may be damaged, others might be healthy enough for transplant. For example, if someone passes away from a heart attack, they are not going to be able to donate their heart but they may be able to donate their kidneys and liver. Likewise, if a person has diabetes, they might not be able to donate their pancreas but may be able to donate their heart or lungs. Again, doctors will make decisions about what is safe to donate at the time of death.

People with conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes, or Hepatitis CAN sometimes donate their organs after death and save lives. It is even possible for individuals who are HIV-positive to donate to HIV-positive transplant candidates.

What’s a “Good” Organ?

Let’s say the heart of a 40-year-old male who had high blood pressure is available for transplant. After the database matches this donor with the safest recipients based on blood, tissue type, need, and location, two recipients are identified. Both are men experiencing heart failure, one is 25 years old and the other is 55. This would not be a “good” heart for a 25-year-old man, but this is a GREAT heart for a 55-year-old man whose heart is failing.

There Are Many Ways to Help

When people consider donation, they often think only of major organs that can be donated (heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas, and intestine). While these gifts are incredibly important for saving lives, other equally transformational gifts are often overlooked. Donated tissues like corneas, skin, veins, tendons, bone, heart valves and connective tissue are all essential and help in many ways:

• Heart valves can be transplanted to save the lives of children born with heart defects, and adults with damaged heart valves.
• Skin can be used as a natural dressing for people with serious burns. It can even save lives by stopping infections.
• Corneas can give someone with an eye injury or disease the ability to see again.
• Bone is important for people receiving artificial joint replacements, or replacing bone that has been removed due to illness or injury, for example in hand transplants.
• Tendons, the elastic-like cords that attach bones and muscles to each other, can be donated to help rebuild damaged joints and help someone walk again.

Most people can be tissue donors when they pass away.

Need for more organ donors, to help patients with diabetes

To mark World Diabetes Day (14th November) NHS Blood and Transplant is calling for more people to consider organ donation, in order to help more patients who are living with this condition.  

Last year, a total of 847 organ transplants were received by patients with diabetes. 313 (37%) of these went to patients with Type 1 diabetes and 251 (30%) to patients with Type 2. For the remainder, the type was unspecified. Of the 374 kidney transplants received by patients with diabetes, 296 came from a deceased donor and 78 came from a living donor.

As of 31st October 2019, approximately 1,000 people with diabetes are currently waiting for a transplant across the UK and of these, 82% (820) of these are waiting for a kidney, pancreas or islet transplant. The number waiting is up 14% from World Diabetes Day 2018, when the total stood at 876.

Sarah Jane Robinson, 47 from Bootle in Liverpool, received a kidney-pancreas transplant in July 2017 after waiting almost two years, as a result of her Type 1 diabetes. 

Sarah Jane began feeling unwell at the end of 2012 and in early 2013 it was discovered her kidney function was only 18%, and she was told she would need a transplant. 

Now, two years on from transplant, Sarah Jane is doing well and describes the transformation of her life since the operation as ‘miraculous.’ Before transplant she was on dialysis four times a day as well as reliant on insulin, and now thanks to her donor pancreas this is no longer needed, as her new pancreas now produces its own.   

Sarah Jane remains concerned that one day, her two grown up daughters, Kayleigh (26) and Aimee (24), might need a transplant as they both live with the same type of diabetes as their mum and she urges people to have the conversation about organ donation. 

Sarah Jane says: “I would ask everyone to join the NHS Organ Donor Register and make your decision known to family and friends. Organ donation is so important – you could just be living a normal life, getting on, minding your own business going to work, going on holidays, when suddenly you, or your child, or someone you love, could be told they are seriously ill and they need a transplant.

“There are not enough words on this earth to describe just how grateful I am to my beautiful precious donor and her family. Their selfless, compassionate and loving deed has not just saved my life, but it has given two young women their life and mum back too. 

“Think about what you would do in that situation. If you, or a close family member, needed a transplant and you would say yes to the offer of an organ, then you should be prepared to give them yourself.

“Please have the conversation with your loved ones and share your organ donation decision so your family know what you want and can support this if organ donation is a possibility.”

There is a particular need for more people from black and Asian backgrounds to donate. Over a third of patients waiting for a kidney transplant are from black, Asian and minority ethnic communities. Often the best match is most likely to come from a donor of the same ethnicity and sadly, many will die waiting due to a lack of suitable donors.

Gemma Gayle, 30, from Wandsworth, who is black British, was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes aged 11. However, it wasn’t until her twenties that she started to experience problems that ultimately led to her urgently needing a kidney and pancreas transplant. 

Gemma says: “Dialysis made me weak and tired and it was super scary waiting for a transplant. Kidney problems tie you down and you feel horrible. It’s difficult doing anything day to day. Thanks to my donor and their family I am now really well.  Since my transplant I feel stronger and more energetic. I have got married, been able to go back to work and been on a long-awaited honeymoon to Japan and Korea. Life is great!” 

From spring 2020 in England and Autumn 2020 in Scotland, everyone will be considered as having agreed to donate their own organs when they die unless they record a decision not to donate, what’s known as ‘opt out’, or are in one of the excluded groups. This system was introduced in Wales in December 2015 and in Jersey in July this year.

Families will still always be involved in organ donation, so it is vital that they know what your choice is. In the lead up to the change in law, NHS Blood and Transplant is urging families to talk and share their decision. If the time comes, families find the organ donation conversation much easier if they already know what their relative wanted.

John Forsythe, Associate Medical Director at NHS Blood and Transplant says: “Diabetes is a complex and potentially serious condition, which can sometimes lead to kidney failure, dialysis and the need for a kidney or pancreas transplant. Vital treatments such as dialysis or insulin injections, can still leave patients feeling incredibly restricted. By joining the NHS Organ Donor Register and telling your family your decision, you could give someone, or several people, the gift of life. Even after the law around organ donation changes next year, families will still be approached before donation goes ahead, so make sure they know your decision.”

It only takes two minutes to join the NHS Organ Donor Register. Register your decision and make sure you tell your friends and family.

New organ donation process enables pioneering diabetes research

Pioneering research into the causes and treatment of diabetes will be led by Newcastle University thanks to a new national programme allowing scientists to study the pancreases of people with the condition.

Before now, organ donors with diabetes were not able to donate their pancreas for medical research due to restrictions in place.

New arrangements introduced will allow people with the chronic condition to contribute to a better understanding of diabetes through organ donation after their death.

Previously, as the pancreas has not been removed, or even sampled following the death of people with diabetes during organ donation for transplantation, research into the mechanisms preventing normal pancreatic insulin production in diabetes has been limited to the small number of post-mortem samples currently stored in the UK.

New process

Thanks to a collaboration between experts at Newcastle and Oxford Universities, in partnership with NHS Blood and Transplant, new arrangements have been implemented to allow people with diabetes to donate their pancreas.

The Increasing the Number of Organs Available for Research (INOAR) task force, set up by NHS Blood and Transplant, has enabled this new opportunity for UK-led research into diabetes and other chronic diseases as it will also allow the retrieval of un-transplantable hearts and lungs from organ donors for research.

Professor James Shaw, from Newcastle University’s Faculty of Medical Sciences, is leading human pancreas work as Director of Newcastle Transplant Regenerative Medicine Laboratories.

He said: “This is a really exciting change which will accelerate our progress in understanding diabetes and further strengthen our collaborations across the UK and beyond.

“Before this final hurdle was overcome, even though everything else was in place and people with diabetes were asking for their pancreas to be used for research after their death, obtaining this tissue was difficult.

“Here at Newcastle University we have established a tissue bank containing 72 pancreases from people without diabetes, but we have not been able to compare the differences between these and ones from donors with diabetes.

“Now, we are able to accept pancreases with diabetes to carry out pioneering research to understand the mechanisms of diabetes and develop new treatments.

“This is an exciting development for people with all types of diabetes, as we are building a bank of organs to provide an invaluable new resource for researchers nationally and worldwide.” 

Exciting development 

Almost 4 million people in the UK are living with diabetes. The condition occurs when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, or when it can’t produce any at all, which leads to blood glucose levels being too high.

Dr Elizabeth Robertson, Director of Research at Diabetes UK, said: “This is an exciting step forward that we hope will rapidly advance our understanding of the causes and progression of diabetes, opening up new avenues of research that could lead to new treatments for all types of the condition.

“We hope that researchers will benefit from this opportunity to explore the fundamental biology of the pancreas in people with diabetes.

“World-class scientists will now have vital access to pancreatic tissue, propelling our knowledge of diabetes forward and bringing us a step closer to a world where diabetes can do no harm.”

Processing of the donated pancreases will be done by a team at the Transplant Regenerative Medicine Laboratories in Newcastle and in Oxford. The work has been enabled by the Quality in Organ Donation (QUOD) programme, led by Professor Rutger Ploeg at Oxford University, with dedicated funding for the current research from the Medical Research Council.

Rutger Ploeg, Consultant Transplant Surgeon and Professor of Transplant Biology at Oxford University, said: “Thanks to this exciting development, via its national collaboration the QUOD programme, has a unique opportunity to provide previously inaccessible tissue to researchers, generating enormous opportunities to achieve benefits for our patients.”

Maximising research

The changes from INOAR also allows the procurement of other organs specifically for research. This will lead to heart and lung research, led by Newcastle University, with the initial research goal of developing ways more donated organs can be converted into successful life-saving transplants. This will help NHS Blood and Transplant achieve their target of maximising donor organ use, building on the mechanisms which are now in place to increase organ donation. 

Clare Denison, Lead Specialist – Innovation and Research ODT at NHS Blood and Transplant, said: “This is a significant moment for our organisation and researchers across the country. INOAR will change the face of transplantation and ultimately improve patient outcomes and quality of life in the future.”

Rachel Connor, Director of Research Partnerships at the type 1 diabetes charity JDRF, added: “We’re delighted that this step will allow people with diabetes to make these precious gifts of tissue and enable scientists to gain new insights that could be critical in our understanding of this lifelong, life-changing condition.”

90,000 12 Top Questions About Organ Donation – Society

I am still young and healthy. I don’t need organs and don’t plan to give mine yet. Why would I even think about it?

It’s never too early to form your own position on organ donation and transplantation, and here’s why. The need for organ transplants in most cases is not related to heredity and may be needed by a previously healthy person after some diseases. Of course, there are genetic disorders: for example, lung transplants are required for patients with cystic fibrosis.At the same time, one of the most frequent indications for heart transplantation is cardiomyopathy, and it can arise as a complication after the flu.

Often, organ donation after death becomes the only way to save the life of another person – an adult or a child. If you look at the data for our country, you can see that the number of people for whom organ transplant is the only chance for a normal life is growing from year to year. Now there are about 7000 people on the waiting list for a donor kidney, about 800 hearts, and just over 2000 liver.And if donation programs are not developed, waiting times will increase, which means that hundreds and thousands of people risk not waiting for the operation.

Will I definitely become an organ donor after death?

No, not required. In fact, it is not that easy to become an organ donor. There are three main conditions that affect this. First, a person can become an organ donor after death only if a strict protocol is followed, which excludes the slightest chance of error.Here, the statement of brain death is of fundamental importance. Not a single region, not a single institution in our country has a donor program that does not use the protocol for diagnosing human death based on the diagnosis of “brain death”. And even after ascertaining the death of the brain, not every person will be able to become an organ donor.

The second condition is that a person can become an organ donor after death if he did not have serious concomitant diseases, systemic or oncological, during his lifetime.In most cases, a person’s age is no longer a limitation to donation; so, in the scientific literature, including in the domestic, cases of heart transplants from seventy-year-old donors have already been described.

Third, we have a presumption of consent regarding organ donation in our country. This means that if a person during his lifetime did not express an objection to becoming an organ donor after death, he can become an organ donor. In other words, if at the time of the death of a person’s brain, the medical organization was not informed that this person objected, and his organs are suitable for transplantation, he will become a donor.But even in this case, doctors take into account the opinion of relatives.

Can a brain death be ascertained by mistake? Or intentionally?

For every attending physician, the first priority is to save the life and preserve the health of the patient. And only if nothing can be done – to ascertain the death of the brain. The Harvard Criteria were first published in 1968 and have been continually refined and improved since then. In Russia, the criteria for the diagnosis of brain death are determined by a special instruction that establishes an algorithm and a list of doctors’ actions.

At the same time, a number of clinical signs are required for the diagnosis of brain death; if there is minimal activity during tests to determine brain activity, doctors continue to treat the patient. And even if the patient was diagnosed with brain death, this also does not mean that he will necessarily become an organ donor.

That is, it is not necessary to express consent or refusal, as in the United States, on a driver’s license?

In Russia, as we said earlier, there is a presumption of consent.At the same time, any capable citizen of the Russian Federation over 18 years of age can declare his will orally in the presence of witnesses or in writing.

This information can be entered into a person’s medical record or notarized. It is also advisable to notify close relatives of your decision, because doctors will communicate with them.

Is it ethical to ask relatives about this when a loved one has died?

This is really unethical – in accordance with the current legislation, doctors in Russia usually do not ask, because loved ones are in a state of shock and grief.But if the relatives themselves say that the deceased person was against donation or that removal is impossible for religious reasons, doctors take this into account.

Relatives often fear that donation will affect the burial time, which in some religions is limited. Doctors and experts of transplant services note that in the overwhelming majority of cases, organ donation has no effect on the timing of burial.

And if I refuse to donate, am I still entitled to a donor organ if I need it?

There is no formal reason to deprive a person of the opportunity to be included in the waiting list, because he himself refused to donate organs.Despite the conflict of interest, a person who would not like to become a donor after death will receive a transplant from another donor.

Are there enough donor organs now? In movies, people often die without waiting for their turn on the list.

No, not enough, and different countries have different reasons. For example, Spain is considered one of the reference countries in the world for the development of organ donation and transplantation programs, and there the indicator is quite high: up to 40 donors per 1 million population per year.And even though each donor can potentially save several people (according to the indicators of Spain – up to four on average), the number of patients on the waiting list still exceeds the possibilities of organ donation. A similar situation is observed in the United States.

In Russia, the possibilities for organ donation and transplantation are more modest. This is due to the fact that the direction is only developing, only 32 regions are participating in it and so far not in full force. As the chief freelance transplantologist of the Russian Ministry of Health, the head of the N.N.V.I.Shumakova Sergei Gauthier, organ deficiency in Russia is artificial. This means that in order to provide people on the waiting list with donor organs, at this stage it is necessary to develop donation programs in the regions and inform the population about the possibilities of donation.

Can I sell my organs or buy someone else’s?

Key international organizations oppose commercial donation, as it creates the field for delinquency, corruption and crimes against human beings.The international position is formulated in a number of documents, including the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs, as well as the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine and the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. In the vast majority of civilized countries, organ donation is not about money.

Commercial donation is prohibited in Russia. This means that it is impossible to either sell or buy a donor organ. At the same time, the patient who underwent transplantation is provided with all necessary medications for life free of charge.Also, in accordance with Russian law, free medicines are provided to a person who has agreed to donate an organ (kidney or part of the liver) to a relative.

Is there a donor base now? Is it possible to artificially move a person in the line for a transplant?

The donor database is called the “Organ Donor Waiting List”. This waiting list is based on strict criteria. Moscow also has a digital waiting list. In general, while the subjects who carry out transplant work have their own list for each region.However, in the near future it is planned to create a single National waiting list for donor organs.

Equitable distribution of organs is ensured through the criteria of compatibility and the length of time the recipient is on the waiting list. For example, if a donor kidney is suitable for two patients, it will be received by the one who waits longer. Another criterion that can move the recipient on the waiting list is age; the child, other things being equal, has priority.

I have already heard about the kidney and the heart.What else can be transplanted to another person?

Lungs, liver, pancreas, intestines can also be transplanted from a posthumous donor. In addition, transplantation of certain tissues is possible – cornea, skin, some vessels, heart valves. Russia also has experience in transplanting a heart-lung complex. In general, organs and tissues of one person can save lives and improve their quality for dozens of people.

Do people with organ transplants live long? What does it depend on?

Yes, they live long.Very often it depends not only on the successful operation, but also on the patient’s behavior after it and on how responsibly the person approaches his condition.

The first successful transplant of the right lobe of the liver to a child from a related donor in the Russian Federation was carried out in 1997: now the young man lives a full life, works, travels. In Russia, there is also a case when a patient with a heart transplant became pregnant and gave birth to a healthy child 10 years after the transplant.While the world record for life expectancy with a heart transplant belongs to the American Tony Hughes – he lived 30 years and died of melanoma.

What does religion say?

The Russian Orthodox Church does not condemn organ donation and transplantation from a posthumous donor or from a living one and recognizes this as an act of love and compassion. “However, the posthumous donation of organs and tissues can become a manifestation of love extending beyond death,” says the Fundamentals of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church.

The Roman Catholic Church adheres to a similar position here. In Buddhism, transplantation is approved from a living donor and with his free consent. In many other religions, the decision is left to each believer to agree to organ donation and transplantation.

90,000 How not to get diabetes? And what do we even know about this disease?

November 14, 2018

Photo author, Getty Images

Photo caption,

Type 1 diabetes usually appears during childhood or adolescence.Sometimes it has genetic causes, but it can also be caused by a viral infection

Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease from which more than a million people die every year, and anyone can get it.

Diabetes occurs when our bodies cannot keep up with the level of sugar (glucose) in our blood. The blood becomes thick, and over time it can lead to heart attack, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, and gangrene of the lower extremities.

Diabetes is on the rise: today, according to WHO, there are 422 million diabetics in the world – almost four times more than just 40 years ago.

However, despite the serious health threat that diabetes poses, half of diabetics are unaware of their illness.

At the same time, in many cases, in order to avoid diabetes mellitus, it is enough just to change your habits and adjust your lifestyle. Here’s how to do it.

What causes diabetes?

When we eat food, our body converts the carbohydrates it contains into sugar (glucose). For its assimilation, insulin is responsible – a hormone of the pancreas, which gives the cells a signal to absorb glucose dissolved in the blood and use it as a source of energy.

Diabetes occurs when the production of insulin stops or the hormone stops functioning normally, causing sugar to build up in the blood.

Photo by Getty Images

What types of diabetes are there?

Diabetes mellitus is of several types.

In type 1 diabetes , the pancreas stops producing insulin and sugar begins to accumulate in the blood. Most often this happens quite early – in childhood or adolescence.

Scientists still do not know exactly why this happens, but they believe that a genetic predisposition or a viral infection that damages the cells of the pancreas responsible for the production of insulin may play a role here. Approximately 10% of diabetics have type 1 diabetes.

With type 2 diabetes insulin production does not stop completely, but either it is not produced enough, or something prevents it from working efficiently.

Photo author, Getty Images

Photo caption,

Insulin, which allows our body to process sugar, is produced by the pancreas

This usually occurs already in middle age or closer to old age, but type 2 diabetes also occurs in young people if they are are obese or inactive. Representatives of certain peoples are also more inclined to it – especially those from South Asia.

The diagnosis of “gestational diabetes” is sometimes given to pregnant women – this means that their bodies do not produce enough insulin for both themselves and their unborn child.

Depending on the assessment criteria, such a diagnosis can be made from 6 to 16% of all pregnant women – they need to carefully monitor their blood sugar levels, maintaining it in the norm through diet, exercise and / or insulin injections so that they do not have developed type 2 diabetes.

There is also the so-called prediabetes – an increased level of glucose in the blood, which can also lead to the development of a full-fledged disease.

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

Photo author, Getty Images

Caption,

Increased fatigue, constant thirst and too frequent urination can be signs of developing diabetes

Among the most common symptoms:

• constant thirst
• unusually frequent urination, especially at night time
• increased fatigue
• weight loss for no reason
• reduced visual acuity
• cuts and scrapes that take a long time to heal

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes most often develop in childhood or adolescence and are much more severe.

The risk group for type 2 diabetes usually includes people over 40 (South Asians over 25), as well as relatives of diabetics (brothers, sisters, children) and people who are overweight.

Can I prevent illness?

The risk of developing diabetes depends on genetic factors and environmental conditions, but you can maintain normal blood sugar levels through a healthy diet and an active lifestyle.

Photo author, Getty Images

Photo caption,

One way to reduce the risk of diabetes is to replace refined sugars and white flour products with fruits and unrefined cereals

You can start by reducing your consumption of confectionery and sugary drinks, and white replace bread and pasta with products made from wholemeal flour.

Foods made from refined sugar and refined grains contain fewer nutrients, as vitamins and fiber are found mainly in the shell of the grains. Examples of such foods are white flour, white bread, white rice, white pasta, baked goods, sodas, sweets, and sugar-added breakfast cereals.

A healthy diet includes vegetables, fruits, legumes and whole grains, as well as healthy vegetable oils, nuts and fish varieties rich in omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids such as sardines, salmon or mackerel.

It is important to eat at regular intervals to avoid overeating.

Exercise can also help lower blood sugar. Doctors recommend spending at least two and a half hours a week doing aerobic activities such as walking or climbing stairs.

Photo Credit, Getty Images

Photo Caption,

It is important to avoid a sedentary lifestyle and exercise for at least two and a half hours a week.

It will be easier for your body to maintain normal blood sugar if you are not overweight.But if you need to lose weight, it is better to do it slowly, losing no more than 0.5-1 kg per week.

To reduce the risk of heart disease, it is best not to smoke and keep your cholesterol levels in check.

What are the complications of diabetes?

High blood sugar can severely damage blood vessels.

When the blood thickens, it becomes more difficult for it to move around the body – it may not reach some cells at all, which increases the risk of nerve damage (loss of sensation and pain), loss of vision and infectious diseases of the feet.

According to the WHO, diabetes mellitus is one of the main causes of blindness, renal failure, heart attack, stroke and gangrene of the lower extremities, leading to amputation of the legs.

Photo author, Getty Images

Photo caption,

Heart attack is one of the possible complications of diabetes

In 2016 alone, about 1.6 million people died from the direct consequences of diabetes.

How many people have diabetes?

According to the WHO, between 1980 and 2014, the number of diabetics worldwide increased from 108 million to 422 million.

In 1980, less than 5% of the world’s adult population had diabetes. In 2014, this figure was already 8.5%.

The International Diabetes Federation estimates that 80% of people with diabetes live in low- or middle-income countries.

In developed countries, people living below the poverty line and / or eating cheap convenience foods are more likely to get diabetes.

“It is immoral to do a paid transplant” | Articles

Why is child donation not developed in Russia and over the past three years there has not been a single case of organ removal from children? When will the attitude towards transplantation change in society? Why do doctors need a register of refusals, the law on which the deputies have not been able to pass for many years? These and other questions of Izvestia were answered by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Federal Research Center for Transplantology and Artificial Organs named after Academician V.I. Shumakova ”, the chief transplantologist of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Professor Sergei Gauthier.

Mental barrier

– Sergey Vladimirovich, what happens with organ transplantation for children? Are there not enough specialists who can carry out transplants for babies or are there no donor organs? What is the main problem?

– To begin with, children in our country have a real advantage in obtaining organs from posthumous donors compared to adults. In addition, kidneys or liver parts from related donors are most often transplanted to children.If we talk about pediatric liver transplantation, the issue has been completely resolved. How many children from the first months of life are identified and referred to transplantologists – so many are operated on. And with very good results. If we take our statistics of kidney transplants for children across the country, there is a very wide range of complexity and urgency of implementation. A 17-year-old guy is considered a child, but physiologically he is no different from an adult. He can be transplanted, of course, a kidney from an adult donor – deceased or alive.And there is a child who is, say, a year old and weighs seven kilograms. He is underdeveloped due to an illness that follows him from the womb. This is a different contingent of patients. In case of urgent indications, they can also be helped by a kidney transplant. But it is necessary to perform the operation correctly, to create conditions in the body of a hypotrophic child so that the adult kidney can work.

For adolescents from the age of eight or nine, it is possible to perform an adult heart transplant. This is done in our center, the Almazov Center in St. Petersburg, the Meshalkin Center in Novosibirsk, and the regional hospital in Krasnodar.

Photo: Depositphotos

An absolutely unsolved problem is heart transplantation for young children. We do not have child donation. This is generally not a very common type of organ donation in the world. Child donation makes up no more than 1% of the entire pool of donor organs in developed countries. But there it is, we do not.

There are 62 transplant centers in Russia in 32 regions. Operations for children are performed in seven regions, but these are single operations.Serial operations for children are performed in four locations in Moscow. This is our institution, the kidney transplantation department of the Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital, the SCCH and the Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology. We perform about 220 different operations on children per year.

– We have legally allowed child donation. What’s the problem? After all, children also die in car accidents, accidents happen to them …

– Yes, we have a law that allows posthumous removal of organs from children aged one year and older.This is written in Law No. 323-FZ “On the Basics of Health Protection of Citizens in the Russian Federation.” But the law says that removal from a deceased child is possible only with the consent of the parents. This means that the parents should be approached, and before that, the child should be diagnosed with brain death. Tell his parents: “This is such a nuisance, but his organs are good. Let us withdraw. ” Nobody has done this in the last three years, nobody has taken it upon themselves. The transplantologist cannot go up to the parents and say: “We need to transplant something, give it to us.”The doctors who treated the deceased child should come up.

– How does this happen in other countries? In Italy, for example, child donation is well developed.

– In other countries, this barrier has been crossed. There have already been precedents, the reaction of society is understandable, they got used to it – that was back in the 90s of the last century.

Photo: Izvestia / Andrey Ershtrem

– It turns out that our doctors are simply not ready to step over the moral barrier yet?

– Not only our doctors are not ready, but also our parents and society as a whole.In general, I have one answer to these questions: if you don’t give a kick, nothing will happen. If the doctor could not save the patient and he died, then the doctor must take the next step – take care of other patients. This is his medical duty. And nobody demands it from him.

– How in the same Italy did you come to the acceptance of child donation by the society?

– Everything happened there – after an accident. A tourist from the United States, Reginald Green, was driving through Italy by car – in 1994, he and his wife and two children came to Italy on vacation.Some bandits joined them behind them, firing at the car. The Greens broke away from the bandits, but a seven-year-old boy Nicholas was hit in the head by a bullet. Then the Green family decided: let the boy’s organs go to the children of Italy who are awaiting transplantation.

After that, a revolution took place in the minds, and since then the question of why donate organs from children is not worth it at all. But this is Italy.

Register of refusals

– The draft law on donation and transplantation spelled out issues related to child donation and the creation of a federal register of donors.About n already created, working?

– The register is spelled out in the draft law, which has not been adopted. But this does not mean that nothing is being done. Gradually, we are approaching the creation of a fairly user-friendly register. For three years now, the accounting system has been functioning, which provides for the registration of all donor withdrawals and the path of the organ: to which region it was sent, to which hospital, to whom it was transplanted, what is the outcome.

A child undergoing hemodialysis at the kidney transplant department

Photo: RIA Novosti / Grigory Sysoev

The system needs improvement, because its interface and the entire electronic part are rather complicated, but it is already there.Every year we sum up the results, analyze how many transplants have been performed and their results. In addition, to clarify the indications, we call all institutions that are engaged in transplantation on the territory of the Russian Federation on a monthly and quarterly basis. Sometime by the end of January 2020, we will have complete data for 2019.

– There are countries where the car license states that a person agrees to be a donor. Do we plan to introduce this?

– There were a lot of such initiatives! However, they remained on paper.But if you work in a civilized way, there should be a register of refusals, not a register of consent. And this is one of the following elements of the electronic base that is being created now.

– Is it easier than a consent register?

– Of course, simpler and clearer. You just need a register of refusals. If I do not agree to be a donor, then I add myself to the base.

The entitlement record that is in the United States is actually a register of consent. The rights that are issued with a heart, of course, are entered into the register of consent.This is the opposite system. By the way, unlike the United States, most European countries operate on the presumption of consent and use a register of refusals.

The bill of the Ministry of Health, which has been traveling to various authorities for five years now, implied a register of expression of will in his lifetime. It is so flamboyantly called in the document. But we, as professionals, believe that this is a failure register – realizing that it is much easier, cheaper and safer.

– Has the bill been circulating through the courts for five years? Who’s stopping him?

– I can’t say, I don’t know.The document is going through the stages of approval. We hope it will be submitted to the Duma soon.

– Does the absence of this law hinder the development of transplantology?

– Of course. The 1992 law, under which we are working, states that action is possible, but not obligatory. It is not prescribed there that a doctor must, in such and such circumstances, do this and that and call there, tell someone, and the chief doctor should organize the process.

Donor kidney transplant operation

Photo: RIA Novosti / Grigory Sysoev

Therefore, the development of transplantology for many years has been based on enthusiasm, on people’s interest in this type of assistance, on the understanding of the head of the region that this is right, it is necessary, it must be supported.

Over the past 10 years, we have been able to stimulate the development of transplantation and start programs in more than 30 subjects. The most powerful breakthrough came after we became a national center and these responsibilities were delegated to us. Before that, we were also the lead agency, but I did not have the authority to go out to the governors and explain to them the need to save public money that they spend on dialysis, instead of organizing a kidney transplant and freeing up dialysis places for the next patients.

– If this law is adopted, by what percentage can the number of transactions increase?

– Every year since 2015, the number of operations performed for transplantation of any organs has been growing by 200. This is very small for a country like Russia, but nevertheless … The number of operations is growing because there are more donor organs … People realized that they would not be jailed for this – in 2015, amendments were made to Law No. 323, and now it is written in the law that donation is a medical activity.Federal money was allocated. This contributed to the growth in activity, so the number of transactions is growing by 200 per year.

If a law is passed that would stimulate healthcare organizers to do this, and there are twice as many organ donors as there are now, we will have to transplant these organs. And this already depends on the state order, that is, on the budget.

And there is a subtle point here. If we make a revolution in the field of donation right now, we will have to use all organs – the state should have enough money for transplantation.It is immoral to do a paid transplant.

Transplant everything

– Are there organs that are not being transplanted now, but may start transplanting them in the future?

– You can transplant a uterus, such operations are rarely done abroad. This can be done in Russia as well. But this is not a vital organ, but the appointment of immunosuppression (suppression of immunity so that the transplanted organ is not rejected – Izvestia) is a responsible matter for the organism. The question is, is it necessary? I think we’ll still be transplanted soon.Gynecologists are pushing me in the side: “Let’s transplant the uterus.”

Photo: Izvestia / Andrey Ershtrem

– Will there be a revolutionary breakthrough in the world of transplantation in 10, 15 or 20 years? I mean cell technology and organ growth.

– They have been grown for a long time. If at the birth of a person they take cellular material from him and create a bank of organs, which he can then use if anything, it will be great. It’s incredibly expensive though.

– Will they not be rejected?

– Yes, because they are grown from the patient’s own cells. But this future, somewhat vague and distant, although there are attempts: they grow hearts and thyroid glands of mice. Grow the skin. This is a very good and promising direction, which is now the most developed.

Everyone is very interested in the possibility of growing cultures of pancreatic cells that will replace the lost insulin function. This is really needed.Thus, it will be possible to defeat diabetes forever. It is very difficult, but true. I once transplanted a part of the gland: I took a fragment from a living donor – the tail of the gland, transplanted it into the iliac region to a girl of about seven years old, for which I received the Vocation award.

Of the 14 patients whom I have transplanted pancreas in this way, three are still not diabetic. More than 15 years have passed.

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8 myths about organ donation

In Estonia, little is said about organ donation, so this topic raises various questions and prejudices among people.Lack of awareness also plays a role in the compilation of the will, as only 1% of the Estonian population has signed the will. The very word “will” is a source of confusion among people, and it is believed that it can only express their consent.

Director of the Transplant Center of the University of Tartu Hospital Virge Pall, refutes the most common myths about organ donation.

1. Myth: Being an organ donor means that my organs can be requested at any time.

Reality: In Estonia, the majority of organ donors are people who have been diagnosed with brain death. In the event of brain death, the blood supply to the brain is cut off and brain activity is completely and irreversibly stopped. In Estonia, in some cases it is possible to donate a kidney during a lifetime. Of course, only for therapeutic purposes and for a person with whom the donor has a genetic or emotional connection.

2. Myth: If doctors find out that I have made a will, then they will stop treating me.

Reality: The most important task and responsibility of a doctor is the life and health of his patient, no one will be left without treatment. Brain death is always strictly documented in the protocol, and the diagnosis of brain death is confirmed by a medical panel of at least two doctors. This medical commission cannot include a physician who is involved in the removal of organs and / or tissues from a deceased person or who is responsible for caring for potential recipients (persons to whom organ transplants will be transplanted).Such conditions ensure the impartiality of the committee that diagnoses death.

Until a diagnosis of brain death is made, no one discusses organ donation, and information about whether the will has been drafted is not available for review. After a diagnosis of brain death is established, the attending physician draws up a statement to find out if the patient agreed to donate his organs during his lifetime, and will act in accordance with the instructions prescribed in the will.

After a brain death is established, doctors should check an electronic history to determine whether the person has reassured or rejected a desire to donate organs after death during their lifetime.If a signed statement of intent exists, it will act in accordance with its content. If there is no official statement of intent in the electronic history, the doctor is obliged to ask relatives about the decision made during his lifetime.

However, it is important to know that other persons cannot prohibit organ harvesting if the deceased has consented to it during his life, and other persons should not allow organ harvesting if the deceased has refused to do so during his life.

3.Myth: Can a person be saved after being diagnosed with brain death?

Reality: In the event of brain death, it is no longer possible to save a person. It is important to distinguish the difference between brain death and coma. These two medical terms are often confused. Coma is a profound disorder of consciousness, and when a person is in a coma, his brain is functioning, there is a blood supply. In the event of brain death, there is no blood flow to the brain and the brain completely and irreversibly ceases to function.

Physicians today have effective tools and ways to determine if blood flow is maintained in cerebral blood vessels.The decision is made according to certain criteria, and when the blood supply actually disappears, the brain cells die and that person cannot be saved.

4. Myth: My organs are suitable for transplantation to everyone in need.

Reality: This is not the case. Organ fitness assessment is a complex medical activity. First, doctors need to assess whether the donor organ is healthy and viable enough to survive a certain amount of time without a blood supply, that is, the time between removing an organ from a donor and transplanting it to another person.Organ quality is also affected by intensive care and the cause of brain death. For example, in the event of severe trauma, the organs may be damaged and are no longer suitable for transplantation. In addition, it is important to make sure that no incurable disease such as HIV, cancer and the like is transmitted with this organ.

When choosing a recipient, blood type, age, body index, patient’s condition, presence of antibodies and so on are taken into account. Patients and children in urgent need of a transplant are always first on the list, followed by everyone else.For example, only 20-25% of donors are suitable for lung and heart transplantation, so there are few donor organs.

Since autumn 2017, Estonia has been a member of Scandiatransplant, an organization that brings together transplant centers in the Scandinavian countries. In addition to Estonia, it also includes Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. More than ever before, it offers hope in anticipation of a suitable organ, particularly for patients in urgent need of transplant, for children and for those awaiting a second transplant.The rules for the exchange of bodies between countries are regulated in detail and specific to each body. At the same time, they try to ensure a balance between incoming and outgoing bodies in the country.

5. Myth: If I don’t want to donate my organs, then I don’t have to sign the declaration of will.

Validity: If doctors do not know whether a person wanted to donate their organs after death or was against, the decision of the deceased is requested from his / her loved ones. Relatives may not know the will of the deceased and express their own opinion, which may not coincide with the wishes of the deceased.Therefore, it is best to express your desire by filling out an electronic will of intent, in which you can express your consent or refusal to donate organs after death. The electronic will of intent can be filled out on the patient portal www.digilugu.ee, in the menu you must select the will and indicate your decision – either consent or refusal – and confirm it with an electronic signature. A signed will of intent can always be changed in an electronic story, but it is important to communicate your decision to your loved ones.

6. Myth: With organ and tissue donation, my loved ones will receive money.

Reality: Donating organs to save others is a selfless act that cannot be rewarded. Offering rewards and financial benefits for donating tissues and organs is prohibited and punishable.

7. Myth: Long queues for organ transplantation.

Reality: The donor organ is always transplanted to the patient who will best fit it and it is calculated who will benefit the most.Blood group, age, body index, patient condition, presence of antibodies, etc. are taken into account when choosing a recipient. Thus, in the context of organ transplantation, doctors never talk about a “queue,” but a “waiting list,” since the recipient of an organ is determined by its suitability. It may happen that a transplant is possible on the very day the patient is placed on the waiting list, but this can take months and years.

8. Myth: Relatives of an organ donor should refuse to be buried in an open coffin.

Validity: Open funeral is also possible for organ donors. The deceased donor is treated with respect, organs and tissues are removed under sterile conditions in the operating room, and the original body shape is restored.

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What is a KetoPlan subscription? It is your personal assistant in the world of the keto diet.In your personal account, you will find a nutrition plan, calculated specifically for you (for your weight, height, desired parameters). Losing weight is easy and simple with a KetoPlan subscription. Where to buy the right nutrition for weight loss 13 years old? Ketoplan is ideal for diabetics and those people who suffer from abnormal stomach and intestinal function. At the same time, the presence of bad habits, for example, smoking, does not in any way affect the effectiveness of the program. It also works even if patients do not use some of the products from the program.

The age of 13 is very difficult and full of emotions and experiences, accompanied by cardinal changes in the physiological and psychological state. … For weight loss, you can reduce the amount of starchy foods and fried foods, but not sacrifice complex carbohydrates and protein. However, it is worth resorting to such measures only after consulting a pediatrician and establishing a diagnosis, the degree of obesity. Approved Products Table. … for a 13-year-old girl, the best sweetness will be berry mousse or smoothie cooked in a blender with low-fat milk and 0.5 banana.Dinner. 100 g of steamed mackerel Basic principles, dietary guidelines for weight loss and prohibited foods for a teenage diet. Weekly menu options for boys and girls from 11 to 17 years old. … For example: adolescents 11-13 years old need to consume about 2.2 g of protein per kg of body weight per day; carbohydrates: from 13 to 18 years old, about 4-7 g per kg of body weight; and fats up to 2 g per kg of body weight. Meals should be regular, preferably four times a day. It is not recommended to skip meals…. Proper nutrition must be combined with physical activity – this is not only ideal physical fitness, it is also weight correction, and excellent posture, and health. Light weight loss diets for teenagers. … Typical for girls 11-14 years old. Due to hormonal changes in the body and puberty, a girl can gain excess weight. Most often, the zones of its deposition are the hips and waist. … Timely physical activity must be added to proper nutrition. It is worth signing up for a sports club, swimming or dancing, and also not to miss physical education lessons.The most popular fast diets among adolescents Proper nutrition of a schoolchild is primarily a balance of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The lack of these substances is bad for your health. So, proteins are the building material of the body, which is responsible for the generation of tissues and metabolism. … The easiest way is to focus on the feeling of thirst and drink when you want. But for some people, the natural feeling of thirst is dulled – to make water a habit, you need to mechanically drink a few glasses throughout the day.You can download an application for your child to maintain water balance – reminders will come to your phone. Include vegetables, fruits, nuts, and legumes in your diet. Slender, beautiful, daring – only the most popular plus-size models do not dream of looking like Heidi Klum or Tyra Banks. And let everyone around comfortably console: it’s all gloss, a photoshopped ideal, and you remain yourself! But you still want to look 100%. And this is quite real. How to eat properly, without harm to health, but as productive as possible in order to lose weight? We offer a menu for every day.Many have heard the main theses of proper nutrition on TV, from doctors and people leading a healthy lifestyle. To reduce body weight without harm to health and maintain results, you need to adhere to the following rules: Eat often, but in small portions. … Proper nutrition is a lifestyle. You need to adhere to it constantly, and not for 2-4 weeks or several months. … Losing weight will take place without stress, since you do not have to strictly follow the menu, calculate products by grams.Periodically, you need to monitor the daily calorie content and arrange fasting days no more than once a week. Want to know more? Nutrition for obesity in adolescents: diet correction, the role of fats, the amount of proteins and carbohydrates. … But the foods you eat also affect your metabolism. Choosing the right meals and foods helps in controlling weight and appetite. Good for teens: Whole eggs, dairy products, lean meats, seeds, and nuts that are rich in protein; green tea and oolong tea can speed up metabolism Food hygiene supervision.Supervision of occupational health, radiation hygiene and transport supervision. Community hygiene supervision. … Educational (educational) programs on healthy nutrition for children and adults. PUBLIC SERVICES. Licensing of activities. Slimming for teenagers. Until a few years ago, the problem of excess weight and obesity was, first of all, a problem for adults. But now it has spread to children and adolescents and is taking on the character of an epidemic. The problems of overweight and obesity in adolescents and related weight loss problems for adolescents are extremely important…. Diet changes. This should not be seen as a weight loss diet for adolescents, but rather as a correction of the composition and type of nutrition. Choose the right drinks. Sugary sodas and juices containing a lot of sugar should be avoided. Ideally, go to plain or soda water, unsweetened tea. Food is an undeniable source of energy and health for humans. And its quantity, calorie content and quality are especially important for the growing organism. The diet of adolescents is an important question parents ask.Adolescence is the maturation of the body, during which changes in all functions of organs and systems are characteristic. Puberty, psycho-emotional and physical development is more accelerated, as a result of which the body requires more energy and strength. For girls this age is from 10-12 to 15-16 years old, in boys from 12-14 to 17-18 years old. Nutrition in adolescence. Active growth is often accompanied by increased appetite.

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proper nutrition for weight loss 13 years

For effective weight loss, you need to try to stay on the keto diet as long as possible, because fat reserves will begin to burn only after a two-week restriction of all carbohydrates in food, if you follow such a diet for a short time, then there will be no significant effect on weight loss, but you can improve the work of your pancreas glands and regulate the level of insulin production, which in general has a general and very positive effect for the body.KETOPLAN is an ideal option for those who want to keep their bodies healthy and for those who want to lose weight.

When drawing up a healthy eating plan, be sure to include the following foods in the menu: Sea fish and seafood Fish oil reduces the risk of cholesterol plaques, heart attacks and strokes. … Metabolism: foods to speed up metabolism and weight loss More. Dissolve a bag of gelatin in water, leave to swell. Mix it with cottage cheese, sour cream, sugar substitute until smooth.To draw up a diet of proper nutrition, you need to take into account all your characteristics. There is no one-size-fits-all menu, and no people are alike. For example, a standard menu is not suitable for a person with gluten intolerance, as it contains it. … Below are examples of the average diet of the correct nutrition for each day for a child, woman and man. In each case, you need to make allowances for your level of activity and your own taste. Proper nutrition is so correct and wholesome that it can and even should be adhered to throughout life in the name of a slim figure and healthy appearance.It’s time to create a menu for yourself! How to make a weight loss meal plan. Individual planning of your own menu for the day, week, month will help you develop the habit of eating right and in a strictly defined mode. The principles of proper nutrition as the basis of health and weight normalization: basic principles, a menu for every day with recipes. … The principles of proper nutrition and recipes for losing weight for every day. The first thing many people do when trying to lose weight is changing their diet.And although we first of all recommend seeking advice from specialists, as a general information, we will consider the basic principles of proper nutrition. A slender, toned figure is the dream of many, but in the race for the desired result, people resort to extremes, torture themselves with starvation, depriving the body of essential nutrients, which ultimately leads to numerous health problems. In fact, to lose weight and stay healthy, you need to eat right. You can read about different diets, their pros and cons, here.Proper nutrition for the whole family is the key to a healthy life not only today, but also the basis of well-being in the future. This is especially important for the younger generation. With proper planning, you can create various combinations of not only healthy, but also mouth-watering meals for a week for the whole family. Individual food diaries for each family member. Adding your own products and recipes, taking into account the culinary treatment. … The training diary will allow you to create your own training plan and keep a record of all the exercises performed according to various parameters.With the help of a diary, you can track the dynamics of loads, regularity, and also assess the increase in strength. In addition, you will find out how many calories you burned during your workout. What kind of nutrition can be called correct. Proper nutrition (sometimes called healthy) means eating natural products that only benefit the body. The diet of a person who is going to eat according to this principle should include dishes that contain the right amount of nutrients.We are talking about the following components of the Action Plan. action plan 2016. action plan 2015.. WE PLAN OUR HEALTHY FOOD INDEPENDENTLY (for the adult population). Does everyone need to count calories? Every calorie, of course not! Your meal plan is a unique, truly special set of foods. It is recommended to you and only to you or to a person with an identical genotype. So, what kind of diet to choose? Below we have put together a small checklist that will help you create an effective nutrition program.First, define your goal. Your diet will vary depending on whether you want to lose weight, maintain your current weight, or build muscle. The place of proper nutrition in a healthy lifestyle. Effects of a healthy diet on weight loss. A detailed menu for losing weight for every day. … The essence of the system of proper nutrition. Calculation of nutrients to normalize metabolism. Slimming menu. The healthy eating system has long been heard by people, especially those who have been trying to get rid of extra pounds for a long time.The approximate human diet is a variety of foods. All types of foods need to be present in your diet. For weight loss, you should reduce the amount of sugar consumed, replacing it with more fruits. … The question of proper nutrition has always been and remains relevant. In modern society, this topic is gradually fading into the background: more and more often it is possible. So, you can highlight a nutrition plan for children, a nutrition plan for various diseases, an athlete’s nutrition plan before a competition, and, of course, a diet plan for losing weight.To begin with, we note that weight loss is impossible without proper and balanced nutrition, and the latter never meant existence on water and vegetables. Nutritional features for weight loss. The danger of excess weight is that it is gained gradually. If we got up in the morning and saw +20 kg in the mirror, measures would be taken instantly. … In addition to proper nutrition, water also affects the speed and effectiveness of weight loss. To calculate the daily value, there is a formula: for 1 kg, 30 ml of water. Tea, coffee and other drinks do not count.

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Expert opinion

How to order

In order to place an order for the best dinner on a diet, you must leave your contact information on the site.The operator will contact you within 15 minutes. Will clarify all the details with you and we will send your order. In 3-10 days you will receive the parcel and pay for it upon receipt.

Customer Reviews:

Katya

I would like to thank the developers for such a simple program. You fill out several forms, enter your data there and in a few minutes you will receive a complete set for a whole month. Thanks to this plan, I managed to lose 2 kg in just 2 weeks.I think this is an excellent result, given that I sit in the office all the time and do not play sports. I recommend it to all overweight people. I strongly advise!

Oia

Friends who are professionally fond of sports told me about the keto diet. It is also not suitable for everyone, it is imperative to study the list of contraindications, diseases and consult with your doctor. The essence of the diet is a gradual, I emphasize the gradual rejection of simple carbohydrates. In general, the main goal of a keto diet is to reduce calories consumed, that is, the body exists due to the excess weight accumulated earlier.And gradually you need to completely reduce the consumption of carbohydrates to zero. That is, do not eat buns, cookies, sweets, pasta, pizza, cakes, etc. How to determine what you can and what is better not to eat on a keto diet? A KetoPlan subscription will help one and all to do this.

Where to buy the best diet dinner?

What to eat for dinner to lose weight? Why is a diet dinner important? What food is allowed and not allowed to eat – advice from nutritionists! … Physical fitness will definitely add vigor, a burst of energy in the morning and a good mood for the whole next day.Try our BeFit diets and see how good nutrition can be healthy, varied and delicious! Food delivery proper nutrition moscow | Meals for a week with delivery reviews | Diet Business Lunch | Detox food delivery | Fish food delivery | Weight Loss Complex | Ready meals for weight gain | Ready meals for the week with vegetarian delivery. Top 10 PP Recipes for Dinner. Dinner with proper nutrition of a person who is on a diet is not necessarily something simple and monotonous.Today nutritionists offer people who are losing weight a huge number of foldable component dishes that amaze with their non-trivial taste, ease and usefulness. Naturally, it will take time to prepare such recipes, but the result will pay off in any case. … This is one of the best food for dinner on the right diet for those who want to get rid of extra pounds, but are not ready to sacrifice the taste of the food they eat. KBJU per 100 g: Calories: 72 kcal. Today for dinner we will cook stuffed peppers with feta cheese.It is bryndza that well complements minced chicken fillet and the dish acquires a completely new taste. 107 kcal. Hits: 4613. Chicken breast casserole with vegetables. A delicious and healthy low-carb dinner that will not only satisfy your hunger, but also help maintain a slim figure. 98 kcal. All nutritionists agree that you cannot refuse dinner. An evening meal is necessary for losing weight and maintaining a slim figure. But in the evenings, digestion should be minimal.At this time, it is allowed to consume only a certain set of healthy and low-calorie foods. A proper dinner will allow you not to suffer from hunger in the evening or at night and will help you become slimmer. Culinary recipes for preparing a dietary dinner. Delicious dinner for those who watch their figure. … Diet dinner. Culinary recipes for preparing a dietary dinner. Delicious dinner for those who watch their figure. Open the Recipe Wizard You can select several search criteria. …Are you an advocate of tasty but healthy food, or on a pre-vacation diet? – you will like this simple recipe for meatballs in the microwave 🙂 By the way, it is also suitable as a quick snack for any side dish! Added by: Dasha Petrova 10/09/2013. Tomato soup for weight loss 5.0. The recipe for cooking tomato soup for weight loss – for diet lovers and not only. The casserole is suitable for the Ducan diet. It can be prepared for breakfast or dinner. If t. Chicken dishes Cottage cheese dishes Diet dishes Dukan’s diet Oatmeal…. How good it is when there is cottage cheese at home! You can always think of something to have a snack, what to cook for dessert or for an afternoon snack for a child and figure out something tasty and dietary for dinner. Also c. Dishes from cottage cheese Curd dessert Dishes from cucumbers Yoghurt recipe Light dinner. Another question – what to eat for dinner to lose weight? You will find the answers in the stat. … Dreaming of the silhouette of an hourglass, girls suffer from strict diets, deny themselves dinner. I didn’t have time to eat before six, and it’s gone. Be tormented by hunger, try to fall asleep as soon as possible so as not to experience this feeling.Cancellation of the evening meal is harmful to the body, it must be present. Another question – what to eat for dinner to lose weight? You will find the answers in the article. … You have learned what is best to eat for dinner while losing weight and the basic aspects of proper nutrition. Remember the little secrets, fight on the spot with stunning shapes. You can find more useful information on our website -https: //www.racionika.ru/. A light weight loss dinner for every day for your nutritional menu. Diet recipes, simple, available products.Dishes showing calories and BJU. … Dinner is the most important meal in terms of weight loss, and what you eat in the evening determines how much you lose weight during the day. A proper dinner should satisfy the body’s needs for nutrients, energy, and at the same time, if you are losing weight, not slow down fat burning. Today I have prepared another selection of dishes that are perfect as a light dinner, help you lose weight and maintain a slim figure, as well as make your food healthy and, importantly, delicious.Dinner with a diet is a meal that, contrary to the recommendations of many, should not be refused. Most nutritionists have long revised the principle of losing weight after six, and now the recommendations sound differently. … In addition, such a meal will contribute to the active burning of fat. What is the best for dinner? To speed up your weight loss process, it is important to choose the right foods – with a minimum of calories. Nutritionists advise choosing the following products for preparing evening meals: any greens – they contain a lot of fiber, which is important for stabilizing metabolic processes; vegetables – cabbage, carrots, beets activate the work of the digestive system

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Ketoplan is ideal for diabetics and those people who suffer from abnormal stomach and intestinal function.At the same time, the presence of bad habits, for example, smoking, does not in any way affect the effectiveness of the program. It also works even if patients do not use some of the products from the program.

the best dinner on a diet

I was on keto-child for almost a year. During this time, I have achieved the desired results. Of the advantages of the diet, I can note the following: the condition of the skin, nails and hair improved, there was enough energy for regular fitness classes three times a week, the diet was very satisfying, I did not feel hungry for a second.Of the minuses, edema appeared at first, but they slept during the first few days. I tolerated this diet surprisingly well, did not feel weakness, malaise and other things. However, the diet is not easy, so it makes sense to consult a dietitian. Personally, I have lasted this whole year thanks to the KetoPlan subscription, the site has everything for proper weight loss and guaranteed results. In general, I liked the diet, for me personally, following such a diet was a very interesting experience.
Optimal nutrition for the mesomorph. Diet program for losing weight and gaining muscle mass. Sports nutrition for athletes with a mesomorphic structure. … Mesomorph is a person genetically gifted with an almost ideal physique for doing strength sports. Its constitution is designed so that it has broad shoulders and chest, a narrow waist, low body fat, and a predisposition to gain muscle mass. However, without careful work on oneself, all these prerequisites mean absolutely nothing.Mesomorph training and nutrition is the basis of the entire process of gaining muscle mass. This is what will be discussed in our article. Features of nutrition. Mesomorphs are the real lucky ones in the world of sports. These are the people who are called genetically gifted. Almost any sport is open to them, but it is in bodybuilding that mesomorphs are most noticeable. According to statistics, only an extremely small percentage of people have a pure mesomorphic type of addition, therefore this can be considered a real jackpot in the matter of genetics. It is important to understand that this is nothing more than initial data and an easier path to progression…. That is why nutrition for mesomorphs for gaining muscle mass should not be chaotic and thoughtless, but clearly structured. If we briefly describe the advantages of this type of addition, then we can note the Owner of a mesomorphic body type can be called a lucky one. The somatotype is between the extreme types – ectomorph and endomorph, and is the golden mean of their qualities and characteristics. The mesomorph can easily gain muscle mass, but under certain conditions it is just as easy and fat, but it also loses it more easily.Content. The main features of the mesomorphic type. Advantages of the mesomorph somatotype. Disadvantages of an athletic body type. 10 rules for mesomorph nutrition. Recommendations for sports nutrition. Mesomorph training. Mesomorph program for a week. Conclusion. Information about the type of physique mesomorph in video format. Earlier we talked about nutrition for eternally thin ectomorphs, and now let’s talk about endomorphs. This somatotype has the opposite problem – how to lose weight. … And if we are talking about losing weight (and endomorphs very often do), then the amount of fat should also be reduced, and protein, on the contrary, should be consumed more.At least, like this: 60–65% proteins; 15-20% carbohydrates; 15% fat. Usually, an endomorph in terms of diet is suitable for alternating KBZHU for gaining mass and KBZHU for weight loss. Nutrition strategy. But how can you still fit into fewer calories if there is a constant desire to eat, trademark for an endomorph? And here’s the good news. Proper nutrition for weight loss. How to plan meals for each day? Proper nutrition planning is a time-consuming process, in the preparation of which it is necessary to take into account the following: The ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates – it can be different depending on the goals pursued.For example, during the so-called drying, it is recommended to increase the percentage of protein consumed; General calculation of calorie content – while the required daily dose of calories, which varies depending on age and lifestyle, should be evenly distributed. Principles of proper nutrition and recipes for losing weight for every day. The first thing many people do when trying to lose weight is changing their diet. And although we first of all recommend seeking advice from specialists, as a general information, we will consider the basic principles of proper nutrition.Very often people in pursuit of weight loss use all sorts of newfangled diets, limit themselves in everything. This leads to new difficulties: uncontrolled appetite appears, health problems, worsening health. Experts warn: this approach is fraught with serious consequences. Losing weight will be rapid if you reduce the calorie content by 30-40% and add physical activity. However, in this case, the likelihood of a breakdown from the diet, a deterioration in well-being increases. You can calculate your daily calorie intake using online calculators and weight loss apps.Menu options for every day. It will be easier to stick to a healthy diet if you have several options for your main meals and snacks. The basis of a healthy diet should be a balance of nutrients and calories, as well as the supply of essential vitamins and minerals, therefore, section. … The theory of proper nutrition for each blood type is that people with different blood types process food differently. According to the theory, people on a blood type-specific diet can improve health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease…. Mesomorphs (normostenics) are broad-shouldered, narrow at the waist and hips, muscular, compact and athletic. The somatotype describes such components of the body as fat mass, muscle mass and the ratio between them. Features of physical activity for women mesomorphs and examples of fitness classes. … Fitness for mesomorph girls: exercises and norms of physical activity. Author. Loytra Sergey. The article was checked by an expert. Expert. Golubev Mikhail Arkadevich. Features of fitness training for women mesomorphs. In the diet of an endomorph, there are very important features that help to adjust the shape of your body: fast carbohydrates should be absent in the diet, or at least their volume will need to be significantly reduced, but the amount of protein should be significant.fractional nutrition is also considered mandatory, but if the mesomorph can afford 4-5 meals a day, then the endomorph will have to eat in smaller portions 6-8 times a day. Approximate menu with 7 meals a day: 1 breakfast – an omelet of 5-6 egg whites, a piece of whole grain bread, unsweetened compote.

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the best dinner on a diet

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What is the best dinner on a diet?

The keto diet makes the body work in a new format: fats are not stored in reserve, but are the main source of energy, starting the process of ketosis.This type of food is quite satisfying, high calorie content contributes to the absence of breakdowns. And it’s easy enough to stick to 1200-1300 kcal per day. Due to the impressive amount of proteins and fats, it takes a little kilograms per week. But in a month it is really possible to lose about 3-5 kg. True, a lot depends on individual characteristics.

The effect of using the best supper on a diet

“Keto” is an abbreviation for “ketogenic”, that is, the diet is based on ketosis – the process by which fat is broken down due to a lack of carbohydrates in the diet.Here we are talking about a low-carb diet based on … fats! Protein in the diet should be in moderation. For me, this diet is very surprising. I’m used to the fact that when it comes to a low-carb diet, then the basis of the diet should be proteins, not fats. The ketogenic diet is something completely new. And so, going into the new unknown world of the ketogenic diet, I decided to enlist the help and support of professionals – I signed up for a KetoPlan subscription. In six months, I lost 5 kg, and I still have 5 to the desired weight.I feel light and free.

Expert opinion

The keto diet is a diet plan for weight loss. The main principle of this diet is the consumption of foods with a minimum amount of carbohydrates. Ketoplan is a healthy and effortless way to lose weight. This unique program allows you to quickly lose extra pounds and gain a long-awaited beautiful figure.

How to order

In order to place an order for the best dinner on a diet, you must leave your contact information on the site.The operator will contact you within 15 minutes. Will clarify all the details with you and we will send your order. In 3-10 days you will receive the parcel and pay for it upon receipt.

Customer Reviews:

Tata

The specially developed online course “KETOPLAN” helps the body begin to actively break down fats instead of carbohydrate molecules. It is an alternative source of energy, which finds its active use in the breakdown of fats, catalyzed into useful energy for life!

Kira

Ketoplan is ideal for diabetics and those people who suffer from malfunctioning of the stomach and intestines.At the same time, the presence of bad habits, for example, smoking, does not in any way affect the effectiveness of the program. It also works even if patients do not use some of the products from the program.

The Keto Diet is a diet plan for weight loss. The main principle of this diet is the consumption of foods with a minimum amount of carbohydrates. Ketoplan is a healthy and effortless way to lose weight. This unique program allows you to quickly lose extra pounds and gain a long-awaited beautiful figure.Where to Buy the Best Diet Dinner? The keto diet is a diet plan for weight loss. The main principle of this diet is the consumption of foods with a minimum amount of carbohydrates. Ketoplan is a healthy and effortless way to lose weight. This unique program allows you to quickly lose extra pounds and gain a long-awaited beautiful figure.

What to eat for dinner to lose weight? Why is a diet dinner important? What food is allowed and not allowed to eat – advice from nutritionists! …Physical fitness will definitely add vigor, a burst of energy in the morning and a good mood for the whole next day. Try our BeFit diets and see how good nutrition can be healthy, varied and delicious! Food delivery proper nutrition moscow | Meals for a week with delivery reviews | Diet Business Lunch | Detox food delivery | Fish food delivery | Weight Loss Complex | Ready meals for weight gain | Ready meals for the week with vegetarian delivery.Top 10 PP Recipes for Dinner. Dinner with proper nutrition of a person who is on a diet is not necessarily something simple and monotonous. Today nutritionists offer people who are losing weight a huge number of foldable component dishes that amaze with their non-trivial taste, ease and usefulness. Naturally, it will take time to prepare such recipes, but the result will pay off in any case. … This is one of the best food for dinner on the right diet for those who want to get rid of extra pounds, but are not ready to sacrifice the taste of the food they eat.KBJU per 100 g: Calories: 72 kcal. Today for dinner we will cook stuffed peppers with feta cheese. It is bryndza that well complements minced chicken fillet and the dish acquires a completely new taste. 107 kcal. Hits: 4613. Chicken breast casserole with vegetables. A delicious and healthy low-carb dinner that will not only satisfy your hunger, but also help maintain a slim figure. 98 kcal. All nutritionists agree that you cannot refuse dinner. An evening meal is necessary for losing weight and maintaining a slim figure.But in the evenings, digestion should be minimal. At this time, it is allowed to consume only a certain set of healthy and low-calorie foods. A proper dinner will allow you not to suffer from hunger in the evening or at night and will help you become slimmer. Culinary recipes for preparing a dietary dinner. Delicious dinner for those who watch their figure. … Diet dinner. Culinary recipes for preparing a dietary dinner. Delicious dinner for those who watch their figure. Open the Recipe Wizard You can select several search criteria…. Are you an advocate of tasty but healthy food, or on a pre-vacation diet? – you will like this simple recipe for meatballs in the microwave 🙂 By the way, it is also suitable as a quick snack for any side dish! Added by: Dasha Petrova 10/09/2013. Tomato soup for weight loss 5.0. The recipe for cooking tomato soup for weight loss – for diet lovers and not only. The casserole is suitable for the Ducan diet. It can be prepared for breakfast or dinner. If t. Chicken dishes Cottage cheese dishes Diet dishes Dukan’s diet Oatmeal…. How good it is when there is cottage cheese at home! You can always think of something to have a snack, what to cook for dessert or for an afternoon snack for a child and figure out something tasty and dietary for dinner. Also c. Dishes from cottage cheese Curd dessert Dishes from cucumbers Yoghurt recipe Light dinner. Another question – what to eat for dinner to lose weight? You will find the answers in the stat. … Dreaming of the silhouette of an hourglass, girls suffer from strict diets, deny themselves dinner. I didn’t have time to eat before six, and it’s gone. Be tormented by hunger, try to fall asleep as soon as possible so as not to experience this feeling.Cancellation of the evening meal is harmful to the body, it must be present. Another question – what to eat for dinner to lose weight? You will find the answers in the article. … You have learned what is best to eat for dinner while losing weight and the basic aspects of proper nutrition. Remember the little secrets, fight on the spot with stunning shapes. You can find more useful information on our website -https: //www.racionika.ru/. A light weight loss dinner for every day for your nutritional menu. Diet recipes, simple, available products.Dishes showing calories and BJU. … Dinner is the most important meal in terms of weight loss, and what you eat in the evening determines how much you lose weight during the day. A proper dinner should satisfy the body’s needs for nutrients, energy, and at the same time, if you are losing weight, not slow down fat burning. Today I have prepared another selection of dishes that are perfect as a light dinner, help you lose weight and maintain a slim figure, as well as make your food healthy and, importantly, delicious.Dinner with a diet is a meal that, contrary to the recommendations of many, should not be refused. Most nutritionists have long revised the principle of losing weight after six, and now the recommendations sound differently. … In addition, such a meal will contribute to the active burning of fat. What is the best for dinner? To speed up your weight loss process, it is important to choose the right foods – with a minimum of calories. Nutritionists advise choosing the following products for preparing evening meals: any greens – they contain a lot of fiber, which is important for stabilizing metabolic processes; vegetables – cabbage, carrots, beets activate the work of the digestive system

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Keto is short for ketogenic, which means that the diet is based on ketosis, a process by which fat is broken down due to a lack of carbohydrates in the diet.Here we are talking about a low-carb diet based on … fats! Protein in the diet should be in moderation. For me, this diet is very surprising. I’m used to the fact that when it comes to a low-carb diet, then the basis of the diet should be proteins, not fats. The ketogenic diet is something completely new. And so, going into the new unknown world of the ketogenic diet, I decided to enlist the help and support of professionals – I signed up for a KetoPlan subscription. In six months, I lost 5 kg, and I still have 5 to the desired weight.I feel light and free.

the best dinner on a diet

The keto diet forces the body to work in a new format: fats are not stored in reserve, but are the main source of energy, starting the process of ketosis. This type of food is quite satisfying, high calorie content contributes to the absence of breakdowns. And it’s easy enough to stick to 1200-1300 kcal per day. Due to the impressive amount of proteins and fats, it takes a little kilograms per week. But in a month it is really possible to lose about 3-5 kg.True, a lot depends on individual characteristics.

Weight loss diets are the most popular type of diet in existence. In the modern world, the standard of beauty is harmony, which is not possible to achieve with any diet. The fashion for slimness dictates the great demand for various diets for weight loss. At different times, low-carbohydrate, protein, kefir, onion, Japanese, French, Kremlin, Chinese and many other diets became popular.Which diet is right for you? The most effective diet for fast weight loss: a selection of the best systems and techniques with descriptions, rules, advantages, possible difficulties and contraindications. The most effective diet for weight loss at home. Deciding to lose weight, women revise their diet. … The most effective diet for the week. The easiest way to reduce weight in a week is with a diet of one buckwheat porridge and kefir. Yes, it turns out monotonously, but you lose up to 5 kg. Buckwheat should be cooked in the same way as for the buckwheat method: steamed, not boiled.We drink up to 1.5 liters of low-fat kefir per day. Effective diet for 10 days. The diet for weight loss should be balanced and contain the required amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. … If your body consumes a large amount of calories alone, for example, 1000-1200, you will not have to go on a diet. Perhaps you will only need to give up sweet and flour (buns and white bread), enrich the diet with fresh fruits and berries and add physical activity. It is also important to determine the time frame for which you want to achieve results.It is important to understand that without harm to health, you can only lose 1.5 kg per week. And if, according to calculations, in order to lose weight you need about a month, do not choose diets that promise to lose the same weight in a week. Healthy diet menu for the week and prohibited / allowed foods for weight loss. … Fruits and vegetables are good sources of many vitamins and minerals that your body needs during adolescence. Aim to eat at least five servings of a variety of fruits and vegetables a day.Limitation. … Potatoes are allowed to be eaten twice a week only in boiled or baked form. Only high-quality pasta made from durum wheat, prepared al dente. If you have gut problems, it is recommended that you stop eating legumes or cut them to a minimum. It’s time to create a menu for yourself! How to make a weight loss meal plan. Individual planning of your own menu for the day, week, month will help you develop the habit of eating right and in a strictly defined mode.Fractional – at least 3 times, and preferably 5-6 times a day – the diet is the key to food discipline. Do not break or rebuild your daily routine. Rely on your lifestyle as you plan. Diet menu for slimming the abdomen and sides for 1 week. An effective diet for losing weight on the abdomen and sides involves avoiding sweets. And in order not to experience a deficiency of carbohydrates, you need to include more fruits and cereals in the diet. For a week, the menu looks like this: Day. Breakfast. … diet on water – eat right and do fasting days every 3 days, on which you can only drink water; cabbage diet – cook dishes only from cabbage for 5-7 days; Rice Diet – Eat only boiled rice for 5 days…. It is best to select exercise for weight loss with a trainer or doctor. Age, body weight, equipment, as well as diseases are taken into account. We are pleased to offer the most effective and high-quality products for your beauty and health from leading manufacturers: face massagers, devices for weight loss and cellulite removal, muscle stimulants, health products, anti-cellulite and corrective underwear, laser and photoepilators, manicure sets, products for rejuvenation of the skin of the face and getting rid of wrinkles, effective cosmetics for face and body care, and much more.Proper nutrition: a weekly menu for the whole family. … It is better to use them in the morning, for example, in the form of cereals (it is advisable to exclude high-calorie semolina or cook only for babies). … When planning a healthy diet for the whole family for the week, all foods are for. Diet of astronauts. “I practically do not eat anything, but I still don’t lose weight!” – this phrase is most often heard by nutritionists from the lips of people who are more than 10-20 kg overweight. In fact, these people are simply not able to resist the feeling of hunger and are not distinguished by special willpower.It is difficult for them to follow a diet for a long time. Due to the feeling of a strong feeling of hunger, they cannot fall asleep in the evenings, they constantly want to eat, and after several days of refusing to eat their usual food, their health worsens: they feel dizzy, irritation and fatigue appear. Nutritionist about the right menu for the week. To maintain oneself in normal physical shape, a person needs, on average, 1600-1800 kilocalories per day.