What are the main symptoms of diarrhea. How can diarrhea lead to dehydration. What causes acute and persistent diarrhea. Why does chronic diarrhea occur. How do infections contribute to diarrheal illness. What role do food allergies play in chronic diarrhea. How can medications impact bowel function.

The Relationship Between Diarrhea and Fever

While diarrhea itself doesn’t directly cause fever, the two symptoms often occur together due to underlying infections. Fever is a common accompanying symptom when diarrhea is caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections. These infections can trigger the body’s immune response, leading to an elevated body temperature as the immune system fights off the pathogens.

Is fever always present with infectious diarrhea? No, not all cases of infectious diarrhea will cause fever. The presence of fever often depends on the specific pathogen causing the infection and the individual’s immune response. Some people may experience diarrhea without fever, while others may develop both symptoms simultaneously.

Understanding the Symptoms of Diarrhea

Diarrhea is characterized by loose, watery stools occurring three or more times a day. However, this is not the only symptom associated with diarrheal illness. Individuals experiencing diarrhea may also encounter:

• An urgent need to use the bathroom
• Abdominal cramping
• Loss of control over bowel movements
• Nausea
• Pain in the abdomen

In cases where infections are the underlying cause, additional symptoms may include:

• Bloody stools
• Fever and chills
• Light-headedness and dizziness
• Vomiting

Do all cases of diarrhea present the same symptoms? No, the specific symptoms can vary depending on the cause of diarrhea and the individual’s overall health. Some people may experience only mild discomfort, while others may have more severe symptoms.

Dehydration: A Serious Complication of Diarrhea

One of the most significant risks associated with diarrhea is dehydration. As the body loses fluids through frequent, watery stools, it can lead to a dangerous imbalance in electrolytes and fluid levels. Recognizing the signs of dehydration is crucial for prompt intervention.

Symptoms of Dehydration in Adults

• Increased thirst
• Decreased urination
• Fatigue
• Dark-colored urine
• Dry mouth
• Decreased skin turgor (skin doesn’t flatten back quickly when pinched)
• Sunken eyes or cheeks
• Light-headedness or fainting

Signs of Dehydration in Infants and Young Children

• Thirst
• No wet diapers for 3 hours or more
• Lack of energy
• Dry mouth
• No tears when crying
• Decreased skin turgor
• Sunken eyes, cheeks, or soft spot in the skull

How quickly can dehydration occur in cases of severe diarrhea? Dehydration can develop rapidly, especially in young children, older adults, and those with compromised immune systems. In severe cases, it can occur within hours of the onset of diarrhea if fluid losses are not adequately replaced.

Malabsorption: Another Consequence of Diarrheal Illness

Malabsorption is another potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in chronic cases. When the digestive system is disrupted, it may struggle to absorb nutrients effectively, leading to various symptoms and potential health issues.

Symptoms of Malabsorption in Adults

• Bloating
• Changes in appetite
• Excessive gas
• Loose, greasy, foul-smelling bowel movements
• Weight loss

Symptoms of Malabsorption in Children

• Bloating
• Changes in appetite
• Gas
• Loose, greasy, foul-smelling bowel movements
• Weight loss or poor weight gain

Can malabsorption lead to long-term health problems? Yes, if left untreated, chronic malabsorption can result in nutritional deficiencies, impaired growth in children, and other health complications. It’s essential to address the underlying cause of diarrhea and malabsorption to prevent these long-term effects.

Common Causes of Acute and Persistent Diarrhea

Acute diarrhea, lasting less than 14 days, and persistent diarrhea, lasting 14-30 days, can have various causes. Understanding these causes is crucial for proper treatment and prevention.

Infections

Infections are a leading cause of acute and persistent diarrhea. These can be categorized into three main types:

1. Viral infections: Caused by viruses such as norovirus and rotavirus, viral gastroenteritis is a common source of acute diarrhea.
2. Bacterial infections: Bacteria like Campylobacter, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, and Shigella can enter the body through contaminated food or water, leading to diarrhea.
3. Parasitic infections: Parasites such as Cryptosporidium enteritis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia can settle in the digestive tract and cause diarrhea.

Are all diarrheal infections equally severe? No, the severity of diarrheal infections can vary greatly. Some may cause mild, self-limiting symptoms, while others can lead to severe dehydration and require medical intervention. The specific pathogen, the individual’s immune status, and overall health play roles in determining the severity of the infection.

Travelers’ Diarrhea

Travelers’ diarrhea is a common issue for people visiting developing countries. It’s typically caused by consuming food or water contaminated with bacteria, viruses, or parasites. While usually acute, some parasitic infections can lead to more prolonged diarrhea.

Medication Side Effects

Various medications can cause diarrhea as a side effect. Common culprits include:

• Antibiotics
• Antacids containing magnesium
• Cancer treatment medications

How long does medication-induced diarrhea typically last? The duration can vary depending on the specific medication and individual factors. In many cases, diarrhea subsides once the medication is discontinued or the body adjusts to it. However, if diarrhea persists, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider.

Chronic Diarrhea: Causes and Concerns

Chronic diarrhea, lasting more than four weeks, can have various underlying causes. These prolonged cases often require medical attention to identify and address the root issue.

Persistent Infections

Some bacterial and parasitic infections can persist without proper treatment, leading to chronic diarrhea. Additionally, post-infectious complications can occur, such as difficulties digesting certain carbohydrates or proteins following an infection.

Food Allergies and Intolerances

Chronic diarrhea can be caused by allergies or intolerances to various foods, including:

• Cow’s milk
• Soy
• Cereal grains
• Eggs
• Seafood

Lactose intolerance, a common condition affecting the ability to digest milk sugar, can lead to chronic diarrhea when consuming dairy products. Similarly, fructose intolerance can cause diarrhea after consuming fruits, fruit juices, or products containing high-fructose corn syrup.

Can food intolerances develop later in life? Yes, it’s possible for individuals to develop food intolerances at any age. Factors such as genetics, changes in gut bacteria, and overall health can contribute to the development of new food sensitivities over time.

Sugar Alcohols and Digestive Issues

Sugar alcohols, often found in sugar-free candies and gum, can cause diarrhea in some individuals. Common sugar alcohols include:

• Sorbitol
• Mannitol
• Xylitol

These substances can have a laxative effect, particularly when consumed in large quantities.

Digestive Tract Disorders and Chronic Diarrhea

Various digestive tract disorders can contribute to chronic diarrhea. These conditions often require specialized medical care for proper diagnosis and management.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Conditions such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis can cause persistent inflammation in the digestive tract, leading to chronic diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

IBS is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder that can cause alternating periods of diarrhea and constipation, along with abdominal pain and bloating.

Celiac Disease

This autoimmune disorder, triggered by gluten consumption, can cause chronic diarrhea along with other digestive and systemic symptoms.

How is chronic diarrhea diagnosed? Diagnosing chronic diarrhea often involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, stool tests, blood tests, and sometimes imaging studies or endoscopic procedures. The specific diagnostic approach depends on the suspected underlying cause and the individual’s symptoms.

Prevention and Management of Diarrheal Illness

While not all cases of diarrhea can be prevented, there are steps individuals can take to reduce their risk and manage symptoms when they occur.

Hygiene and Food Safety

• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially before eating and after using the bathroom
• Cook foods to safe temperatures and avoid consuming raw or undercooked meats
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before consumption
• Be cautious with food and water when traveling to areas with poor sanitation

Hydration and Nutrition

Maintaining proper hydration is crucial when experiencing diarrhea. Oral rehydration solutions can help replace lost fluids and electrolytes. In terms of diet, the BRAT (Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast) approach can be helpful for mild cases, providing easily digestible foods that help firm up stools.

When to Seek Medical Care

While many cases of diarrhea resolve on their own, it’s important to seek medical attention if:

• Diarrhea persists for more than a few days
• There are signs of severe dehydration
• Blood is present in the stool
• Fever is high or persistent
• Abdominal pain is severe

Can over-the-counter medications help with diarrhea? While antidiarrheal medications can provide symptomatic relief in some cases, they should be used cautiously. In cases of infectious diarrhea, these medications may prolong the illness by preventing the body from eliminating the pathogen. It’s best to consult with a healthcare provider before using such medications, especially for children or in cases of severe or prolonged diarrhea.

Understanding the symptoms, causes, and potential complications of diarrhea is essential for proper management and prevention. By recognizing warning signs and taking appropriate measures, individuals can minimize the impact of diarrheal illness on their health and well-being. Remember, while diarrhea itself may not directly cause fever, the presence of fever along with diarrhea can indicate an underlying infection that requires attention. Always consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment, especially in cases of severe or persistent symptoms.

Symptoms & Causes of Diarrhea

What are the symptoms of diarrhea?

The main symptom of diarrhea is passing loose, watery stools three or more times a day.

People with diarrhea may also have one or more of the following symptoms:

• an urgent need to use the bathroom
• cramping
• loss of control of bowel movements
• nausea
• pain in the abdomen

People with diarrhea caused by some infections may also have one or more of the following symptoms:

• bloody stools
• fever and chills
• light-headedness and dizziness
• vomiting

Diarrhea may cause dehydration and malabsorption.

What are the symptoms of dehydration and malabsorption?

Dehydration and malabsorption can be serious complications of diarrhea. Their symptoms in adults, infants, toddlers, and young children are as follows.

Dehydration

Symptoms of dehydration in adults may include:

• thirst
• urinating less than usual
• feeling tired
• dark-colored urine
• dry mouth
• decreased skin turgor, meaning that when your skin is pinched and released, the skin does not flatten back to normal right away
• sunken eyes or cheeks
• light-headedness or fainting

Signs of dehydration in infants, toddlers, and young children may include

• thirst
• urinating less than usual, or no wet diapers for 3 hours or more
• lack of energy
• dry mouth
• no tears when crying
• decreased skin turgor
• sunken eyes, cheeks, or soft spot in the skull

Malabsorption

Symptoms of malabsorption in adults may include

• bloating
• changes in appetite
• gas
• loose, greasy, foul-smelling bowel movements
• weight loss

Symptoms of malabsorption in infants, toddlers, and young children may include

• bloating
• changes in appetite
• gas
• loose, greasy, foul-smelling bowel movements
• weight loss or poor weight gain

What causes diarrhea?

Acute and persistent diarrhea may have causes that are different from those of chronic diarrhea. In many cases, doctors do not find the cause of diarrhea. Most diarrhea goes away on its own within 4 days, and finding the cause is not necessary.

Acute and persistent diarrhea

The most common causes of acute and persistent diarrhea are infections, travelers’ diarrhea, and side effects of medicines.

Infections

Three types of infections that cause diarrhea include

• Viral infections. Many viruses cause diarrhea, including norovirus and rotavirus. Viral gastroenteritis is a common cause of acute diarrhea.

• Bacterial infections. Several types of bacteria can enter your body through contaminated food or water and cause diarrhea. Common bacteria that cause diarrhea include Campylobacter, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, and Shigella.

• Parasitic infections. Parasites can enter your body through food or water and settle in your digestive tract. Parasites that cause diarrhea include Cryptosporidium enteritis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia.

Infections in the digestive tract that spread through foods or drinks are called foodborne illnesses.

Infections lasting more than 2 weeks and less than 4 weeks can cause persistent diarrhea.

Travelers’ diarrhea

Travelers’ diarrhea is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Travelers’ diarrhea is most often acute. However, some parasites cause diarrhea that lasts longer. Travelers’ diarrhea can be a problem for people traveling to developing countries.

Travelers’ diarrhea can be a problem for people traveling to developing countries.

Side effects of medicines

Many medicines may cause diarrhea. Medicines that may cause diarrhea include antibiotics, antacids containing magnesium, and medicines used to treat cancer.

Chronic diarrhea

Some infections, food allergies and intolerances, digestive tract problems, abdominal surgery, and long-term use of medicines can cause chronic diarrhea.

Infections

Some infections from bacteria and parasites that cause diarrhea do not go away quickly without treatment. Also, after an infection, people may have problems digesting carbohydrates such as lactose or proteins in foods such as cow’s milk, milk products, or soy. Problems digesting carbohydrates or proteins can prolong diarrhea.

Food allergies and intolerances

Allergies to foods such as cow’s milk, soy, cereal grains, eggs, and seafood may cause chronic diarrhea.

Lactose intolerance is a common condition that may cause diarrhea after eating foods or drinking liquids that contain milk or milk products.

Fructose intolerance is a condition that may cause diarrhea after eating foods or drinking liquids that contain fructose, a sugar found in fruits, fruit juices, and honey. Fructose is added to many foods and soft drinks as a sweetener called high-fructose corn syrup.

Sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol may cause diarrhea in some people. Sugar-free candies and gum often include these sugar alcohols.

Digestive tract problems

Digestive tract problems that may cause chronic diarrhea include

• celiac disease
• Crohn’s disease
• irritable bowel syndrome and other functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders
• small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
• ulcerative colitis

Abdominal surgery

You may develop chronic diarrhea after abdominal surgery. Abdominal surgery is an operation on the appendix, gallbladder, large intestine, liver, pancreas, small intestine, spleen, or stomach.

Long-term use of medicines

Medicines that must be taken for a long time may cause chronic diarrhea. Some medicines, such as antibiotics, can change the normal gut flora and increase your chances of infection with Clostridioides difficile, a bacterium that can cause chronic diarrhea.

Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) – Symptoms & causes

Overview

Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection that includes signs and symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes fever.

The most common way to develop viral gastroenteritis — often called stomach flu — is through contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or water. If you’re otherwise healthy, you’ll likely recover without complications. But for infants, older adults and people with compromised immune systems, viral gastroenteritis can be deadly.

There’s no effective treatment for viral gastroenteritis, so prevention is key. Avoid food and water that may be contaminated and wash your hands thoroughly and often.

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Symptoms

Although it’s commonly called stomach flu, gastroenteritis isn’t the same as influenza. The flu (influenza) affects only your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs. Gastroenteritis, on the other hand, attacks your intestines, causing signs and symptoms such as:

• Watery, usually nonbloody diarrhea — bloody diarrhea usually means you have a different, more severe infection
• Nausea, vomiting or both
• Stomach cramps and pain
• Occasional muscle aches or headache
• Low-grade fever

Depending on the cause, viral gastroenteritis symptoms may appear within 1-3 days after you’re infected and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms usually last just a day or two, but occasionally they may last up to 14 days.

Because the symptoms are similar, it’s easy to confuse viral diarrhea with diarrhea caused by bacteria, such as Clostridioides difficile, salmonella and Escherichia coli, or parasites, such as giardia.

Viral gastroenteritis

The stomach, small intestine and large intestine (colon) are part of your digestive tract, which processes the foods you eat. Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation of these organs caused by a virus.

When to see a doctor

If you’re an adult, call your health care provider if:

• You’re not able to keep liquids down for 24 hours
• You’ve been vomiting or having diarrhea for more than two days
• You’re vomiting blood
• You’re dehydrated — signs of dehydration include excessive thirst, dry mouth, deep yellow urine or little or no urine, and severe weakness, dizziness or lightheadedness
• You notice blood in your bowel movements
• You have severe stomach pain
• You have a fever above 104 F (40 C)

For infants and children

See your child’s health care provider right away if your child:

• Has a fever of 102 F (38. 9 C) or higher
• Seems tired or very irritable
• Is in a lot of discomfort or pain
• Has bloody diarrhea
• Seems dehydrated — watch for signs of dehydration in sick infants and children by comparing how much they drink and urinate with how much is normal for them, and watching for signs such as a dry mouth, thirst and crying without tears

If you have an infant, remember that while spitting up may be an everyday occurrence for your baby, vomiting is not. Babies vomit for a variety of reasons, many of which may require medical attention.

Call your baby’s doctor right away if your baby:

• Has vomiting that is frequent
• Hasn’t had a wet diaper in six hours
• Has bloody stools or severe diarrhea
• Has a sunken soft spot (fontanel) on the top of his or her head
• Has a dry mouth or cries without tears
• Is unusually sleepy, drowsy or unresponsive

Causes

You’re most likely to get viral gastroenteritis when you eat or drink contaminated food or water. You may also be likely to get gastroenteritis if you share utensils, towels or food with someone who has one of the viruses that cause the condition.

Many viruses can cause gastroenteritis, including:

• Noroviruses. Both children and adults are affected by noroviruses, the most common cause of foodborne illness worldwide. Norovirus infection can sweep through families and communities. It’s especially likely to spread among people in confined spaces.

  In most cases, you pick up the virus from contaminated food or water. But it can also spread between people who are in close contact or who share food. You can also get the virus by touching a surface that’s been contaminated with norovirus and then touching your mouth.

• Rotavirus. Worldwide, this is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children, who are usually infected when they put their fingers or other objects contaminated with the virus into their mouths. It can also spread through contaminated food. The infection is most severe in infants and young children.

  Adults infected with rotavirus may not have symptoms, but can still spread the illness. This is of particular concern in institutional settings such as nursing homes because adults with the virus unknowingly can pass the virus to others. A vaccine against viral gastroenteritis is available in some countries, including the United States, and appears to be effective in preventing the infection.

Some shellfish, especially raw or undercooked oysters, also can make you sick. Contaminated drinking water is a cause of viral diarrhea. But in many cases the virus is passed when someone with a virus handles food you eat without washing his or her hands after using the toilet.

Risk factors

Gastroenteritis occurs all over the world and can affect people of all ages.

People who may be more susceptible to gastroenteritis include:

• Young children. Children in child care centers or elementary schools may be especially vulnerable because it takes time for a child’s immune system to mature.
• Older adults. Adult immune systems tend to become less efficient later in life. Older adults in nursing homes are vulnerable because their immune systems weaken. They also live in close contact with others who may pass along germs.
• Schoolchildren or dormitory residents. Anywhere that groups of people come together in close quarters can be an environment for an intestinal infection to get passed.
• Anyone with a weakened immune system. If your resistance to infection is low — for instance, if your immune system is compromised by HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy or another medical condition — you may be especially at risk.

Each gastrointestinal virus has a season when it’s most active. If you live in the Northern Hemisphere, for instance, you’re more likely to have rotavirus or norovirus infections in the winter and spring.

Complications

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration — a severe loss of water and essential salts and minerals. If you’re healthy and drink enough to replace fluids you lose from vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration shouldn’t be a problem.

Infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems may become severely dehydrated when they lose more fluids than they can replace. Hospitalization might be needed so that lost fluids can be replaced through an IV in their arms. Dehydration can rarely lead to death.

Prevention

The best way to prevent the spread of intestinal infections is to follow these precautions:

• Get your child vaccinated. A vaccine against gastroenteritis caused by the rotavirus is available in some countries, including the United States. Given to children in the first year of life, the vaccine appears to be effective in preventing severe symptoms of this illness.

• Wash your hands thoroughly. And make sure your children do, too. If your children are older, teach them to wash their hands, especially after using the toilet.

  Wash your hands after changing diapers and before preparing or eating food, too. It’s best to use warm water and soap and to rub hands well for at least 20 seconds. Wash around cuticles, beneath fingernails and in the creases of the hands. Then rinse thoroughly. Carry sanitizing wipes and hand sanitizer for times when soap and water aren’t available.

• Use separate personal items around your home. Avoid sharing eating utensils, drinking glasses and plates. Use separate towels in the bathroom.
• Prepare food safely. Wash all your fruits and vegetables before eating them. Clean kitchen surfaces before preparing food on them. Avoid preparing food if you’re sick.
• Keep your distance. Avoid close contact with anyone who has the virus, if possible.
• Disinfect hard surfaces. If someone in your home has viral gastroenteritis, disinfect hard surfaces, such as counters, faucets and doorknobs, with a mixture of 5-25 tablespoons (73 to 369 milliliters) of household bleach to 1 gallon (3. 8 liters) of water.
• Avoid touching laundry that may have been exposed to a virus. If someone in your home has viral gastroenteritis, wear gloves while touching laundry. Wash clothing and bedding in hot water and dry them on the hottest setting. Wash your hands well after touching laundry.
• Check out your child care center. Make sure the center has separate rooms for changing diapers and preparing or serving food. The room with the diaper-changing table should have a sink as well as a sanitary way to dispose of diapers.

Take precautions when traveling

When you’re traveling in other countries, you can become sick from contaminated food or water. You may be able to reduce your risk by following these tips:

• Drink only well-sealed bottled or carbonated water.
• Avoid ice cubes because they may be made from contaminated water.
• Use bottled water to brush your teeth.
• Avoid raw food — including peeled fruits, raw vegetables and salads — that has been touched by human hands.
• Avoid undercooked meat and fish.

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Acute Infectious Diarrhea: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Acute Infectious Diarrhea is a common illness characterized by frequent loose stools and accompanied by symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. This article provides the main causes, symptoms and treatments for acute infectious diarrhea. Learn how to prevent infection and what to do if you get sick.

Acute infectious diarrhea is a common illness characterized by frequent loose stools. It can be caused by various infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses and parasites. Transmission of infection occurs through contact with infected people, contaminated water or food. Irregular handwashing, improper storage or preparation of food, and poor hygiene are major risk factors for developing this condition.

Symptoms of acute infectious diarrhea include frequent upset stomach, loose stools, abdominal pain and screaming, nausea and vomiting. In some cases, patients may experience fever, weakness, and loss of appetite. Symptoms usually appear within hours or days after exposure to an infectious agent.

Treatment of acute infectious diarrhea is primarily symptomatic therapy such as rehydration (replenishing lost fluids), probiotics (to restore normal gut microbiota), and antidiarrheal drugs (to reduce the frequency and relieve symptoms). The response to treatment may depend on the cause of the infection, so antibiotics may be needed in some cases. However, self-medication is not recommended and a doctor should be consulted before starting treatment.

To prevent the development of acute infectious diarrhea, it is important to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly with soap and water, especially before meals and after going to the toilet. You should also avoid eating contaminated food and water, store food properly, and refrain from contact with infected people. If you have symptoms of acute infectious diarrhea, you should contact your doctor immediately.

Acute infectious diarrhea can be caused by various microorganisms. The most common reasons are:

Acute infectious diarrhea can also be caused by other factors such as malnutrition, stress, food or drug allergies, and prolonged use of antibiotics.

To prevent acute infectious diarrhea, it is recommended to practice good hygiene, wash hands before eating and after going to the toilet, prepare food properly, drink only clean water, avoid contact with infected people and objects, and follow other doctor’s recommendations and generally accepted rules of healthy behavior life.

Acute infectious diarrhea is characterized by the following main symptoms:

If you experience these symptoms, it is recommended that you see a doctor for an accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.

Q&A:

What are the causes of acute infectious diarrhea?

Acute infectious diarrhea can be caused by a variety of causes, including viruses (such as rotavirus and gastroenteritis), bacteria (such as salmonella and escherichia), parasites (such as giardia and amoeba), and toxins that can enter the body through food or water .

What are the symptoms of acute infectious diarrhea?

Symptoms of acute infectious diarrhea may include frequent and severe diarrhea, loose or watery stools, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, loss of appetite, and fever. Rarely, bloody stools or high fever may occur.

How to identify acute infectious diarrhea

Acute infectious diarrhea is a common condition characterized by frequent and constipated stools. Determining this condition includes monitoring for symptoms and conducting appropriate investigations.

The main symptom of acute infectious diarrhea is frequent stools that may be watery or contain pus, blood, or mucus. The person may also experience abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. In this case, the body temperature may rise.

To identify acute infectious diarrhea, a specialist may perform a physical examination of the patient and ask questions about the nature and duration of symptoms. Stool tests may also be needed to check for the presence of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that caused the infection.

In addition, you can pay attention to the color of the stool, its smell and texture. If the stool has become watery, contains pus, blood, or mucus, this may indicate the presence of infectious diarrhea.

If you suspect acute infectious diarrhea, it is important to see a doctor who can make the correct diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment.

Classification systems for infectious diarrhea

Various classification systems have been developed to better understand and manage acute infectious diarrhea. These systems allow scientists, physicians and public organizations to categorize and analyze data on diseases based on their causes and symptoms. Below are some of these classification systems.

1. Classification by pathogen

• Bacterial diarrhea: caused by bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella or Campylobacter.
• Viral diarrhea: caused by viruses such as rotavirus or norovirus.
• Parasitic diarrhea: caused by parasites such as giardia or amoebas.

2. Classification by route of transmission

• Fecal-oral route: the infection is transmitted through contact with contaminated faeces, such as dirt, food or water.
• Food route: the infection is transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food, such as raw or undercooked meat.
• Contact route: the infection is transmitted through direct contact with an infected person or objects such as hands or objects of daily use.

3. Classification by duration

• Acute diarrhea: lasts less than 14 days and usually causes sudden severe symptoms such as loose stools, vomiting and fever.
• Chronic diarrhea: lasts more than 14 days and can be caused by chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome.

However, it is worth noting that these classification systems are not exhaustive and may be supplemented by new categories depending on the advice of researchers and medical professionals.

Diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea

Diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea begins with a thorough history and assessment of the patient’s clinical symptoms. The doctor cross-examines to see if the patient has been exposed to a possible source of infection, such as someone with diarrhea or food poisoning. It is also important to find out if the patient has loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, or fatty stools, as these may be signs of infectious diarrhea.

During a physical examination, the doctor looks for symptoms of dehydration, such as dry and pale skin, reduced nail capillary refill, drowsiness, and weakness. The doctor also examines the patient’s abdomen for signs of inflammation or hypersensitivity.

Laboratory testing is done to determine the cause of infectious diarrhea. The classical method is the scatological examination of faeces for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins. It is also possible to carry out bacteriological seeding of faeces to identify a specific causative agent of infection.

Additional testing may include a blood test to check for signs of inflammation and possible complications such as sepsis. In addition, immunological tests to detect certain antibodies and auroscopy to image the bowel may be ordered.

Which bacteria can cause infectious diarrhea

Infectious diarrhea occurs when bacteria infect the body. There are many types of bacteria that can cause this disease. However, the most common bacterial pathogens are:

• Salmonella . This bacterium lives in foods such as meat, eggs and milk. Consumption of contaminated food leads to infection and diarrhea.
• Escherichia coli . Some strains of this bacterium can cause severe cases of diarrhea. They live in the intestines of humans and animals, and are transmitted through poor-quality food or water.
• Campylobacter . These bacteria are found in the intestines of birds, especially chickens, and can be transmitted through contaminated food or water. The result is infectious diarrhea.
• Shigella . These bacteria are common in countries with poor sanitation. Infection occurs through improperly cooked food or contact with contaminated objects.
• Yersinia . This bacterium is often found in meat, especially when raw or undercooked. Consumption of such food can lead to infection and diarrhea.

These are just some of the possible bacterial causes of infectious diarrhea. If you have symptoms that indicate this disease, you should consult a doctor to establish an accurate diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment.

Viral causes of infectious diarrhea

Acute infectious diarrhea can be caused by various viruses. Rotaviruses are one of the most common viruses that cause diarrhea. Rotavirus infection often affects young children and can lead to loose stools, vomiting, fever, and deciphering of the body.

Norovirus is another virus that causes infectious diarrhea. This virus is also common in children and causes symptoms similar to those of rotavirus. Norovirus can lead to vomiting, headache, stomach pain, and loose stools.

Infectious diarrhea can also be caused by other viruses, including adenoviruses, astroviruses, and enteroviruses. Such infections may present with symptoms such as loose stools, nausea, asymptomatic fever, and abdominal discomfort.

Viral infections are usually transmitted by the fecal-oral route, that is, through contaminated food or water, and through contact with infected objects or surfaces. Viruses that cause infectious diarrhea usually spread quickly in community settings such as kindergartens and schools.

Management of acute infectious diarrhea

Acute infectious diarrhea is a common illness that can be caused by various infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. To counteract this disease, several measures must be taken and certain hygiene rules must be followed.

First, good hand hygiene is important. Wash hands before eating, after using the toilet, and when in contact with dirt or contaminated surfaces. Use soap and warm water, and dry your hands thoroughly after washing.

Second, the environment must be kept clean. Rinse fruits and vegetables before eating to remove any pesticide or bacterial residue. Also clean and disinfect work surfaces in the kitchen regularly, especially after preparing raw fish, meat, or poultry.

Thirdly, you should eat only safe food and water. Avoid eating raw or undercooked foods, especially meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products. It is also recommended to drink only bottled or well-boiled water to avoid possible contamination due to water pollution.

Finally, it is important to take precautions when in contact with infected people. Avoid close contact or sharing objects with people who are sick, especially if you have symptoms of diarrhea. Never eat food prepared by the sick, and watch your health.

Important Precautions for Infectious Diarrhea

Acute infectious diarrhea is a common illness that can cause significant discomfort and disrupt normal life. To avoid the development of infectious diarrhea or to prevent its spread, certain precautions should be taken.

First, you need to follow the basic rules of hygiene. Wash your hands regularly with warm water and soap before eating and after using the toilet. If access to water is limited, use special antiseptic hand cleaners.

Secondly, special attention should be paid to the quality and safety of food products. Give preference to fresh products, as well as dishes prepared and stored in proper conditions. Avoid eating raw or undercooked meats, fish, and unpasteurized dairy products.

Third, keep food equipment and utensils clean and hygienic. Regularly wash and disinfect various surfaces used in cooking and serving food, as well as cutlery and crockery. Pay special attention to kitchen sponges and rags, which are often a source of germs.

Also remember the importance of proper food storage. Before buying, check the expiration dates of products and reject those that show signs of spoilage or questionable quality. Store cooked food in the refrigerator below +5°C and avoid cross-contamination of different foods.

Failure to follow these precautions may result in infection and acute infectious diarrhoea. Therefore, it is important to always remember the importance of hygiene and respect for food products.

Effective treatments for infectious diarrhea

Infectious diarrhea is a common illness caused by intestinal infection. Treatment of this pathology is aimed at eliminating the infectious agent and symptoms associated with diarrhea. The treatment is based on the principle of maintaining water-electrolyte and protein balance in the patient’s body.

The first step in the treatment of infectious diarrhea is oral rehydration. It is important to replace the loss of water and electrolytes by taking special solutions or drinking water with salt and sugar. Patients suffering from vomiting are advised to take small sips of the solution every few minutes to prevent dehydration.

In some cases, antibiotics may be needed to kill the infectious agent. However, the choice of antibiotic should be made by the physician based on the results of bacteriological analysis of the stool and assessment of the patient’s clinical picture. When prescribing antibiotics, it is necessary to take into account their spectrum of activity and the possibility of developing resistance to the drug.

Maintaining proper nutrition is also an important aspect of treatment. Patients are advised to eat a light and balanced diet, avoiding spicy, fatty and sugary foods that can exacerbate diarrhea. It is recommended to eat foods rich in fiber to improve intestinal motility and reduce the risk of constipation.

In the treatment of infectious diarrhea, it is recommended to adhere to strict hygiene measures: wash hands regularly, especially after using the toilet, before eating and preparing food; food processing before cooking; separate storage and preparation of food for sick and healthy family members.

Eating foods rich in beneficial bacteria, such as yogurt and probiotics, can help restore normal gut flora and speed up the healing process. However, before using them, you should consult your doctor.

Enteroviral infection

09/18/2017

Enterovirus infection is a multiple group of acute infectious diseases that can affect children and adults when infected with viruses of the Enterovirus genus. The insidiousness of the causative agents of enterovirus infection is that they can cause various forms of clinical manifestations, from mild malaise to serious damage to the central nervous system. With the development of an enterovirus infection, the symptoms are characterized by a feverish state and a wide variety of other signs caused by damage to the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, central nervous system and other organs.

How the infection spreads:

The main route of transmission of enterovirus infection is fecal-oral .
Household contact , through household items, contaminated hands, if personal hygiene is not observed.
Airborne if the pathogen multiplies in the respiratory tract, when coughing, sneezing.
Waterway – infection can occur when vegetables and fruits are watered with contaminated sewage, as well as when swimming in open contaminated water bodies, according to some reports, even water in coolers is a source of enterovirus infection.
If a pregnant woman is infected with an enterovirus infection, a vertical route of the pathogen transmission to the child is also possible.

Enterovirus infection is characterized by summer-autumn seasonality, a person has a very high natural susceptibility, and after the illness, type-specific immunity is maintained for several years.
The incubation period of any enteroviral infections is no more than 2-7 days.

All diseases that can be caused by enteroviruses according to the severity of the inflammatory process can be conditionally divided into 2 groups:0197 Serious diseases
These include acute paralysis, hepatitis, serous meningitis in children and adults, pericarditis, myocarditis, neonatal septic-like diseases, any chronic infections in HIV-infected people (HIV infection: symptoms, stages).
Less severe diseases
Conjunctivitis, three-day fever without rash or with rash, herpangina, vesicular pharyngitis, pleurodynia, uveitis, gastroenteritis. Enterovirus D68 can occur with severe cough and bronchopulmonary obstruction.

Symptoms:

Signs of SARS . Children develop perspiration, sore throat, sometimes runny nose, cough, fever. The temperature is high at the first stages, then decreases and after 2-3 days it jumps sharply again. This phenomenon is called “enterovirus fever”. It lasts, as a rule, 3 days, the child will feel unwell. During this period, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea sometimes appear, which can stop abruptly.

Rash . This manifestation of the disease is called “exanthema”. A rash appears on the second day after the temperature rises. As a rule, it is localized on the neck, legs, arms, face, back, chest. Outwardly, it looks like small red dots on the skin, identical to the manifestation of measles. Sometimes the rash is localized in the mouth, throat, looks like bubbles filled with liquid, which then turn into sores.

Muscle pain . Enterovirus infection in some cases affects muscle tissue. It is localized more often in the chest, abdomen, much less often in the back, arms, legs. Deterioration of the condition is manifested by movement, the pain has a paroxysmal character. The duration can be several minutes and up to half an hour. If you do not start timely therapy, muscle pain will become chronic.

Diarrhea, vomiting. Often manifested in children under 2 years of age when the body is affected by an enterovirus infection. Sometimes the symptom is accompanied by bloating, pain. Diarrhea can last for several days. The main task of parents during this period is to restore fluid deficiency in time.

Additional symptoms of enterovirus infection:
drowsiness, lethargy;
abdominal pain;
loss of appetite;
swelling of the extremities;
general malaise;
dehydration;
conjunctivitis, redness of the eyes, lacrimation;
enlargement of the lymph nodes.

In healthy adults with strong immunity, enterovirus infection cannot develop to severe pathological processes, and most often it is generally asymptomatic, which cannot be said about small children, especially newborns and adults weakened by other diseases, such as HIV infection, oncological diseases, tuberculosis.

To prevent the disease of enterovirus infection, it is necessary to observe preventive measures:

Use guaranteed safe water and drinks (boiled water and drinks in factory packaging).
Eat foods that have been heat treated.
Thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables with safe water and then rinse with boiling water.
When swimming in ponds and pools, do not allow water to enter the oral cavity.
Follow the basic rules of personal hygiene.
You should avoid visiting mass events, places with a large number of people (public transport, cinemas, etc.).
Wet cleaning of residential premises is recommended at least 2 times a day, ventilation of premises.