What are the symptoms of Hepatitis A. How is Hepatitis A treated. Can Hepatitis A be prevented. What are the risk factors for Hepatitis A. How is Hepatitis A diagnosed. What complications can arise from Hepatitis A. How long does Hepatitis A last.

What is Hepatitis A and How Does it Affect the Liver?

Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It primarily affects the liver, causing inflammation that can impair its normal functions. Unlike other forms of viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not typically lead to chronic liver disease.

How does hepatitis A impact liver function? The virus infiltrates liver cells, triggering an immune response that results in inflammation. This inflammation can interfere with the liver’s ability to filter toxins, process nutrients, and produce proteins essential for blood clotting and other bodily functions.

Key Facts About Hepatitis A:

• Usually a short-term infection
• Does not become chronic
• Can cause severe symptoms but rarely leads to long-term liver damage
• Preventable through vaccination

Recognizing the Symptoms of Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A symptoms can vary from mild to severe and typically appear 2-7 weeks after exposure to the virus. It’s important to note that not all infected individuals will experience symptoms, particularly young children.

Common Symptoms of Hepatitis A:

• Fatigue
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain or discomfort
• Clay-colored bowel movements
• Loss of appetite
• Low-grade fever
• Dark urine
• Joint pain
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

What distinguishes hepatitis A symptoms from other liver conditions? While many of these symptoms overlap with other liver diseases, the combination of jaundice, dark urine, and clay-colored stools is particularly indicative of hepatitis A. Additionally, the sudden onset of symptoms and their relatively short duration (typically lasting several weeks to a few months) can help differentiate hepatitis A from chronic liver conditions.

Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Hepatitis A

Diagnosing hepatitis A typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory tests. If you suspect you have hepatitis A, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management.

Diagnostic Procedures:

1. Physical examination: A doctor will check for signs of liver inflammation, such as tenderness in the upper right abdomen.
2. Blood tests: These can detect the presence of HAV antibodies, indicating current or past infection.
3. Liver function tests: These assess the levels of liver enzymes, which may be elevated in hepatitis A.

How is hepatitis A treated? Currently, there is no specific cure for hepatitis A. Treatment primarily focuses on managing symptoms and supporting the body’s natural healing process. Most cases of hepatitis A resolve on their own within a few months without causing long-term liver damage.

Treatment Approaches:

• Rest and adequate hydration
• Proper nutrition to support liver function
• Avoiding alcohol and certain medications that may strain the liver
• Over-the-counter pain relievers (under medical supervision)
• In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for close monitoring and supportive care

What can patients do to alleviate symptoms at home? Resting, staying hydrated, and eating small, light meals can help manage fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Avoiding alcohol and consulting with a healthcare provider before taking any medications can prevent further liver stress.

Prevention Strategies: Vaccines and Hygiene Practices

Preventing hepatitis A is crucial for public health, and there are several effective strategies to reduce the risk of infection. Vaccination is the most reliable method of prevention, but good hygiene practices also play a significant role.

Hepatitis A Vaccination:

• Recommended for all children starting at 12 months of age
• Advised for adults at high risk of infection
• Consists of two doses given 6-18 months apart
• Provides long-lasting protection against the virus

Who should consider getting vaccinated against hepatitis A? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends vaccination for:

• All children aged 12 months and older
• Travelers to countries where hepatitis A is common
• Men who have sex with men
• People who use drugs (injection or non-injection)
• Individuals with chronic liver disease or HIV
• People experiencing homelessness

Hygiene Practices to Prevent Hepatitis A:

1. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food
2. Avoid consuming raw or undercooked shellfish
3. When traveling to areas with high hepatitis A prevalence, drink bottled water and avoid raw fruits and vegetables unless you can peel them yourself
4. Practice safe sex, particularly during oral-anal contact

How effective is the hepatitis A vaccine? The hepatitis A vaccine is highly effective, with studies showing that it provides protection for at least 20 years in adults and 14-20 years in children vaccinated at age 12 months or older.

Transmission and Risk Factors for Hepatitis A

Understanding how hepatitis A spreads is crucial for prevention. The virus is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, meaning that a person can become infected by ingesting even microscopic amounts of fecal matter from an infected individual.

Common Modes of Transmission:

• Consuming contaminated food or water
• Close personal contact with an infected person
• Sexual contact, particularly oral-anal contact
• Sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia

What increases the risk of hepatitis A transmission? Certain factors can elevate the risk of contracting or spreading hepatitis A:

Risk Factors:

• Travel to areas with high hepatitis A prevalence
• Poor sanitation and lack of clean water
• Living with or caring for someone with hepatitis A
• Using recreational drugs
• Being a man who has sex with men
• Having a clotting-factor disorder

How long is a person with hepatitis A contagious? Infected individuals are most contagious from about two weeks before symptoms appear until about one week after the onset of jaundice. This underscores the importance of proper hygiene and isolation measures to prevent transmission.

Complications and Long-term Effects of Hepatitis A

While hepatitis A is typically a self-limiting illness, in rare cases, it can lead to serious complications. Understanding these potential outcomes is important for both patients and healthcare providers.

Potential Complications:

• Acute liver failure: This rare but severe complication occurs when the liver rapidly loses its ability to function. It’s more common in older adults and those with pre-existing liver conditions.
• Prolonged cholestasis: Some patients may experience extended periods of jaundice and itching due to impaired bile flow.
• Relapsing hepatitis: In about 10-15% of cases, symptoms may return weeks or months after the initial infection appears to have resolved.
• Autoimmune hepatitis: In extremely rare cases, hepatitis A infection may trigger autoimmune hepatitis, where the immune system attacks liver cells.

What factors increase the risk of complications from hepatitis A? Age over 50, pre-existing liver disease, and compromised immune function are significant risk factors for developing severe complications from hepatitis A.

Does hepatitis A cause long-term liver damage? Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not typically cause chronic liver disease or long-term liver damage. Most people recover completely with no lasting liver effects.

Global Impact and Recent Outbreaks of Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A remains a significant public health concern globally, with its prevalence varying widely between regions. Understanding the global impact and recent outbreaks can provide valuable insights into prevention strategies and public health measures.

Global Prevalence:

• Highly endemic in parts of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America
• Intermediate endemicity in Eastern Europe and the Middle East
• Low endemicity in North America, Western Europe, and Australia

What factors contribute to the varying prevalence of hepatitis A worldwide? Sanitation standards, access to clean water, vaccination programs, and public health infrastructure all play crucial roles in determining hepatitis A prevalence in different regions.

Recent Outbreaks:

Since 2016, the United States has experienced several hepatitis A outbreaks, primarily affecting people who use drugs and individuals experiencing homelessness. These outbreaks have led to:

• Over 32,000 reported cases
• Increased hospitalizations and deaths compared to previous years
• Enhanced vaccination efforts in high-risk populations

How have recent outbreaks impacted public health strategies? These outbreaks have prompted increased vaccination efforts, improved sanitation measures in homeless shelters and community centers, and enhanced surveillance and reporting systems for hepatitis A cases.

Living with Hepatitis A: Recovery and Follow-up Care

While hepatitis A is typically a self-limiting illness, the recovery process can take several weeks to months. Understanding what to expect during recovery and the importance of follow-up care can help patients manage their condition effectively.

Recovery Timeline:

1. Acute phase: Typically lasts 2-6 weeks, characterized by the most severe symptoms
2. Convalescent phase: Can last up to 6 months, with gradual improvement of symptoms
3. Full recovery: Most people recover completely within 6 months

What can patients do to support their recovery from hepatitis A? Rest, proper nutrition, and avoiding alcohol and hepatotoxic substances are crucial for supporting liver recovery. Patients should also follow their healthcare provider’s recommendations regarding medication use and follow-up appointments.

Follow-up Care:

• Regular liver function tests to monitor recovery
• Nutritional counseling to support liver health
• Psychological support, if needed, to cope with the impact of the illness
• Screening for complications in high-risk individuals

How long should patients continue follow-up care after recovering from hepatitis A? While most patients recover fully within 6 months, some may require extended follow-up, particularly if they experienced severe symptoms or have pre-existing liver conditions. Healthcare providers typically recommend follow-up liver function tests at 3 and 6 months post-infection to ensure complete recovery.

In conclusion, while hepatitis A can cause significant discomfort and disruption to daily life, it is a preventable and manageable condition. With proper vaccination, hygiene practices, and medical care, the impact of hepatitis A can be minimized both on individual and public health levels. As research continues and public health strategies evolve, the global burden of hepatitis A is expected to decrease, contributing to improved liver health worldwide.

Hepatitis A – Treatment – NHS

There’s currently no cure for hepatitis A, but it normally gets better on its own within a couple of months. You can usually look after yourself at home.

But it’s still a good idea to see your GP for a blood test if you think you could have hepatitis A, as more serious conditions can have similar symptoms.

Your GP can also advise you about treatments. They may carry out regular blood tests to check how well your liver is working.

Go back to your GP if your symptoms get worse or have not started to improve within a couple of months.

Relieving your symptoms

The following advice may help:

• get plenty of rest – especially during the initial stages of the infection, as you’ll probably feel very tired
• take painkillers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, if you have any aches and pains – how much you can take depends on how well your liver is working (ask your GP for advice)
• reduce itching by maintaining a cool, well-ventilated environment, wearing loose clothing and avoiding hot baths or showers – your GP may recommend using an antihistamine in severe cases
• eat small, light meals to help reduce nausea and vomiting – your GP can prescribe a medication called an antiemetic if the problem persists
• avoid alcohol – drinking alcohol can put additional strain on your liver, so avoid it until your GP says it’s safe

Preventing the spread of infection

While you’re ill, it’s also important to try to reduce the risk of spreading the infection to others.

You should:

• stay off work or school until at least a week after your jaundice or other symptoms started
• avoid preparing food for others if possible
• wash your hands with soap and water regularly, particularly after going to the toilet and before preparing food
• avoid sharing towels
• wash soiled laundry separately on a hot cycle
• clean the toilet, flush handles and taps more frequently than usual
• avoid having sex while you’re infectious – hepatitis A is most infectious from around 2 weeks before the symptoms start until about a week after they first develop (ask your GP for advice about this)

Any close contacts, such as people who live in the same house as you, may be advised to have the hepatitis A vaccine to reduce their risk of becoming infected.

Page last reviewed: 11 March 2019
Next review due: 11 March 2022

What is Hepatitis A – FAQ

Overview

What is hepatitis?

Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, its function can be affected. Heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications, and certain medical conditions can cause hepatitis, but it is often caused by a virus. In the United States, the most common hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus.

What is the difference between hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C?

Hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C are liver infections caused by three different viruses. Although each can cause similar symptoms, they are spread in different ways and can affect the liver differently. Hepatitis A is usually a short-term infection and does not become chronic. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C can also begin as short-term, acute infections, but in some people, the virus remains in the body, resulting in chronic disease and long-term liver problems. There are vaccines to prevent hepatitis A and hepatitis B; however, there is no vaccine for hepatitis C.

The page “What is hepatitis?” more information about the differences between hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.

What is hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A is a highly contagious, short-term liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus.

How serious is hepatitis A?

People who get hepatitis A may feel sick for a few weeks to several months but usually recover completely and do not have lasting liver damage. In rare cases, hepatitis A can cause liver failure and even death; this is more common in older people and in people with other serious health issues, such as chronic liver disease.

How common is hepatitis A in the United States?

In 2018, a total of 12,474 hepatitis A cases were reported in the United States. Because some people don’t ever get diagnosed, the actual number of cases reported in that year is probably closer to 24,900. Since 2016, person-to-person outbreaks of hepatitis A have been occurring across the United States mainly among people who use injection drugs or are experiencing homelessness, resulting in more than 32,000 cases.

Are cases of hepatitis A increasing in the United States?

Since the hepatitis A vaccine was first recommended in 1996, cases of hepatitis A in the United States declined dramatically. Unfortunately, in recent years the number of people infected has been increasing because there have been multiple outbreaks of hepatitis A in the United States resulting from person-to-person contact, especially among people who use drugs, people experiencing homelessness, and men who have sex with men.

Transmission / Exposure

How is hepatitis A spread?

The hepatitis A virus is found in the stool and blood of people who are infected. The hepatitis A virus is spread when someone ingests the virus (even in amounts too small to see) through:

►Person-to-person contact

Hepatitis A can be spread from close, personal contact with an infected person, such as through certain types of sexual contact (like oral-anal sex), caring for someone who is ill, or using drugs with others. Hepatitis A is very contagious, and people can even spread the virus before they feel sick.

►Eating contaminated food or drink

Contamination of food with the hepatitis A virus can happen at any point: growing, harvesting, processing, handling, and even after cooking. Contamination of food and water happens more often in countries where hepatitis A is common. Although uncommon, foodborne outbreaks have occurred in the United States from people eating contaminated fresh and frozen imported food products.

Who is at risk for hepatitis A?

Although anyone can get hepatitis A, in the United States, certain groups of people are at higher risk for getting infected and for having severe disease if they do get hepatitis A.

People at increased risk for hepatitis A

• International travelers
• Men who have sex with men
• People who use or inject drugs (all those who use illegal drugs)
• People with occupational risk for exposure
• People who anticipate close personal contact with an international adoptee
• People experiencing homelessness

People at increased risk for severe disease from hepatitis A infection

• People with chronic liver disease, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C
• People with HIV

What should I do if I think I have been exposed to hepatitis A virus?

If you think you have been exposed to the hepatitis A virus, call your health professional or your local or state health department as soon as possible, ideally within 2 weeks. A health professional can decide next steps based on your age and overall health.

Can I prevent infection after an exposure to the hepatitis A virus?

A single shot of the hepatitis A vaccine can help prevent hepatitis A if given within 2 weeks of exposure. Depending upon your age and health, your doctor may recommend immune globulin in addition to the hepatitis A vaccine.

If I have had hepatitis A in the past, can I get it again?

No. Once you recover from hepatitis A, you develop antibodies, protecting you for life.

How long does hepatitis A virus survive outside the body?

The hepatitis A virus can survive outside the body for months. Heating food and liquids to temperatures of 185°F (85°C) for at least 1 minute can kill the virus. Exposure to freezing temperatures does not kill the virus.

Symptoms

What are the symptoms of hepatitis A?

Not everyone with hepatitis A has symptoms. Adults are more likely to have symptoms than children. If symptoms develop, they usually appear 2 to 7 weeks after infection. Symptoms usually last less than 2 months, although some people can be ill for as long as 6 months.

If symptoms develop, they can include:

• Yellow skin or eyes
• Not wanting to eat
• Upset stomach
• Throwing up
• Stomach pain
• Fever
• Dark urine or light- colored stools
• Diarrhea
• Joint pain
• Feeling tired

Can a person spread hepatitis A virus without having symptoms?

Yes. Many people, especially children, have no symptoms but can still spread the infection. In addition, a person can transmit the hepatitis A virus to others up to 2 weeks before symptoms appear.

Diagnosis / Treatment

How is hepatitis A diagnosed?

A doctor can determine if you have hepatitis A by discussing your symptoms and ordering a blood test that can tell whether you have been recently infected with the virus that causes hepatitis A.

How is hepatitis A treated?

To treat the symptoms of hepatitis A, doctors usually recommend rest, adequate nutrition, and fluids. Some people with severe symptoms will need medical care in a hospital.

Prevention / Vaccination

How can I protect myself against hepatitis A?

The best way to prevent hepatitis A is through vaccination with the hepatitis A vaccine. To get the full benefit of the hepatitis A vaccine, more than one shot is needed. The number and timing of these shots depends on the type of vaccine you are given. Practicing good hand hygiene — including thoroughly washing hands after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food — plays an important role in preventing the spread of hepatitis A.

Who should get vaccinated against hepatitis A?

The following people should be vaccinated against hepatitis A:

Children

• All children aged 12–23 months
• All children and adolescents 2–18 years of age who have not previously received hepatitis A vaccine (known as “catch up” vaccination)

People at increased risk for hepatitis A

People at increased risk for severe disease from hepatitis A infection

Other people recommended for vaccination

• Pregnant women at risk for hepatitis A or risk for severe outcome from hepatitis A infection
• Any person who requests vaccination

How is the hepatitis A vaccine given?

There are two types of hepatitis A vaccine. The first type, the single-dose hepatitis A vaccine, is given as two shots, 6 months apart, and both shots are needed for long-term protection against hepatitis A. The other type is a combination vaccine that protects people against both hepatitis A and hepatitis B. The combination vaccine can be given to anyone 18 years of age and older and is given as three shots over 6 months. All three shots are needed for long-term protection for both hepatitis A and hepatitis B.

Is the hepatitis A vaccine effective?

Yes, both types of hepatitis A vaccine are highly effective in preventing hepatitis A virus infection. Receiving the entire vaccine series (all of the required shots) results in long-term protection.

Is the hepatitis A vaccine safe?

Yes, the hepatitis A vaccine is safe. No serious side effects have been reported from the hepatitis A vaccine. Soreness at the injection site is the most common side effect reported. As with any medicine, there is always a small risk that a serious problem could occur after someone gets the vaccine. However, the potential risks of hepatitis A are much greater than the potential risks associated with the hepatitis A vaccine. Millions of doses of hepatitis A vaccine have been given in the United States and worldwide since the first hepatitis A vaccine was licensed in 1995.

Who should not receive the hepatitis A vaccine?

People who have ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction to the hepatitis A vaccine or who are known to be allergic to any part of the hepatitis A vaccine should not receive the vaccine. Tell your doctor if you have any severe allergies. Also, the vaccine is not licensed for use in infants under age 1 year.

What is immune globulin?

Immune globulin is a substance made from human blood plasma that contains antibodies, which are the body’s natural defense against infection. Injections of immune globulin may be given under certain circumstances, like when someone is too young to get vaccinated or can’t get vaccinated because of a previous, life-threatening reaction to the hepatitis A vaccine or vaccine component. Unlike the hepatitis A vaccine, immune globulin does not provide long-term protection against infection.

Will the hepatitis A vaccine protect me from other forms of hepatitis?

No. The hepatitis A vaccine only protects against hepatitis A. There is a separate vaccine available for hepatitis B. There is also a combination hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccine that offers protection for both viruses. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C at this time.

Can hepatitis A vaccine be given to people with compromised immune systems, such as hemodialysis patients or people with HIV/AIDS?

Yes. The hepatitis A vaccine can be given to people with compromised immune systems.

Is it harmful to have an extra dose of hepatitis A vaccine or to repeat the entire hepatitis A vaccine series?

No, getting extra doses of hepatitis A vaccine is not harmful.

What should be done if the last dose of hepatitis A vaccine is delayed?

If the second dose has been delayed (more than 6 months since the first dose was given), it should be given as soon as possible. The first dose does not need to be given again.

Where can I get the hepatitis A vaccine?

Speak with your health-care provider or call your local public health department, where free or low-cost vaccines for adults may be offered. For children, check the Vaccines for Children Program.

Hepatitis A Vaccine and International Travel

Who should get the hepatitis A vaccine before traveling internationally?

All unvaccinated people, along with those who have never had hepatitis A, should be vaccinated before traveling to countries where hepatitis A is common. Travelers to urban areas, resorts, and luxury hotels in countries where hepatitis A is common are still at risk. International travelers have been infected, even though they regularly washed their hands and were careful about what they drank and ate. Those who are too young or can’t get vaccinated because of a previous, life-threatening reaction to the hepatitis A vaccine or vaccine component should receive immune globulin. Travelers to other countries where hepatitis A does not commonly occur are not recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine before travel.

How soon before travel should I get the hepatitis A vaccine?

You should get the first dose of hepatitis A vaccine as soon as you plan international travel to a country where hepatitis A is common. The vaccine will provide some protection even if you get vaccinated closer to departure. For older adults (age >40 years), people who are immunocompromised, and people with chronic liver disease or other chronic medical conditions the health-care provider may consider, based on several factors, giving an injection of immune globulin at the same time in different limbs.

What should I do if I am traveling internationally but cannot receive hepatitis A vaccine?

People who are allergic to a vaccine component or are younger than 6 months should receive a single dose of immune globulin before traveling to a country where hepatitis A is common. Immune globulin provides effective protection against hepatitis A virus infection for up to 2 months, depending on the dosage given. If you are staying longer than 2 months, you can get another dose of immune globulin during your visit for continued protection against hepatitis A.

Hepatitis A Treatments, Complications, and Prognosis

Unlike other types, the hepatitis A virus is rarely dangerous. Almost everyone who gets it makes a full recovery. But since it can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months to clear up, it’s a good idea to know how to take care of yourself in the meantime.

How Is Hepatitis A Treated?

If you think you’ve been exposed to hepatitis A, you should see your doctor right away. Getting a vaccine or a drug called hepatitis A immune globulin could keep you from getting sick. But for this to work, you’ll need to get the vaccine very soon after coming into contact with the virus.

There’s no treatment once you’ve been infected. You’ll have to wait until your body gets rid of the virus. Most people find that their liver is healed within 6 months.

How to Treat Hepatitis A Symptoms at Home

Try these tips to care for yourself while you’re waiting for the virus to go away:

• Stay in. Until any fever and jaundice have cleared up, your doctor will want you to skip work or school and stay at home.
• Rest up. It’s normal to feel very tired during the first few weeks that you’re sick.
• Take care of your skin. Some people with hepatitis A get very itchy. Keep your house cool, wear loose clothes, and skip very hot baths and showers.
• Eat small meals. This is easier on your stomach than big, heavy meals. It’ll also lessen your chances of feeling queasy or throwing up.
• Get enough calories. A loss of appetite is common. To make sure you’re getting enough nutrients, you may need to choose foods that are high in calories. You could even try drinking fruit juice instead of water.
• Avoid alcohol. Drinking alcohol will strain your liver. You’ll want to avoid it until your doctor gives you the go-ahead.
• Go easy on your liver. While you’re sick, your liver will have a tough time breaking down any drugs, including over-the-counter ones. Ask your doctor what medicines — including vitamins and supplements — are safe for you to take.
• Keep your illness to yourself. The hepatitis A virus is easily spread to others. Until you’re well, avoid all sexual activity, even sex with a condom. Don’t prepare food for others. Wash your hands each time you use the toilet or change a diaper.
• Check in with your doctor. They’ll want to make sure you’re coping with your symptoms. They can let you know when you’re well enough to return to your normal routine.

Possible Complications of Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A can cause more serious health problems. Keep in mind all that these are rare and more likely to happen in people who are over 50.

• Cholestatic hepatitis. Occuring in about 5% of patients, this means the bile in your liver is obstructed on its way to the gallbladder. It can cause changes in your blood and result in jaundice fever and weightloss
• Relapsing hepatitus. More common in the elderly, The symptoms of liver inflamation such as jaundice, reoccur periodlically but are not chronic.
• Autoimmune hepatitis.  this triggers your own body to attack the liver. If left untreated, it could result in chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and ultimately liver failure.
• Liver failure.  Happens in less than 1% and this usually affects people who are:
  • Older
  • Already have another type of liver disease
  • Have a weakened immune system

If your doctor feels your liver isn’t working well, they may admit you to the hospital to keep an eye on how well your liver is working. In severe cases, you might need to have a liver transplant.

Prognosis for Hepatitis A

Most people get better within 2 months. There are usually no long-term effects. After you recover, you’ll be immune for the rest of your life.

It’s rare, but for some people, the disease comes and goes for about 6 months before it goes away completely.

You are very unlikely to develop liver failure, though the chances are higher if you already had a liver condition or you’re elderly. If you have liver failure, you’ll need a transplant.

Hepatitis A

Overview

Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The virus is primarily spread when an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person ingests food or water that is contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. The disease is closely associated with unsafe water or food, inadequate sanitation, poor personal hygiene and oral-anal sex.

Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease but it can cause debilitating symptoms and rarely fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure), which is often fatal. WHO estimates that in 2016, 7134 persons died from hepatitis A worldwide (accounting for 0.5% of the mortality due to viral hepatitis).

Hepatitis A occurs sporadically and in epidemics worldwide, with a tendency for cyclic recurrences. Epidemics related to contaminated food or water can erupt explosively, such as the epidemic in Shanghai in 1988 that affected about 300 000 people (1). They can also be prolonged, affecting communities for months through person-to-person transmission. Hepatitis A viruses persist in the environment and can withstand food production processes routinely used to inactivate or control bacterial pathogens.

Geographical distribution

Geographical distribution areas can be characterized as having high, intermediate or low levels of hepatitis A virus infection. However, infection does not always mean disease because infected young children do not experience any noticeable symptoms.

Infection is common in low- and middle-income countries with poor sanitary conditions and hygienic practices, and most children (90%) have been infected with the hepatitis A virus before the age of 10 years, most often without symptoms (2). Infection rates are low in high-income countries with good sanitary and hygienic conditions. Disease may occur among adolescents and adults in high-risk groups, such as persons who inject drugs (PWID), men who have sex with men (MSM), people travelling to areas of high endemicity and in isolated populations, such as closed religious groups. In the United States of America, large outbreaks have been reported among persons experiencing homelessness. In middle-income countries and regions where sanitary conditions are variable, children often escape infection in early childhood and reach adulthood without immunity.

Transmission

The hepatitis A virus is transmitted primarily by the faecal-oral route; that is when an uninfected person ingests food or water that has been contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. In families, this may happen though dirty hands when an infected person prepares food for family members. Waterborne outbreaks, though infrequent, are usually associated with sewage-contaminated or inadequately treated water.

The virus can also be transmitted through close physical contact (such as oral-anal sex) with an infectious person, although casual contact among people does not spread the virus.

Symptoms

The incubation period of hepatitis A is usually 14–28 days.

Symptoms of hepatitis A range from mild to severe and can include fever, malaise, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark-coloured urine and jaundice (a yellowing of the eyes and skin). Not everyone who is infected will have all the symptoms.

Adults have signs and symptoms of illness more often than children. The severity of disease and fatal outcomes are higher in older age groups. Infected children under 6 years of age do not usually experience noticeable symptoms, and only 10% develop jaundice. Hepatitis A sometimes relapses, meaning the person who just recovered falls sick again with another acute episode. This is normally followed by recovery.

Who is at risk?

Anyone who has not been vaccinated or previously infected can get infected with the hepatitis A virus. In areas where the virus is widespread (high endemicity), most hepatitis A infections occur during early childhood. Risk factors include:

• poor sanitation;
• lack of safe water;
• living in a household with an infected person;
• being a sexual partner of someone with acute hepatitis A infection;
• use of recreational drugs;
• sex between men; and
• travelling to areas of high endemicity without being immunized.

Diagnosis

Cases of hepatitis A are not clinically distinguishable from other types of acute viral hepatitis. Specific diagnosis is made by the detection of HAV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgM) antibodies in the blood. Additional tests include reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the hepatitis A virus RNA and may require specialized laboratory facilities.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Recovery from symptoms following infection may be slow and can take several weeks or months. It is important to avoid unnecessary medications. Acetaminophen, paracetamol and medication against vomiting should be avoided.

Hospitalization is unnecessary in the absence of acute liver failure. Therapy is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids that are lost from vomiting and diarrhoea.

Prevention

Improved sanitation, food safety and immunization are the most effective ways to combat hepatitis A.

The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by:

• adequate supplies of safe drinking water;
• proper disposal of sewage within communities; and
• personal hygiene practices such as regular handwashing before meals and after going to the bathroom.

Several injectable inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available internationally. All provide similar protection from the virus and have comparable side effects. No vaccine is licensed for children younger than 1 year of age. In China, a live attenuated vaccine is also available.

WHO response

In May 2016, the World Health Assembly adopted the first Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis, 2016-2021. The strategy highlights the critical role of universal health coverage and the targets of the strategy are aligned with those of the Sustainable Development Goals. The strategy has a vision of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health problem. This is reflected in the global targets of reducing new viral hepatitis infections by 90% and reducing deaths due to viral hepatitis by 65% by 2030. Actions to be taken by countries and WHO Secretariat to reach these targets are outlined in the strategy.

WHO is working in the following areas to support countries in moving towards achieving the global hepatitis goals under the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030:

• raising awareness, promoting partnerships and mobilizing resources;
• formulating evidence-based policy and data for action;
• increasing health equities within the hepatitis response;
• preventing transmission; and
• scaling up screening, care and treatment services.

WHO published the Progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021 outlining its progress towards elimination. The report sets out global statistics on viral hepatitis B and C, the rate of new infections, the prevalence of chronic infections and mortality caused by these 2 high-burden viruses, as well as coverage of key interventions, all current as of the end of 2020.

Since 2011, together with national governments, civil society and partners, WHO has organized annual World Hepatitis Day campaigns (as 1 of its 9 flagship annual health campaigns) to increase awareness and understanding of viral hepatitis. 

Hepatitis A | NIDDK

In this section:

What is hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A is a viral infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Inflammation is swelling that occurs when tissues of the body become injured or infected. Inflammation can damage organs.

Viruses invade normal cells in your body. Many viruses cause infections that can be spread from person to person. The hepatitis A virus typically spreads through contact with food or water that has been contaminated by an infected person’s stool.

Hepatitis A is an acute or short-term infection, which means people usually get better without treatment after a few weeks. In rare cases, hepatitis A can be severe and lead to liver failure and the need for an emergency liver transplant to survive. Hepatitis A does not lead to long-term complications, such as cirrhosis, because the infection only lasts a short time.

You can take steps to protect yourself from hepatitis A, including getting the hepatitis A vaccine. If you have hepatitis A, you can take steps to prevent spreading hepatitis A to others.

How common is hepatitis A?

In the United States, hepatitis A has become relatively uncommon. After the hepatitis A vaccine became available in 1995, the rate of hepatitis A infections declined by 95 percent in the United States. The number of reported cases of hepatitis A fell to 1,239 in 2014, the lowest yearly number of cases reported since the disease could be tracked.¹ However, the number of reported cases increased to 3,366 in 2017, almost 3 times higher, mostly due to outbreaks among people who use drugs and people experiencing homelessness.¹ Early reports suggest that the numbers of cases and outbreaks of hepatitis A increased further during 2018 and continue at these higher rates in 2019.²

Hepatitis A is more common in developing countries where sanitation is poor and access to clean water is limited. Hepatitis A is more common in parts of Africa, Asia, Central and South America, and Eastern Europe than it is in the United States.

Who is more likely to get hepatitis A?

People more likely to get hepatitis A are those who

• travel to developing countries
• have sex with an infected person
• are men who have sex with men
• use illegal drugs, including drugs that are not injected
• experience unstable housing or homelessness
• live with or care for someone who has hepatitis A
• live with or care for a child recently adopted from a country where hepatitis A is common

People who travel to developing countries are more likely to get hepatitis A.

What are the complications of hepatitis A?

People typically recover from hepatitis A without complications. In rare cases, hepatitis A may lead to liver failure. Liver failure due to hepatitis A is more common in adults older than age 50 and in people who have another liver disease.³

What are the symptoms of hepatitis A?

Some people have symptoms 2 to 7 weeks after they come in contact with the virus.³ People with hepatitis A typically get better without treatment after a few weeks. In some cases, symptoms can last up to 6 months. These symptoms may include

Some people infected with hepatitis A have no symptoms, including many children younger than age 6.³ Older children and adults are more likely to have symptoms.

What causes hepatitis A?

The hepatitis A virus causes this type of hepatitis and spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Contact can occur by

• eating food made by an infected person who did not wash his or her hands after using the bathroom
• drinking untreated water or eating food washed in untreated water
• placing a finger or an object in your mouth that came into contact with an infected person’s stool
• having close personal contact with an infected person, such as through sex or caring for someone who is ill

You cannot get hepatitis A from

• being coughed on or sneezed on by an infected person
• sitting next to an infected person
• hugging an infected person

A baby cannot get hepatitis A from breast milk. ⁴

How do doctors diagnose hepatitis A?

Doctors diagnose hepatitis A based on symptoms and a blood test. A health care professional will take a blood sample from you and send the sample to a lab. A blood test will detect antibodies to the hepatitis A virus called immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies and show whether you have acute hepatitis A. If the blood test finds antibodies to the hepatitis A virus that are not IgM antibodies, then you are immune to hepatitis A, due to either past hepatitis A infection or hepatitis A vaccination.

How do doctors treat hepatitis A?

Treatment includes resting, drinking plenty of liquids, and eating healthy foods to help relieve symptoms. Your doctor may also suggest medicines to help relieve symptoms.

Talk with your doctor before taking any prescription or over-the-counter medicines, vitamins or other dietary supplements, or complementary or alternative medicines—any of these could damage your liver. You should avoid alcohol until your doctor tells you that you have completely recovered from hepatitis A.

See your doctor regularly to make sure your body has fully recovered. If you have symptoms for longer than 6 months, see your doctor again.

How can I protect myself from hepatitis A infection?

You can protect yourself from hepatitis A by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. If you have not had the vaccine, you can take steps to reduce your chance of infection.

If you have had hepatitis A in the past, you cannot get hepatitis A again. You can still get other types of viral hepatitis though.

You can protect yourself from hepatitis A by getting the hepatitis A vaccine.

Hepatitis A vaccine

All children should receive the hepatitis A vaccine between 12 and 23 months of age. People who are more likely to be infected and people with chronic liver disease should also receive the vaccine.

Doctors give the hepatitis A vaccine in two shots. You should get the second shot 6 to 12 months after the first shot. You need to get both shots to be fully protected against the virus.

If you are traveling to a developing country where hepatitis A is common and you haven’t received the hepatitis A vaccine, talk with your doctor about how to prevent getting hepatitis A. If possible, try to get both shots of the hepatitis A vaccine before you go. If you don’t have time to get both shots, get the first shot as soon as you can. Most people gain some protection within 2 weeks of the first shot.

Reduce your chance of infection

You can reduce your chance of getting hepatitis A by washing your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water for 15 to 30 seconds

• after using the toilet
• after changing diapers
• before and after handling or preparing food

When traveling in a developing country, drink bottled water. Use bottled water to brush your teeth, make ice cubes, and wash fruits and vegetables.

When traveling in a developing country, drink bottled water.

Prevent infection after contact with the virus

If you think you have come in contact with the hepatitis A virus, see your doctor right away. A dose of the hepatitis A vaccine or a medicine called hepatitis A immune globulin may protect you from getting the infection. Your doctor may recommend a vaccine dose or medicine if

• you live with, have had sex with, or have had close contact with someone who has hepatitis A
• you shared illegal drugs with someone who had hepatitis A
• you ate food or drank water possibly containing the hepatitis A virus

You must get the vaccine dose or medicine shortly after coming into contact with the virus to prevent infection.

How can I prevent spreading hepatitis A to others?

If you have hepatitis A, you can reduce your chance of spreading the infection by washing your hands with warm, soapy water after using the toilet and before fixing or eating food. While you are sick, avoid close contact with others, and don’t prepare food or serve food to others. Also, tell your doctor, dentist, and other health care professionals that you have hepatitis A.

Talk with a blood donation center before you donate blood. If you had hepatitis A when you were younger than 11, you may be able to donate blood. If you had hepatitis A when you were age 11 or older, you should not donate blood.

You are most contagious—able to spread the virus to others—during the 2 weeks before you have symptoms. You may be contagious for up to 3 weeks after you develop symptoms. Children are often contagious longer than adults.⁵

What should I eat and drink if I have hepatitis A?

If you have hepatitis A, you should eat a balanced, healthy diet. Talk with your doctor about healthy eating. You should also avoid alcohol because it can cause more liver damage.

References

[1] Surveillance for Viral Hepatitis – United States, 2017. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis website. www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2017surveillance/index.htm. Reviewed September 10, 2019. Accessed September 11, 2019.

[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National notifiable diseases surveillance system, weekly tables of infectious disease data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance website. https://wonder.cdc.gov/nndss/static/2018/52/2018-52-table2H.html. Accessed September 19, 2019.

[3] Hepatitis A questions and answers for the public. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis website. www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hav/afaq.htm. Reviewed March 13, 2019. Accessed August 14, 2019.

[4] Rac MW, Sheffield JS. Prevention and management of viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2014;41(4):573–592.

[5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chapter 9: Hepatitis A. In Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 13th ed. Washington, DC: Public Health Foundation; 2015:135–148.

Hepatitis A (for Teens) – Nemours KidsHealth

What Is Hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A is a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Hepatitis A is also called infectious hepatitis.

How Do People Get Hepatitis A?

HAV spreads through the feces (poop) of infected individuals. Someone can become infected by eating, drinking, or touching something (such as doorknobs or diapers) that’s been contaminated by poop. Childcare centers are a common site of outbreaks.

HAV can spread:

• when people ingest something contaminated with HAV-infected poop (which is why it’s easy for the virus to spread in overcrowded, unsanitary living conditions)
• in water, milk, and foods (especially shellfish)

Hepatitis A can stay in a person’s poop for several months after the initial illness, especially in babies and younger children.

Who Is at Risk for Hepatitis A?

A safe and very effective vaccine against HAV became available in 1995. HAV infections now are rare in the United States and other developed countries with good sanitation and clean living conditions.

People who haven’t been immunized can get an HAV infection if they:

• travel to or live in countries where the virus is common (especially developing countries with poor sanitation)
• live with or care for someone who’s infected
• use illegal drugs
• have sex with someone who has HAV

What Are the Signs & Symptoms of HAV Infection?

Hepatitis A can be a mild infection, particularly in kids younger than 6. Many people might not ever know that they had an infection.

If someone does have symptoms, they usually start 2 to 6 weeks after the person was exposed to the virus. Someone with HAV might have:

• vomiting and diarrhea
• a fever
• loss of appetite
• darker than usual urine (pee)
• jaundice (when the skin and whites of the eyes look yellow)
• abdominal (belly) pain

HAV infections that cause serious symptoms can last for weeks or even months. Some people with HAV can feel ill for up to 6 months.

How Is Hepatitis A Diagnosed?

Doctors can do a blood test to look for HAV antibodies. Many mild HAV infections go undetected.

How Is Hepatitis A Treated?

No specific medicines are used to treat hepatitis A. The infection will go away on its own, usually within a few weeks or months.

In rare cases, HAV can cause liver failure. If that happens, the person will need a liver transplant.

What Happens After a Hepatitis A Infection?

Unlike some other hepatitis viruses, hepatitis A rarely leads to long-lasting liver damage. Within a few weeks, the symptoms will have gone away on their own and the virus won’t be in a person’s system.

After recovering, a person is immune to the virus for the rest of his or her life.

Can Hepatitis A Be Prevented?

Yes. The hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all children over 1 year old. Having many young kids vaccinated against HAV can limit the spread of the disease in a community.

The vaccine also is recommended for older kids, teens, and adults who have never gotten it.

If you babysit or take care of young kids, be sure to wash your hands well and often, especially after going to the bathroom or changing a diaper, and before preparing or eating food.

Hepatitis A (for Parents) – Nemours KidsHealth

What Is Hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A is a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Hepatitis A is also called infectious hepatitis.

How Do People Get Hepatitis A?

HAV spreads through the feces (poop) of infected individuals. Someone can become infected by eating, drinking, or touching something (such as doorknobs or diapers) that’s been contaminated by poop. Childcare centers are a common site of outbreaks.

HAV can spread:

• when people ingest something contaminated with HAV-infected poop (which is why it’s easy for the virus to spread in overcrowded, unsanitary living conditions)
• in water, milk, and foods (especially shellfish)

Hepatitis A can remain in the stool for several months after the initial illness, especially in babies and younger children.

Who Is at Risk for Hepatitis A?

A safe and very effective vaccine against HAV became available in 1995. HAV infections now are rare in the United States and other developed countries with good sanitation and clean living conditions.

People who haven’t been immunized can get an HAV infection if they:

• travel to or live in countries where the virus is common (especially developing countries with poor sanitation)
• live with or care for someone who’s infected
• use illegal drugs
• have sex with someone who has HAV

What Are the Signs & Symptoms of HAV Infection?

Hepatitis A can be a mild infection, particularly in kids younger than 6, so many people might not ever know that they had an infection.

When symptoms do happen, they typically start 2 to 6 weeks after exposure to the virus and are more likely in adults and kids older than 6. HAV can cause vomiting and diarrhea, as well as fever, loss of appetite, darker than usual urine (pee), jaundice (when the skin and whites of the eyes look yellow), and abdominal (belly) pain.

HAV infections that cause serious symptoms can last for weeks or even months. Some people with HAV can feel ill for up to 6 months.

How Is Hepatitis A Diagnosed?

If needed, doctors can do a blood test to look for HAV antibodies. Many mild HAV infections go undetected.

How Is Hepatitis A Treated?

No specific medicines are used to treat hepatitis A. The infection will go away on its own, usually within a few weeks or months.

HAV in rare cases can cause liver failure, requiring a liver transplant.

What Happens After a Hepatitis A Infection?

Unlike some other hepatitis viruses, hepatitis A rarely leads to long-lasting liver damage. Within a few weeks, the symptoms will have gone away on their own and the virus won’t be in a person’s system.

After recovering, a person is immune to the virus for the rest of his or her life.

Can Hepatitis A Be Prevented?

Yes. The hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all children over 1 year old. The vaccine is given at 12 months of age, followed by a second dose at least 6 months later. Having many young kids vaccinated against HAV can limit the spread of the disease in a community.

The vaccine can be given as early as 6 months of age to babies who will travel to a place where hepatitis A is common (they will still need routine vaccination after their first birthday).

The vaccine also is recommended for older kids, teens, and adults who have never gotten it.

The best way to prevent hepatitis A and many other infections is to wash hands well and often. This is especially important after using the toilet (or changing a diaper) and before eating or preparing food.

90,000 how telemedicine helps in the fight against coronavirus / City news / Moscow website

More than one thousand Muscovites with coronavirus infection are treated at home – their disease is mild and does not require inpatient care. However, it is necessary to constantly monitor the condition of patients. Specialists from the telemedicine center of the Moscow Department of Health are helping to do this under quarantine conditions, which must be observed by all citizens with a confirmed diagnosis. Since its inception, on March 23, the doctors of the center have already carried out more than 12 thousand consultations.

Learn more about the remote reception and what a doctor can do from the other side of the screen in this mos.ru article.

Seven days a week, 24 hours a day

Since April 3, the specialists of the telemedicine center have been working on Likhachev Avenue. The workplace of each specialist is a small office with a table and two computers: one for communicating with the patient, the second connected to the Unified Medical Information and Analytical System (UMIAS).Each workplace is fenced off from the neighboring one, so that doctors conduct an appointment as if in their office. To prevent the specialists from interfering with each other while talking with the patient, the walls of the cabins were made soundproof. Therefore, there is silence in the center, where to six thousand calls can be received every day.

A change of a doctor conducting a consultation remotely lasts 12 hours, the schedule is two in two.

Calls go almost continuously, the maximum waiting time on the line is about five minutes . To speed up the process, patients are received in a stream: they are distributed to the first free doctor.

“It is important for us that patients who are at home feel calm, feel in touch with the doctor, that we interact with them,” said Andrey Tyazhelnikov.

Interrogate, reassure, observe

Telemedicine consultations undergo according to the strict scenario . For a patient, everything starts with a doctor’s visit and home visit. They conduct the necessary tests, find out if there are concomitant diseases, prescribe treatment and enter these data into the UMIAS.If the test is positive, but the patient’s condition is satisfactory (no serious breathing problems and high fever), then he is left in quarantine for 14 days. The patient’s data is transmitted to the center, and also tells how to register on a special platform through which video reception is conducted.

У пациентов, обратившихся к нам впервые, узнаем, кто живет вместе с ними, соблюдают ли они режим самоизоляции. Также мы можем рекомендовать заменить или полностью отменить прописанный препарат.” data-person-image=”/upload/newsfeed/newsfeed/AnnaGvozdeva_citata.jpg” data-person-name=”Анна Гвоздева” data-person-position=”терапевт телемедицинского центра Департамента здравоохранения Москвы”>

If there is no computer or smartphone for video communication, doctors also consult by phone.

After reception, all data are entered into an electronic card, where another specialist can study them, if necessary.

Patients who are treated at home can call several times a day, the number of calls to the telemedicine center is not limited in any way to . Usually, people report new symptoms, high fever, and general malaise. And sometimes, according to doctors, patients just need support. Especially for this, a psychological service is working in the adjacent room, and doctors, before taking up their posts, undergo additional training.

“This is also our task – to talk to a person, to relieve a certain level of anxiety, to explain that if there are no indications, hospital treatment is not required.But if the patient’s condition worsens, we will take immediate measures and help with hospitalization, ”added Anna Gvozdeva.

If the symptoms change (the temperature rises above 38 and shortness of breath appears – the main sign of a worsening of the condition), the doctors of the center transfer the patient to the ambulance teams, and then to the hospitals.

“We have developed interaction algorithms, we have communication channels both with ambulance and home care services of all city medical organizations providing outpatient care,” stressed Andrey Tyazhelnikov.

A high alert mode is in effect in Moscow: entertainment establishments, beauty salons, cafes and restaurants are closed. As usual, only grocery stores, pharmacies, pet stores, delivery services, communication salons and non-food stores where you can buy essential goods are open.

Until April 30, all residents of the capital must stay at home. You can leave your place of residence only when you seek emergency medical care and if there is a direct threat to life and health, in order to go to the nearest store or pharmacy, walk your dog (no more than 100 meters from home), take out the trash and go to work (those who are obliged to visit).

In public places, citizens are required to maintain a distance of at least one and a half meters. This requirement does not apply to taxi rides.

You can find out more about the prevention of coronavirus and methods of combating the disease by calling the hotline of the social development complex of the city of Moscow: +7 (495) 870-45-09 (daily from 08:00 to 21:00), as well as in the mos special project. ru.

Is it possible to extract teeth during menstruation

What changes occur in a woman’s body during menstruation

Can teeth be treated during menstruation? This question cannot be answered unequivocally.Some dentists recommend postponing the visit to the doctor, others suggest focusing on the patient’s well-being. Most often, the session can be postponed, but this does not apply to emergency cases, when the further health of a person depends on the operation.

Dental treatment on critical days is stress for the female body. During menstruation, physiological and chemical changes occur in a woman’s body, as a result of which general health worsens, the pulse slows down and blood pressure decreases.Because of this, the patient may aggravate various chronic diseases, for example: diabetes mellitus, asthma, gastritis, cystitis, endometritis. In the presence of such diseases, dentists can send the patient for consultation to doctors of other directions.

Dental treatment at TopSmile clinic

Get an individual consultation with a specialist in our clinic and find out if it is worth treating your teeth during your period

Check out the service

Why is it better not to treat teeth on critical days

There are three reasons to postpone a visit to the dentist until the end of your period.

1 reason. Blood clotting disorder. On critical days, a woman’s blood vessels dilate. If a tooth is removed during this period, it can lead to profuse bleeding, which only a doctor can stop.

2 reason. Reducing pain threshold. Before menstruation, the female body produces prostaglandins. These are the hormones that trigger the menstruation process. Thanks to them, the uterus contracts, its inner shell exfoliates and blood is released. Because of these hormones, a woman experiences pain, experiences any discomfort more intensely.

3 reason. The risk of inflammation. During menstruation, blood clots more slowly than usual. Therefore, the holes in the oral cavity take several times longer to heal. Immunity is reduced and the body is vulnerable to infections. If bacteria or a virus enters the open wound, gum inflammation will begin.

Note. If on critical days a woman does not experience pain, discomfort and other unpleasant sensations, then dental procedures can not be tolerated. But you need to warn the dentist in any case.

In what cases dental treatment can be postponed

Doctors of the TopSmile aesthetic dentistry clinic are specialists with more than 12 years of experience. They regularly improve their skills in Russia and abroad, successfully apply knowledge in practice and will not expose patients to unnecessary risks. Diplomas, licenses, certificates of dentists are posted on the site.

Is it possible to extract a tooth during menstruation? Depends on the patient’s condition. Before the procedure, your dentist will ask you what stage your menstrual cycle is in.It is important to answer this question honestly. During menstruation, the composition of the blood changes. The number of red blood cells, platelets and hemoglobin decreases. Due to this process, drugs may not work, anesthesia may not work, and a blood clot will not appear in the hole. The latter is especially dangerous. After all, a blood clot protects against infection.

The extraction of a tooth can be delayed if the patient has:

• caries without inflammation;

90,097 dystopic teeth or those that are out of place;

90,097 teeth that interfere with prosthetics.

Note. During menstruation, take care of yourself, try not to catch colds. With ARVI, tooth extraction is not performed, which means that the planned operation will have to be postponed.

When you need to treat your teeth even on critical days

TopSmile aesthetic dentistry has a lot of tools for tooth extraction in emergency situations, including during menstruation. Before the procedure, the doctor will give drugs that will increase blood clotting, perform computer anesthesia without syringes and injections.

Treatment cannot be postponed if the patient has:

• purulent inflammation: periodontitis, cyst;
• acute toothache;

90,097 swelling or swelling of the cheek;

90,097 fracture of the tooth root as a result of trauma;

• pulpitis in acute form;
• Impacted wisdom tooth that causes pain or swelling.

Note. Particularly dangerous symptoms are fever, bleeding, and pus in the gum and mouth pockets.If pus gets inside, then the infection spreads with the blood throughout the body, this can lead to the development of sepsis.

What procedures are allowed during menstruation

There are dental procedures that can be performed without harm to health during menstruation. These include fillings, X-rays, tooth cleaning and whitening. Even prosthetics are allowed at certain stages of treatment.

Placement of a filling. You can place a filling during a session on any day of the menstrual cycle.The procedure is painless, does not involve tissue excision, and is sometimes performed without anesthesia. Menstruation does not affect the result. The filling will take root and will not change its shape and color.

Roentgen. X-rays act locally – on the area of ​​the gums where the diseased tooth is located. The patient’s small pelvis is protected with a special coating. Due to the fact that the picture is taken quickly, the burst of waves is so short-lived that it cannot harm the patient. The doctor will carry out all the procedures in one place – at the dental chair.This means that you do not have to move from one office to another to take a picture.

Prosthetics. The procedure can be performed if the orthodontist is not going to place the post for the implant. Hormonal disruption and the production of prostaglandins can cause foreign body rejection. But in this situation, the doctor can prepare or adjust the prostheses for the patient.

This is a completely painless procedure that does not require anesthesia. The possibility of damage to the tissues of the oral cavity is practically excluded.TopSmile clinic uses the gentle Swiss EMS ultrasound system. Thanks to it, it is possible to remove soft plaque, hard deposits and dark spots from the surface of the teeth without the risk of trauma and enamel cracks. After polishing with brushes and pastes, the teeth will become smooth and shiny, and a protective layer will form on their surface, which will repel new dirt.

What are the risks and complications

Most often, menstruation does not have any effect on the quality of dental procedures.However, the likelihood of some complications and risks increases. This must be taken into account before deciding whether to carry out or postpone an operation.

It should be remembered that some women use pain relievers during their period. When combined with anesthesia, they can have unwanted side effects.

Due to the high content of the hormone prostaglandin in the blood, women feel pain more acutely, and because of blood loss, they experience nausea and weakness.Together, this can lead to fainting and high blood pressure.

Due to weakened immunity, even the smallest cut can cause infection. As a result, after the extraction of the tooth, the patient will have to treat the suppuration of the gums.

TopSmile Clinic guarantees patient safety even on special days. We sterilize instruments in several stages, use premium consumables, half of which are disposable, control blood pressure during procedures and take into account all chronic diseases of the patient.We always keep in touch with the patient after the operation. The patient can always call the attending physician, and he will see him at any time of the day.

What to do before and after tooth extraction

Many dentists advise to prepare in advance for tooth extraction during menstruation. Follow these guidelines to prevent the risk of complications. Before the procedure:

• Do not drink tea, coffee or spirits;
• do not smoke a few hours before the session;
• Do not take analgesics.

You should also take care of yourself immediately after the procedure. Here are the rules to help speed up the rehabilitation process after tooth extraction:

• Do not remove the gauze swab from your mouth ahead of time, it stops bleeding;
• make sure that the blood clot formed in the hole does not fall out of it, it protects the wound from infections;
• do not touch the hole;
• Eliminate solid, hot, sour, sticky foods from the diet;
• Take your doctor’s orders.

Dentists at TopSmile clinic will carry out dental treatment without risks to your health, taking into account the menstrual cycle. During dental procedures, you will feel as comfortable as on other normal days. All chairs of the clinic have orthopedic mattresses that adapt to the anatomy, weight and body temperature of the patient. Call +7 (495) 023 51 03 or write to WhatsApp +7 (926) 273 19 88.

We work from 9:00 to 21:00 and are always ready to answer your questions.

There are contraindications. A specialist consultation is required.

90,000 is it possible to treat teeth in the early and late stages of pregnancy

How long can teeth be treated?

To determine the need for treatment by a dentist, the patient’s pregnancy period must be specified.

Anesthesia in the treatment of a pregnant woman: is it possible or not?

Local anesthetics are most commonly used in dental treatment.Their advantages:

• do not have a systemic effect on the body;
• are practically not absorbed into the general bloodstream;
• articaine-based anesthetics practically do not affect the fetus, since they do not penetrate the placental barrier;
• do not require additional use of vasoconstrictor drugs.

Epinephrine-based anesthetics should not be used during pregnancy.

If treatment by a dentist requires immersion in anesthesia or sedation, then such procedures are contraindicated during pregnancy.

What procedures are not performed for pregnant women?

There are a number of dental procedures that are contraindicated during pregnancy. They are associated with a risk to the fetus and can be postponed until the baby is born. Such procedures include teeth whitening, all types of prosthetics and implantation.Extraction of teeth is carried out only when absolutely necessary, when the affected tooth is a powerful source of infection.

The whitening procedure is quite safe, but there is still no convincing evidence and qualitative studies on its safety for the mother and fetus. It is not known how the reagents used for whitening can affect the further development of the child. The same applies to implants: they are not installed for pregnant women. This is due to the fact that implantation is a rather complicated procedure that requires certain body resources for normal engraftment.A pregnant woman develops physiological immunosuppression, all the body’s resources are directed to the intrauterine development of the child.

Before implantation, the woman is shown an extended diagnosis. It includes computed tomography of the jaw, which is contraindicated during pregnancy due to x-rays. Also, the implantation process may require taking antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs, which is not recommended during pregnancy. The hormonal background, which undergoes significant restructuring during childbearing, can interfere with the engraftment of the implant and its fusion with bone tissue.With those types of dental implants that were installed before pregnancy, nothing will happen.

The question of prosthetics is solved together with the orthopedic surgeon on an individual basis. If a tooth is badly damaged and requires prosthetics, then during pregnancy it is usually restored with a composite or a temporary crown is placed. After childbirth, the final decision on the restoration of the tooth is made.

There are contraindications. A specialist consultation is required.

90,000 Burning Throat – How to Treat a Sore Throat

Burning is a common symptom of a sore throat, especially if the pain is severe enough.It is as if you feel how dry the mucous membrane of your throat is, and when you swallow, you experience increased sensitivity. There are many reasons why you may experience a burning sensation in your throat.

Streptococcal infection

This infection is caused by a bacterium such as Streptococcus ¹ . The infection provokes inflammation, which can make you feel severe sore throat. While symptoms of infection include fever, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, inflammation of the tonsils, and difficulty swallowing, the most common experience we experience is a burning sensation in the throat and redness.

Since streptococcal infection is of bacterial origin, it can be treated with antibiotics. and Strepsils® in the form of lozenges will help you to cope with pain before visiting a doctor. It contains lidocaine, which is an anesthetic. Strepsils® is suitable for both adults and children from 6 years old. Suck one tablet every two to three hours, but do not exceed the recommended dose.

Dry throat

It is possible that the burning sensation in the throat is caused by the dryness and irritation of the mucous membrane, so moisturizing can help here.Cold air and heating make the environment less saturated with moisture, and dry air only irritates the throat.

Dry throat can sometimes be the result of an allergic reaction to dust or pollen (hay fever), often seen in the spring and summer.

Common cold

A cold affects the condition of your throat, nose, sinuses and respiratory tract. Although antibiotic treatment may not help in some cases (because the common cold is caused by a virus), the common cold usually clears up on its own within 1 to 2 weeks ² .

Common cold symptoms include a runny nose and nasal congestion, cough, headache, burning sensation, and sore throat. Some symptoms can be relieved with over-the-counter pain relievers and lozenges such as menthol and eucalyptus Strepsils® for sore throat and nasal congestion. However, you should see your doctor immediately if you are in doubt about treatment options or if your health has worsened.

Drink plenty of fluids

A burning sensation in the throat is often associated with dryness and irritation. If you have a sore throat, be sure to drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated. Try to avoid drinks that are too hot or cold (for example, do not drink scalding hot tea or chilled water), as they only contribute to irritation. Keep water at room temperature with you at all times to soothe sore throat sensations.

Remember!

Always read the medical instructions for the drugs and do not exceed the recommended daily allowance.If your symptoms persist and your sore throat gets worse, see a specialist for help.

90,000 🧬 What is the treatment of coronavirus: 8 promising drugs

According to RBC Viktor Maleev, adviser to the Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, effective means have not yet been created in the world and doctors are using combinations of existing ones to treat coronavirus. Which ones, the Ministry of Health specified in the list of recommended drugs. These included hydroxychloroquine, interferon, lopinavir and ritonavir.

In early September, the Ministry of Health issued an updated, eighth version of recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Available infographics are published on the ministry’s website.

According to experts, umifenovir, recombinant interferon alpha (IFN-α), can be used to prevent coronavirus. After contact with an infected SARS-CoV-2, you need to take hydroxychloroquine.

The material was commented and checked by Natalya Valerievna Polenova, Candidate of Medical Sciences, family doctor, cardiologist, pediatric cardiologist, nutritionist at GMS Clinic.

What is known about COVID-19

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Discovered in China at the end of 2019, it affected 4.4 million people worldwide by May 15. Most of those who have symptoms complain of a high fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Special drugs and vaccines against COVID-19 have not yet been developed. However, the virologist, head of the MIPT genomic engineering laboratory, Pavel Volchkov, said that the first effective remedy for coronavirus infection may appear in the fall.

In general, the Ministry of Health recommends the use of six drugs for the treatment of coronavirus. these are favipiravir, remdesivir, umifenovir, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin and interferon alfa.

Hydroxychloroquine and mefloquine

For more than 70 years, doctors have been treating malaria and autoimmune diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematosus) with chloroquine-based drugs. Scientists have found that the active substance is also effective against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.In March, the Chinese holding Shanghai Pharmaceuticals provided Russia with hydroxychloroquine (a chloroquine derivative) for the treatment of COVID-19. The Ministry of Health found no contraindications and allowed the use, having transferred more than 68 thousand packages to hospitals, despite the fact that hydroxychloroquine is not registered in Russia.

Scientists are still arguing about the validity of the use of hydroxychloroquine. Studies by French infectious disease specialist Didier Raoul have shown positive results.But the Associated Press has published data from American studies. An analysis of the case histories of patients who were treated with the drug showed that hydroxychloroquine was less helpful than standard drugs.

In April, the Federal Biomedical Agency of the Russian Federation conducted clinical trials of mefloquine (an analogue of hydroxychloroquine approved in Russia). Scientists have found out how this antimalarial drug is more effective and safer. According to preliminary data from a study with the participation of 347 patients, after the use of mefloquine, a positive trend was noted in 78% of cases.FMBA will provide the final conclusions at the end of May.

Lopinavir and ritonavir

A combination of antiviral drugs called kaletra is used to treat HIV. According to the WHO, the use of the drug in combination with other drugs is effective in the fight against coronavirus. At the end of January, the Ministry of Health included lopinavir with ritovinar in the list of drugs recommended for COVID-19 as antiviral therapy. As a result, the demand and sale of kaletra increased tenfold.Experts warn that uncontrolled use of the drug without a doctor’s prescription can harm health, including diarrhea and liver damage.

Chinese scientists have found that lopinavir and ritonavir are not effective in treating mild to moderate COVID-19. Taking medications does not improve the clinical picture; moreover, it can cause side effects. The experiment involved 86 patients, of which 34 people took a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir, and 17 patients did not receive any drugs.Two weeks later, both groups showed similar results, but those who took the medication experienced side effects.

Remdesivir

Remdesivir is used to treat Ebola. Canadian scientists from the University of Alberta found that the drug blocks the multiplication of coronavirus. Studies have proven the effectiveness of an antiviral agent in the treatment of MERS respiratory syndrome and SARS-CoV, the RNA structure of which is similar to that of coronavirus.Virologists have obtained identical results in the case of SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, and concluded that remdesivir can be used for treatment. The New England Journal of Medicine also published the results of a study in which the use of the drug improved the condition of 68% of patients. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced in parliament on April 28 that he plans to authorize the use of remdesevir for the treatment of COVID-19. In the United States, the drug has been successfully tested, and on May 2, the FDA issued an emergency permit for its use.

APN01

The Austrian biotechnology company APEIRON Biologics AGH began clinical trials of the drug APN01, which was developed in the early 2000s. Scientists have found that the protein ACE2, which is part of it, suppresses infections caused by viruses of the SARS group. It also helps protect the lungs in case of respiratory failure.

The authorities in Austria, Germany and Denmark have agreed to conduct clinical trials of the drug.In the course of research, 200 patients with COVID-19 will receive APN01. Then, virologists will evaluate the effect of the drug, and also analyze its effectiveness and safety for patients who need mechanical ventilation.

Favilavir (favipiravir)

Chinese doctors have approved the antiviral drug favilavir (favipiravir) for the treatment of COVID-19. This remedy is used for inflammation of the respiratory system. The results of studies conducted among 70 people have not yet been published, but the drug, according to virologists, has proven effective.

In February, pharmaceutical company Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical received approval to market favipiravir as a potential coronavirus drug.

Ribavirin

It is difficult to assess the efficacy and safety of ribavirin. On the one hand, this agent inhibits the reproduction of the vast majority of viruses, on the other hand, the mechanism of action of ribavirin is not fully understood. At the end of January, the Ministry of Health recommended the use of this antiviral agent for the treatment of coronavirus.Children are prescribed it for respiratory syncytial infection (a rare type of ARVI), which causes severe lung damage. The drug is used for severe influenza, in children with immunodeficiency – for measles, and in combination with interferon ribavirin, viral hepatitis C is treated.

However, RAS academician Alexander Chuchalin criticized the recommendations of the Ministry of Health. When prescribing the drug to adults, it is necessary to take into account its teratogenicity (the threat of impaired embryonic development), therefore ribavirin is categorically contraindicated in pregnancy.Despite the fact that the agent inhibits the multiplication of many viruses, it is very toxic and causes many side effects.

At the end of March, the Ministry of Health excluded ribavirin from the list of recommended drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.

Ivermectin

Australian scientists from Monash University and the Royal Hospital in Melbourne have discovered an antiparasitic agent that practically destroys the SARS-CoV-2 virus within 48 hours, reducing its presence by 99%.According to the researchers, the use of ivermectin will help avoid serious complications of COVID-19, as well as prevent the spread of the virus. In the course of the experiments, ivermectin was added to the cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. After 24 hours, the proportion of viral RNAs decreased by 93%, and after 48 hours, the presence of the virus decreased by 99%.

A single treatment with ivermectin can cause a 5,000-fold decrease in the virus in 48 hours, scientists say. The drug is approved by the WHO.

Nelfinavir

In combination with other antiviral drugs, nelfinavir is used to treat HIV.The study was carried out by Japanese scientists. According to the data obtained, the drug is able to block the multiplication of SARS-CoV-2. Virologists have studied nine similar drugs and found that nelfinavir is effective even in small doses. Therefore, it is recommended to be included in the list of potentially effective drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.

What to do while there is no vaccine

• Wear medical masks when visiting public places;
• on the street and in public places, keep a distance of at least 1.5 m from others;

90,097 avoid contact with people who have been exposed to the virus;

90,097 stay at home if possible;

• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water;
• use a disinfectant with an alcohol content of at least 60%;
• do not touch your face;
• to monitor the hygiene in the house.

Expert commentary

What medicines, in addition to antiviral drugs and antibiotics, are recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation?

According to the eighth version of the decree “Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus should receive pathogenetic and supportive symptomatic therapy, if necessary. The first group of drugs includes, first of all: glucocorticosteroids (GCS), interleukin inhibitors (tocilizumab, canakinumab), anticoagulants (enoxaparin, fraxiparin).

Glucocorticosteroids are able to prevent the release of cytokines, substances responsible for the development of a violent inflammatory reaction, which can lead to a very dangerous complication of the “cytokine storm”. GCS can be useful in the treatment of severe forms of COVID-19 to prevent irreversible tissue damage and uncontrolled multiple organ failure.

It should be noted that with mild and moderate severity of the course of the disease, that is, patients who do not receive oxygen, GCS are not indicated.So there is not the slightest need to buy hormones from pharmacies for use at home.

Drugs from the group of cytokine inhibitors are used when the lung parenchyma is damaged by more than 50%, that is, the stage of CT-3, CT-4 in combination with signs of increasing intoxication: long-standing fever, very high levels of inflammatory markers in the blood.

In groups of patients with a high risk of thrombus formation for the prevention of so-called coagulopathies, it is advisable to prescribe anticoagulants administered subcutaneously.There is still insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of oral anticoagulants for COVID-19, however, if the patient took them before the disease, the drug should be continued before taking the drug. High-risk groups include patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity.

How is symptomatic therapy for coronavirus carried out?

The drugs for the symptomatic therapy of COVID-19 include antipyretic drugs, antitussive drugs that improve sputum discharge.The safest antipyretic drug is paracetamol.

There is no need to wait for a certain level of fever to use an antipyretic agent. In the presence of headache and muscle pain, poor tolerance of symptoms of intoxication and fever, it is possible to use drugs at a relatively low body temperature.

What can you take to prevent coronavirus?

The most important characteristics of a diet that helps to strengthen the immune system are: adequate daily calorie intake, sufficient intake of protein and a number of micronutrients, in particular vitamin C, D, A, iron and zinc, increased intake of dietary fiber and, if necessary, probiotics, water balance.According to the clinical recommendations of the Russian Association of Endocrinologists, for the prevention of vitamin D deficiency in adults aged 18-50 years, it is recommended to receive at least 600-800 IU of vitamin per day. People over 50 years old – at least 800-1000 IU of vitamin D per day.

There are some indirect indications of zinc’s potential antiviral effect against COVID-19, although their biomedical relevance remains to be explored. Given the latest clinical data, it seems that zinc may have protective effects against COVID-19 by reducing the incidence of pneumonia, preventing lung damage caused by ventilators, and improving antibacterial and antiviral immunity, especially in the elderly.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, AA) takes part in such vital physiological processes as hormone production, collagen synthesis, stimulation of the immune system, etc. The latter effect may be due to both the direct antiviral action of AA and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

What drugs are used to treat coronavirus | World Events – Estimates and Forecasts from Germany and Europe | DW

Which drugs have proven to be effective in treating COVID-19, which ones are still being tested, and which ones turned out to be false hope? The list of potential miraculous drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and those drugs that can really become a breakthrough either in the fight against coronavirus, or in the treatment of SARS (covid), does not consist of a dozen names, keeping track of all is a difficult task.DW found out what they are currently trying to treat COVID-19.

Dexamethasone: effectiveness recognized by WHO

Today, “Dexamethasone” is the only drug whose effectiveness in the treatment of COVID-19 is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is believed to be a corticosteroid agent that reduces mortality in ventilated patients with severe symptoms. WHO and the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) recommend treatment with dexamethasone for those patients who have severe symptoms for more than seven days to prevent a cytokine storm (an uncontrolled attack by the immune system on its own body.- Red .).

The effectiveness of “Dexamethasone” in the treatment of covid is officially recognized by WHO.

At the same time, it is emphasized that the drug should not be taken at earlier stages of the disease – corticosteroids suppress the reaction of the immune system and can provoke a severe development of the disease. Director of the Institute for Medical Virology at the University Hospital Frankfurt, Sandra Ciesek, explained in a podcast from the regional channel NDR in early October that premature use of dexamethasone “can weaken the immune system or even block its response, leading to increased symptoms of COVID-19.”

Bamlanivimab and REGN-COV2 “cocktail”: approved in the USA, purchased in Germany

Recently, two drugs based on monoclonal antibodies inspire great hope for success in the treatment of COVID-19: Bamlanivimab, developed by the pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly, and the REGN-COV2 “cocktail” from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, a two-component casirivimab and imdevimab. Both were approved in the United States last fall for emergency use in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms at risk of becoming severe.The drug REGN-COV2 was used in the treatment of COVID-19 by President Donald Trump.

These funds have not yet been certified in the EU, however, the Minister of Health of the Federal Republic of Germany Jens Span (Jens Span) announced on January 24 that the government purchased 200 thousand doses of both drugs for 400 million euros to treat patients with COVID-19 at university clinics.

Both Bamlanivimab and REGN-COV2 act as a passive vaccine: their antibodies bind to the virus where the spike protein attaches to cells and prevent it from entering the body.The most effective use of these drugs is considered at an early stage of the disease, while patients have not yet begun to develop their own antibodies.

“Cocktail” REGN-COV2 was treated for the coronavirus of former US President Donald Trump

As side effects, symptoms characteristic of vaccination may develop: fever, chills, headache, dizziness, sore throat. Clinical trials have not identified serious side effects, but the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warns that unexpected occurrence of serious effects cannot be completely ruled out, since the drugs are still being studied.

Avigan: use with caution

Avigan with the active ingredient favilavir was registered in Japan in 2014 as a remedy for influenza and is reportedly effective against RNA viruses as well. In 2014, it was used in the treatment of Ebola. In 2016, the Japanese government arranged for Avigan to be shipped to Guinea as an emergency aid to combat the Ebola epidemic.

Before the coronavirus, Avigan in Japan was not a successful competitor to other influenza drugs, did not go on the free market, but was produced only by order of the government as a backup in case of a pandemic.Since February 2020, the drug has been used in Japanese clinics to treat coronavirus patients. Judging by the first preliminary results in Japan, which appeared in the press, the drug works well for those with a mild form of coronavirus, but is ineffective in severe cases.

The drug is currently approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in China and India. The product is also sold in Russia under the trade name “Avifavir”. Clinical trials show that Avigan relieves symptoms and shortens the duration of illness, but can cause serious side effects such as anaphylactic shock and pneumonia.The remedy is contraindicated for pregnant and lactating mothers, since one of its side effects can be the deformities of newborns.

Artemisinin: the effectiveness has not been finally proven

The drug based on wormwood tincture was talked about after the President of Madagascar Andri Radzuelina announced the effectiveness of the drug Covid Organics in the treatment of COVID-19 in mid-April. Then this event was accompanied by great media hype: other leaders of African countries joined the head of Madagascar, convinced of the effectiveness of this tool.

The authorities of Madagascar ordered the distribution of tinctures with wormwood extract to schoolchildren

Wormwood extracts have been used for many years in homeopathy and not only. In particular, the antimalarial drug “Artemisinin” based on wormwood extract has been used to treat malaria for at least 20 years.

Scientists from Algeria conducted a study back in April to determine the effectiveness of antimalarial drugs against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The results showed that Artemisinin was more potent than Hydroxychloroquine.

Now the effectiveness of wormwood extract and preparations based on it in the treatment of COVID-19 is being tested by scientists from the Max Planck Institute in Potsdam. They concluded that artemisinin prevents the multiplication of SARS-CoV-2 viruses – at least in an in vitro laboratory test (“in vitro”, outside a living organism. – Red .). The results of an experiment by a group of scientists led by the head of the Department of Biomolecular Systems, Professor Peter Seeberger, were published in the preprint of a scientific article – so far without independent scientific expertise.

Seeerberger believes there is sufficient reason to continue to investigate the effects of wormwood extract on SARS-CoV-2. At the same time, he warns against using the drug in the treatment of COVID-19 until the efficacy of the drug is proven in clinical tests.

Ivermectin: studies are encouraging

There is no definite opinion about the effectiveness of the drug “Ivermectin”, which is usually used in the treatment of scabies and to fight parasitic worms.

In early January, The Lancet published the results of trials of the efficacy of ivermectin in mild symptoms of coronavirus. Preclinical trials have shown that the drug prevents the development of new SARS-CoV-2 cells, but it is only effective at high concentrations.

Some drugs do relieve covid symptoms and speed up recovery.

Promising results were also demonstrated by preliminary clinical studies conducted by scientists from the Barcelona Institute of Global Health in a group of 12 volunteers.Scientists hope to continue testing with a larger group of participants.

The Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (FLCCC) also gave a positive assessment of the effectiveness of ivermectin in the fight against coronavirus. Based on clinical evidence, the FLCCC concluded that the drug could significantly reduce viral load and accelerate recovery in patients with mild to moderate symptoms. It is hoped that the use of ivermectin will also help avoid hospitalization and reduce mortality in patients with severe symptoms.

Ivermectin has been actively advertised since last year as a means of combating coronavirus in Latin America. Nevertheless, WHO and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warn against the use of this drug, since its efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 has not yet been fully proven.

Tocilizumab and sarilumab: controversial drugs

Tocilizumab and sarilumab are inhibitors of cytokines: peptide molecules that the body produces to fight infection.Both are commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammations.

There is no conclusive evidence of their effectiveness in the fight against COVID-19: the results of some studies suggest that drugs reduce mortality among patients with severe symptoms, other studies indicate their ineffectiveness. Nevertheless, the UK government is going to use tocilizumab and sarilumab for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 in intensive care in the near future.

Hydroxychloroquine: Hope Failed

At the start of the pandemic, high hopes were pinned on the well-known antimalarial drug, Hydroxychloroquine. However, they did not materialize – taking this drug did not lead to an improvement in the condition of patients with COVID-19.

German Paul Ehrlich Institute for Vaccines and Biomedical Medicines is currently cautioning against the use of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19. Patients who do take this drug should be closely monitored by doctors, as hydroxychloroquine can cause severe side effects and increase the likelihood of death.

See also:

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Without holy water

  The first picture in our frame-by-frame section related to the coronavirus pandemic in Germany was published on February 28, 2020. It was then that in the most visited German church, measures were taken to prevent the spread of infection – including, they stopped filling the bowls for holy water. You can read this and other publications by clicking on the “+” to the right above the text or on the links below the gallery.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Donkey in a mask

  In 2020, we saw many different monuments with masks. For example, here is a photograph from Bremen taken at the end of March. Usually, here you should hold on to the leg of a donkey and make a wish, but due to the spread of coronavirus infection, it is better to refrain from this during a pandemic.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Stay at home!

  An airplane with such a banner could be observed at the end of March in the sky over the city by residents of Hamburg.In connection with the coronavirus pandemic, similar calls have appeared everywhere in Germany – for example, in the form of hashtags #zuhausebleiben and #stayathome on TV screens or stencil graffiti on sidewalks.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Edible paper

  Preparing to go into quarantine for several weeks due to the coronavirus, German residents were especially eager to buy pasta, flour, cereals and toilet paper for future use. The demand for the latter has increased by 700 percent! The shelves were empty.In a pastry shop in Dortmund, they decided to produce their own version of this everyday commodity – butter rolls.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Love during the crown

  These photos were taken at the end of March on the Danish-German border near Süderlugum. Due to the pandemic, the border was closed, but these loving pensioners – 89-year-old German Carsten Thuchsen Hansen and 85-year-old Danish woman Inga Rassmussen – found a solution to the problem. They met every day – they arranged gatherings near the barrier.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Home office for a ballerina

  So during the spring lockdown, rehearsals of the Berlin State Ballet were held – broadcast via a webcam. This photo was taken in the studio apartment of ballerina Vivian Assal Cochnaward. In the theater workshop, special floor coverings were made for the artists so that they could do the exercises at home.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Stupid coronavirus!

  In 2020, due to the coronavirus, Easter decor in Germany was somewhat different from the traditional one.For example, such an Easter bunny was installed near a school in Bavarian Ottenhofen – made of straw, in Bavarian leather pants and with a sign “Stupid coronavirus”!

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  No Oktoberfest

  This photo was taken in Munich in April. Bavarian Prime Minister Markus Söder is attending a press conference to announce the cancellation of the traditional Oktoberfest five months before the scheduled start. Symbolic shot.Oktoberfest and other crowded folk festivals, music, wine and other festivals did not take place in Germany during the pandemic.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Masks for monarchists

  Let’s stay in Bavaria. Previously, portraits of King Ludwig II were adorned with various Bavarian souvenirs. During the pandemic, this popular and beloved monarch, who built Neuschwanstein Castle, could be seen wearing protective masks.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Concert on a truck

  Another sign of coronavirus time was concerts of musicians in unusual places or unusual formats.Cameron Carpenter is the only organist in the world to own a personal concert organ. In early May, he toured Berlin to support people during the pandemic. These photographs were taken during a performance in front of one of the capital’s nursing homes in the Spandau area.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  First training session

  As part of the easing of quarantine measures in Germany, the first fitness clubs reopened in some German regions after a multi-week break on 11 May.These photographs were taken in Cologne in one of these centers. It works around the clock and therefore opened its doors to visitors at exactly midnight. The condition for the opening of such sports clubs was the observance of strict measures of hygiene and distance.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Queues for puppies

  In the summer, German dog breeders reported an unprecedented demand for puppies. In particular, many of those who have been planning to get a dog for a long time, working in the home office mode, found this moment especially suitable, since they are at home almost all the time.Labradors and golden retrievers were very popular.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Cinema for oldtimers

  After the outbreak of the pandemic in Germany, car cinemas began to open everywhere. These photographs were taken in the Lower Saxon commune of Hude during a session organized especially for the owners of oldtimers. The film was chosen in accordance with the interests of the public – “Ford vs. Ferrari”.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Empty brothels

  Many brothels and sex clubs in Germany, after several months of the coronavirus lockdown, were on the verge of bankruptcy – they remained closed even after hairdressing salons, fitness clubs, swimming pools resumed work and saunas.On July 16, some brothels in different regions of the country – for example, in Hamburg – held an open day to draw attention to the difficult situation.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  We will not go to Mallorca

  For fear of going to distant lands, many Germans preferred to spend summer holidays at home in 2020 at the seaside – on the beaches of the Baltic and North Seas. So the resort Timmendorfer Strand looked like one weekend in July. Access to some beaches had to be periodically blocked due to an oversupply of people wishing to swim in the sea and lie in the sun in the immediate vicinity of the water.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Both eggs and joy

  During the pandemic, people in Germany began to have chickens more often as pets – joy for children and fresh eggs to the table. This trend was outlined even before the start of the pandemic, but due to the lockdown and other, so to speak, side effects of the coronavirus, it became even more obvious. These photographs by dpa were taken in September near the home of the Wagner family in Bad Grönenbach, Bavaria.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Coronavirus bell

  Such a bell with a stylized image of the causative agent of the coronavirus infection was cast in Germany in the fall for a Gothic temple in the Baden-Württemberg city of Herrenberg.It will replace one of the local old bells, which was damaged during the Second World War and fell into disrepair several years ago.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  COVID deniers

  Demonstrations of the so-called crown skeptics in different cities of Germany are another side of the pandemic. They consider everything that happens to be a conspiracy. In November, police in Berlin, after repeated warnings, were forced to use water cannons against COVID-deniers who tried to break through to the Reichstag during a parliamentary meeting discussing amendments to the epidemiological protection law.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Smoking virologist

  Virology specialists are heroes of our time. Among German scientists, Professor Christian Drosten from Berlin became especially famous in 2020. One of the traditional craftsmen in the Ore Mountains even decided to dedicate a party of smoking men to the respected virologist – such are Christmas souvenirs with smoking candles.

• Coronavirus in Germany – 2020

  Plush “Panda Mia”

  “There are no visitors, but there are 100 pandas for sale.”Such an announcement appeared in December at the entrance to one of the restaurants in Frankfurt, closed to visitors due to a partial coronavirus lockdown. Inside, there was an installation called “Panda-Mie”. Pandas can be bought for 150 euros to support the owner and staff of the restaurant in these difficult times.

  Author: Maxim Nelyubin

90,000 How can early coronavirus be treated at home

American researchers have found that early treatment with proven natural remedies can defeat the coronavirus.

Coronavirus must be treated on time

New research shows early intervention against coronavirus using natural over-the-counter remedies is a safe and effective way to avoid complications.

Scientists from Ohio have studied the remedies that are available to everyone for the treatment of coronavirus, including:

• zinc,

• zinc ionophores,

• vitamins C, D3 and E,

• L-lysine.

This method, according to the authors, has shown its effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of coronavirus at an early stage. Not only that, they help to avoid the need for pharmaceuticals and vaccinations.

Natural

The authors concluded that the results of treatment with the above and natural remedies are impressive. They believe that nature is the best first aid kit that outperforms chemical medicines.