Can antibiotics cause diarrhea. What are the main causes of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. How can you treat and prevent diarrhea caused by antibiotics. What dietary changes can help alleviate symptoms of antibiotic-induced diarrhea.

Understanding Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is a common side effect experienced by many individuals undergoing antibiotic treatment. It occurs when antibiotics disrupt the delicate balance of bacteria in the intestines, leading to loose, watery stools. This condition affects approximately 5-25% of adults taking antibiotics, typically beginning about a week after starting treatment and potentially continuing for weeks after completion.

The primary cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is the indiscriminate nature of antibiotics. While these medications are effective at targeting harmful bacteria, they also eliminate beneficial gut bacteria crucial for maintaining digestive health. This disruption can lead to various gastrointestinal issues, with diarrhea being one of the most common.

Symptoms of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

The main symptom of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is having loose, watery stools three or more times per day while taking antibiotics. In some cases, particularly those involving Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infections, additional symptoms may include:

• Abdominal pain or cramps
• Low-grade fever
• Decreased appetite
• Nausea

The Role of Gut Bacteria in Digestive Health

The human gut is home to trillions of bacteria, collectively known as the gut microbiome. These microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining overall health, particularly in digestion and immune function. When antibiotics disrupt this delicate ecosystem, it can lead to various digestive issues, including diarrhea.

Beneficial gut bacteria perform several important functions:

1. Aiding in the digestion of complex carbohydrates
2. Producing essential vitamins and nutrients
3. Maintaining the integrity of the intestinal lining
4. Preventing the overgrowth of harmful bacteria
5. Supporting the immune system

When antibiotics eliminate these beneficial bacteria, it can create an environment conducive to the growth of opportunistic pathogens like C. diff, further exacerbating digestive issues.

Antibiotics Most Likely to Cause Diarrhea

While all antibiotics have the potential to cause diarrhea, certain types are more commonly associated with this side effect. The reasons for this increased likelihood are not fully understood, but it may be related to the specific mechanisms of action or the spectrum of bacterial coverage of these antibiotics.

Antibiotics with a higher risk of causing diarrhea include:

• Penicillins (e.g., ampicillin, amoxicillin)
• Cephalosporins (e.g., cephalexin, cefpodoxime)
• Clindamycin

Are broad-spectrum antibiotics more likely to cause diarrhea? Generally, yes. Broad-spectrum antibiotics target a wide range of bacteria, increasing the likelihood of disrupting the gut microbiome and potentially leading to diarrhea.

Dietary Strategies to Manage Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

Adjusting your diet can play a significant role in managing the symptoms of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The goal is to consume foods that are easy to digest, replace lost nutrients, and support the recovery of your gut microbiome.

Foods to Include

When experiencing antibiotic-associated diarrhea, consider incorporating the following foods into your diet:

• Low-fiber foods: White rice, white bread, and noodles
• Potassium-rich foods: Bananas, peeled potatoes (boiled or baked)
• Lean proteins: Poultry, fish, and lean meats
• Probiotic-rich foods: Yogurt with live cultures
• Hydrating fluids: Water, clear broths, and decaffeinated tea
• Easily digestible fruits: Applesauce, small amounts of canned fruit without syrup

Foods to Avoid

Certain foods may exacerbate symptoms or interfere with antibiotic absorption. It’s best to avoid:

• Alcoholic and caffeinated beverages
• Dairy products (except for yogurt with live cultures)
• Fatty and fried foods
• Foods high in added sugars
• High-fiber foods
• Spicy foods
• Grapefruit and calcium supplements (may interfere with antibiotic absorption)

How long should you follow this diet? It’s advisable to maintain these dietary changes for a few days after your symptoms improve, gradually reintroducing your regular diet as your digestive system stabilizes.

Preventing and Treating Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

While it’s not always possible to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea entirely, there are several strategies you can employ to reduce your risk and manage symptoms if they occur.

Prevention Strategies

1. Take antibiotics as prescribed: Follow your healthcare provider’s instructions regarding dosage and duration of treatment.
2. Consider probiotics: Discuss with your doctor the potential benefits of taking probiotic supplements during and after antibiotic treatment.
3. Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water and clear fluids to maintain hydration.
4. Maintain a balanced diet: Focus on easily digestible, nutrient-rich foods.

Treatment Options

If you develop antibiotic-associated diarrhea, consider the following treatment approaches:

• Oral rehydration solutions: These can help replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
• Over-the-counter antidiarrheal medications: Consult with your healthcare provider before using these, as they may not be appropriate in all cases.
• Probiotics: These may help restore balance to your gut microbiome.
• Dietary modifications: Follow the dietary guidelines mentioned earlier.

When should you seek medical attention for antibiotic-associated diarrhea? Contact your healthcare provider if you experience severe or persistent diarrhea, high fever, bloody stools, or signs of dehydration.

The Role of Probiotics in Managing Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

Probiotics have gained significant attention in recent years for their potential role in preventing and treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea. These live microorganisms, when administered in adequate amounts, can confer health benefits to the host, particularly in maintaining gut health.

How Probiotics Work

Probiotics function through several mechanisms to help prevent and alleviate antibiotic-associated diarrhea:

1. Restoring balance to the gut microbiome
2. Competing with harmful bacteria for resources
3. Producing substances that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria
4. Strengthening the intestinal barrier
5. Modulating the immune response

Which probiotic strains are most effective for antibiotic-associated diarrhea? While research is ongoing, some strains that have shown promise include:

• Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
• Saccharomyces boulardii
• Bifidobacterium longum
• Lactobacillus acidophilus

It’s important to note that the effectiveness of probiotics can vary depending on the specific antibiotic being used and individual factors. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any probiotic regimen, especially when taking antibiotics.

Long-Term Consequences of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

While antibiotic-associated diarrhea is often a temporary condition, it can sometimes lead to more serious complications or have long-term effects on gut health. Understanding these potential consequences can help individuals make informed decisions about antibiotic use and take appropriate preventive measures.

Potential Complications

In some cases, antibiotic-associated diarrhea can lead to:

• Dehydration: Severe or prolonged diarrhea can result in significant fluid loss, leading to dehydration.
• Electrolyte imbalances: Diarrhea can cause loss of essential electrolytes, disrupting normal bodily functions.
• Clostridium difficile infection: In severe cases, antibiotic use can lead to overgrowth of this opportunistic pathogen, causing a potentially serious intestinal infection.
• Nutritional deficiencies: Prolonged diarrhea can interfere with nutrient absorption, potentially leading to deficiencies.

Long-Term Effects on Gut Health

Recent research suggests that antibiotic use, particularly repeated or long-term use, may have lasting effects on the gut microbiome. These effects can include:

1. Reduced microbial diversity: Antibiotics can decrease the variety of bacterial species in the gut, which may impact overall health.
2. Altered metabolic function: Changes in the gut microbiome can affect how the body processes nutrients and regulates metabolism.
3. Increased susceptibility to infections: A disrupted microbiome may make individuals more vulnerable to future infections.
4. Potential links to chronic diseases: Some studies suggest a possible connection between antibiotic-induced microbiome changes and conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and allergies.

How long does it take for the gut microbiome to recover after antibiotic use? While the gut microbiome can start to recover within days or weeks after completing antibiotic treatment, full restoration of microbial diversity and function may take months or even years. This underscores the importance of judicious antibiotic use and proactive measures to support gut health during and after treatment.

Emerging Research and Future Directions

The field of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and gut health is rapidly evolving, with ongoing research shedding light on new prevention and treatment strategies. Some exciting areas of investigation include:

Microbiome-Based Therapies

Researchers are exploring targeted approaches to restore and maintain a healthy gut microbiome, including:

• Personalized probiotics: Tailored probiotic formulations based on an individual’s unique microbiome composition.
• Prebiotics: Non-digestible food components that selectively promote the growth of beneficial bacteria.
• Synbiotics: Combinations of probiotics and prebiotics designed to work synergistically.
• Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT): Transfer of fecal matter from healthy donors to restore microbial balance in recipients.

Novel Antibiotic Approaches

Scientists are working on developing new antibiotics and antibiotic alternatives that may reduce the risk of disrupting the gut microbiome, such as:

1. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics: Medications that target specific pathogens while minimizing collateral damage to beneficial bacteria.
2. Bacteriophage therapy: Using viruses that specifically infect and kill harmful bacteria without affecting beneficial microbes.
3. Antimicrobial peptides: Naturally occurring molecules that can selectively target pathogenic bacteria.

Predictive Models and Personalized Medicine

Advances in data analytics and machine learning are enabling researchers to develop predictive models that can assess an individual’s risk of developing antibiotic-associated diarrhea based on factors such as:

• Genetic predisposition
• Existing microbiome composition
• Previous antibiotic exposure
• Lifestyle and dietary habits

These models could potentially guide healthcare providers in making more informed decisions about antibiotic prescriptions and preventive measures.

What role might artificial intelligence play in managing antibiotic-associated diarrhea? AI-powered systems could analyze vast amounts of patient data to identify patterns and risk factors, potentially leading to more accurate prediction and prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Additionally, AI could assist in designing more effective probiotic formulations and developing targeted therapies to restore gut health.

As research in this field continues to progress, it holds the promise of more effective strategies for preventing and treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea, as well as broader applications for maintaining overall gut health and preventing antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotics Diarrhea: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

Antibiotic-related diarrhea is caused by disrupting the bacterial balance in your intestines. Certain antibiotics are more likely to cause it, such as penicillins and cephalosporins.

Antibiotics are medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. However, sometimes antibiotic treatment can lead to an unpleasant side effect — diarrhea.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is fairly common. It’s estimated that between 5 and 25 percent of adults may experience diarrhea while taking antibiotics.

But what exactly causes this? And can it be prevented? Keep reading as we delve deeper into antibiotic-associated diarrhea, what causes it, and what you can do if it happens to you.

Yes, antibiotics can cause diarrhea — and here’s why.

Antibiotics target bacteria by taking advantage of structures and processes that bacterial cells have that are different from our own cells. So, while antibiotics don’t harm our own cells, they can kill both good and bad bacteria living in your intestines.

Not all bacteria is bad. There are many types of good bacteria that live in your intestines. These good bacteria help with the digestive process and they also play a role in keeping you healthy. Antibiotics can disrupt the balance of these bacteria. One of the side effects of killing off the good bacteria, in addition to the bad bacteria, is the possibility of looser stools.

Another job that’s done by good bacteria is to keep the growth of opportunistic bacteria in check. These bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile, (known as C. diff for short) can cause infections if they’re allowed to thrive, which can happen if good bacteria are killed off by antibiotics.

Toxins produced by C. diff can cause inflammation in the intestines, leading to diarrhea. Studies estimate that up to 17.5 percent of healthy people are colonized with C. diff. This number can increase in healthcare settings, like hospitals.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is defined as having loose, watery stools three or more times per day while taking antibiotics.

This may begin about a week after starting antibiotics. Additionally, diarrhea can also develop in the weeks after finishing your treatment.

If you have a C. diff infection, you may experience additional symptoms such as:

• abdominal pain or cramps
• low grade fever
• decreased appetite
• nausea

Although all antibiotics can cause diarrhea, some types are more closely associated with the condition. It’s still not completely clear exactly why these antibiotics are more likely to cause diarrhea compared to others.

Antibiotics that have a higher likelihood of causing diarrhea include:

• penicillins, such as ampicillin and amoxicillin
• cephalosporins, such as cephalexin and cefpodoxime
• clindamycin

If you’re experiencing diarrhea from antibiotics, adjusting your diet may help ease your symptoms. Some general suggestions include:

• Eating low fiber foods. While high fiber foods are recommended when you’re healthy, eating them when you have diarrhea can make your condition worse.
• Replacing potassium. This nutrient can be lost due to diarrhea, but eating foods containing potassium may help replace it.
• Replenishing lost fluids and salts. Diarrhea can cause you to lose fluids and electrolytes more rapidly, so it’s important to replace these.

Based on these suggestions, try to consume the following foods and beverages when you have diarrhea:

• fluids including water, broths, or decaffeinated tea
• fruit such as bananas, applesauce, or small amounts of canned fruit without syrup
• grains such as white rice, white bread, and noodles
• peeled potatoes (good source of potassium) that have been boiled or baked
• protein sources like poultry, lean meats, and fish
• yogurt that contains live cultures

Some types of food may worsen your symptoms or interfere with your antibiotic treatment. These include:

• alcoholic beverages
• caffeinated beverages such as coffee, sodas, and tea
• dairy products (aside from yogurt), can cause digestive problems while taking antibiotics and may affect antibiotic absorption
• fatty foods such as fatty meats, baked goods, potato chips, french fries, and other fried foods
• foods or beverages high in added sugar such as sodas, fruit juices, cakes, and cookies
• high fiber foods such as whole grains, legumes, and most fruits and vegetables
• spicy foods that may further irritate your digestive tract

Also, try to avoid eating grapefruit or taking calcium supplements. These can both interfere with how well antibiotics are absorbed by your body, and can diminish the effects of the medication.

In addition to adjusting your diet, there are other steps you can take to help ease your symptoms.

Replace lost fluids

Diarrhea can lead to a loss of fluids, putting you at risk for dehydration. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water. Broths or fruit juices that are low in sugar can also help prevent fluid loss.

If your child has diarrhea, you may want to consider an oral rehydration solution such as Pedialyte.

Use anti-diarrheal medications with caution

In some cases, antidiarrheal medications like loperamide (Imodium) may be effective at relieving your symptoms. However, speak to your doctor before using these medications.

In some cases, using antidiarrheal medications may slow the time it takes for your body to get rid of toxins in your digestive tract. This can prolong your condition and may put you at risk for complications.

Contact your doctor, or go to urgent care, if you’re taking antibiotics and have the following symptoms:

• more than five episodes of diarrhea in a day
• blood or pus in your stool
• fever
• abdominal pain or cramps

If your diarrhea condition is milder, your doctor may suggest that you stop taking your antibiotic until your diarrhea goes away. Your doctor could also prescribe a different antibiotic that has a lower risk of causing diarrhea.

In cases where C. diff infection is suspected, your doctor will take you off the antibiotic that you’re on. Instead, your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic that targets C. diff bacteria, such as vancomycin, fidaxomicin, or metronidazole.

There are some steps that you can take to lower your risk of developing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Some suggestions include:

• Try probiotics. Probiotics can help add good bacteria back into your digestive system. Some recent reviews of scientific literature have found that using probiotics while taking antibiotics can be effective for preventing diarrhea.
• Practice good hygiene. Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom, can help prevent the spread of C. diff bacteria.
• Follow medication instructions. Some antibiotics may say to take with food. Be sure to do this to help prevent digestive irritation.
• Only take antibiotics when needed. While antibiotics can treat bacterial infections, they’re not effective against viral infections like colds and flu. Overusing antibiotics can negatively impact your digestive health and cause other issues.
• Talk to your doctor. If you’ve had diarrhea when taking antibiotics before, let your doctor know. They may be able to prescribe an antibiotic that has a lower likelihood of causing this issue.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is fairly common. It happens when antibiotics disturb the natural balance of bacteria in your intestines. This can lead to digestive irritation and increase the risk of illness due to some types of harmful bacteria, such as C. diff.

All types of antibiotics have the potential to cause diarrhea. However, some types of antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins, can cause it more frequently.

If you have antibiotic-associated diarrhea, focus on eating low fiber foods and replacing lost fluids and nutrients. See your doctor if you have very frequent or severe diarrhea, abdominal cramps, or fever while taking antibiotics.

Antacid, Antibiotic Use and Obesity Risk

Here’s what parents need to know.

Share on PinterestA new study found a correlated link between antibiotcs and antacid usage and obesity risk in children. Getty Images

Can antibiotics and antacids given to kids at a young age increase their risk for childhood obesity?

That’s what a new study, recently published in the British Medical Journal Gut, suggests. The research, a collaboration between the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, found that children who were given antibiotics and antacids in the first two years of life were more likely to develop obesity.

The researchers looked at the Military Health System records of 333,353 children born between October 2006 and September 2013.

They found that 72.4 percent were prescribed an antibiotic and 11.8 percent were given antacids before they turned two. There was a correlation between the prescription of antibiotics and those who had childhood obesity.

Those who had antacids, such as those given to control acid reflux, were also associated with increased risk for obesity over time.

Lead researcher and Air Force Lt. Col. Dr. Cade Nylund, an associate professor of pediatrics at USU, said that it seems the impact these prescriptions have on the human gut microbiome might be the cause.

“Antibiotics directly kill portions of the healthy gut microbiome; antacids alter the gut microbiome by decreasing acidity in the gut,” Nylund told Healthline. “Both antibiotics and antacids have been shown to decrease the bacterial diversity in the gut. Certain changes in bacteria have an effect on both how we digest nutrients and our metabolism.”

Nylund said it was somewhat surprising to see that these kinds of medications might bear some “significant negative effects” on a child’s overall health.

“Antibiotics will always play a role in treating bacterial infections and we do not wish to discourage treating bacterial infections with antibiotics,” Nylund stressed. “However, many illnesses in children are viruses like the common cold. Viral infections do not need to be treated with antibiotics. Likewise, the vast majority of gastroesophageal reflux in early infancy is normal, it resolves in time and antacid medications have been shown to not decrease symptoms like infant fussiness.”

Gail Cresci, PhD, RD, a researcher in the department of pediatric gastroenterology at Cleveland Clinic Children’s, echoed the idea that these medications could be impacting the gut microbiome, or the community of helpful microorganisms that live in your gut.

“Antacids take away the first line of the body’s defense against ingested pathogens by decreasing gastric acidity which can destroy many of these pathogens,” Cresci told Healthline. “Obesity is known to be associated with ‘low grade’ inflammation. This then may allow the pathogens to reach the distal intestine and then alter microbial diversity.”

Cresci pointed out that antibiotics target a variety of gut microbes which decreases gut bacterial numbers and diversity.

“This overall may decrease intestinal immunity and ability to fight infections and regulate inflammation,” Cresci said.

Cresci added that the microbes that live in your gut produce various “metabolic byproducts” that help regulate a person’s inflammation and immunity. Altering the number of microbes could impact the regulation of inflammation tied to something like obesity.

That being said, there are some limits to this observational study. It doesn’t take into account other environmental factors in these children’s lives or family health histories that could increase risk for obesity.

Cresci explained that “obesity is multifactorial,” so, when coming across studies like this, consider that a lot more contributes to whether a child is at risk for obesity than just being prescribed antibiotics at a young age.

For instance, she said we know diet and exercise are important in regulating a person’s body weight, which means making sure these two things are a key part of you and your child’s daily lives is important to regulate and prevent obesity.

“Consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables loaded with antioxidants and fibers may assist with keeping the gut microbiota’s abundance and diversity as well as provide support to immune function and could be anti-inflammatory,” she added.

So, what should you be concerned about when it comes to giving a child an antacid or antibiotic medication at a young age? If your child is on an antibiotic, should you consider also giving him or her some kind of probiotic, live bacteria and yeasts — think yogurt — that could be good for digestion and protect those helpful microbes that live in the gut?

“Only consume antibiotics or antacids if absolutely necessary. Consider taking a probiotic along with — and up to two weeks after — an antibiotic to prevent gut dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance,” Cresci said.

She added that not all probiotics are created equally. Some available on the market have been studied regarding their protection against antibiotics, so be sure to take a probiotic that’s beneficial against antibiotics, she stressed. As always, consult your doctor or your child’s pediatrician if you’re concerned about your best option.

Moving forward, what is next for Nylund’s research?

“I have an interest in whether these findings translate over to other complications of obesity, like heart disease, liver disease, diabetes, et cetera,” he added. “We will need to follow the established cohort over a longer time to establish any associations with these conditions.”

A new study found a correlation between the prescription of antibiotics and those who had childhood obesity. Those who had antacids, such as those given to control acid reflux, were also associated with the development of obesity in children over time.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in clinical practice

AAD – antibiotic-associated diarrhea

PMK – pseudomembranous colitis

CO – mucous membrane

Mankind’s fight against infection sometimes ends very badly for a person. An example of such a poor outcome is antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). The frequency of its development is 3–29% [1]. Mostly AAD is recognized as a hospital disease, its frequency among hospital infections is 20-25%. However, AAD is increasingly being formed on an outpatient basis [2, 3]. In recent years, interest in this problem has been due to an increase in morbidity and mortality from AAD, the emergence of new virulent, treatment-resistant strains Clostridium difficile 027 and 078/126 is one of the reasons for the development of this condition [3, 4]. In connection with the widest use of antibiotics in the treatment of many diseases, AAD is one of the urgent problems of clinicians in various specialties.

AAD is understood as at least 3 episodes of loose stools for 2 consecutive days or more while taking antibacterial drugs [5]. Most often, AAD develops when taking cefotaxime, ampicillin, amoxiclav. The relative risk of developing the disease when taking these antibiotics is 36. 2, 22.1 and 22.1, respectively, while when taking other cephalosporins – 7.8, clindamycin – 9.0, penicillin – 2.0 [6, 7].

Distinguish the following mechanisms for the development of diarrhea against the background of the use of antibiotics [8]: pharmacological side effects of the antibiotics themselves; osmotic diarrhea as a result of impaired metabolism of bile acids and carbohydrates in the intestine; overgrowth of bacteria as a result of suppression of obligate intestinal microflora.

Antibiotics containing clavulonic acid increase intestinal motility. Macrolides (especially erythromycin) stimulate intestinal motilin receptors. Ceftriaxone and cefoperazone lead to biliary insufficiency, maldigestion and increase intestinal motility [9]. Another mechanism for the development of the disease is a change in the composition of the bacterial flora of the intestine, which can lead to impaired carbohydrate metabolism with the formation of short-chain fatty acids, which is normally carried out by bacteria in the colon, and the development of osmotic diarrhea [10]. These mechanisms lead to the formation of simple or non-infectious diarrhea.

However, infectious AAD is the most common. Inhibition of the normal intestinal microflora can lead to the reproduction of opportunistic flora, which produces cytotoxins that have a damaging effect on the intestinal epithelium. Cytotoxins damage cell membranes and microvessels, cause hemorrhages, necrosis and inflammation, stimulate the secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen, and disrupt the activity of intestinal enzymes. As a result, diarrhea and colitis develop [11]. The etiological factor of such diarrhea in 10-20% of cases is C. difficile , 80-90% – other microorganisms ( Clostridium perfringers, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Klebsiella oxytoca, Candida spp. ) [12].

AAD can occur in several clinical and endoscopic forms [13]:

– moderate malaise – AAD without colitis or simple diarrhea,

– hemorrhagic (erosive) colitis,

– pseudomembranous colitis (PMC).

The risk of developing simple diarrhea depends on the dose of antibiotic. Mild diarrhea without signs of colitis is characteristic, with the abolition or reduction of the dose of the drug, the symptoms disappear. In the treatment, probiotics and adsorbents containing aluminum are used [14].

An etiological role is recognized in the formation of hemorrhagic colitis Klebsiella oxytoca . In the clinical picture, there are intestinal colic, tenesmus, watery stools more than 10-15 times a day with an admixture of blood, fever, but not more than 38.5 ° C. Endoscopic examination reveals signs of severe inflammation with confluent erosions and hemorrhages, predominantly right-sided localization is characteristic. Morphological examination of the mucous membrane (CO) of the intestine reveals active inflammation with necrosis of the CO, spreading to the CO lamina itself. After discontinuation of the antibiotic and appropriate therapy, SO is restored within 7–14 days [15].

The most severe intestinal lesion is MVP. It is caused by C. difficile infection . The carriage of these microorganisms among the adult population reaches 3-5%. When taking antibiotics that inhibit the growth of strains of the intestinal flora, which normally suppress the vital activity of C. difficile , the frequency of carriage of these bacteria increases to 15-40%. C. difficile produce enterotoxin A and cytotoxin B. Toxin A damages intestinal epithelial cells, which causes diarrhea. Group B toxins have a systemic damaging effect, Clostridium-associated colitis is more pronounced in the rectum and distal colon. Inflammation spreads proximally to the terminal sections of the small intestine (in 65% of cases) with the formation of a special morphological substrate of the disease – pseudomembranes consisting of fibrin, mucus, necrotic epithelial cells and leukocytes. Macroscopically, the intestinal mucosa looks like a “volcanic lesion”. Raising whitish or yellowish nodules, 2 to 10 mm in diameter, with an inflammatory rim, are characteristic, and there are also areas of normal SM. Membranes appear that cover a large extent of the inflamed intestinal mucosa and are tightly soldered to it. Histologically, subepithelial edema with round cell infiltration of the lamina proper, capillary stasis with the release of erythrocytes outside the vessels are detected. The epithelial layer is raised and sometimes absent [16]. The development of clostridia-associated forms of intestinal damage does not depend on the dose of the prescribed drug, and the disease can occur both after the first antibiotic intake and 1–1.5 months after antibiotic therapy is discontinued.

C. difficile is a Gram-positive spore-forming anaerobic bacterium. It can exist in the form of vegetative forms and spores. The pathogen can be transmitted from other patients, by attendants, through gloves, rings, etc. The pathogen is destroyed by chlorhexidine, but is not affected by antiseptics containing alcohol. Vegetative forms C. difficile die under the influence of gastric juice at pH 1. 0–3.5 and survive at pH >4.0. Spores do not die at low pH [11, 16].

Clinical symptoms of clostridium-associated intestinal lesions appear on the background of antibiotic therapy or within 6-8 weeks after its completion. A mild course is characterized by watery diarrhea up to 5-7 times a day, moderate abdominal pain, absence of fever and leukocytosis. In moderate course, watery diarrhea is observed 10-15 times a day, abdominal pain, fever up to 38 ° C, moderate dehydration, leukocytosis in the general blood test. The clinical picture of a severe course is characterized by severe intoxication, hectic fever up to 38-39° C, cramping pains in the abdomen, frequent (up to 15-30 times a day) liquid watery stools of milky white and yellowish color. Leukocytosis up to (10-20)·10 ⁹ /l is detected in the blood. Exudative enteropathy, which causes protein loss through the intestine, often leads to the development of hypoalbuminemia and edema [12].

Complications of MVP: electrolyte disturbances, arterial hypotension, dehydration, exudative enteropathy, intestinal perforation and peritonitis, toxic megacolon. In the absence of treatment, mortality reaches 30% [17, 18].

Diagnosis of MVP is based on the results of an endoscopic examination, in which yellowish-white plaques with a diameter of 2 to 20 mm are determined on erythematous SO. However, there may be nonspecific inflammatory changes in CO. Stool cultures are not informative. The most accessible diagnostic method is the determination of toxins A and B C. difficile in feces (enzymatic immunoassay). The sensitivity of the method is 70–80% [19].

Treatment of AAD involves, first of all, the abolition of the antibiotic that caused the development of the disease. For the period of therapy with antibacterial agents, a diet with a restriction of large amounts of carbohydrates (sugar, sweet fruits and berries, confectionery, honey, milk, white cabbage, legumes, kvass, beer) is recommended.

Perform oral and intravenous rehydration, fluid volume replenishment, electrolyte balance correction.

Enterosorbents are prescribed (Polysorb, Smecta, Enterosgel, Phospholugel, etc. ). Reception of enterosorbents is recommended to continue until the normalization of the stool, an average of 10-12 days.

Drugs that depress intestinal motility (loperamide) should not be used as they aggravate the effect of toxins on the intestinal mucosa. These drugs can lead to intestinal obstruction, toxic megacolon. Loperamide is absolutely contraindicated in severe and fulminant colitis [11, 20].

Specific therapy for clostridium-associated lesions:

– for mild and moderate course – metronidazole 250 mg 4 times a day orally for 7-14 days;

– in severe cases and with inefficiency or intolerance to metronidazole – vancomycin 125-500 mg 4 times a day orally for 7-10 days, in severe cases up to 14 days. A positive effect is observed in 95-100% of cases;

– in case of impossibility of oral administration – metronidazole 500 mg intravenously every 6 hours and vancomycin through a nasogastric tube. In severe cases, drugs can be combined [12, 21].

In 15-20% of patients, 1-6 weeks after the course of antimicrobial therapy, relapses of the disease may occur, which require a second course of treatment. The reason for relapses is the persistence of C. difficile in spore form or re-infection with another strain. If relapses occur repeatedly, it is possible, after a standard course of treatment with vancomycin or metronidazole, to continue taking vancomycin at a dose of 125 mg every other day for 3 weeks [7, 22].

An alternative drug for the treatment of C. difficile infection with efficacy and safety similar to those of vancomycin is fidaxomicin, which received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval on May 27, 2011. Fidaxomicin is the first new class of macrocyclic antibiotics. It is a fermentation product derived from the actinomycetes Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. The drug is minimally absorbed through the intestines into the bloodstream and has a narrowly targeted effect on C. difficile, without affecting the beneficial intestinal flora. In phase III trials, fidaxomicin was superior to vancomycin in terms of recurrence within 28 days (19.7% vs. 35. 5%; p=0.045). Fidaxomicin is given at 200 mg every 12 hours for 10 days [23–26].

Diarrhea caused by K. oxytoca does not require antibiotics, it is enough to stop the drug that caused AAD [11].

For the prevention of AAD and its recurrence, enterol has proven itself well. It contains Saccharomyces boulardii, belonging to the Endomycetes family, which are yeasts. Enterol is resistant to antibiotics and inhibits growth Shigella dysenteriae, Yersinia enterocolitica, S. aureus, C. difficile . Enterol gives an antitoxic effect, reduces the formation of cAMP in the intestinal cells, increases the production of IgA in the intestine, enhances phagocytosis. The effectiveness of enterol has been confirmed in 3 large randomized trials [27-29]. It is prescribed at a dose of 500 mg 2 times a day for 2 weeks.

Probiotics, “live micro-organisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host” can be used to treat and prevent AAD (WHO, 2002). Meta-analyses showed an overall reduction in the risk of developing AAD during probiotic treatment (odds ratio 0.39compared to 0.37 with placebo) [29-32]. Various probiotics include Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, W55, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus shirota, Lactobacillus plantarum, L actobacillus Johnsoni, Lactobacillus casei, paracasei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus lactis, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Saccharomyces boulardii, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus thermophilus . According to the composition of intestinal bacteria, probiotics are divided into single-strain (includes one strain of a microorganism), multi-strain (includes several strains of the same type of microorganisms) and multi-species (includes strains of different species belonging to one or different families of intestinal bacteria) [33, 34].

Multi-species preparations have the greatest spectrum of action, since different types and strains of bacteria manifest their probiotic abilities in different ways. Lactobacilli contribute to the recovery of intestinal CO, produce antimicrobial substances that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the small intestine. Bifidobacteria prevent the reproduction of pathogenic, putrefactive and gas-producing microflora of the colon. Enterococci ferment carbohydrates with the formation of lactic acid and lower the pH to 4.2-4.6. Lactic acid prevents the adhesion of pathological microflora to the intestinal epithelium. Enterococci also contribute to the production of secretory IgA and have an immunomodulatory effect. Some probiotic bacteria are resistant to antibiotics [35–37]. Multispecies probiotics include Linex, Bifiform, RioFlora Balance, RioFlora Immuno, etc. Linex and RioFlora Balance can be administered simultaneously with antibacterial agents.

New treatments for AAD are being sought. In some patients, intravenous immunoglobulin is successfully used 2 times with an interval of 3 weeks, instillation of donor feces (introduction of bacterial cultures from a donor that normalizes the microbial composition of the patient’s intestines). Clinical trials are studying the administration of human monoclonal antibodies to toxins A and B, vaccines against C. difficile . Immune therapy plays a big role in the future [3, 20, 28].

Conclusion

AAD presents a major challenge to clinicians. The most important thing in the prevention of diarrheal syndrome associated with the use of antibacterial agents is the rational prescription of antibiotics. It is necessary to avoid, if possible, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, especially those active against anaerobic microorganisms, and carefully use antibiotics for prophylactic purposes. In risk groups (old age, immunodeficiency states, etc.), it is advisable to prescribe probiotics simultaneously with an antibacterial agent.

Allergy to penicillin: causes, symptoms and treatment

Contents

• 1 Allergy to penicillin: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment
  • 1.1 Allergy to penicillin: causes, symptoms and treatment
  • 1.2 Allergy to penicillin lin: causes, symptoms and treatment
    • 1.2.1 Penicillin Allergy Causes
  • 1.3 Penicillin Allergy Mechanism
  • 1.4 Penicillin Allergy Symptoms
  • 1.5 How to Diagnose Penicillin Allergy
  • 1.6 Prevention of allergic reactions to penicillin
  • 1.7 How to treat an allergy to penicillin
  • 1.8 Alternatives to penicillin
    • 1.8.1 Macrolides
    • 1.8.2 Cephalosporins
    • 1.8.3 Aztreonam
  • 1.9 Side effects of alternative drugs
    • 1.9.1 Amoxicillin
    • 1.9.2 Cephalosporins
    • 1.9.3 Macrolide antibiotics
  • 1.10 Conditions in which penicillin is an essential drug
  • 1.11 How to take penicillin correctly so as not to cause an allergic reaction
    • 1. 11.1 1. Follow your doctor’s instructions
    • 1.11.2 2. Do not exceed the recommended dose
    • 1.11.3 3. Follow the expiration date and storage conditions 9 0126
    • 1.11.4 4. Tell your doctor about any drug reactions
    • 1.11.5 5. Avoid self-medication
  • pregnancy
  • 1.14 Where can I get tested for penicillin allergy?
  • 1.15 What to do in case of anaphylactic shock
  • 1.16 Complications of penicillin allergy
  • 1.17 Related videos:
  • 1.18 Q&A:
    • 901 23 1.18.0.1 What are the causes of allergy to penicillin?
      • 1.18.0.2 What are the symptoms of penicillin allergy?
      • 1.18.0.3 What is the diagnosis of allergy to penicillin?
      • 1.18.0.4 Can penicillin allergy be treated?
      • 1.18.0.5 Can I take other antibiotics if I am allergic to penicillin?
      • 1.18.0.6 Is penicillin allergy inherited?
      • 1.18.0.7 What to do at the first sign of an allergy to penicillin?
      • 1. 18.0.8 What types of antibiotics are penicillins?

Learn all about the causes, symptoms and treatment of penicillin allergy. How to avoid unwanted effects and what to do if you experience a reaction to this antibiotic. Useful information for anyone who is faced with the problem of allergies to drugs.

Penicillin is one of the most commonly used antibiotics in the world. Doctors often prescribe it to treat infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and scarlet fever. However, some people may experience an allergic reaction to penicillin, potentially leading to serious consequences.

Although you may develop an allergy to penicillin, this should not stop you from getting the care you need. If you notice allergy symptoms after taking penicillin, it’s important to see your doctor right away to get the right treatment. In this article, we look at the causes, symptoms, and treatments for penicillin allergy to help you understand the problem more fully and take appropriate steps to prevent it.

Allergy to penicillin: causes, symptoms and treatment

Allergy to penicillin is an immune system reaction to an antibiotic in this group, which is often used to treat bacterial infections. Although penicillin is highly effective in fighting bacteria, some people may experience an allergic reaction to this drug.

Treatment of penicillin allergy begins with discontinuation of the drug and use of antihistamines to relieve symptoms. If the allergic reaction to penicillin was severe, then hormone treatment may be required, and in case of anaphylactic shock, immediate medical attention.

• Additional measures to prevent allergy to penicillin include:
• Warn physicians of prior allergic reactions before prescribing penicillin;
• Use of alternative antibiotics to treat infections;
• Antibiotic quality control before use.

Allergy to penicillin can be serious, so it’s important to know your risk and be prepared for the possible consequences. Following these precautions can help to avoid negative consequences as much as possible.

Allergy to penicillin: causes, symptoms and treatment

Causes of allergy to penicillin

Allergy to penicillin is the most common type of allergy to antibiotics. The reason for its occurrence is due to the fact that this class of antibiotics is intolerable for some people. The mechanism of development of allergy to penicillins is tied to the formation of immune complexes that cause the body to react.

Unfortunately, it is difficult to predict which person may be allergic to penicillin. Therefore, if you notice some signs of sensitivity or other symptoms after taking this antibiotic, be sure to tell your doctor about it.

Penicillin Allergy Mechanism

Penicillin is a broad spectrum antibiotic and is the first line of treatment for most infectious diseases. However, the use of penicillin can cause an allergic reaction in some people.

The mechanism of development of penicillin allergy is related to the fact that the body perceives penicillin as a foreign object and begins to produce antibodies – immunoglobulin E (IgE). As a result, upon repeated contact with penicillin, IgE activates the release of chemicals into the bloodstream, causing an allergic reaction.

Penicillin allergy often develops in people who have already had allergic reactions to other antibiotics or foods. Some people may have a genetic predisposition to develop an allergy to penicillin.

Penicillin allergy symptoms can develop quickly – within minutes or hours – or after several days. As a rule, this manifests itself in the form of itching, urticaria, edema, acne, asthma, angioedema, or anaphylaxis.

Penicillin allergy symptoms

Penicillin allergy is one of the most common allergic reactions to drugs. Symptoms that may indicate an allergic reaction to penicillin include the following:

1. Redness and swelling of the skin – The skin may become red and swollen at the site of the injection, the insertion of an intravenous catheter, or after taking the medication.
2. Respiratory depression – Decreased air intake may indicate an asthma attack.
3. Rash onset are small red dots that can appear anywhere on the body.
4. Gastrointestinal symptoms – Diarrhea, nausea and vomiting may indicate that the person is allergic to penicillin.
5. Anaphylactic shock is a serious reaction to penicillin that can be life-threatening. It manifests itself as a rapid growth throughout the body of urticaria, difficulty in breathing, lowering blood pressure and even loss of consciousness.

If you suspect that you or your child is allergic to penicillin, seek medical attention as soon as possible to avoid serious consequences. Your doctor can perform allergy tests and make an accurate diagnosis that will help you avoid future allergic reactions.

How to Diagnose Penicillin Allergy

Allergy to penicillin is quite common. It can manifest itself at any age, regardless of gender and heredity. In order to verify the presence of an allergy to penicillin, it is necessary to undergo appropriate studies.

Your doctor may order blood tests to check for IgE antibodies or ask you to do a skin allergy test. In this case, a small dose of penicillin is injected into the skin and a reaction is observed. A trial course of antibiotic treatment may also be given.

Please note that not all symptoms associated with the use of penicillin indicate an allergy. Some of these may be related to side effects of the drug. Therefore, to establish the correct diagnosis, it is imperative to consult a doctor.

If an allergy to penicillin is diagnosed, it is necessary to refrain from further use of this antibiotic and replace it with another one.

Prevention of allergic reactions to penicillin

Allergy to penicillin is a common reaction to an antibiotic due to its widespread use in the treatment of infections. But there are several measures that can be taken to prevent such reactions.

• Avoid penicillin: If you have a known allergy to this class of antibiotics, do not take it. Discuss this with your doctor so he can bypass penicillin with another suitable antibiotic.
• Treatment with antihistamines: If you know you are at risk of an allergic reaction, discuss with your doctor the use of antihistamines as a prophylaxis while taking Penicillin.
• Check your medical history: If you know you have had a penicillin allergy in the past or have other allergies or drug sensitivities, make sure your doctor knows.
• Watch this medicine carefully: If you are prescribed penicillin, talk to your doctor about possible side effects and how you can avoid an allergic reaction. ATTENTION! Always take your medicine exactly as recommended by your doctor.
• Get allergy tested: If you are at risk of an allergic reaction, your doctor may recommend allergy testing to determine if you are allergic to penicillin.

How to treat an allergy to penicillin

Penicillin allergy treatment depends on how severe the symptoms are. In some cases, simply stopping the medication that caused the allergy may help. However, in more severe cases, medical attention may be required.

To treat allergic reactions to penicillin, your doctor may recommend antihistamines to reduce itching and swelling. In more serious cases, a course of corticosteroids may be given. These medicines can be taken as tablets, injections, or topical.

In severe cases of allergy to penicillin, a doctor may recommend epinephrine, more commonly known as adrenaline, to quickly relieve allergic symptoms. This may be required in case of anaphylactic shock.

If you are being treated with medication for a penicillin allergy, it is important that you fully follow your doctor’s instructions. You should not self-medicate, as well as change the dosage or stop taking the drugs ahead of time without the consent of the doctor.

Also, if you are allergic to penicillin, you should tell your doctor if you need to take other medicines. He will be able to choose an alternative treatment to avoid a second allergic reaction.

Alternatives to penicillin

Macrolides

Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that can be used in place of penicillin when allergic to the latter. These antibiotics work by killing bacteria and are known to be effective in treating respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia, as well as urinary tract and skin infections. Examples of macrolide antibiotics are azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin.

Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins can also be used in place of penicillin if allergic to it. These antibiotics work by killing bacteria and are used to treat a wide range of infections, including respiratory, urinary tract, and skin infections. An example of a cephalosporin is cephalexin.

Aztreonam

Aztreonam is an antibiotic that can be used in place of penicillin if you are allergic to the latter. This antibiotic is more sensitive to different types of bacteria than penicillin and cephalosporins. It is also used to treat urinary tract infections and infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. An example of aztreonam is aztrendiox.

• Possible use of macrolide antibiotics, cephalosporins and aztreonam as an alternative to penicillin depends on the type of infection and its severity;
• Like penicillin, antibiotics can cause side effects including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea;
• Consult your physician before taking any antibiotic, including alternatives to penicillin.

Side effects of alternative drugs

Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin is an alternative drug for people allergic to penicillin. However, like all other medicines, it has side effects. Some of these include diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, as well as skin rashes and itching.

Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins are another type of alternative to penicillin. Some of them can cause severe stomach pain, diarrhea, and nausea, as well as allergic reactions such as rashes, itching, and swelling in the throat.

Macrolide antibiotics

Macrolide antibiotics such as azithromycin are another type of alternative to penicillin. They are well tolerated by most people, but can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, as well as allergic reactions such as skin rashes and itching.

In any case, before starting treatment with alternative drugs for penicillin, it is necessary to consult a doctor. He will be able to talk about all the side effects and determine which drug will be best suited for a particular patient.

Conditions where penicillin is an essential drug

Penicillin is one of the most commonly used antibiotics and is widely used to treat various bacterial infections.

It may be prescribed for conditions such as:

• Streptococcal pharyngitis
• Acute and chronic bronchitis
• Some types of pneumonia
• Meningitis
• Urogenital infections
• Intestinal infections
• Syphilis

Significant number of patients successfully are treated with penicillin, but some people may have an allergic reaction to this drug. If you have signs of an allergy to penicillin, you should seek medical attention and tell your doctor.

How to take penicillin correctly so as not to cause an allergic reaction

1. Follow your doctor’s instructions

Before taking penicillin, always consult your doctor and follow his instructions. He should prescribe the correct dose and frequency of administration depending on your health and condition.

2. Do not exceed the recommended dose

Penicillin should be taken exactly on schedule and should not exceed the recommended dose. This will help to avoid possible side effects and allergic reactions.

3. Check the expiration date and storage conditions

The expiration date of penicillin can be limited, so you should keep an eye on the expiration date and store the medicine in the correct conditions, as indicated in the instructions.

4. Tell your doctor about any drug reactions

If you experience any discomfort or allergic reaction to penicillin, tell your doctor right away. He or she may change the medication or dosage to avoid a recurrence of the reaction.

5. Avoid self-medication

Do not take penicillin without doctor’s advice, increase dosage or prolong treatment. This can worsen symptoms and increase the risk of an allergic reaction.

How to reduce the risk of penicillin allergy in children

Allergy to penicillin is common among children and can cause serious health problems. However, there are several ways to reduce the risk of developing this allergy in babies.

• See a doctor . If parents or close relatives of a child have been diagnosed with an allergy to penicillin, it is worth consulting with a doctor about possible heredity and taking preventive measures.
• Do not take penicillin without a doctor’s prescription . Self-prescribing medications can harm your child’s health and increase the risk of penicillin allergy.
• Learn to recognize allergy symptoms . If your child has already had an allergy to penicillin, find out what symptoms occur. This will help you quickly recognize allergies and get the help you need.
• Talk to your doctor about changing medications . If a child has been diagnosed with a penicillin allergy, the doctor may prescribe alternative medicines that will not cause an allergic reaction.

In any case, if you suspect an allergy to penicillin, it is recommended to immediately consult a doctor for help. High-quality diagnostics and timely treatment will help to avoid serious consequences for the health of the child.

Managing a Penicillin Allergy During Pregnancy

If you are pregnant and allergic to penicillin, you should contact your doctor immediately to take the necessary measures. The fact is that an allergic reaction to penicillin can be very serious and even life threatening.
If you experience penicillin allergy symptoms early in your pregnancy, see your doctor to determine which antibiotic to take instead of penicillin. It is important to remember that many other antibiotics can also cause an allergic reaction, so you should follow your doctor’s advice.
If the allergy to penicillin was discovered only later in pregnancy, you should immediately stop taking penicillin and consult a doctor. Your doctor may prescribe you a different antibiotic or recommend other treatments.
It is important to remember that your baby may also become allergic to penicillin if you take penicillin during pregnancy. If your baby shows signs of an allergy after birth, you need to let the doctor know and give them all the information they need about your allergy to penicillin.
Finally, it is important to remember that the best cure for a penicillin allergy is to prevent it. So if you have a recent history of penicillin allergy, tell your doctor right away so they can prescribe a different antibiotic.

Where can I get tested for penicillin allergy?

If you have a suspicious reaction to penicillin antibiotics, you should have an allergy test. The first step is to contact your doctor. He will explain what tests you need to take and direct you to the right specialists.

Immunology laboratories offer a wide range of allergy testing, including penicillin allergy testing. These tests allow you to determine the presence or absence of sensitivity to certain antibiotics, identify the type of reaction and assess its severity.

In addition, many private medical clinics offer penicillin allergy blood test services. Typically, test results are ready within a few days. The cost is determined depending on the chosen method of research and the region.

It should be noted that antibiotics should be avoided for several weeks before allergy testing for antibiotics. This is the only way to get accurate results and avoid false positives.

• Conclusion: If you suspect that you are allergic to penicillin, you should see a doctor who will tell you what tests you need to have. Tests can be taken in an immunological laboratory or a private medical clinic. But before passing the tests, it is necessary to exclude the use of antibiotics for several weeks.

What to do if you have an anaphylactic shock

If you notice signs of anaphylactic shock as a result of a penicillin injection, call an ambulance right away. In addition, when you are waiting for an ambulance, pay attention to the following:

1. Relax and breathe normally.

Although it may be difficult, try to breathe slowly and calmly to slow your heart rate and reduce the risk of breathing problems.

2. Don’t panic.

Panic can only make things worse. Do not try to swallow, swallow, or inhale medications until an ambulance arrives.

3. Raise your legs.

Lying on your back, raise your legs so that they are above the level of your heart. This will help reduce swelling and high blood pressure.

4. Turn on GPS on your phone.

If you are somewhere where it can be difficult to find you, start GPS on your phone so that the ambulance can find you quickly and easily. Also, be prepared to give an address or location.

5. Do not take any other medications.

Carefully check all medicines you have to make sure they do not increase your allergic reaction to penicillin.

6. Inform others.

If you cannot speak, carry the Penicillin Allergy Information Card. Reach out to others for help if needed.

7. Stay where you are.

Do not make any sudden movements until the ambulance arrives. If possible, stay where you are.

8. Keep your condition under control.

Continue to monitor your condition and respond to any changes for better or worse until the ambulance arrives. Feel free to continue breathing slowly and regularly.

Complications of penicillin allergy

Penicillin allergy is the immune system’s response to an antibiotic from the penicillin class. If a patient is allergic to penicillin, taking even a small dose of an antibiotic can be dangerous for him. Complications of a penicillin allergy can be extremely serious and include:

• Anaphylaxis is an immune system reaction that develops quickly and can lead to death if not treated promptly. Symptoms of anaphylaxis may include itching, swelling of the throat and lips, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, and a drop in blood pressure.
• Urticaria – rash on the skin, accompanied by severe itching and redness. Urticaria can develop even with low doses of penicillin and indicate an allergy to this antibiotic.
• Angioedema is swelling of the skin and mucous membranes that occurs as a result of an allergic reaction to penicillin. Quincke’s edema may appear separately from other allergy symptoms.
• Allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin resulting from contact with penicillin. Symptoms may include itching, redness, and rashes.

In some cases, an allergy to penicillin can lead to serious complications, so it is important to immediately stop taking the antibiotic and seek medical attention if the patient develops allergy symptoms. Antihistamines, corticosteroids, and epinephrine for anaphylaxis may be used to relieve symptoms.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What causes an allergy to penicillin?

An allergic reaction to penicillin can be caused by genetic predisposition, repeated use of this drug, liver and kidney problems, and interactions with other drugs.

What are the symptoms of penicillin allergy?

Penicillin allergy symptoms can range from mild to severe. These include: skin rashes, itching, urticaria, laryngeal edema, impaired respiratory function, anaphylaxis.

What is the diagnosis of allergy to penicillin?

A skin test and an immunological blood test are used to diagnose penicillin allergy. Once an allergy has been identified, care must be taken when taking non-penicillin antibiotics.

Can penicillin allergy be treated?

Penicillin allergy is treated with antihistamines and glucocorticosteroids. In case of severe reactions, epinephrine therapy is performed. However, the main method of preventing allergic reactions to penicillin is its complete exclusion from further treatment.

Can I take other antibiotics if I am allergic to penicillin?

Yes, you can take other antibiotics if you are allergic to penicillin. However, before taking the medicine, it is necessary to consult a doctor and report the presence of an allergy to penicillin.

Is penicillin allergy inherited?

Yes, penicillin allergy can be inherited. However, this is not the only cause of its occurrence, therefore, in children of parents who are allergic to penicillin, this is not a guaranteed risk factor.

What should I do at the first sign of an allergy to penicillin?

Seek immediate medical attention at the first sign of an allergy to penicillin.