What are the most common complications of influenza. How can you distinguish between a viral infection and a sinus infection. What steps can be taken to prevent flu-related complications.

Understanding Influenza: Symptoms and Transmission

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus. It typically peaks during the fall and winter months, affecting millions of people worldwide. The flu virus primarily targets the upper respiratory tract and can sometimes invade the lungs, leading to more severe complications.

What are the primary symptoms of influenza. Typical flu symptoms include:

• High fever
• Severe headache
• Extreme fatigue
• Persistent cough
• Sore throat
• Nasal congestion or runny nose
• Body aches
• Gastrointestinal symptoms (more common in children)

The flu often comes on suddenly and can be distinguished from a common cold by the severity and rapid onset of symptoms. While most people recover within a week or two, some individuals may experience more serious health complications.

Flu-Related Complications: Beyond the Common Symptoms

While the flu itself can be debilitating, it’s the potential complications that often pose the greatest risk to health. These complications can range from mild to severe and may even be life-threatening in some cases.

What are the most common complications associated with influenza. The most frequent complications include:

• Sinusitis (sinus infections)
• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia (viral or bacterial)
• Dehydration
• Ear infections (especially in children)
• Exacerbation of chronic medical conditions

In addition to these common complications, the flu can also lead to more severe issues such as myositis (muscle inflammation), central nervous system problems, and cardiovascular complications like myocarditis (heart muscle inflammation) and pericarditis (inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart).

Sinusitis: A Common Flu Complication

Can the flu directly cause a sinus infection. Yes, the flu can indeed lead to sinusitis. When the flu virus infects the upper respiratory tract, it can cause inflammation and swelling of the sinus passages. This swelling can block the normal drainage of mucus, creating an environment where bacteria can thrive, potentially leading to a secondary bacterial sinus infection.

How can you differentiate between flu-related congestion and a sinus infection. While both conditions can cause nasal congestion and discomfort, sinus infections often present with additional symptoms such as:

• Facial pain or pressure
• Thick, discolored nasal discharge
• Reduced sense of smell
• Toothache in the upper jaw
• Persistent symptoms lasting longer than a typical flu

Pneumonia: A Serious Flu Complication

Pneumonia is one of the most serious complications that can arise from a flu infection. It occurs when the flu virus directly infects the lungs or when a secondary bacterial infection develops during the course of the illness.

What are the signs that flu has progressed to pneumonia. Key indicators include:

• Persistent high fever with chills
• Chest pain that worsens with deep breaths
• Shortness of breath or rapid breathing
• Cough producing green or bloody mucus
• Bluish tint to lips or nails (indicating oxygen deprivation)

Pneumonia can be particularly dangerous for certain high-risk groups, including the elderly, young children, and individuals with compromised immune systems. If you suspect pneumonia, it’s crucial to seek medical attention promptly, as early treatment can significantly improve outcomes.

High-Risk Groups for Flu Complications

While anyone can potentially develop complications from the flu, certain groups are at a higher risk. Understanding who is most vulnerable can help in taking appropriate preventive measures and seeking timely medical care.

Who is most likely to experience severe flu complications. The high-risk groups include:

• Adults over 65 years of age
• Children under 5 years old, especially those under 2
• Pregnant women
• Residents of nursing homes and long-term care facilities
• People with chronic medical conditions (e.g., heart disease, lung disease, diabetes)
• Individuals with weakened immune systems

These groups should be particularly vigilant about flu prevention and should seek medical attention promptly if they develop flu-like symptoms. Early intervention can often prevent or mitigate the severity of complications.

Preventing Flu Complications: Vaccination and Beyond

Prevention is key when it comes to avoiding flu complications. While it’s not always possible to prevent the flu entirely, there are several steps you can take to reduce your risk of infection and subsequent complications.

What are the most effective ways to prevent flu and its complications. Key preventive measures include:

1. Annual flu vaccination
2. Practicing good hand hygiene
3. Avoiding close contact with infected individuals
4. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle to support immune function
5. Getting prompt medical attention if flu symptoms develop

The Importance of Flu Vaccination

Annual flu vaccination is the single most effective way to prevent influenza and its complications. The vaccine is updated each year to protect against the most prevalent strains of the virus.

Who should get the flu vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone 6 months of age and older, with rare exceptions. It’s particularly important for individuals in high-risk groups to receive the vaccine.

Pneumococcal Vaccination

In addition to the flu vaccine, certain individuals should consider getting vaccinated against pneumococcal disease, which can cause pneumonia. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines:

• Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) for adults
• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for children

Adults over 65 and those with certain health conditions may benefit from receiving both vaccines. Consult with your healthcare provider to determine if pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for you.

When to Seek Medical Attention

While many cases of flu can be managed at home with rest and over-the-counter medications, it’s important to recognize when professional medical care is necessary.

When should you call a doctor for flu symptoms. Seek medical attention if you experience:

• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
• Persistent pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen
• Persistent dizziness, confusion, or inability to arouse
• Seizures
• Severe muscle pain
• Severe weakness or unsteadiness
• Fever or cough that improve but then return or worsen
• Worsening of chronic medical conditions

For high-risk individuals, it’s advisable to contact a healthcare provider at the first sign of flu symptoms. Early treatment with antiviral medications can often reduce the severity and duration of the illness, potentially preventing complications.

Treatment Options for Flu and Its Complications

The treatment approach for flu and its complications depends on the severity of the illness and the presence of any underlying health conditions. In many cases, supportive care at home is sufficient, but some situations may require medical intervention.

What are the primary treatment options for flu and its complications. Treatment strategies may include:

• Rest and increased fluid intake
• Over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers
• Antiviral medications (e.g., oseltamivir, zanamivir)
• Antibiotics (for bacterial complications like sinusitis or pneumonia)
• Hospitalization for severe cases or high-risk individuals

Antiviral Medications

Antiviral drugs can be an effective treatment for flu, especially when started within 48 hours of symptom onset. These medications can reduce the severity and duration of flu symptoms and may help prevent complications.

Who should receive antiviral treatment for flu. Antiviral medications are typically recommended for:

• People at high risk for flu complications
• Individuals with severe flu symptoms
• Those hospitalized with confirmed or suspected flu

Your healthcare provider can determine if antiviral treatment is appropriate based on your symptoms, medical history, and risk factors.

Long-Term Effects of Flu Complications

While most people recover fully from the flu within a few weeks, some complications can have longer-lasting effects. Understanding these potential long-term consequences can underscore the importance of prevention and prompt treatment.

What are some potential long-term effects of severe flu complications. Long-term impacts may include:

• Persistent fatigue and weakness
• Reduced lung function following pneumonia
• Exacerbation of chronic conditions like asthma or heart disease
• Increased risk of heart attack or stroke in the months following infection
• Potential neurological complications in rare cases

The severity and duration of these effects can vary widely among individuals. Those who experience severe complications or belong to high-risk groups may be more likely to face long-term health impacts.

Recovery and Rehabilitation

For individuals who have experienced severe flu complications, the recovery process may extend well beyond the initial illness. This can involve:

• Gradual return to normal activities
• Respiratory therapy for those who had pneumonia
• Ongoing monitoring of chronic conditions
• Physical therapy to regain strength and endurance
• Mental health support to address any psychological impacts

Working closely with healthcare providers during the recovery period can help ensure optimal healing and minimize the risk of future complications.

Flu Prevention in Different Settings

Preventing the spread of flu requires a multi-faceted approach that extends beyond individual practices. Different settings may require specific strategies to minimize transmission and protect vulnerable populations.

How can flu prevention be implemented in various environments. Consider these approaches:

Workplace Prevention

• Encourage sick employees to stay home
• Promote hand hygiene and provide sanitizing stations
• Implement flexible work arrangements during flu season
• Offer on-site flu vaccination clinics

School and Childcare Settings

• Educate children about proper hand washing and respiratory etiquette
• Regularly clean and disinfect common surfaces
• Enforce policies for keeping sick children at home
• Encourage annual flu vaccination for students and staff

Healthcare Facilities

• Implement rigorous infection control protocols
• Require staff vaccination or use of protective equipment
• Screen visitors for flu-like symptoms
• Isolate patients with confirmed flu

By tailoring prevention strategies to specific environments, communities can work together to reduce the overall impact of flu and its complications.

Emerging Research and Future Directions

The field of influenza research is constantly evolving, with scientists working to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment options. Staying informed about these developments can help individuals and healthcare providers make more informed decisions about flu management.

What are some promising areas of flu research. Current areas of focus include:

• Development of universal flu vaccines
• Improved antiviral medications
• Advanced diagnostic tools for rapid, accurate detection
• Better understanding of the long-term impacts of severe flu
• Strategies to enhance immune response in high-risk populations

As research progresses, we may see significant advancements in our ability to prevent and treat influenza and its complications. However, it’s important to remember that current prevention methods, including annual vaccination and good hygiene practices, remain crucial in the fight against flu.

The Role of Public Health Initiatives

Public health initiatives play a vital role in flu prevention and management on a broader scale. These efforts often include:

• Surveillance programs to monitor flu activity and track emerging strains
• Public education campaigns about flu prevention and vaccination
• Coordination of vaccine distribution and administration
• Development of pandemic preparedness plans

By supporting and participating in these initiatives, individuals can contribute to the collective effort to reduce the impact of influenza in their communities.

Heart Problems, Ear or Sinus Infections, and More

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

• What Is the Flu?
• What Are the Symptoms?
• What Are the Most Common Complications?
• Who’s Most Likely to Have Flu Complications?
• What About Pneumonia?
• How Long Does Pneumonia Last?
• Is There a Vaccine for Pneumonia?
• When Should I Call the Doctor?
• Can I Avoid These Complications?
• More

Even if you’re usually healthy, the flu can knock you off your feet for days — even weeks.

And it doesn’t always happen, but there’s a chance that it could lead to more serious health problems, or “complications,” like sinusitis (sinus infections), bronchitis, or pneumonia.

But if you know what the symptoms are and how to take precautions, you can avoid these problems and stay healthy.

It’s a very contagious disease caused by the influenza virus. People tend to catch it most often in the fall and winter. It comes on fast and strong, spreading through your upper respiratory tract and sometimes invading your lungs.

You may have:

• Fever (usually high
• Headache
• Tiredness (can be extreme)
• Cough
• Sore throat
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Body aches
• Diarrhea and vomiting (more common among children than adults)

They include viral or bacterial pneumonia, dehydration, and ear infections and sinus infections, especially in children. The flu can worsen long-term medical conditions, like congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes.

You might also have muscle inflammation (myositis), problems with your central nervous system, and heart problems such as heart attacks, inflammation of the organ (myocarditis), and inflammation of the sac around it (pericarditis).

• Adults over 65
• Children ages 6 months to 4 years
• Nursing home residents
• Adults and children with heart or lung disease
• People with compromised immune systems (including people with HIV/AIDS)
• Pregnant women

It can happen when the flu virus enters your lung or when you get a bacterial infection during the course of the illness. Pneumonia can make you quite ill and may send you to the hospital.

It can cause chills, fever, chest pains, and sweating. You might have a cough with green or bloody mucus. You could notice a faster pulse, and your lips or nails might have a bluish tint because of a lack of oxygen. Other symptoms include shortness of breath and sharp pains in your chest when you take a deep breath. Seniors may only notice a pain in the belly.

When you get a bacterial infection with the flu, your symptoms may get better at first. Then they get worse with high fevers, more coughing, and a greenish tinge to what you’re coughing up.

Call your doctor if you have a cough that won’t stop, a bad fever, or if you get shortness of breath or chest pains. The doctor can do tests to find out if you have pneumonia. Antibiotics can treat bacterial pneumonia, but these meds can’t treat viral pneumonia.

It can hang around for about 2 weeks, or even longer in young children, elderly adults, and those who have weakened immune systems or ongoing illness like COPD or asthma. Even healthy people may feel tired or weak for a month or more after their lungs clear up.

There are 2 types: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) for adults and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for children.

The adult vaccine protects against 23 types of bacteria that commonly cause pneumonia. Doctors suggest that healthy seniors over 65 get both vaccines. The timing and sequence in which you get them will vary depending on what vaccines you’ve already had.

Some experts say adults younger than 55 should get both vaccines to boost their immune system. Although there is no evidence that the vaccine is harmful for pregnant women, as a precaution, women who want the vaccine should do so before getting pregnant. (However, it appears to be safe if given in the second and third trimesters.) The pneumonia vaccine could also be helpful for people with: 

• Heart disease
• Liver disease
• Lung disease
• Kidney failure
• Diabetes
• Some cancers
• Sickle cell anemia
• HIV/AIDS
• Asthma (or smokers) ages 19 through 64

Children under age 2 should get four doses of the PCV13 vaccine. Tots between 2 and 4 who didn’t get the pneumonia vaccine series should get a single vaccine. Children 6 to 18 with health problems should get a single dose of PCV13 whether they had shots already or not.

Call them if you have a high fever and a hard time breathing. Other serious symptoms include:

• Fever with shaking chills
• Coughing with blood-tinged mucus from the lungs
• Trouble breathing
• Rapid breathing
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pains
• Wheezing

Many can be managed. But some, depending on how weak your immune system is, can’t be prevented.

If you do get the flu, call your doctor within 48 hours after your symptoms show up. Ask about a flu antiviral drug. If you get them early enough, they can help ease your symptoms and help you get well sooner.

Top Picks

Heart Problems, Ear or Sinus Infections, and More

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

• What Is the Flu?
• What Are the Symptoms?
• What Are the Most Common Complications?
• Who’s Most Likely to Have Flu Complications?
• What About Pneumonia?
• How Long Does Pneumonia Last?
• Is There a Vaccine for Pneumonia?
• When Should I Call the Doctor?
• Can I Avoid These Complications?
• More

Even if you’re usually healthy, the flu can knock you off your feet for days — even weeks.

And it doesn’t always happen, but there’s a chance that it could lead to more serious health problems, or “complications,” like sinusitis (sinus infections), bronchitis, or pneumonia.

But if you know what the symptoms are and how to take precautions, you can avoid these problems and stay healthy.

It’s a very contagious disease caused by the influenza virus. People tend to catch it most often in the fall and winter. It comes on fast and strong, spreading through your upper respiratory tract and sometimes invading your lungs.

You may have:

• Fever (usually high
• Headache
• Tiredness (can be extreme)
• Cough
• Sore throat
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Body aches
• Diarrhea and vomiting (more common among children than adults)

They include viral or bacterial pneumonia, dehydration, and ear infections and sinus infections, especially in children. The flu can worsen long-term medical conditions, like congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes.

You might also have muscle inflammation (myositis), problems with your central nervous system, and heart problems such as heart attacks, inflammation of the organ (myocarditis), and inflammation of the sac around it (pericarditis).

• Adults over 65
• Children ages 6 months to 4 years
• Nursing home residents
• Adults and children with heart or lung disease
• People with compromised immune systems (including people with HIV/AIDS)
• Pregnant women

It can happen when the flu virus enters your lung or when you get a bacterial infection during the course of the illness. Pneumonia can make you quite ill and may send you to the hospital.

It can cause chills, fever, chest pains, and sweating. You might have a cough with green or bloody mucus. You could notice a faster pulse, and your lips or nails might have a bluish tint because of a lack of oxygen. Other symptoms include shortness of breath and sharp pains in your chest when you take a deep breath. Seniors may only notice a pain in the belly.

When you get a bacterial infection with the flu, your symptoms may get better at first. Then they get worse with high fevers, more coughing, and a greenish tinge to what you’re coughing up.

Call your doctor if you have a cough that won’t stop, a bad fever, or if you get shortness of breath or chest pains. The doctor can do tests to find out if you have pneumonia. Antibiotics can treat bacterial pneumonia, but these meds can’t treat viral pneumonia.

It can hang around for about 2 weeks, or even longer in young children, elderly adults, and those who have weakened immune systems or ongoing illness like COPD or asthma. Even healthy people may feel tired or weak for a month or more after their lungs clear up.

There are 2 types: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) for adults and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for children.

The adult vaccine protects against 23 types of bacteria that commonly cause pneumonia. Doctors suggest that healthy seniors over 65 get both vaccines. The timing and sequence in which you get them will vary depending on what vaccines you’ve already had.

Some experts say adults younger than 55 should get both vaccines to boost their immune system. Although there is no evidence that the vaccine is harmful for pregnant women, as a precaution, women who want the vaccine should do so before getting pregnant. (However, it appears to be safe if given in the second and third trimesters.) The pneumonia vaccine could also be helpful for people with: 

• Heart disease
• Liver disease
• Lung disease
• Kidney failure
• Diabetes
• Some cancers
• Sickle cell anemia
• HIV/AIDS
• Asthma (or smokers) ages 19 through 64

Children under age 2 should get four doses of the PCV13 vaccine. Tots between 2 and 4 who didn’t get the pneumonia vaccine series should get a single vaccine. Children 6 to 18 with health problems should get a single dose of PCV13 whether they had shots already or not.

Call them if you have a high fever and a hard time breathing. Other serious symptoms include:

• Fever with shaking chills
• Coughing with blood-tinged mucus from the lungs
• Trouble breathing
• Rapid breathing
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pains
• Wheezing

Many can be managed. But some, depending on how weak your immune system is, can’t be prevented.

If you do get the flu, call your doctor within 48 hours after your symptoms show up. Ask about a flu antiviral drug. If you get them early enough, they can help ease your symptoms and help you get well sooner.

Top Picks

what is it and how to treat it in adults, types, causes of appearance after SARS, symptoms, possible complications

Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (paranasal sinuses). This is one of the most common complications of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections. Acute inflammation often becomes chronic. Headache and runny nose that accompany the disease interfere with work and daily activities. We tell you why inflammation of the paranasal sinuses occurs, what are the symptoms of sinusitis, how to recognize, treat and prevent the disease.

What is sinusitis

¹

Sinusitis is one of the most common ENT diseases in adults. Acute or chronic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses affects 5-15% of people.

The paranasal sinuses are air-filled sinuses in the bones of the facial skull. They communicate with the nasal cavity through narrow passages, fistulas. They warm the air during breathing, equalize the pressure between the intracranial structures and the surrounding atmosphere, and participate in the formation of the voice.

Depending on the place where the inflammatory process occurred, there are four types of sinusitis:

● Sinusitis. This is an inflammation of the maxillary sinuses, located symmetrically on the sides of the nose in the bones of the upper jaw.

● Frontitis is an inflammatory process in the paired sinus of the frontal bone.

● Ethmoiditis is an inflammation of the small sinuses in the ethmoid bone located near the inner corners of the eyes.

● Sphenoiditis is an inflammation of the sinus of the sphenoid bone. This sinus is located deep in the central part of the skull and extends from the left to the right outer corner of the eye in the projection of the upper part of the cheekbones.

● Pansinusitis – simultaneous inflammation of all the sinuses. It occurs in people with severely weakened immune systems.

Usually, inflammation occurs not in one, but in two different sinuses at once, and both paired sinuses are affected at once. The most common are sinusitis and ethmoiditis.

Acute sinusitis resolves quickly with adequate treatment. Chronic inflammation lasts more than three months and is most often the result of an untreated acute inflammation.

Why sinusitis occurs

²

The cause of sinusitis in SARS is a virus. Colds and flu are most often accompanied by a runny nose – an inflammatory swelling of the nasal mucosa. Due to inflammation, the lumen of the anastomoses between the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses narrows. The air flow worsens, the pressure in the sinuses decreases. The consequence of this is the accumulation of serous fluid in the cavity of the sinuses. Stagnation in the sinus becomes a favorable environment for the development of inflammation, both viral and bacterial in nature. Without adequate treatment, the inflammatory process can become chronic.

Factors that increase the risk of developing sinusitis against the background of SARS:

● smoking of tobacco and electronic cigarettes;

● ENT pathology – curvature of the nasal septum, narrowing of the nasal passages;

● respiratory allergy;

● weakening of the immune system.

SARS can be complicated by sinusitis in healthy people without bad habits who neglect the treatment of colds and flu.

Symptoms of sinusitis

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses develops 3–5 days after the onset of ARVI manifestations or later. Symptoms of sinusitis indicate the development of complications:

● Temperature increase.

● Difficulty in nasal breathing.

● Reduced sense of smell.

● Gundos – speech sounds “in the nose.”

● Discharge of mucus from the nose or down the throat. With bacterial inflammation, the mucus quickly becomes purulent. The secretions flowing into the pharynx irritate its back wall and cause a strong cough (mainly in the morning).

● Headache. Sinusitis is characterized by a diffuse headache, sometimes of high intensity. But different types of sinusitis manifest themselves in different ways. With frontal sinusitis, the forehead and eyeballs hurt, with ethmoiditis – the bridge of the nose, with sinusitis – the areas on the sides of the nose and its base, cheekbones. In the case of sphenoiditis, pain sensations come from the depths of the head, the back of the head, the crown of the head, and the orbits.

In severe bacterial sinusitis, intoxication of the body increases, the general condition worsens: weakness appears, appetite decreases, nausea appears. If, after relieving SARS, the temperature rises again, the runny nose intensifies, a headache appears – such signs are suspicious for the development of sinusitis.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis is carried out by a therapist or an ENT doctor (otorhinolaryngologist). The diagnosis is established according to the history of the disease, the results of the examination, instrumental research. Sinusitis can be diagnosed by characteristic pain, nasal discharge.

An additional examination is carried out at the discretion of the doctor. It includes:

● rhinoscopy – examination of the nasal cavity with the help of special mirrors or a rhinoscope;

● X-ray or computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses;

● Laboratory examination of a swab from the nose or fluid from the paranasal sinus (the sample is taken by puncture) to identify the causative agent of a bacterial infection and select an antibiotic.

Instrumental and laboratory methods are used mainly for chronic sinusitis.

Sinusitis treatments

^{3, 4}

In the treatment of acute sinusitis, drug therapy and physiotherapy are used. In chronic sinusitis, it is often necessary to resort to surgical methods. In case of acute purulent inflammation, treatment is carried out in the ENT department of the hospital.

Medical therapy. Drug treatment suppresses infection, relieves inflammation, facilitates the outflow of fluid from the sinus. What medicines are used:

● Antivirals, which inactivate viruses and prevent them from multiplying.

● Antibiotics that kill pathogenic bacteria. These drugs are used only when a doctor diagnoses bacterial sinusitis.

● Vasoconstrictor drugs that relieve swelling and free the lumen of fistulas.

● Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – they are necessary to eliminate pain and fever, as well as accelerate the relief of the inflammatory process

From the point of view of rational pharmacotherapy at the very beginning of influenza and colds, it is advisable to use antiviral agents – this will help prevent the development of sinusitis and further antibiotics. It is also possible to combine antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs or use combined drugs.

Nobasit ^® Forte, containing enisamia iodide ⁵ , has a direct antiviral ⁵ and anti-inflammatory effect comparable to that of ibuprofen ⁶ . It has been proven that while taking enisamium iodide, the number of complications requiring antibiotics was 4 times lower compared to the symptomatic therapy group ⁷ . Nobasit ^® Forte (enisamia iodide 500 mg) is included in the clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) in adults ⁸ and for the treatment of influenza in adults ⁹ .

Self-medication of sinusitis is strictly contraindicated. Uncontrolled use of drugs will only worsen the symptoms, can lead to atrophy of the mucous membranes, develop resistance to antibiotics, and can provoke gastric bleeding or a heart attack.

Physiotherapy. With sinusitis, UHF and electrophonophoresis are effective. The doctor prescribes physiotherapy when the acute inflammation subsides, the temperature returns to normal. Such treatment helps to quickly restore the mucous membranes affected by the infection, normalize the work of the paranasal sinuses and prolong the period of remission in case of chronic inflammation.

Surgical treatment. Surgical methods are used when conservative treatment fails.

The main methods of surgical treatment:

● YAMIK catheterization – sinus emptying without puncture. The doctor inserts a device into the nose that works like a pump, clearing the sinuses through the fistula.

● Puncture – sinus puncture to remove fluid, washing with antimicrobial agents. The needle is inserted from the nasal cavity.

● Surgical operation. The otolaryngologist opens the sinus, empties it, installs a drain to drain the fluid.

The operation is performed if less traumatic methods are ineffective.

Possible complications

A common complication of acute inflammation of the sinuses is chronic sinusitis. With chronic inflammation in the mucous lining of the sinuses, irreversible changes occur that are difficult to treat. Symptoms persist for years, periodically worsen and fade.

Dangerous complications of acute and chronic sinusitis are the involvement of surrounding tissues in the inflammatory process. Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses can be complicated by:

● Otitis media – inflammation of the internal structures of the ear.

● Phlegmon orbit – purulent fusion of soft tissues.

● Inflammation of the bones of the skull. A frequent complication is periostitis of the eye orbit: inflammation of the periosteum. A serious consequence of sinusitis is osteomyelitis. This is inflammation of all bone structures, including the bone marrow.

● Spread of infection to the brain – meningitis, abscess.

Complicated sinusitis can lead to decreased hearing and vision, neurological disorders, facial deformity, and, in some severe cases, disability and even death.

Briefly about the main

➢ ARVI is often complicated by sinusitis if the patient is not treated, suffers from ENT pathologies or smokes.

➢ The main causes of sinusitis are a viral infection and nasal congestion. Later, a secondary, bacterial infection may join the viral infection.

➢ Symptoms of sinusitis – headache, pain in the face in the area of ​​the paranasal sinuses, runny nose, fever. These signs often appear when the patient is already beginning to recover.

➢ For the diagnosis of acute uncomplicated sinusitis, an examination by a general practitioner or ENT is sufficient. In other cases, x-ray examination, rhinoscopy, laboratory tests of sinus secretion may be required.

➢ Acute sinusitis is treated conservatively – antiviral, for example, Nobasit ^® Forte, and antibacterial, decongestant, mucus-thinning agents, physiotherapy is prescribed. In chronic inflammation, therapy is often ineffective, it is supplemented with surgical methods – puncture, sinus catheterization.

➢ Untreated acute sinusitis often becomes chronic. In this case, it is very difficult to completely defeat the inflammation. Other complications of sinusitis are otitis media, meningitis, osteomyelitis of the skull bones.

¹ Kryukov A.I., Turovsky A.B., Talalaiko Yu.V. Sinusitis: a lecture for general practitioners // General Medicine – No. 4, 2010

² Shadyev T.Kh., Izotova G.N. Sedinkin A.A. Acute sinusitis // RMJ – No. 11, 2013 – https://www.rmj.ru/articles/otorinolaringologiya/Ostryy_sinusit/

³ Clinical guidelines “Acute sinusitis” – http://gbpokachi.ru/upload/medialibrary/9f1/h2jommyg1xipgocbclzi80y7tguodaql.pdf

⁴ Kryukov A.I., Turovsky A.B., Talalaiko Yu.V. Sinusitis: a lecture for general practitioners // General Medicine – No. 4, 2010

⁵ Instructions for medical use (Nobasit ^® Forte, film-coated tablets 500 mg; RU: LP-006416 dated 20.08.2020).

⁶ Zyryanov S.K., Butranova O.I., Gaidai D.S., Kryshen K.L., Pharmacotherapy of acute respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses // Therapeutic archive – 2021

⁷ Lioznov D.A., Karnaukhova E.Yu., Zubkova T.G., Shakhlanskaya E.V., Evaluation of the effectiveness of the ARVI treatment regimen, including etiotropic (enisamia iodide) and symptomatic therapy // Therapeutic archive No. 3 – 2020 G.

⁸ Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation “Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) in adults”, 2021.

⁹ Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation “Influenza in adults”, 2022.

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Sinusitis: symptoms, causes and treatment

Contents

• 1 Sinusitis: symptoms, causes and treatment
  • 1. 1 Sinusitis: what is it?
  • 1.2 Symptoms of sinusitis
  • 1.3 Causes of sinusitis
  • 1.4 Acute and chronic sinusitis
    • 1.4.1 Acute sinusitis
    • 1.4.2 Chronic sinusitis 90 231
  • 1.5 Diagnosis of sinusitis
    • 1.5.1 Physical examination
    • 1.5.2 X-ray
    • 1.5.3 Computed tomography
    • 1.5.4 MRI
  • 1.6 Treatment of sinusitis
  • 1.7 Antibiotics in the treatment of sinusitis: advantages and disadvantages
    • 1.7.1 Reasons for using antibiotics for sinusitis
    • 1.7 .2 Benefits of using antibiotics
    • 1.7.3 Disadvantages of using antibiotics
  • 1.8 Physiotherapy for sinusitis
  • 1.9 How to prevent sinusitis?
  • 1.10 Sinusitis in children
  • 1.11 Findings about sinusitis
  • 1.12 Related videos:
  • 1.13 Q&A:
    • • 1.13.0.1 What is sinusitis and how can it be determined?
      • 1.13.0.2 What are the causes of sinusitis?
      • 1. 13.0.3 Is it possible to cure sinusitis with traditional methods?
      • 1.13.0.4 How is sinusitis treated?
      • 1.13.0.5 Which diet should be followed for sinusitis?
      • 1.13.0.6 What are the complications of untreated sinusitis?

Sinusitis is a disease characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa and adjacent cavities. Symptoms include: headache, nasal congestion, nasal discharge, fever. Causes can be viruses, bacteria, allergies, or abnormalities in the structure of the nasal cavity.

Sinusitis is a disease that affects the lining of the sinuses, causing them to become inflamed and swollen. Because of this, painful enlargement of the sinuses, their congestion, impaired sense of smell and other symptoms may occur.

Sinusitis is one of the most common diseases of the upper respiratory tract, which can occur for various reasons. It can be a complication of a cold or flu, an allergic reaction, infections of the teeth or nasal cavity. First of all, the disease is manifested by severe pain in the nose and forehead, nasal discharge, headaches and deterioration in general well-being.

If the first symptoms of sinusitis are detected, doctors recommend that treatment be started immediately. Treatment can only be prescribed by a qualified doctor and it is aimed at relieving inflammation and eliminating the cause of the disease. Antibiotics, painkillers, anti-inflammatory and vasoconstrictor drugs are commonly used.

Sinusitis: what is it?

Sinusitis is a disease in which the mucous membrane is inflamed and swollen in the paranasal (paranasal) sinuses located in the head near the nose. This leads to a violation of the drainage of mucus from the sinuses, the accumulation of secretions in them and the occurrence of infection.

Symptoms of sinusitis include impaired breathing through the nose, pain in the forehead, nose, cheeks and teeth, headaches, fever, general weakness and fatigue, impaired sense of smell and even hemorrhages in the eyeballs in some cases.

• Important to know: If you suspect you have sinusitis, please see your doctor. Self-medication can lead to complications and worsening of the condition.

Sinusitis treatment may include anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs, topical treatments (drops, sprays, nasal irrigation), and other methods. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to resolve problems with drainage from the sinuses.

Symptoms of sinusitis

Runny nose is the most common symptom of sinusitis. It may be purulent or mucous, and is often accompanied by a runny nose with fever.

Headache – Sinusitis can cause acute or chronic headache that worsens when you tilt your head.

Edema of the eyelids – with sinusitis, swelling of the eyelids can be observed, which is associated with the proximity of the sinuses and the eye socket.

Pain in forehead and eyes – Sinusitis is often associated with this symptom. The pain may worsen when you tilt your head or when you cough.

Lip differentiation – when sinusitis worsens, there is a change in the color of the lips and skin around the nose, which is associated with impaired blood circulation.

Congestion and heaviness in the head – congestive headache and difficulty breathing through the nose indicate the presence of sinusitis.

Causes of sinusitis

Sinusitis is an inflammatory disease of the sinuses in the face and nose. It occurs when the lining of the sinuses becomes inflamed and filled with fluid, microorganisms, or other substances. There are several reasons that provoke the development of sinusitis:

1. Infections. Most sinusitis is caused by viruses or bacteria. They can enter the body through the nose or mouth and lead to inflammation of the mucous membranes of the sinuses.
2. Allergies. Some people have allergic reactions to dust, pollen, animal hair, mold spores, and other substances that can cause inflammation of the lining in the nose and sinuses.
3. Damage. Facial injuries, dental problems, falls, or other head injuries can damage the mucous membranes in the nose and sinuses, which can lead to inflammation.
4. Other factors. Smoking, changes in barometric pressure, climate change, and high altitude vacations can also be causes of sinusitis.

Chronic sinusitis may be associated with more serious conditions such as sinusitis, etymoiditis, and nasopharyngeal abscess. If you have signs of sinusitis, you should see your doctor to determine the specific cause and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Acute and chronic sinusitis

Acute sinusitis

Acute sinusitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of possibly one or more paranasal sinuses that develops rapidly and has pronounced symptoms. One of the main causes of acute sinusitis is an infection that spreads into the sinuses. The main symptoms of acute sinusitis are: runny nose, nasal congestion, various kinds of redness and swelling of the face, pain in the forehead, eyes and teeth, fever, problems with smell, evasiveness and fatigue.

Chronic sinusitis

Chronic sinusitis is a long-term inflammation of one or more paranasal sinuses that lasts more than three months. Chronic sinusitis is often the result of poorly treated acute sinusitis. The main symptoms of chronic sinusitis are: persistent stuffy nose, persistent discharge of mucus from the nose (especially at night), constant weakness, headaches (especially in the forehead and eyes), pain in the teeth, fever, problems with smell, inflammation and swelling of the soft facial tissues.

• Similarities: In both acute and chronic sinusitis, inflammation of the mucous membrane in the sinuses occurs, which leads to a number of common symptoms (pain in the forehead and eyes, increased body temperature, problems with smell, etc. .)
• Differences: The main difference between acute and chronic sinusitis is the duration of the disease (less than three months in an acute case, more than three months in a chronic one), as well as the tendency to relapse and possible progression in chronic sinusitis.

Diagnosis of sinusitis

To diagnose sinusitis, the doctor usually examines the patient and finds out all his symptoms. He also applies special methods that can help confirm the diagnosis and determine its type.

Physical examination

Your doctor may do a physical examination of your nose and eyes to determine if there are any signs of inflammation or malfunction of your sinuses. During the examination, the doctor may use special instruments to look for enlarged sinuses or cysts and to assess for any discharge or drainage.

X-ray

X-ray can be used to diagnose sinusitis. During the procedure, the patient simply needs to put their head on the x-ray table and take several pictures that can be analyzed for pathologies in the sinus area.

Computed tomography

If the x-ray does not provide enough information, your doctor may recommend a computed tomography (CT) scan. CT uses x-rays and a computer to create detailed images of the sinuses. A CT scan can help doctors better understand the location and nature of sinus inflammation and determine the most effective treatment.

MRI

If the infection does not respond to standard treatment or it is important to rule out other possibilities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be done. MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the sinuses. This method provides more accurate information than x-rays and CT scans and can help doctors more accurately determine the type and extent of sinusitis.

Treatment of sinusitis

At the beginning of treatment, the doctor usually prescribes nasal irrigation and gargling with special solutions. Solutions are used based on sea salt or antiseptic substances. They help clear the nasal passages and cavities from mucus, bacteria and viruses.

Severe pain and fever may require the use of analgesics and antipyretics. However, their appointment should also be discussed with the doctor.

To improve the outflow of mucus and restore the drainage function, massage, special compressor massage, light therapy and UV irradiation are prescribed. Sometimes, with purulent sinusitis, surgical intervention is used – puncture of the sinus cavity, or sinusotomy.

To prevent relapses, it is recommended to follow a healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition and be sure to undergo preventive medical examinations.

Antibiotics for sinusitis: advantages and disadvantages

Reasons for using antibiotics for sinusitis

Sinusitis is an inflammatory disease caused by bacteria. Because of this, when other treatments fail, doctors prescribe antibiotics. They help to destroy bacteria and stop the development of the disease. However, not all types of sinusitis require the use of antibiotics, such as allergic sinusitis.

Antibiotic benefits

• Stops bacterial growth and treats inflammation.
• Treatment of disease without surgery.
• Prevention of relapse.
• Brief treatment, 3 to 10 days.
• Prevent complications such as meningitis and sepsis.

Disadvantages of antibiotic use

• Risk of allergic reactions.
• Risk of co-infections.
• Bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
• Influence on the microflora of the body.
• The need for accurate dosing and monitoring of antibiotics.

When using antibiotics, you must strictly follow the doctor’s recommendations and complete the full course of treatment. Only in this case it is possible to avoid possible complications and re-development of the disease.

Physiotherapy for sinusitis

Sinusitis is a common disease characterized by inflammation of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinuses. One of the treatments for sinusitis is physical therapy.

It is important to remember that physiotherapy procedures should be carried out under the supervision of an experienced specialist in order to achieve the best results and avoid possible complications. Also, before starting treatment, you should consult with your doctor and get all the necessary recommendations for the treatment and prevention of sinusitis.

• Ultrasound Therapy is a procedure that uses high frequency sound waves to target diseased areas to reduce inflammation and pain in the sinuses.
• Magnetotherapy is a treatment that uses magnetic fields to relieve pain and reduce inflammation in the maxillary sinuses.
• Electrophoresis is a procedure in which the inflamed areas are irradiated with electric current, which helps to reduce inflammation and pain in the maxillary sinuses.

How to prevent sinusitis?

Sinusitis can be a very unpleasant and long-term condition that causes pain and discomfort. It is very important to take preventive measures to prevent sinusitis from occurring.

One of the most important ways to prevent sinusitis is to maintain a healthy lifestyle. This includes a balanced diet, regular exercise and adequate rest for the body. It is also important to avoid smoking, alcohol, and similar bad habits that can lower the immune system and increase the risk of disease.

The next important step in the prevention of sinusitis is proper nasal care. It is necessary to regularly rinse the nose with saline solutions to remove bacteria and viruses from it. If you are allergic to dust, blooms, pets and other allergens, it is necessary to exclude their contact with our body.

Finally, it is very important to socialize and avoid contact with people who already have sinusitis or other respiratory problems. You also need to be vigilant and monitor your symptoms in order to notice and avoid possible problems in a timely manner.

Sinusitis in children

Sinusitis is a disease that often affects children. It is caused by inflammation of the sinuses that are in the bones of the face. Normally, the sinuses are filled with air, but with sinusitis, they can fill with fluid and become very painful.

Children who are susceptible to sinusitis may experience a variety of symptoms, including a runny nose, nasal congestion, pain in the forehead and cheeks, headache, fatigue, and fever.

Sinusitis in children can be caused by a variety of causes, including the common cold, allergic reactions, dust, tobacco smoke, and changes in atmospheric pressure. In some cases, sinusitis can be caused by a bacterial infection, which may require antibiotic treatment.

If your child has symptoms of sinusitis, it is important to see a pediatrician. Treatment may include topical therapies, such as nasal drops, and medications to reduce inflammation and pain. Complementary remedies such as hot compresses, steam inhalations, and drinking regimens can also help reduce the symptoms of sinusitis in children.

• Key points:
• Sinusitis in children is an inflammation of the sinuses that causes pain and discomfort.
• Symptoms may include runny nose, nasal congestion, headache and fever.
• Colds, allergies, and changes in atmospheric pressure can trigger sinusitis in children.
• Treatment may include topical therapies, drugs, and adjuncts such as hot compresses and steam inhalations.

Findings about sinusitis

Sinusitis is a disease that can lead to serious complications if not addressed. It is characterized by inflammation of the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses, which can lead to severe pain in the face, headaches, and impaired nasal breathing.

Sinusitis can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection. In addition, allergic reactions, problems with the immune system, and disturbances in the functioning of the capillaries of the nasal mucosa can contribute to this disease.

For the diagnosis of sinusitis, see an otolaryngologist. He will conduct the necessary research and make an accurate diagnosis. Do not engage in self-diagnosis and self-treatment, as this can lead to dangerous consequences.

The treatment of sinusitis is based on a complex approach, which may include the use of special drugs, physiotherapy, rehabilitation measures, adherence to special dietary recommendations. It is important to start treatment on time to avoid complications and speed up the recovery of the body.

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Q&A:

What is sinusitis and how can it be diagnosed?

Sinusitis is an inflammation of the lining of the sinuses. It can be determined by the following symptoms: copious discharge from the nose, headache, nasal congestion, impaired sense of smell, fever.

What are the causes of sinusitis?

Sinusitis can be caused by: respiratory dysfunction, allergic reaction, congestion of blood in the vessels of the nose, infectious disease, impaired immune system, genetic predisposition.