How is hepatitis A diagnosed. What are the available treatment options for hepatitis A. Can hepatitis A be cured completely. How long does it take to recover from hepatitis A. What are the most effective prevention methods for hepatitis A.

Understanding Hepatitis A: Causes and Transmission

Hepatitis A is a viral infection that primarily affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route. This means that the virus can spread through contaminated food or water, or through close contact with an infected person.

The virus is highly contagious and can survive outside the body for months. Common sources of infection include:

• Consuming contaminated food or water
• Close personal contact with an infected individual
• Sexual contact with an infected person
• Traveling to areas with poor sanitation

Unlike other forms of viral hepatitis, hepatitis A does not lead to chronic liver disease. However, it can cause severe symptoms and, in rare cases, acute liver failure.

Diagnosing Hepatitis A: Symptoms and Tests

Recognizing the symptoms of hepatitis A is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment. The most common symptoms include:

• Fatigue
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Loss of appetite
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Dark urine
• Fever

How is hepatitis A diagnosed? Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and blood tests. The most definitive test for hepatitis A is a blood test that detects antibodies to the virus. These antibodies, known as anti-HAV IgM, appear in the blood within 2-3 weeks of infection and can persist for up to 6 months.

Liver Function Tests

In addition to antibody tests, doctors may also order liver function tests to assess the extent of liver damage. These tests measure levels of enzymes and proteins in the blood that indicate liver health, such as:

• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
• Bilirubin

Elevated levels of these markers can indicate liver inflammation or damage caused by hepatitis A.

Treatment Options for Hepatitis A

What are the available treatment options for hepatitis A? Unlike some other forms of viral hepatitis, there is no specific antiviral treatment for hepatitis A. The primary approach to managing the infection is supportive care, which focuses on alleviating symptoms and preventing complications.

Supportive Care Measures

The main components of supportive care for hepatitis A include:

1. Rest: Patients are advised to get plenty of rest to help the body fight the infection.
2. Hydration: Maintaining proper hydration is crucial, especially if vomiting or diarrhea are present.
3. Nutritional support: A balanced diet that is easy to digest can help maintain strength and promote healing.
4. Symptom management: Over-the-counter medications may be used to manage symptoms like fever and nausea, under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

In most cases, hepatitis A resolves on its own within a few weeks to months without causing long-term liver damage.

Managing Complications

While rare, some patients may develop complications that require more intensive treatment. These can include:

• Acute liver failure: In severe cases, patients may require hospitalization and intensive care.
• Cholestatic hepatitis: This prolonged form of the disease may require additional supportive care and monitoring.

It’s important to note that antibiotics are not effective against viral infections like hepatitis A.

Can Hepatitis A Be Cured Completely?

Can hepatitis A be cured completely? The good news is that hepatitis A is typically a self-limiting disease, meaning it resolves on its own without specific treatment. In most cases, the immune system successfully fights off the virus, leading to complete recovery.

Unlike hepatitis B or C, hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease. Once a person recovers from hepatitis A, they develop lifelong immunity against the virus. This means they cannot be infected with hepatitis A again.

Recovery Timeline

How long does it take to recover from hepatitis A? The recovery period can vary from person to person, but typically:

• Symptoms usually last less than 2 months
• Most people recover completely within 3 to 6 months
• Some individuals may experience prolonged or relapsing symptoms for up to 6 months

It’s important to note that even after symptoms resolve, patients may still be contagious for a short period. Therefore, maintaining good hygiene practices is crucial to prevent spreading the virus to others.

Prevention Strategies: Vaccination and Hygiene

What are the most effective prevention methods for hepatitis A? Prevention is key in controlling the spread of hepatitis A. The two primary strategies for prevention are vaccination and practicing good hygiene.

Hepatitis A Vaccination

The hepatitis A vaccine is highly effective in preventing infection. It is recommended for:

• All children aged 12-23 months
• Travelers to countries where hepatitis A is common
• Men who have sex with men
• People with chronic liver diseases
• People who use drugs (injected or non-injected)
• People experiencing homelessness

The vaccine is typically given in two doses, 6 months apart, and provides long-lasting protection.

Hygiene and Sanitation

Practicing good hygiene is crucial in preventing the spread of hepatitis A. Key measures include:

1. Washing hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom and before preparing or eating food
2. Avoiding consuming untreated water or raw/undercooked shellfish in areas where hepatitis A is common
3. Properly cooking food and maintaining clean food preparation areas
4. Avoiding close personal contact with individuals known to be infected with hepatitis A

These preventive measures are particularly important for travelers to areas with high rates of hepatitis A.

Living with Hepatitis A: Lifestyle Adjustments and Support

While recovering from hepatitis A, patients may need to make temporary lifestyle adjustments to support their recovery and prevent spreading the virus to others. These adjustments may include:

• Taking time off work or school to rest and recover
• Avoiding alcohol and certain medications that may strain the liver
• Eating a balanced, nutritious diet to support liver function
• Staying well-hydrated
• Practicing strict personal hygiene to prevent transmission to others

Support from family, friends, and healthcare providers can be crucial during the recovery period. Patients should maintain regular contact with their healthcare provider to monitor their progress and address any concerns.

Emotional and Psychological Support

Dealing with a hepatitis A infection can be stressful and may lead to anxiety or depression in some individuals. It’s important for patients to:

• Communicate openly with their healthcare provider about any emotional concerns
• Consider joining support groups or seeking counseling if needed
• Stay informed about their condition to alleviate fears and misconceptions

Global Impact and Public Health Measures

Hepatitis A remains a significant public health concern, particularly in developing countries with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. However, global efforts to combat the disease have made significant progress in recent years.

Vaccination Programs

Many countries have implemented widespread vaccination programs to reduce the incidence of hepatitis A. These programs typically target:

• Children as part of routine childhood immunization schedules
• High-risk populations
• Travelers to endemic areas

The success of these programs has led to a significant reduction in hepatitis A cases in many parts of the world.

Water and Sanitation Improvements

Improving access to clean water and sanitation is crucial in preventing the spread of hepatitis A. Global initiatives focus on:

1. Developing infrastructure for clean water supply
2. Improving sewage treatment and disposal systems
3. Educating communities about proper hygiene practices

These efforts not only help prevent hepatitis A but also contribute to overall public health improvements in vulnerable communities.

Research and Future Perspectives

While hepatitis A is generally well-understood and preventable, ongoing research continues to explore various aspects of the disease. Current areas of focus include:

• Developing more effective and longer-lasting vaccines
• Improving diagnostic techniques for rapid and accurate detection
• Studying the long-term effects of hepatitis A infection
• Investigating potential antiviral treatments for severe cases

As research progresses, our understanding of hepatitis A and our ability to prevent and manage the disease will likely continue to improve.

Emerging Challenges

Despite progress in prevention and control, hepatitis A still poses challenges in certain contexts:

1. Outbreaks in vulnerable populations, such as homeless communities
2. The potential for foodborne outbreaks due to global food supply chains
3. Maintaining high vaccination rates in the face of vaccine hesitancy

Addressing these challenges will require ongoing public health efforts and continued research into prevention and control strategies.

In conclusion, while hepatitis A can be a serious illness, it is preventable and typically resolves without long-term complications. With proper prevention measures, prompt diagnosis, and appropriate supportive care, most individuals can expect a full recovery from hepatitis A. As global efforts to combat the disease continue, the incidence of hepatitis A is likely to decrease further, contributing to improved public health outcomes worldwide.

Hepatitis A and E Treatment

Hepatitis A and E Treatment | Johns Hopkins Medicine

Hepatitis A and E usually resolve after a period of four to eight weeks. They do not cause chronic hepatitis, and in most cases, no special treatment is necessary unless your immune system is suppressed and/or you have had a solid organ transplantation. You are not confined to bed while you recuperate. Once the jaundice disappears, you can safely return to work. We will discuss with you whether you need special treatment or medication.

Hepatitis A and E Prevention

Hepatitis A: Hepatitis A vaccination is recommended for all adults who are considered at risk, which include those traveling to areas where hepatitis A is common, those who use injections for medications, people who use illegal drugs, men who have sex with men, patients who already have chronic liver disease, health care workers and food handlers.

If you believe you were exposed to hepatitis A and have not been vaccinated, we can treat you with immune globulin, which is used to prevent the disease shortly after exposure. Immune globulin can be also given to those who are allergic to the hepatitis A vaccine or prefer not to get vaccinated. One dose of immune globulin can provide temporary protection up to three months.

Hepatitis E: Currently there are no vaccines against the hepatitis E virus, although much research is underway for development. If you are traveling to a country where hepatitis E is widespread, avoid contaminated food and water sources. A vaccination against hepatitis A may not protect you against hepatitis E.

Hepatitis A and E Complications

Rarely, the disease does not resolve, and you may experience complications from hepatitis. Fulminant hepatitis or acute liver failure is rarely associated with hepatitis A and E. A patient with fulminant hepatitis begins to deteriorate rapidly and may present with confusion (hepatic encephalopathy). This is seen in patients with chronic liver disease or people during pregnancy. There is even a risk of coma and liver and kidney failure.

This condition is rare. Careful management and thorough care provide the best hope for recovery. Liver transplantation may be lifesaving.

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Related Topics

Hepatitis A Treatments, Complications, and Prognosis

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

• How Is Hepatitis A Treated?
• How to Treat Hepatitis A Symptoms at Home
• Possible Complications of Hepatitis A
• Prognosis for Hepatitis A

Unlike other types, the hepatitis A virus is rarely dangerous. Almost everyone who gets it makes a full recovery. But since it can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months to clear up, it’s a good idea to know how to take care of yourself in the meantime.

If you think you’ve been exposed to hepatitis A, you should see your doctor right away. Getting a vaccine or a drug called hepatitis A immune globulin could keep you from getting sick. But for this to work, you’ll need to get the vaccine very soon after coming into contact with the virus.

There’s no treatment once you’ve been infected. You’ll have to wait until your body gets rid of the virus. Most people find that their liver is healed within 6 months.

Try these tips to care for yourself while you’re waiting for the virus to go away:

• Stay in. Until any fever and jaundice have cleared up, your doctor will want you to skip work or school and stay at home.
• Rest up. It’s normal to feel very tired during the first few weeks that you’re sick.
• Take care of your skin. Some people with hepatitis A get very itchy. Keep your house cool, wear loose clothes, and skip very hot baths and showers.
• Eat small meals. This is easier on your stomach than big, heavy meals. It’ll also lessen your chances of feeling queasy or throwing up.
• Get enough calories. A loss of appetite is common. To make sure you’re getting enough nutrients, you may need to choose foods that are high in calories. You could even try drinking fruit juice instead of water.
• Avoid alcohol. Drinking alcohol will strain your liver. You’ll want to avoid it until your doctor gives you the go-ahead.
• Go easy on your liver. While you’re sick, your liver will have a tough time breaking down any drugs, including over-the-counter ones. Ask your doctor what medicines — including vitamins and supplements — are safe for you to take.
• Keep your illness to yourself. The hepatitis A virus is easily spread to others. Until you’re well, avoid all sexual activity, even sex with a condom. Don’t prepare food for others. Wash your hands each time you use the toilet or change a diaper.
• Check in with your doctor. They’ll want to make sure you’re coping with your symptoms. They can let you know when you’re well enough to return to your normal routine.

Hepatitis A can cause more serious health problems. Keep in mind all that these are rare and more likely to happen in people who are over 50.

• Cholestatic hepatitis. Occuring in about 5% of patients, this means the bile in your liver is obstructed on its way to the gallbladder. It can cause changes in your blood and result in jaundice fever and weightloss
• Relapsing hepatitus. More common in the elderly, The symptoms of liver inflamation such as jaundice, reoccur periodlically but are not chronic.
• Autoimmune hepatitis.   this triggers your own body to attack the liver. If left untreated, it could result in chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and ultimately liver failure.
• Liver failure.  Happens in less than 1% and this usually affects people who are:
  • Older
  • Already have another type of liver disease
  • Have a weakened immune system

If your doctor feels your liver isn’t working well, they may admit you to the hospital to keep an eye on how well your liver is working. In severe cases, you might need to have a liver transplant.

Most people get better within 2 months. There are usually no long-term effects. After you recover, you’ll be immune for the rest of your life.

It’s rare, but for some people, the disease comes and goes for about 6 months before it goes away completely.

You are very unlikely to develop liver failure, though the chances are higher if you already had a liver condition or you’re elderly. If you have liver failure, you’ll need a transplant.

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• Hepatitis A

Key Facts

• Hepatitis A is an inflammatory disease of the liver that can be mild or severe.
• Hepatitis A virus (HAV) transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated food and water or through direct contact with an infected person.
• Almost all patients with hepatitis A are completely cured and develop lifelong immunity. However, in very rare cases, infection with the hepatitis A virus can lead to fulminant hepatitis with a fatal outcome.
• The risk of contracting hepatitis A occurs when there is no safe water supply, poor sanitation and poor hygiene practices (such as infection and contamination of the hands).
• A safe and effective vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A.

Overview

Hepatitis A is an inflammatory disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The virus is spread primarily by an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person ingesting food or water contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. This disease is closely associated with poor water supply or contaminated food, poor sanitation, poor personal hygiene, and oral-anal sex.

Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease, but can be accompanied by severe symptoms and sometimes fulminant (with acute liver failure), often resulting in death. In 2016, WHO estimated that hepatitis A killed 7134 people worldwide (representing 0.5% of all deaths from viral hepatitis).

Hepatitis A is present throughout the world and occurs both in the form of isolated cases and in the form of epidemics that tend to be cyclical. Epidemics caused by contamination of food or drinking water can be explosive, such as the epidemic in Shanghai in 1988, which affected approximately 300,000 people (1) . Epidemics can also be protracted and affect entire communities for several months as a result of person-to-person transmission. The hepatitis A virus persists in the environment for a long time and can remain viable even after food processing processes commonly used to control or inactivate bacterial pathogens.

Geographic distribution

Hepatitis A virus prevalence areas can be subdivided into areas with high, medium or low infection rates. At the same time, the rate of infection is not always identical to the incidence, since in young children the infection occurs with mild symptoms.

In low- and middle-income countries with poor sanitation and hygiene standards, infection is widespread and most children (90%) is infected with hepatitis A virus before the age of 10 years, most often with asymptomatic infection (2) . High-income countries with good sanitation have low infection rates. The disease can occur among adolescents and adults from high-risk groups, such as people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and people visiting areas with high hepatitis A endemicity, as well as isolated populations, such as closed religious groups. In the United States of America, major outbreaks of hepatitis A are occurring among homeless people. In middle-income countries and areas with heterogeneous sanitation conditions, a large proportion of the population is immune to infection in early childhood and reaches adulthood without developed immunity.

Transmission of infection

The main mechanism of transmission of hepatitis A virus is fecal-oral transmission, in which infection with the virus occurs as a result of the consumption of food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person by an uninfected person. At the household level, infection can occur when an infected person fails to practice good hand hygiene when preparing food for other family members. Outbreaks of waterborne diseases, although rare, are usually associated with the consumption of contaminated sewage or inadequately treated water.

The virus can also be transmitted through close physical contact (eg, oral-anal sex) with an infected person, but normal household contact does not transmit the virus.

Symptoms

The incubation period for hepatitis A is usually 14-28 days.

Symptoms of hepatitis A can range from mild to severe and may include fever, malaise, loss of appetite, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark urine, and jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin). The full spectrum of symptoms does not occur in all infected people.

Clinical symptoms of the disease occur more often in adults than in children. The prevalence of severe forms of the disease and mortality are higher among the older age groups. In children under 6 years of age, the infection is usually mildly symptomatic, and jaundice develops in only 10% of cases. In some patients, hepatitis A recurs, and a newly recovered person becomes ill again in an acute form. After that, the disease usually ends in complete recovery.

Who is at risk?

Anyone who has not been vaccinated or has not had the disease in the past can become infected with the hepatitis A virus. In areas with high virus circulation (high endemicity), most hepatitis A infections occur in early childhood. Risk factors include:

• unsatisfactory sanitary conditions;
• no safe water supply;
• the presence of an infected person among family members;
• sexual contact with a person with acute hepatitis A;
• recreational use of psychoactive substances;
• same-sex sex with men; and
• travel to areas of high endemicity without prior immunization.

Diagnosis

Hepatitis A does not differ clinically from other types of acute viral hepatitis. An accurate diagnosis is confirmed by a blood test for the presence of HAV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM). In addition, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing can be performed to detect hepatitis A virus RNA, which may require a referral to a specialized laboratory.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. The healing process can be slow and take weeks or months. It is important to refrain from unjustified prescribing of drugs. Acetaminophen, paracetamol and antiemetics should not be prescribed.

In the absence of acute liver failure, hospitalization of patients is not required. Treatment is aimed at maintaining comfort and a balanced diet, including replenishing fluid losses caused by vomiting and diarrhea.

Prevention

The most effective means of controlling hepatitis A are improved sanitation, food safety, and increased vaccination coverage.

The prevalence of hepatitis A can be reduced by:

• ensuring an adequate supply of safe drinking water;
• organization in settlements of proper wastewater disposal; and
• maintaining good personal hygiene, such as washing hands regularly before meals and after going to the toilet.

Several injectable, inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are available on the world market. All provide comparable levels of protection against the virus and have similar side effects. None of the vaccines are licensed for children under one year of age. China also uses an attenuated live vaccine.


WHO activities

In May 2016, the World Health Assembly adopted the first Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016–2021. It highlights the critical role of universal health coverage and sets targets aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. The strategy was to achieve the goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health problem by 2030 (defined as a reduction of 90% new cases of chronic infections and a 65% reduction in mortality compared to the 2015 baseline) and included an action plan to achieve elimination through the implementation of key prevention, diagnosis, treatment and community outreach strategies. In May 2022, the Seventy-fifth World Health Assembly took note of a set of new comprehensive global health sector strategies for HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections for the period 2022–2030. Based on these previous and newly adopted strategies, many Member States have developed comprehensive national hepatitis programs and strategies to achieve elimination, guided by the global health sector strategy.

To support countries in achieving the global hepatitis targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, WHO works in the following areas:

• raising awareness, promoting partnerships and mobilizing resources;
• developing evidence-based policies and collecting evidence for action;
• ensuring health equity in the fight against hepatitis;
• prevention of the spread of infection; and
• expanded coverage of screening, care and treatment services.

WHO organizes an annual World Hepatitis Day event (one of its nine major annual public health campaigns) to raise awareness and understanding of the problem of viral hepatitis. In 2022, WHO is celebrating World Hepatitis Day with the slogan “ Providing Hepatitis Care Nearby” ” and calls for streamlining the delivery of viral hepatitis services, making them more accessible to the public.

Treatment of hepatitis A – signs, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention

Hepatitis A

04 Treatment of viral hepatitis A

• Prevention of hepatitis A
• Benefits of Mama Papa Ya Clinic
  
  

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Viral hepatitis A is an acute infectious disease that affects the liver and is accompanied by short-term symptoms. Jaundice, hepatitis a, Botkin’s disease in everyday life are synonymous.

Causes of hepatitis A

The causative agent of hepatitis A is a virus that multiplies in the liver cells. More than 60% of patients are children of 3-7 years of age. The disease often takes the form of epidemic outbreaks.

How hepatitis a is contracted: this is a classic intestinal infection, so you can become infected by drinking contaminated water or food, and not observing hygiene rules.

Hepatitis A virus is excreted in the faeces of patients, as well as carriers of infection or patients with an erased form of the disease. Getting into the gastrointestinal tract of a healthy person, it penetrates through the blood into hepatocytes and destroys them. The disease proceeds only in an acute form and ends with recovery. In almost all adults, antibodies are found in the blood, indicating an infection.

It is impossible to infect a child through blood, sexual contact and from the mother.

The incidence increases in autumn and winter, and in the summer months, cases of the disease are rarely recorded. After infection, lifelong immunity remains.

Symptoms of viral hepatitis A

Acute hepatitis A occurs in stages.

• The incubation period is 2 weeks to a month. There are no symptoms of hepatitis A, but there is already a virus in the blood and abnormal liver function is determined.
• Preicteric period lasts from 3 to 8 days. Symptoms of hepatitis a in children occur acutely: the temperature rises, intoxication occurs, severe weakness, nausea, pain in the liver, headache, sleep and stool disturbances. Children become moody and irritable. After 1 – 2 days, the temperature decreases, and the patient’s condition improves somewhat. Adults at this time may experience the same symptoms, but in a milder form.
• The icteric period lasts up to 2 weeks. At the same time, the signs of hepatitis a weaken, the state of health of most patients returns to normal. Darkening of urine and discoloration of feces, jaundice is determined. The liver is enlarged.
• The post-icteric period lasts quite a long time. At this time, there is a gradual recovery of the liver.

The convalescence period lasts up to 3 months. At this time, patients feel quite healthy, sometimes complain of fatigue, abdominal pain. In the blood, an increase in the activity of liver enzymes is periodically determined.

The course of the disease can be acute (in 95% of cases), protracted, with exacerbations, with biliary dyskinesia and other complications. Therefore, in each case, the approach to the treatment of such a patient is individual.

Diagnosis of hepatitis A

In addition to epidemiological and clinical data, the diagnosis of hepatitis A includes:

• biochemical blood test to determine the activity of liver enzymes and the level of bilirubin;
• analysis for hepatitis a – detection of viral antigen by PCR or IgM class antibodies to it.

Hepatitis A treatment

Hepatitis A treatment is usually done at home. Only patients with severe forms of the disease are hospitalized. Bed rest is recommended in the first days until you feel better, then it gradually expands.

Hepatitis A diet includes:

• proteins: dairy products, lean meat and fish, scrambled eggs;
• fats: butter, olive, sunflower oil;
• carbohydrates: rice, oatmeal, buckwheat, potatoes, pasta, sugar, vegetables, juices, fruits;
• allowed salads, vinaigrette, honey, marshmallow, jam, prunes, dried apricots, raisins, bread.

Prohibited:

• pork, other fatty meats, poultry or fish;
• preserves;
• sausage;
• legumes;
• confectionery and chocolate;
• marinades and spices;
• garlic, radish, spicy cheese, mayonnaise and other foods that irritate the digestive tract.

Cholagogues, vitamins, essential phospholipids, ursosan, enterosorbents are prescribed. Antiviral drugs and antibiotics are not used.

Traditional methods of treatment:

• infusion of valerian, hawthorn and mint;
• infusion of immortelle, yarrow, wormwood and dill;
• infusion of wild rose and rowan berries;
• raw potato juice.

Hepatitis A prophylaxis

There is non-specific and specific prophylaxis for hepatitis A. Anti-epidemic measures:

• when a case of illness is detected, all contact persons are examined and their blood is taken for analysis for early detection of the epidemic;
• current and final disinfection is carried out in the focus of the disease, the quality of water and food is carefully monitored;
• ready-made antibodies in the form of immunoglobulin are administered to those in contact with the patient.

Immunoglobulin is not a hepatitis A vaccine, but only a measure to support the body’s defense against the virus. It is administered in the first 7 days after the diagnosis of the disease in the focus.

The only way to reliably protect a child from the virus is the hepatitis A vaccine. Domestic preparations are allowed for use, as well as the vaccines Havrix, Avaxim, Vakta, Twinrix. They are well tolerated and rarely cause adverse reactions, mainly in allergic children.

Children are vaccinated against hepatitis A at the age of one and then after another 6-12 months. This scheme provides reliable immunity in 95% of those vaccinated.

Benefits of the Mama Papa Ya Clinic

If a child is ill with viral hepatitis A, the Mama Papa Z family clinic network offers services for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Our advantages:

• a large network of clinic branches in Moscow and other cities;
• reasonable prices for services;
• careful laboratory diagnosis of the disease;
• prescribing modern medicines for speedy recovery;
• nutritionist consultation;
• the possibility of vaccinating patients of any age with modern drugs;
• dispensary observation of a sick person in comfortable conditions, without queues.

To make an appointment for a consultation, you can call the clinic or leave a request on our website.

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