What is a CT scan and how does it work. What can a CT scan detect in the human body. How is a CT scan different from other imaging techniques. When might a doctor recommend a CT scan. Are there any risks associated with CT scans. How should patients prepare for a CT scan. What advancements have been made in CT scanning technology.

The Fundamentals of CT Scanning: A Comprehensive Overview

A Computed Tomography (CT) scan, also known as a CAT scan, is a sophisticated medical imaging technique that combines multiple X-ray images taken from different angles to create detailed cross-sectional pictures of the body. This non-invasive procedure allows healthcare professionals to visualize internal structures with remarkable clarity, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of various medical conditions.

CT scans have revolutionized medical imaging since their introduction in the 1970s. They provide a level of detail that surpasses traditional X-rays, offering a three-dimensional view of organs, bones, and soft tissues. This advanced imaging modality has become an indispensable tool in modern medicine, playing a crucial role in everything from cancer detection to trauma assessment.

How Does a CT Scan Work?

The process of a CT scan involves a large, donut-shaped machine that houses an X-ray tube and detectors. As the patient lies on a table that moves through the scanner, the X-ray tube rotates around them, emitting beams of radiation. These beams pass through the body and are detected on the opposite side by specialized sensors.

The data collected from these multiple X-ray images is then processed by powerful computers, which reconstruct the information into detailed cross-sectional images, or “slices,” of the body. These slices can be viewed individually or stacked together to create a 3D representation of the scanned area.

Diagnostic Capabilities: What Can a CT Scan Detect?

CT scans are incredibly versatile and can be used to examine virtually any part of the body. They are particularly effective in detecting:

• Bone and joint problems, including complex fractures and arthritis
• Tumors and other abnormal growths in various organs
• Internal injuries and bleeding, especially in cases of trauma
• Cardiovascular issues, such as aneurysms and blockages in blood vessels
• Lung and chest abnormalities, including tumors and infections
• Spinal problems and injuries
• Kidney and bladder stones

The high-resolution images produced by CT scans allow doctors to identify and characterize abnormalities with a level of precision that is often unattainable with other imaging methods. This capability makes CT scans invaluable in early disease detection, treatment planning, and monitoring the progression of various conditions.

CT Angiography: A Specialized Application

CT angiography is a specific type of CT scan that focuses on blood vessels. By injecting a contrast dye into the bloodstream, doctors can visualize the flow of blood through arteries and veins, helping to diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, pulmonary embolism, and cerebral aneurysms.

CT Scans vs. Other Imaging Techniques: A Comparative Analysis

While CT scans are highly effective, they are just one of several imaging technologies available to medical professionals. Understanding how CT scans compare to other imaging techniques can help patients and healthcare providers make informed decisions about which method is most appropriate for a given situation.

CT Scan vs. MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the body. Unlike CT scans, MRIs do not use ionizing radiation. MRIs are particularly useful for examining soft tissues, ligaments, and the brain, while CT scans excel at imaging bone structures and detecting acute injuries.

CT Scan vs. X-ray

Traditional X-rays provide two-dimensional images and are best suited for examining bones and detecting certain lung problems. CT scans offer more detailed, three-dimensional images and can visualize soft tissues that are not visible on standard X-rays.

CT Scan vs. Ultrasound

Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of internal structures. It is particularly useful for examining soft tissues and is commonly used during pregnancy. CT scans offer more comprehensive imaging of internal organs and are better at detecting certain types of abnormalities.

Indications for CT Scans: When Are They Recommended?

Doctors may recommend a CT scan for various reasons, depending on a patient’s symptoms and medical history. Some common scenarios where a CT scan might be ordered include:

1. Diagnosing or staging cancer
2. Evaluating the extent of injuries after an accident or trauma
3. Investigating persistent or severe headaches
4. Assessing for internal bleeding or organ damage
5. Guiding medical procedures such as biopsies or radiation therapy
6. Monitoring the effectiveness of treatments for various conditions
7. Screening for certain diseases in high-risk individuals

The decision to order a CT scan is based on a careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks, as well as the availability of alternative diagnostic methods. In emergency situations, CT scans can provide critical information quickly, helping doctors make rapid treatment decisions.

Safety Considerations and Potential Risks of CT Scans

While CT scans are generally considered safe and have revolutionized medical diagnosis, it’s important to be aware of potential risks associated with this imaging technique. The primary concern with CT scans is exposure to ionizing radiation, which in high doses or with repeated exposure, may increase the risk of cancer.

Radiation Exposure: Understanding the Risks

The amount of radiation from a single CT scan is relatively low and unlikely to cause immediate health problems. However, the cumulative effect of multiple scans over time may increase the risk of developing cancer, particularly in children and young adults who are more sensitive to radiation effects.

To mitigate these risks, healthcare providers follow the principle of ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) when it comes to radiation exposure. This means using the lowest possible radiation dose that will still provide the necessary diagnostic information.

Contrast Agent Reactions

Some CT scans require the use of contrast agents to enhance image quality. While these agents are generally safe, some patients may experience allergic reactions or kidney problems, particularly those with pre-existing kidney issues. Healthcare providers carefully screen patients for potential risks before administering contrast agents.

Patient Preparation and the CT Scan Procedure

Proper preparation can help ensure the success of a CT scan and minimize potential complications. The specific instructions may vary depending on the type of scan and the area of the body being examined, but generally include the following steps:

• Fasting: Patients may be asked to avoid eating or drinking for several hours before the scan, especially if contrast material will be used.
• Medication review: Inform your doctor about any medications you’re taking, as some may need to be temporarily suspended.
• Clothing and accessories: Remove metal objects such as jewelry, dentures, or hearing aids that might interfere with the scan.
• Contrast material: If required, contrast may be administered orally, intravenously, or via enema, depending on the area being scanned.

During the procedure, patients lie on a table that slides into the CT scanner. It’s important to remain still during the scan to ensure clear images. The actual scanning process typically takes only a few minutes, although the entire appointment may last 15 to 30 minutes or longer.

What to Expect After a CT Scan

After the scan, patients can usually resume normal activities immediately. If contrast material was used, drinking plenty of fluids can help flush it out of the system. The images are interpreted by a radiologist, and results are typically available within a few days.

Advancements in CT Technology: The Future of Medical Imaging

CT technology continues to evolve, with ongoing research and development aimed at improving image quality, reducing radiation exposure, and expanding the applications of this powerful diagnostic tool. Some recent advancements include:

Dual-Energy CT

This technique uses two different energy levels to create images, allowing for better tissue characterization and reduced artifacts. It’s particularly useful in cardiovascular imaging and oncology.

Spectral CT

Also known as multi-energy CT, this technology can differentiate between various materials in the body, providing more detailed information about tissue composition and function.

Artificial Intelligence in CT Imaging

AI algorithms are being developed to assist in image reconstruction, noise reduction, and even in the detection and characterization of abnormalities, potentially improving diagnostic accuracy and efficiency.

Low-Dose CT Protocols

Ongoing efforts to reduce radiation exposure have led to the development of low-dose CT protocols, which maintain image quality while significantly decreasing radiation levels.

These advancements promise to further enhance the diagnostic capabilities of CT scans while minimizing potential risks, solidifying the role of this imaging technique in the future of medicine.

Acquired Apraxia of Speech

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Ballard, K. J., Wambaugh, J. L., Duffy, J. R., Layfield, C., Maas, E., Mauszycki, S., & McNeil, M. R. (2015). Treatment for acquired apraxia of speech: A systematic review of intervention research between 2004 and 2012. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24(2), 316–337. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_AJSLP-14-0118

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Duffy, J. R. (2013). Motor speech disorders: Substrates, differential diagnosis, and management. Mosby.

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Duffy, J. R., Peach, R. K., & Strand, E. A. (2007). Progressive apraxia of speech as a sign of motor neuron disease. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(3), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2007/025)

Duffy, J. R., Strand, E. A., & Josephs, K. A. (2014). Motor speech disorders associated with primary progressive aphasia. Aphasiology, 28(8–9), 1004–1017. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2013.869307

Duffy, J. R., Utianski, R. L., & Josephs, K. A. (2020). Primary progressive apraxia of speech: From recognition to diagnosis and care. Aphasiology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2020.1787732

Dworkin, J. P., Abkarian, G. G., & Johns, D. F. (1988). Apraxia of speech: The effectiveness of a treatment regimen. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 53(3), 280–294. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5303.280

Freed, D. B., Marshall, R. C., & Frazier, K. E. (1997). Long-term effectiveness of PROMPT treatment in a severely apractic-aphasic speaker. Aphasiology, 11(4–5), 365–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687039708248477

Guadagnoli, M. A., & Lee, T. D. (2004). Challenge point: A framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 36(2), 212–224. https://doi.org/10.3200/JMBR.36.2.212-224

Haley, K. L., Cunningham, K. T., Jacks, A., Richardson, J. D., Harmon, T., & Turkeltaub, P. E. (2020). Repeated word production is inconsistent in both aphasia and apraxia of speech. Aphasiology. Advance online publication. https://doi. org/10.1080/02687038.2020.1727837

Haley, K. L., Jacks, A., de Riesthal, M., Abou-Khalil, R., & Roth, H. L. (2012). Toward a quantitative basis for assessment and diagnosis of apraxia of speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55(5), S1502–S1517. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0318)

Haley, K. L., Jacks, A., Richardson, J. D., & Wambaugh, J. L. (2017). Perceptually salient sound distortions and apraxia of speech: A performance continuum. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26(2S), 631–640. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_AJSLP-16-0103

Henry, M. L., Hubbard, H. I., Grasso, S. M., Mandelli, M. L., Wilson, S. M., Sathishkumar, M. T., Fridriksson, J., Daigle, W., Boxer, A. L., Miller, B. L., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2018). Retraining speech production and fluency in non-fluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia. Brain, 141(6), 1799–1814. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy101

Holland, A. , Milman, L., Munoz, M., & Bays, G. (2002, June). Scripts in the management of aphasia [Paper presentation]. World Federation of Neurology Aphasia and Cognitive Disorders Section Meeting, Villefranche, France.

Howard, S., & Varley, R. (1995). III: EPG in therapy using electropalatography to treat severe acquired apraxia of speech. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 30(2), 246–255. https://doi.org/10.3109/13682829509082535

Jung, Y., Duffy, J. R., & Josephs, K. A. (2013). Primary progressive aphasia and apraxia of speech. Seminars in Neurology, 33(4), 342–347. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1359317

Katz, W. F., Bharadwaj, S. V., & Carstens, B. (1999). Electromagnetic articulography treatment for an adult with Broca’s aphasia and apraxia of speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42(6), 1355–1366. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4206.1355

Katz, W. F., McNeil, M. R., & Garst, D. M. (2010). Treating apraxia of speech (AOS) with EMA-supplied visual augmented feedback. Aphasiology, 24(6–8), 826–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687030903518176

Knock, T. R., Ballard, K. J., Robin, D. A., & Schmidt, R. A. (2000). Influence of order of stimulus presentation on speech motor learning: A principled approach to treatment for apraxia of speech. Aphasiology, 14(5–6), 653–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/026870300401379

Lasker, J. P., & Bedrosian, J. L. (2001). Promoting acceptance of augmentative and alternative communication by adults with acquired communication disorders. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 17(3), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/aac.17.3.141.153

Lasker, J. P., Stierwalt, J. A. G., Hageman, C. F., & LaPointe, L. L. (2008). Using motor learning guided theory and augmentative and alternative communication to improve speech production in profound apraxia: A case example. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 16(4), 225–233.

Maas, E., Robin, D. A., Austermann Hula, S. N., Freedman, S. E., Wulf, G., Ballard, K. J., & Schmidt, R. A. (2008). Principles of motor learning in treatment of motor speech disorders. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(3), 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2008/025)

Marangolo, P., Marinelli, C. V., Bonifazi, S., Fiori, V., Ceravolo, M. G., Provinciali, L., & Tomaiuolo, F. (2011). Electrical stimulation over the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) determines long-term effects in the recovery of speech apraxia in three chronic aphasics. Behavioural Brain Research, 225(2), 498–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.008

Martin, V. C., Kubitz, K. R., & Maher, L. M. (2001). Melodic intonation therapy. Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders, 11(3), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1044/nnsld11.3.33

Mauszycki, S. C., & Wambaugh, J. L. (2008). The effects of rate control treatment on consonant production accuracy in mild apraxia of speech. Aphasiology, 22(7–8), 906–920. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687030701800818

Mauszycki, S. C., & Wambaugh, J. L. (2011, May). Acquired apraxia of speech: A treatment overview. The ASHA Leader, 16(5), 16–19. https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.FTR2.16052011.16

McNeil, M. R., Pratt, S. R., & Fossett, T. R. (2004). The differential diagnosis of apraxia of speech. In B. Maassen, R. Kent, H. Peters, P. van Lieshout, & W. Hulstijn (Eds.), Speech motor control in normal and disordered speech (pp. 389–413). Oxford University Press.

McNeil, M. R., Robin, D. A., & Schmidt, R. A. (2009). Apraxia of speech: Definition and differential diagnosis (2nd ed.). In M. R. McNeil (Ed.), Clinical management of sensorimotor speech disorders (pp. 249–268). Thieme.

Odell, K. H. (2002). Considerations in target selection in apraxia of speech treatment. Seminars in Speech and Language, 23(4), 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-35803

Rosenbek, J., Lemme, M., Ahern, M., Harris, N., & Wertz, T. (1973). A treatment for apraxia of speech in adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 38(4), 462–472. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.3804.462

Schor, A., Aichert, I., & Ziegler, W. (2012). A motor learning perspective on phonetic syllable kinships: How training effects transfer from learned to new syllables in severe apraxia of speech. Aphasiology, 26(7), 880–894. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2012.660458

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Wambaugh, J. L., Nessler, C., Wright, S., Mauszycki, S., & DeLong, C. (2016). Sound production treatment for acquired apraxia of speech: Effects of blocked and random practice on multisyllabic word production. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(5), 450–464. https://doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2015.1101161

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To cook manti, you need a manti-kaskan, it is also a mantyshnitsa or …: red_cat — LiveJournal

To cook manti, you need a manti-kaskan, it is also a mantyshnitsa or a pressure cooker. It is a construction of two pans, the top without a bottom, four grates with holes and a protrusion in the center are inserted into it, on which the next grate rests, the lid is on top. Another variety is five pans inserted into each other, the lower one is large ordinary, the upper 4 are low and perforated. Top of the lid. By the way, that’s exactly what I have, I’ll take a picture later. I heard that someone manages to cook manti in a double boiler and even in a colander placed on an ordinary pan and covered with a lid, but I have not seen these people with my own eyes.

It’s easy. I take lamb (or beef), pulp with fat, about half a kilo, and chop into minced meat. How? With a fillet knife, cut off a thin long layer of meat, cut into thin strips along, unfold for convenience, cut (chopped) across. It turns out meat cubes with a face of a millimeter and a half or two, depending on how lazy you are. Onion, as much as was taken, finely cut. Greens (dill, parsley, cilantro, if there are lovers), again finely chop (cut). Mix everything, add salt, crushed black pepper (a lot). If the stuffing comes out dry, it makes sense to add a) a little chopped bacon or b) finely chopped zucchini, pumpkin.

Next is the dough. Flour, water, salt. You can curse me and annoy me, but I make a simple cool dough by eye and touch, without measuring the proportions. I just pour a little, a glass or two according to sensations, flour into a voluminous bowl (I’ll take a picture later), add a pinch of salt and cold water – well, half a glass, let’s say. I mix well and, continuing to knead, I begin to gradually add flour. Continuing to knead. Quiet until the dough becomes firm and elastic. Tight, you know? Not “like the belly of a sleeping cat” (this definition is suitable for yeast dough). denser. It makes sense to beat the dough on the table – pick it up and drop it back with force, only without fanaticism, ten times is enough.

Then flatten the dough into a thick “sausage”, cut off (tear off) proportionate pieces and roll out on a table lightly powdered with flour. Also wipe the rolling pin with flour. Roll out thinly, aiming for a square in shape. Cut the rolled out layer of dough with a knife into squares, I usually get 9 pieces from one layer, each with a side of 12-14 centimeters.

Continue sculpting. Minced meat in the center, connect the corners of the square in the center above the minced meat, pinch, and also pinch the edges of the dough brought together. It turns out such a plump “envelope”. Bring together the corners of the “envelope” in pairs, pinch. You get a boat. The process, if it is not clear described, I will then take a picture, is it necessary?

There you go. Now you put the finished manti on the grids of the upper pan (pots) greased with vegetable oil, and in the lower one you already have boiling water (salted, with a couple of allspice peas and herbs and spices to taste). Reduce the fire, stack all the pans (grids) on top of each other, top with a lid. Boil half an hour – 40 minutes. Serve, laying out on a larger dish, eat with your hands, with sour cream, sour cream with garlic and herbs, with tzatziki (why not), some people eat with vinegar.

Filling options: minced meat in half with white cabbage stewed in a saucepan (with cumin, in vegetable oil), vegetables – from cabbage and onions, and (or) zucchini, and (or) pumpkin (everything in a crowd, again, darken in a saucepan – well, like on pies, say), from potatoes, onions, herbs, garlic (boil potatoes, mash in mashed potatoes with an egg, add stewed finely chopped onions, chopped garlic and herbs, salt and pepper). If the filling is only vegetable, you can also add one egg to the dough.

MANTI very tasty! Mantovarka KASKAN! food (tv genre) recipe what to cook for the new year

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1 year and 4 months ago

Pleasant Minute35 followers

throw something in turn into the pan 🍲 or stir so that it doesn’t burn 🥘 – then they come to the rescue MANTY 🥟 – satisfying, tasty and convenient!
Grocery list:
1. 3 chicken legs
2. 3 medium potatoes.
3. 2-3 medium bulbs.
4. 250 ml of boiled water at room temperature.
5. 500-600 gr – flour.
6. Salt, pepper.
Cooking method.
For filling:
Cut the chicken meat into cubes, separating the potatoes from the bones and cubes. Add chopped onion smaller than meat and potatoes to the filling. Salt and pepper to taste.
For test:
Dilute 1 tsp of salt in water. Then add flour and knead the dough until it sticks to the board and hands.
We form a sausage from the dough, cut it into portioned pieces, roll them out with a rolling pin, apply the filling, fix it and put it in a pressure cooker pre-lubricated with butter.
From the moment of boiling, cook for 40-60 minutes. Juicy steam manty is ready!
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version for English-speaking friends

When you stand at the stove and do not want to follow its preparation,
something in turn to throw in a pan or stir so as not to burn something come to help they are DUMPLINGS-a hearty and tasty!

product list:
3 chicken legs
3 medium potatoes.