What is a CT scan. How does a CT scan work. What can a CT scan detect. When is a CT scan necessary. Are there risks associated with CT scans. How to prepare for a CT scan. What happens during and after a CT scan.

What is a CT Scan and How Does it Work?

A CT (computed tomography) scan is an advanced medical imaging technique that uses X-rays and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. Unlike traditional X-rays that produce flat two-dimensional images, CT scans provide a three-dimensional view of organs, bones, and soft tissues.

How does a CT scan work? The process involves the following steps:

1. The patient lies on a table that slides into a large, donut-shaped machine called a CT scanner.
2. An X-ray tube rotates around the patient, emitting multiple beams of radiation.
3. Detectors on the opposite side of the body capture the X-rays after they pass through the body.
4. A computer processes the data to create detailed cross-sectional images, or “slices,” of the body.
5. These slices can be viewed individually or combined to create 3D images.

CT scans use a higher radiation dose than standard X-rays but provide much more detailed images. The entire process typically takes 10-30 minutes, depending on the area being scanned.

Applications and Diagnostic Capabilities of CT Scans

CT scans are versatile diagnostic tools used in various medical fields. They can detect a wide range of conditions and abnormalities, including:

• Tumors and cancer
• Bone and joint problems
• Internal injuries and bleeding
• Cardiovascular issues
• Lung and chest problems
• Brain abnormalities
• Abdominal and pelvic disorders

Are CT scans more effective than other imaging techniques? In many cases, yes. CT scans offer several advantages:

• Higher resolution and more detailed images compared to standard X-rays
• Ability to visualize both soft tissues and bones
• Faster imaging time compared to MRI scans
• Can be performed on patients with metal implants (unlike MRI)

However, the choice between CT and other imaging methods depends on the specific diagnostic needs and the patient’s condition.

When is a CT Scan Necessary?

Healthcare providers may recommend a CT scan for various reasons:

• Diagnosing diseases or injuries
• Planning and guiding medical procedures or surgeries
• Monitoring the effectiveness of treatments
• Screening for certain conditions in high-risk individuals

Common situations where CT scans are used include:

1. Evaluating head injuries or neurological symptoms
2. Diagnosing or staging cancer
3. Detecting internal injuries after trauma
4. Identifying cardiovascular problems
5. Guiding biopsies or other minimally invasive procedures

Is a CT scan always the best choice for diagnosis? Not necessarily. The appropriateness of a CT scan depends on various factors, including the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and potential risks. Healthcare providers carefully consider these factors when recommending imaging studies.

Risks and Safety Considerations of CT Scans

While CT scans are generally safe and non-invasive, there are some potential risks to consider:

Radiation Exposure

CT scans use ionizing radiation, which can potentially increase the risk of cancer over time. However, the benefits of a medically necessary CT scan usually outweigh this small risk. To minimize radiation exposure:

• CT scans are only performed when medically necessary
• Radiation doses are kept as low as possible while maintaining image quality
• Alternative imaging methods may be used for children and pregnant women when possible

Contrast Material Reactions

Some CT scans require the use of contrast materials to enhance image quality. While rare, some patients may experience allergic reactions to these substances. Healthcare providers take precautions to minimize this risk:

• Screening patients for allergies before administering contrast
• Using alternative contrast agents for patients with known allergies
• Having emergency equipment and medications on hand in case of a reaction

Do the benefits of CT scans outweigh the risks? For most patients, yes. When medically necessary, the diagnostic information provided by CT scans is invaluable for proper treatment and can be life-saving in emergency situations.

Preparing for a CT Scan: What Patients Need to Know

Proper preparation can help ensure a successful CT scan. Here’s what patients should know:

Before the Scan

• Inform your doctor of any allergies, especially to contrast materials
• Notify your healthcare provider if you’re pregnant or think you might be
• Follow any fasting instructions if required for your specific scan
• Wear comfortable, loose-fitting clothing
• Remove metal objects, such as jewelry or dentures, before the scan

For Contrast CT Scans

If your scan requires contrast material:

• You may need to avoid eating or drinking for several hours before the scan
• Inform your doctor of any kidney problems, as this may affect contrast use
• Be prepared for a brief warm or flushed feeling when the contrast is injected

How can patients alleviate anxiety about CT scans? Being well-informed about the procedure can help reduce anxiety. Don’t hesitate to ask your healthcare provider questions about what to expect during the scan.

The CT Scan Procedure: What to Expect During and After

Understanding the CT scan process can help patients feel more comfortable. Here’s what typically happens:

During the Scan

1. You’ll lie on a table that slides into the CT scanner
2. The technologist will position you correctly for the scan
3. You’ll be asked to remain still during the imaging
4. The scanner will rotate around you, taking images
5. You may hear whirring or buzzing noises from the machine
6. The technologist will communicate with you via intercom

After the Scan

• You can usually resume normal activities immediately
• If contrast was used, drink plenty of fluids to help flush it from your system
• Your doctor will review the results and discuss them with you

How long does a CT scan take? Most scans are completed within 10-30 minutes, though the actual scanning time is often much shorter. The duration depends on the area being scanned and whether contrast is used.

Interpreting CT Scan Results: From Images to Diagnosis

After a CT scan, a radiologist interprets the images and prepares a report. Here’s how the process typically unfolds:

1. The radiologist reviews the CT images in detail
2. They compare the images to normal anatomy and look for any abnormalities
3. A report is prepared describing the findings and any potential diagnoses
4. The report is sent to the referring physician
5. Your doctor will discuss the results with you and recommend next steps

How quickly are CT scan results available? In emergency situations, preliminary results may be available within minutes. For routine scans, it usually takes a few days for the full report to be prepared and reviewed by your doctor.

Understanding CT Scan Reports

CT scan reports can be complex and filled with medical terminology. Key elements of a typical report include:

• Patient information and scan details
• Description of the area examined
• Findings, both normal and abnormal
• Comparison to previous scans, if available
• Impressions or conclusions
• Recommendations for follow-up or additional testing, if needed

Can patients request a copy of their CT scan images? Yes, patients have the right to request copies of their medical records, including imaging studies. However, interpreting CT images requires specialized training, so it’s best to discuss the results with your healthcare provider.

Advances in CT Technology: Improving Diagnosis and Patient Care

CT technology continues to evolve, offering improved diagnostic capabilities and patient experiences. Recent advances include:

Low-Dose CT Scans

These use advanced software and hardware to reduce radiation exposure while maintaining image quality. Low-dose CT is particularly beneficial for:

• Pediatric patients
• Patients requiring frequent scans
• Screening programs, such as lung cancer screening

Dual-Energy CT

This technology uses two different energy levels of X-rays to provide additional information about tissue composition. Benefits include:

• Improved differentiation between tissues
• Reduced need for multiple scans
• Enhanced detection of certain conditions, such as gout or kidney stones

4D CT Imaging

This technique captures multiple 3D images over time, allowing visualization of moving structures. Applications include:

• Cardiac imaging
• Lung function studies
• Assessment of joint motion

How do these advances impact patient care? These technologies can lead to more accurate diagnoses, reduced radiation exposure, and potentially fewer invasive procedures. They also enable earlier detection of diseases, potentially improving treatment outcomes.

Artificial Intelligence in CT Imaging

AI is increasingly being integrated into CT imaging workflows, offering several potential benefits:

• Automated image analysis to assist radiologists
• Faster scan times and image reconstruction
• Improved detection of subtle abnormalities
• Personalized scan protocols based on patient characteristics

Will AI replace radiologists in interpreting CT scans? It’s unlikely. While AI can enhance efficiency and accuracy, the expertise of trained radiologists remains crucial for interpreting complex cases and integrating imaging findings with clinical context.

As CT technology continues to advance, patients can expect more personalized, efficient, and accurate diagnostic experiences. These improvements contribute to better overall healthcare outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Acquired Apraxia of Speech

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Duffy, J. R., Strand, E. A., & Josephs, K. A. (2014). Motor speech disorders associated with primary progressive aphasia. Aphasiology, 28(8–9), 1004–1017. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2013.869307

Duffy, J. R., Utianski, R. L., & Josephs, K. A. (2020). Primary progressive apraxia of speech: From recognition to diagnosis and care. Aphasiology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2020.1787732

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Haley, K. L., Cunningham, K. T., Jacks, A., Richardson, J. D., Harmon, T., & Turkeltaub, P. E. (2020). Repeated word production is inconsistent in both aphasia and apraxia of speech. Aphasiology. Advance online publication. https://doi. org/10.1080/02687038.2020.1727837

Haley, K. L., Jacks, A., de Riesthal, M., Abou-Khalil, R., & Roth, H. L. (2012). Toward a quantitative basis for assessment and diagnosis of apraxia of speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55(5), S1502–S1517. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0318)

Haley, K. L., Jacks, A., Richardson, J. D., & Wambaugh, J. L. (2017). Perceptually salient sound distortions and apraxia of speech: A performance continuum. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26(2S), 631–640. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_AJSLP-16-0103

Henry, M. L., Hubbard, H. I., Grasso, S. M., Mandelli, M. L., Wilson, S. M., Sathishkumar, M. T., Fridriksson, J., Daigle, W., Boxer, A. L., Miller, B. L., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2018). Retraining speech production and fluency in non-fluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia. Brain, 141(6), 1799–1814. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy101

Holland, A. , Milman, L., Munoz, M., & Bays, G. (2002, June). Scripts in the management of aphasia [Paper presentation]. World Federation of Neurology Aphasia and Cognitive Disorders Section Meeting, Villefranche, France.

Howard, S., & Varley, R. (1995). III: EPG in therapy using electropalatography to treat severe acquired apraxia of speech. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 30(2), 246–255. https://doi.org/10.3109/13682829509082535

Jung, Y., Duffy, J. R., & Josephs, K. A. (2013). Primary progressive aphasia and apraxia of speech. Seminars in Neurology, 33(4), 342–347. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1359317

Katz, W. F., Bharadwaj, S. V., & Carstens, B. (1999). Electromagnetic articulography treatment for an adult with Broca’s aphasia and apraxia of speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42(6), 1355–1366. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4206.1355

Katz, W. F., McNeil, M. R., & Garst, D. M. (2010). Treating apraxia of speech (AOS) with EMA-supplied visual augmented feedback. Aphasiology, 24(6–8), 826–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687030903518176

Knock, T. R., Ballard, K. J., Robin, D. A., & Schmidt, R. A. (2000). Influence of order of stimulus presentation on speech motor learning: A principled approach to treatment for apraxia of speech. Aphasiology, 14(5–6), 653–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/026870300401379

Lasker, J. P., & Bedrosian, J. L. (2001). Promoting acceptance of augmentative and alternative communication by adults with acquired communication disorders. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 17(3), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/aac.17.3.141.153

Lasker, J. P., Stierwalt, J. A. G., Hageman, C. F., & LaPointe, L. L. (2008). Using motor learning guided theory and augmentative and alternative communication to improve speech production in profound apraxia: A case example. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 16(4), 225–233.

Maas, E., Robin, D. A., Austermann Hula, S. N., Freedman, S. E., Wulf, G., Ballard, K. J., & Schmidt, R. A. (2008). Principles of motor learning in treatment of motor speech disorders. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(3), 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2008/025)

Marangolo, P., Marinelli, C. V., Bonifazi, S., Fiori, V., Ceravolo, M. G., Provinciali, L., & Tomaiuolo, F. (2011). Electrical stimulation over the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) determines long-term effects in the recovery of speech apraxia in three chronic aphasics. Behavioural Brain Research, 225(2), 498–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.008

Martin, V. C., Kubitz, K. R., & Maher, L. M. (2001). Melodic intonation therapy. Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders, 11(3), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1044/nnsld11.3.33

Mauszycki, S. C., & Wambaugh, J. L. (2008). The effects of rate control treatment on consonant production accuracy in mild apraxia of speech. Aphasiology, 22(7–8), 906–920. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687030701800818

Mauszycki, S. C., & Wambaugh, J. L. (2011, May). Acquired apraxia of speech: A treatment overview. The ASHA Leader, 16(5), 16–19. https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.FTR2.16052011.16

McNeil, M. R., Pratt, S. R., & Fossett, T. R. (2004). The differential diagnosis of apraxia of speech. In B. Maassen, R. Kent, H. Peters, P. van Lieshout, & W. Hulstijn (Eds.), Speech motor control in normal and disordered speech (pp. 389–413). Oxford University Press.

McNeil, M. R., Robin, D. A., & Schmidt, R. A. (2009). Apraxia of speech: Definition and differential diagnosis (2nd ed.). In M. R. McNeil (Ed.), Clinical management of sensorimotor speech disorders (pp. 249–268). Thieme.

Odell, K. H. (2002). Considerations in target selection in apraxia of speech treatment. Seminars in Speech and Language, 23(4), 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-35803

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Schor, A., Aichert, I., & Ziegler, W. (2012). A motor learning perspective on phonetic syllable kinships: How training effects transfer from learned to new syllables in severe apraxia of speech. Aphasiology, 26(7), 880–894. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2012.660458

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Wambaugh, J. L., Nessler, C., Wright, S., Mauszycki, S., & DeLong, C. (2016). Sound production treatment for acquired apraxia of speech: Effects of blocked and random practice on multisyllabic word production. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(5), 450–464. https://doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2015.1101161

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To cook manti, you need a manti-kaskan, it is also a mantyshnitsa or …: red_cat — LiveJournal

To cook manti, you need a manti-kaskan, it is also a mantyshnitsa or a pressure cooker. It is a construction of two pans, the top without a bottom, four grates with holes and a protrusion in the center are inserted into it, on which the next grate rests, the lid is on top. Another variety is five pans inserted into each other, the lower one is large ordinary, the upper 4 are low and perforated. Top of the lid. By the way, that’s exactly what I have, I’ll take a picture later. I heard that someone manages to cook manti in a double boiler and even in a colander placed on an ordinary pan and covered with a lid, but I have not seen these people with my own eyes.

It’s easy. I take lamb (or beef), pulp with fat, about half a kilo, and chop into minced meat. How? With a fillet knife, cut off a thin long layer of meat, cut into thin strips along, unfold for convenience, cut (chopped) across. It turns out meat cubes with a face of a millimeter and a half or two, depending on how lazy you are. Onion, as much as was taken, finely cut. Greens (dill, parsley, cilantro, if there are lovers), again finely chop (cut). Mix everything, add salt, crushed black pepper (a lot). If the stuffing comes out dry, it makes sense to add a) a little chopped bacon or b) finely chopped zucchini, pumpkin.

Next is the dough. Flour, water, salt. You can curse me and annoy me, but I make a simple cool dough by eye and touch, without measuring the proportions. I just pour a little, a glass or two according to sensations, flour into a voluminous bowl (I’ll take a picture later), add a pinch of salt and cold water – well, half a glass, let’s say. I mix well and, continuing to knead, I begin to gradually add flour. Continuing to knead. Quiet until the dough becomes firm and elastic. Tight, you know? Not “like the belly of a sleeping cat” (this definition is suitable for yeast dough). denser. It makes sense to beat the dough on the table – pick it up and drop it back with force, only without fanaticism, ten times is enough.

Then flatten the dough into a thick “sausage”, cut off (tear off) proportionate pieces and roll out on a table lightly powdered with flour. Also wipe the rolling pin with flour. Roll out thinly, aiming for a square in shape. Cut the rolled out layer of dough with a knife into squares, I usually get 9 pieces from one layer, each with a side of 12-14 centimeters.

Continue sculpting. Minced meat in the center, connect the corners of the square in the center above the minced meat, pinch, and also pinch the edges of the dough brought together. It turns out such a plump “envelope”. Bring together the corners of the “envelope” in pairs, pinch. You get a boat. The process, if it is not clear described, I will then take a picture, is it necessary?

There you go. Now you put the finished manti on the grids of the upper pan (pots) greased with vegetable oil, and in the lower one you already have boiling water (salted, with a couple of allspice peas and herbs and spices to taste). Reduce the fire, stack all the pans (grids) on top of each other, top with a lid. Boil half an hour – 40 minutes. Serve, laying out on a larger dish, eat with your hands, with sour cream, sour cream with garlic and herbs, with tzatziki (why not), some people eat with vinegar.

Filling options: minced meat in half with white cabbage stewed in a saucepan (with cumin, in vegetable oil), vegetables – from cabbage and onions, and (or) zucchini, and (or) pumpkin (everything in a crowd, again, darken in a saucepan – well, like on pies, say), from potatoes, onions, herbs, garlic (boil potatoes, mash in mashed potatoes with an egg, add stewed finely chopped onions, chopped garlic and herbs, salt and pepper). If the filling is only vegetable, you can also add one egg to the dough.

MANTI very tasty! Mantovarka KASKAN! food (tv genre) recipe what to cook for the new year

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1 year and 4 months ago

Pleasant Minute35 followers

throw something in turn into the pan 🍲 or stir so that it doesn’t burn 🥘 – then they come to the rescue MANTY 🥟 – satisfying, tasty and convenient!
Grocery list:
1. 3 chicken legs
2. 3 medium potatoes.
3. 2-3 medium bulbs.
4. 250 ml of boiled water at room temperature.
5. 500-600 gr – flour.
6. Salt, pepper.
Cooking method.
For filling:
Cut the chicken meat into cubes, separating the potatoes from the bones and cubes. Add chopped onion smaller than meat and potatoes to the filling. Salt and pepper to taste.
For test:
Dilute 1 tsp of salt in water. Then add flour and knead the dough until it sticks to the board and hands.
We form a sausage from the dough, cut it into portioned pieces, roll them out with a rolling pin, apply the filling, fix it and put it in a pressure cooker pre-lubricated with butter.
From the moment of boiling, cook for 40-60 minutes. Juicy steam manty is ready!
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version for English-speaking friends

When you stand at the stove and do not want to follow its preparation,
something in turn to throw in a pan or stir so as not to burn something come to help they are DUMPLINGS-a hearty and tasty!

product list:
3 chicken legs
3 medium potatoes.