What are the common causes of headaches? What are the symptoms of different types of headaches? How can headaches be treated? Discover the answers to these questions and more.

Understanding the Causes of Headaches

Headaches can have a variety of causes, ranging from stress and dietary factors to hormonal changes and environmental triggers. By identifying the underlying causes, individuals can take steps to prevent and manage their headaches more effectively.

The Role of Stress in Headaches

Stress is a common trigger for both tension headaches and migraines. When we experience stress, it can lead to tight muscles in the shoulders and neck, which can then translate to pain felt in the head. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or yoga, can be an effective way to prevent and alleviate headaches.

Dietary Factors and Headaches

What we eat can have a significant impact on our susceptibility to headaches. Hunger, as well as the consumption of certain foods and additives, can trigger migraines and tension headaches. Keeping a food diary can help individuals identify their personal dietary triggers and make adjustments to their diet accordingly.

The Impact of Alcohol and Caffeine on Headaches

Alcohol, particularly red wine, is a known trigger for migraines and cluster headaches. The reason for this is not entirely clear, but it may be related to the components in the alcohol or the body’s response to it. Similarly, abruptly stopping caffeine intake can also lead to withdrawal headaches, as caffeine can constrict blood vessels.

Environmental Factors and Headaches

Certain environmental factors, such as bright light, strong scents, and changes in weather or humidity, can also contribute to the onset of headaches, particularly migraines. Understanding and avoiding these triggers can be helpful in managing and preventing headaches.

Hormonal Changes and Headaches

Fluctuations in hormone levels, especially estrogen, can be a significant factor in the development of migraines, particularly in women. Menstrual cycles, perimenopause, and the use of hormonal contraceptives or therapies can all influence the prevalence and severity of headaches.

The Importance of Sleep in Headache Management

Lack of sleep is closely associated with both migraines and tension headaches. Ensuring that you get enough quality sleep can be an important step in preventing and managing headaches. If sleep issues persist, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider.

Common Types of Headaches and Their Symptoms

There are several common types of headaches, each with its own unique set of symptoms. Tension headaches, migraines, and cluster headaches are among the most prevalent and can be distinguished by the location, intensity, and accompanying symptoms of the pain.

Tension Headaches

Tension headaches are characterized by a dull, aching pain that often starts in the neck and works its way up to the head, creating a feeling of pressure or tightness around the head. The pain is typically not as severe as that associated with migraines and may be relieved with rest or over-the-counter pain medication.

Migraine Headaches

Migraines are typically characterized by a throbbing or pounding pain that is often isolated to one side of the head. They are frequently accompanied by sensitivity to light and sound, as well as nausea or vomiting. Migraines can last for hours or even days and can be debilitating for those who experience them.

Cluster Headaches

Cluster headaches are a rare and particularly severe type of headache that feels like a stabbing pain in or around the eye. They may also cause tearing, redness, or nasal congestion in the affected eye. Cluster headaches occur in patterns, with episodes lasting for weeks or months, followed by periods of remission.

Treating and Preventing Headaches

There are a variety of treatments available for managing headaches, ranging from over-the-counter medications to prescription drugs, as well as non-pharmacological approaches like acupuncture, meditation, and relaxation therapy. Identifying and avoiding known triggers can also be an effective way to prevent headaches from occurring in the first place.

Conclusion

Headaches are a common and often debilitating condition, but by understanding the underlying causes and taking steps to address them, individuals can find relief and improve their overall quality of life. By keeping a headache diary, adopting healthy lifestyle habits, and working with healthcare providers, individuals can develop effective strategies for managing and preventing their headaches.

Top 7 reasons you have a headache

When a bad headache strikes, you just want it to end. The aching, throbbing pain can be debilitating and result in missed appointments, work, or time with family and friends.

Regardless of whether you are prone to migraines, tension headaches, or cluster headaches (see “Is this your headache?”), you may be able to reduce their frequency by identifying what brings them on. Here’s a look at the most common triggers for each of these kinds of headaches.

Stress

Stress can cause tight muscles in the shoulders and neck, which often leads to tension headaches. “It’s believed to start in the muscles. When tension headaches become frequent, the pain in shoulder and neck muscles is felt by the brain as pain in the head,” says Dr. Sait Ashina, a neurologist who specializes in headache treatment at Harvard-affiliated Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Stress is also a common trigger for migraines.

Diet

Hunger itself can trigger a migraine or tension headache. But eating certain foods may trigger migraines. It could be just one type of food — like beans or nuts — or many foods, such as avocados, bananas, cheese, chocolate, citrus, herring, dairy products, and onions. “Processed foods with nitrites, nitrates, yellow food dyes, or monosodium glutamate can be especially problematic,” Dr. Ashina notes.

Alcohol intake

Alcohol is a common cause of migraine and cluster headaches. For some people, a few ounces of red wine are all it takes to provoke a headache, although any kind of alcohol can be a trigger. It’s not clear if the alcohol itself is to blame or if another component in the drink causes the problem.

Environment

“Cluster headaches seem to be seasonal and often happen in the spring or fall,” Dr. Ashina says. “It’s something in the environment, but we can’t tell exactly what it is yet.” Environmental factors such as bright light, smoke, humidity, intense scents, or cold weather are associated with migraine headaches.

Hormones

Changes in estrogen levels are associated with migraines in women, and women suffer from migraines more often than men. Menstrual cycles may be tied to migraine in younger women. Varying estrogen levels during perimenopause can sometimes start migraines in women who never experienced them before. Estrogen therapy may also be a migraine trigger. Menopause does seem to end migraines in most women.

Caffeine withdrawal

If you normally consume caffeine in coffee or tea, stopping intake abruptly may trigger a migraine. This may be because caffeine causes blood vessels to constrict; without caffeine, the blood vessels widen and bulge out with each heartbeat — a chief reason for the pounding pain of migraines.

Lack of sleep

A lack of sleep is associated with migraines and tension headaches. “We don’t know why, but we do know there’s a correlation and that sleep can lead to pain relief. Sometimes people feel better after taking a nap,” Dr. Ashina says.

What you can do

Understanding your headache triggers can help you avoid getting headaches in the future. But identifying triggers can be tricky, especially if you have more than one (like several kinds of food). Dr. Ashina recommends keeping a diary to note the day, time, symptoms, and circumstances surrounding a headache (what had you eaten? where did it happen?).

If avoiding triggers isn’t enough to keep headaches at bay, talk to your doctor. There are many prescription medications as well as pill-free treatments (acupuncture, meditation, biofeedback, relaxation therapy) that can help reduce headache frequency.

And you’ll need to go a step further: “Make sure you get enough sleep, exercise, eat a healthy diet, limit alcohol intake, and reduce stress,” Dr. Ashina says. “Headaches are a condition of hypersensitivity, so you need balance in your system to fight triggers.”

Image: © peterschreiber.media/Getty Images

11 types of headaches: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

There are many different types and causes of headaches, such as migraine, tension-type, cluster, sinus, and hypnic headaches. Medication overuse can also lead to a headache when a person stops using pain relief or other drugs after using them for some time.

Headaches are a common complaint — the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that almost half of all adults will have experienced at least one headache within the last year.

While they can sometimes be painful and debilitating, a person can treat most of them with simple pain relievers, and they will go away within several hours. However, repeated attacks or certain types of headaches could indicate a more serious health condition.

The International Classification of Headache Disorders defines more than 150 different types of headaches, which it divides into two main categories: primary and secondary.

A primary headache is not due to another condition — it is the condition itself. Examples include migraine and tension headaches. In contrast, a secondary headache has a separate underlying cause, such as a head injury or sudden caffeine withdrawal.

This article explores some of the most common types of headaches, along with their causes, treatment, prevention, and when to speak with a doctor.

A headache with migraine often involves intense throbbing pain on one side of the head.

A person may experience a heightened sensitivity to light, sound, and smell. Nausea and vomiting are also common.

Around 25% of people with migraine experience an aura before the headache starts. These are visual and sensory disturbances that typically last 5–60 minutes and include:

• seeing zig-zagging lines, flickering lights, or spots
• partial loss of vision
• numbness
• tingling
• muscle weakness
• difficulty speaking or finding words

Be aware that aura symptoms could also indicate stroke or meningitis. Anyone experiencing these for the first time should seek immediate medical attention.

Migraine headaches tend to be recurrent, and each attack can last from a few hours to several days. For many, it is a lifelong condition.

Health experts do not understand the causes of migraine fully. However, it often runs in families and is more common in people with certain preexisting conditions, such as depression and epilepsy.

Triggers of migraine could include:

• stress and anxiety
• sleep disruption
• hormonal changes
• skipping meals
• dehydration
• some foods and medications
• bright lights and loud noise

Treatment

Treatment will depend on various factors, including how severe the symptoms are, how often they occur, and whether the person experiences nausea and vomiting.

Treatment options include:

• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin, or acetaminophen
• triptans, such as sumatriptan, which need a prescription
• antiemetics, such as metoclopramide, to manage nausea and vomiting

Neurostimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, may also help.

A person can also ease attacks by:

• resting in a dark, quiet place
• placing an ice pack or a cold cloth on the forehead
• drinking water

People with chronic migraine should speak with a doctor about preventive treatment. A healthcare professional may diagnose chronic migraine if a person has an episode on more than 15 days per month or if symptoms occur on at least 8 days a month for 3 months.

Drug options for migraine prevention include:

• topiramate (Topamax)
• propranolol
• amitriptyline

Other management choices to consider are dietary changes, stress management, and acupuncture.

Get some tips on managing migraine through lifestyle strategies.

Tension-type headaches affect most people at some time. They present as a dull, constant pain on both sides of the head. Other symptoms can include:

• tenderness of the face, head, neck, and shoulders
• a feeling of pressure behind the eyes
• sensitivity to light and sound

These headaches can last from 30 minutes to several hours.

What causes tension headaches is unclear, but stress, anxiety, and depression are common triggers. Other potential triggers include:

• dehydration
• loud noise
• lack of exercise
• insufficient quality sleep
• posture
• skipped meals
• eye strain

Treatment

Over-the-counter (OTC) painkillers, such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and aspirin, are usually very effective in stopping or reducing pain. Individuals experiencing headaches on more than 15 days per month over 90 days should consult a doctor.

Lifestyle changes and some treatments may help prevent tension headaches. These can include:

• getting enough sleep
• regular exercise and stretching
• improving sitting and standing posture
• having an eye test
• management of stress, anxiety, or depression
• acupuncture

Cluster headaches are severe and recurrent headaches. They are six times more likely to affect males than females. People describe an intense burning or piercing pain behind or around one eye.

Other symptoms can include:

• watering eyes
• swollen eyelid
• a blocked or a runny nose
• sensitivity to light and sound
• restlessness or agitation

Cluster headaches usually come on suddenly and without warning and last between 15 minutes and 3 hours. People can experience up to eight attacks a day.

These attacks tend to occur in daily clusters and can persist for weeks or months. They also tend to start at consistent times, often a couple of hours after falling asleep at night.

Any person experiencing these symptoms, which can sometimes resemble hay fever, should consult their doctor.

The cause of cluster headaches is unclear, but they are more likely to occur in smokers. People should avoid alcohol during attack periods.

Treatment

Treatment aims to reduce the severity and frequency of the attacks. Options include:

• oxygen therapy
• sumatriptan
• verapamil
• steroids
• melatonin
• lithium

Deep-brain stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation also show promise in treating cluster headaches that do not respond to medication.

Exertional headaches are due to strenuous physical exercise, with the following triggers:

• running
• jumping
• weight lifting
• sexual intercourse
• bouts of coughing or sneezing

These headaches are usually very short-lived but can sometimes last up to 2 days. They present as a throbbing pain throughout the head and are more common in those with a family history of migraine.

Individuals experiencing cluster headaches for the first time should see speak with a doctor, as they could be a sign of something serious.

Treatment

Treatment for exertional headaches includes using:

• OTC pain relief
• beta-blockers, such as propanolol
• indomethacin

Sometimes, exertional headaches may result from cardiovascular problems. If so, a doctor may recommend tests to check a person’s cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health.

A hypnic headache is a rare condition that usually begins when people are in their 50s, but it can start sooner. People also refer to them as “alarm clock” headaches, and they wake individuals during the night.

A hypnic headache consists of mild-to-moderate throbbing pain, usually in both sides of the head. It can last for up to 3 hours, while other symptoms may include nausea and sensitivity to light and sound.

People can experience several attacks each week. The cause of hypnic headaches is not clear, and there are no known triggers.

Although hypnic headaches are harmless, an older adult who experiences any unusual headaches for the first time should seek medical advice. A doctor may wish to rule out migraine and cluster headaches.

Treatment

Treatment options for hypnic headaches include:

• caffeine
• indomethacin
• lithium

A medication-overuse headache (MOH) — sometimes known as a rebound headache — is the most common type of secondary headache. A MOH features frequent or daily headaches with symptoms similar to those of tension headaches or migraine.

These headaches initially respond to painkillers but then reoccur sometime later.

A doctor may diagnose MOH if a person has a headache disorder and has also taken pain relief medication on at least 15 days in a month.

Drugs that can cause MOH include:

• opioids
• acetaminophen
• triptans, such as sumatriptan
• NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen

A MOH can still occur despite taking these medications. However, a MOH mainly seems to develop in people taking painkillers specifically to treat a headache.

Treatment

The only treatment for MOH is to stop taking the medication causing the headaches. However, anyone stopping medication should only do so under the supervision of a doctor. The doctor can help devise a plan and may prescribe alternative medicines to ease the withdrawal process.

After stopping the drug, a person is likely to experience:

• worsened headaches
• nausea and vomiting
• increased heart rate
• low blood pressure
• sleep disturbance
• restlessness, anxiety, and nervousness

A doctor may prescribe medication, such as antiemetics, to help relieve these symptoms to manage nausea and vomiting. The symptoms usually last for 2–10 days but can persist for up to 4 weeks.

A doctor will advise on suitable pain relief medication to use after resolving a MOH.

The following steps can help prevent MOH:

• avoiding the use of codeine and opioids
• limiting the use of pain relief medication for headaches
• using preventive medications for a chronic migraine

Sinus headaches occur with sinusitis — an inflammation of the sinuses. It usually results from an infection or an allergy.

The symptoms consist of a dull, throbbing ache around the eyes, cheeks, and forehead. The pain may worsen with movement or straining and can sometimes spread to the teeth and jaw.

Other possible symptoms include:

• facial pressure or pain
• reduced sense of smell
• nasal discharge
• a blocked nose
• fever
• fatigue
• ear pain
• bad breath
• cough
• dental pain
• a general feeling of being unwell

Sinus headaches are quite rare. If there are no nasal symptoms, a headache of this nature is more likely to be a migraine attack.

Treatment

Sinusitis usually goes away within 2–3 weeks.

Treatment options include:

• rest
• drinking fluids
• OTC pain relief
• nasal decongestants
• saltwater nasal sprays or solutions from the pharmacy
• antihistamines
• steroid nasal sprays, available on prescription
• antibiotics, if a doctor finds there is a bacterial infection

People should speak with a doctor if symptoms do not improve within a week or become severe.

To diagnose the underlying cause of sinusitis, a doctor may refer an individual to an ear, nose, and throat specialist. In some cases, minor surgery may be necessary to drain the sinuses.

Tips for preventing sinusitis include avoiding smoking and known triggers.

Read some tips on how to treat a sinus infection.

A high caffeine intake — more than 400 milligrams (mg), or around 4 cups of coffee per day — can sometimes lead to headaches.

In people consuming more than 200 mg of caffeine daily for over 2 weeks, withdrawal may result in migraine-like headaches. These typically develop 12–24 hours after stopping abruptly. They peak at 20–51 hours and can last 2–9 days.

Other possible symptoms include:

• tiredness
• difficulty concentrating
• reduced mood or irritability
• nausea

The effects of caffeine vary from person to person, but reducing intake could decrease the risk of getting headaches. Limiting caffeine consumption may help people who have chronic migraine.

Is caffeine bad for you?

Sometimes, a person develops a headache immediately or soon after a head injury.

OTC pain relief often resolves this. However, if symptoms are severe or get worse over time, an individual should seek immediate medical attention.

Always call an ambulance for a serious head injury or if the following symptoms occur after a head injury:

• unconsciousness
• seizures
• vomiting
• memory loss
• confusion
• vision or hearing problems

Post-traumatic headaches can also develop months after the original head injury, making them difficult to diagnose. They can sometimes occur daily and persist for up to 12 months.

Even a small blow to the head can result in a traumatic brain injury. Learn more here about how to recognize it and what to do.

Headaches are often due to changes in hormone levels. Migraine may occur around menstruation from changes in estrogen levels.

Hormone-related headaches often develop 2 days before or 3 days after a period or during ovulation. Symptoms are similar to migraine without aura, but they can last longer.

Hormone-related headaches can also result from:

• oral contraceptives
• menopause
• pregnancy

Treatment

Treatment for a menstrual headache is the same as the treatment for migraine without aura. Doctors can advise about possible preventive measures, such as:

• hormonal therapy
• taking a triptan or NSAID around the time of periods
• alternative oral contraception plans, such as omitting the pill-free break
• hormone replacement therapy for those undergoing menopause

What is a menstrual migraine?

Consuming excessive alcohol can lead to a throbbing headache the following day or even later that day. These migraine-like headaches usually occur on both sides of the head and can worsen from movement.

Someone with a hangover headache may also experience nausea and sensitivity to light.

Treatment

There are no cures for hangovers, but it is possible to relieve symptoms by drinking plenty of water and eating sugary foods. OTC painkillers may help reduce or stop the headache.

Symptoms of hangovers tend to go away within 72 hours.

Ways of reducing the risk of a hangover include:

• drinking in moderation
• not drinking on an empty stomach
• drinking water between alcoholic beverages and before going to bed

Find some more tips for managing a hangover headache.

To discover more evidence-based information and resources for headache and migraine, visit our dedicated hub.

Was this helpful?

Headaches are a common problem, but most people can manage them with OTC pain relief, such as acetaminophen.

However, anyone who experiences severe, persistent, recurrent, or worsening headaches should consult a doctor. An individual should seek immediate medical assistance if they have a headache:

• that starts suddenly and is extremely painful
• following a significant blow to the head
• with confusion or disturbed vision, balance, or speech
• with numbness or weakness
• with fever, seizures, or unconsciousness
• with a stiff neck or rash
• with persistent vomiting

Children who have recurring headaches should also speak with a doctor as soon as possible.

Headaches can affect many people. Often, taking OTC pain relief, such as NSAIDs, will resolve them. However, in some cases, headaches may indicate a medical issue.

Cluster, migraine, and medication-overuse headaches are all types of headaches that may benefit from medical help and possibly prescription medication.

Anyone with concerns about persistent headaches should seek medical advice, as they can sometimes indicate an underlying disorder.

Read this article in Spanish.

Headache – causes, in which diseases it occurs, diagnosis and treatment methods

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Headache – the causes of the appearance, in which diseases it occurs, diagnosis and methods of treatment.
The basis of the headache is irritation of pain receptors located in:

• dura mater and brain vessels;
• periosteum of the skull, vessels of the soft tissues of the head, muscles.

The brain tissue itself does not contain pain receptors.

Types of headaches (cephalgia)

Headaches are divided into primary and secondary. Headache is considered primary if it is the main manifestation of brain disease, such as migraine and tension-type headache.

Secondary headache is a symptom of other disorders, such as head trauma, chronic cerebral ischemia, viral diseases, diseases of the cervical spine, etc.

Let’s take a look at the four most common types of headaches.

Possible causes

Tension headache

Tension headache is the most common form of primary headache. Psycho-emotional stress, depression, anxiety and various phobias, overstrain of the muscles of the shoulder girdle are the main causes of tension headaches.

Migraine headache

Migraines are about three times more common in women than in men, and about 60-70% of all migraines in women are so-called menstrual migraines. However, the causes and mechanism of development of migraine attacks are not fully understood. At any age, both in men and women, migraine attacks can be provoked by emotional and physical overload, malnutrition, drinking alcohol, changing weather conditions, harsh noise, strong odors, etc.

Headache with colds

Headache with colds is caused by hyperthermia and the damaging effect of microbial toxins on brain cells.

Headache in chronic cerebral ischemia

The cause of this pain, which is the most common secondary headache in elderly patients, is the pathology of the cerebral vessels, in which blood circulation is disturbed and the blood supply to the brain tissues deteriorates.

The result is progressive brain dysfunction.

What diseases occur

Tension headache

Tension headache is based on irritation of the structures of the central nervous system (CNS), called the nociceptive system. Myogenic, stress, psychogenic headaches are tension headaches.

Most often, tension headache occurs at a young and working age.

In cases of tension headache, the person experiences bilateral, usually mild, pressing and squeezing, monotonous and dull headaches. Attacks of such pain are accompanied by fatigue, nervousness, impaired appetite and sleep, and decreased performance. The duration of the attack is from 30 minutes to several days.

Migraine headache

Indicates only one disease – migraine, since the attacks of such cephalalgia have a peculiar character. Migraine pain is paroxysmal, throbbing, of moderate or severe intensity. It covers half of the head.

The pain may be aggravated by physical activity, tilting the head, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting.

Bright light, sharp sound, strong smell increase the pain. A migraine attack may be preceded by an aura lasting up to one hour – a collection of visual, auditory, olfactory or other neurological symptoms.
Headache with colds

Occurs with most acute and chronic diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract caused by bacteria or viruses. In some cases, the intensity of such cephalgia correlates with the severity of fever, the strength of the cough, sore throat and other symptoms. The pain most often spreads throughout the head.

Headache in chronic cerebral ischemia

ic brain injury). In the clinical picture of chronic cerebral ischemia, dizziness, cognitive decline, emotional lability (unstable mood), motor-coordination disorders, and perception disorders (tinnitus, “flies” before the eyes) become indispensable companions of headaches. Headaches are usually mild, distributed throughout the head, and prolonged.

Diagnostics and examinations

Tension headache and migraine headache, headache with colds

Diagnosis is made by a neurologist based on the analysis mnesia and evaluation of patient complaints.

Headache in chronic cerebral ischemia

Radiological examination (doppler ultrasound of cerebral vessels) is the key in chronic cerebral ischemia

Duplex scanning of the brachiocephalic arteries with color Doppler flow mapping

Examination to evaluate blood flow in the vertebral and carotid arteries.

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USG recognizes only relatively large stenoses of cerebral vessels caused by atherosclerotic plaques. CT

CT of the brain and skull

Scanning of the brain, skull and surrounding tissues, which allows diagnosing various pathologies.

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and MRI

CT scan of the brain and skull

Scanning of the brain, skull and surrounding tissues, which allows diagnosing various pathologies.

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Contrast injection

The contrast agent is administered intravenously.

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MRI of the brain

Safe and informative scanning of brain structures for the diagnosis of its pathologies.

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also distinguish between extensive brain lesions due to strokes, but not finely diffuse foci characteristic of chronic cerebral ischemia. In chronic cerebral ischemia, conservative treatment is prescribed.

What should you do when you see one?

Pain is always a sign of a malfunction in the body. You can not tolerate pain or self-medicate. With regular headaches (more than five times a month), it is necessary to consult a doctor as soon as possible.

Tension headache

Stop pain attack with analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antispasmodics. It is important to remember that many analgesics cannot be taken in the presence of chronic diseases (in particular, with lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys). Indications and contraindications for the use of certain drugs should be discussed with your doctor.

Migraine headache

Patients with mild attacks are recommended to use NSAIDs and analgesics, with moderate and severe manifestations – specific anti-migraine drugs prescribed by a neurologist after a comprehensive examination.

Cold headache

The main way to deal with such pain is to treat a cold.

Headache in chronic cerebral ischemia

An important aspect of therapy is the fight against atherosclerotic changes in the vessels and cerebral ischemia. It is also necessary to monitor the manifestations of concomitant diseases, for example, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus.

Which doctors should I contact?

Tension headache:

• neurologist, psychotherapist;

Migraine headache:

• see a neurologist,
  therapist

Headache with colds:

• k
  therapist, ENT doctor;

Headache with chronic cerebral ischemia:

• k
  neurologist, and
  cardiologist and
  endocrinologist.

Mandatory control of diseases included in the metabolic syndrome group: type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2), hypertension, obesity and atherosclerosis.

Treatment

Tension-type headache

Most patients with tension-type headache require therapy prescribed by a psychotherapist and a neurologist. It is also important to pay attention to relaxation and adequate physical activity.

Migraine headache

Treatment includes relief and prevention of attacks.

Headache with colds

Therapy is aimed at treating the underlying disease.

Headache in chronic cerebral ischemia

As a rule, most patients suffer from several diseases, each of which negatively affects the state of cerebral vessels. Thus, the most reliable way to stop the progression of chronic cerebral ischemia is to prevent complications of diseases that are part of the metabolic syndrome group (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, etc.), which are dangerous in terms of worsening cerebral blood flow.
It is important to give up bad habits (smoking, alcohol abuse, drug use) and follow a diet that includes a large amount of fresh fruits and vegetables and a minimum amount of trans fats.

If chronic ischemia is accompanied by hypertension or diabetes mellitus, daily monitoring of blood pressure and blood glucose levels is advisable. It is necessary to undergo laboratory and instrumental examinations with a certain frequency. You should visit a cardiologist and an endocrinologist at least once a year.

Once every three months, you should take a clinical

Clinical blood test: general analysis, leukoformula, ESR (with microscopy of a blood smear in the presence of pathological changes)

Synonyms: Complete blood count, UAC. Full blood count, FBC, Complete blood count (CBC) with differential white blood cell count (CBC with diff), Hemogram.
Brief description of the study CBC: general a…

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and blood chemistry,

Blood chemistry: minimal profile

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in which attention to the level of glucose

Glucose (in the blood) (Glucose)

Research material

Serum or blood plasma. If it is not possible to centrifuge the sample 30 minutes after collection for serum/plasma separation…

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glycated hemoglobin,

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1С, Glycated Hemoglobin)

Synonyms: Blood test for glycated hemoglobin. Glycohemoglobin; HbA1c; Hemoglobin A1c; A1c; HgbA1c; Hb1c.

Brief characteristics of the analyte Glycated hemo…

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lipid metabolism indicators

Lipid profile: extended

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and blood coagulation system,

Hemostasiogram (coagulogram), screening

Synonyms: Hemostasiogram, coagulogram.
Coagulation studies (coagulation profile, coag panel, coagulogram).
Profile Composition:
No. 2 Prothrombin (prothrombin time, prothrombin (according to Quick), INR …

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it is also necessary to undergo an electrocardiographic study (ECG),

ECG in 5 minutes

Examination of the functional capabilities of the heart – quickly, painlessly and informatively.

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Echocardiography.

Echocardiography

Examination to assess functional and organic changes in the heart, its contractility, as well as the state of the valvular apparatus.

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If abnormalities occur, you may need to take antidiabetic drugs, statins, or anticoagulants. Ultrasound should be performed at least twice a year

Duplex scanning of the brachiocephalic arteries with color Doppler flow mapping

Examination to evaluate blood flow in the vertebral and carotid arteries.

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to control the progression of atherosclerosis of cerebral and aortic vessels.

Sources:

1. Clinical guidelines “Migraine”. Developed by: All-Russian Society of Neurologists, Russian Society for the Study of Headache. – 2021.
2. Clinical guidelines “Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) in adults.” Developed by: National Scientific Society of Infectionists, Russian Scientific Medical Society of Therapists. – 2021.

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.
For a correct assessment of the results of your analyzes in dynamics, it is preferable to do studies in the same laboratory, since different laboratories can use different research methods and units of measurement to perform the same analyzes.

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Tears are a universal remedy for moisturizing the cornea, removal of foreign particles from the eyeball and its disinfection. Normally, a healthy person secretes about 1 ml of tear fluid per day. Tears produced by the lacrimal glands enter the canals that connect to the lacrimal sac.

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9003 2 Delayed speech development

Delayed speech development: causes of occurrence, in what diseases it occurs, diagnosis and methods of treatment.

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Meningitis 90 003

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“Memory lapses” means complete or partial loss of memories.

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Disorders of the vestibular apparatus

Disorders of the vestibular apparatus: causes, in which diseases it occurs, diagnosis and methods of treatment.

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HEADACHE – Hadassah Medical Moscow

Traditional migraine therapy consists of behavioral therapy, relief of an already developed attack and preventive treatment aimed at preventing attacks. Behavioral therapy, a necessary step in effective patient management, is carried out during a conversation with the patient and includes: explaining the benign nature of migraine, dissuading the presence of an organic disease, discussing the role of attack triggers and the need to avoid them, risk factors for migraine chronicity (taking a large number of painkillers, stress , psycho-emotional states), as well as the rationale for treatment tactics (mechanisms of action of prescribed drugs).

Treatment of a migraine attack is prescribed depending on its intensity and the degree of maladaptation of the patient. With infrequent attacks of mild or moderate intensity, simple or combined analgesics are indicated; with severe nausea and vomiting – antiemetics. With a high intensity of pain and significant maladaptation, triptans are prescribed.

New drug groups have been approved worldwide for the treatment of migraine attacks. This, in turn, enables doctors to treat their patients more effectively, and for patients to reduce the number of days with a headache, improve quality of life, sleep, mood and performance.

Lasmiditan is a selective serotonin 1F receptor agonist that does not have vasoconstrictive activity. The role of lasmiditan in clinical practice has not yet been determined, but it is probably best suited for patients with relative contraindications to triptans due to cardiovascular risk factors.

In October 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lasmiditan oral tablets for the treatment of acute migraine in adults. The drug is currently not registered in the Russian Federation.

CGRP antagonists (Rimegepant and Ubrogepant) Monoclonal antibodies directed against the CGRP receptor or ligand. These are oral options available for the acute treatment of migraine in patients with insufficient response or contraindications (eg coronary artery disease) to triptan treatment.

Ubrogepant received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the treatment of acute migraine in adults in December 2019year, and rimegepant received a similar FDA approval in February 2020. This group of drugs is not registered in the territory of the Russian Federation.

Preventive therapy is aimed at reducing the frequency, duration, intensity of attacks, the number of doses of painkillers and improving the quality of life of patients.

The main indications for course treatment: the frequency of days with GB > 4 per month, the lack of effectiveness of drugs for the relief of migraine attacks, the presence of risk factors for migraine chronicity (abuses, depression), prolonged aura (> 60 min). The duration of the course of treatment is from 3 to 12 months (an average of 4-6 months for episodic, 8-12 months for chronic migraine), then an attempt is made to gradually withdraw the drug (s) or reduce their dosage.

CGRP antagonists is a human monoclonal antibody that binds to and inhibits the calcitonin gene-related CGRP receptor (CGRP) and is a therapeutic target in migraine due to its putative role in mediating the transmission of trigeminovascular pain and the vasodilator component of neurogenic inflammation

90 003

Large molecules in the form of monoclonal antibodies directed against the CGRP receptor or ligand are injected to prevent migraine.