What are the signs of a chemical burn on hands. How to provide immediate first aid for chemical burns. What are the long-term effects of chemical burns on skin. How to prevent chemical burns in workplace and home settings. When to seek medical attention for a chemical burn injury.

Understanding Chemical Burns: Causes and Classifications

Chemical burns occur when the skin or eyes come into contact with irritants or corrosive substances. These injuries can range from mild to severe, depending on factors like the type of chemical, concentration, and duration of exposure. Unlike thermal burns, chemical burns continue to cause damage until the substance is completely removed from the skin.

Chemical burns are typically classified into three categories:

• First-degree burns: Affect only the outer layer of skin (epidermis)
• Second-degree burns: Damage extends to the second layer of skin (dermis)
• Third-degree burns: Penetrate through all layers of skin and may affect underlying tissues

In rare cases, fourth-degree chemical burns can occur, involving damage to deeper structures like muscles, tendons, and bones.

Common Causes of Chemical Burns on Hands

Hands are particularly vulnerable to chemical burns due to their frequent exposure to various substances. Some common causes include:

• Household cleaning products
• Industrial solvents and chemicals
• Car battery acid
• Bleach and other strong alkalis
• Concrete and cement
• Fertilizers and pesticides

Recognizing the Symptoms of Chemical Burns on Hands

Identifying a chemical burn quickly is crucial for proper treatment. The symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the burn, but may include:

• Redness, irritation, or burning sensation on the skin
• Pain or numbness in the affected area
• Blisters or skin peeling
• Blackened or dead skin in severe cases
• Swelling or inflammation
• Changes in skin texture or color

Are chemical burns always immediately noticeable? Not always. Some chemical burns, especially those caused by weak acids or alkalis, may not show symptoms immediately. It’s important to be vigilant and monitor the skin for any changes after suspected chemical exposure.

Immediate First Aid for Chemical Burns on Hands

When a chemical burn occurs, swift action is critical to minimize damage and promote healing. Follow these steps for immediate first aid:

1. Remove the chemical source: Carefully remove any contaminated clothing or jewelry.
2. Rinse the affected area: Flush the burn with cool running water for at least 20 minutes.
3. Remove any dry chemicals: Brush off dry chemicals before rinsing, unless instructed otherwise for specific substances.
4. Cover the burn: Apply a clean, dry dressing or sterile gauze to protect the area.
5. Seek medical attention: For anything more severe than a minor burn, consult a healthcare professional.

Can you use neutralizing agents on chemical burns? It’s generally not recommended to attempt neutralizing chemical burns at home, as this can sometimes cause further damage. Focus on thorough rinsing with water and seek professional medical advice.

Long-Term Effects and Complications of Chemical Burns

Chemical burns can have lasting impacts on the skin and overall health. Potential long-term effects include:

• Scarring and changes in skin pigmentation
• Reduced sensation or nerve damage in the affected area
• Contractures, where scarred skin tightens and limits movement
• Increased risk of skin infections
• Psychological effects, such as anxiety or depression related to appearance changes

In severe cases, chemical burns can lead to systemic toxicity, affecting internal organs and bodily functions. This underscores the importance of proper initial treatment and ongoing medical care for significant chemical burns.

Rehabilitation and Recovery Process

Recovery from chemical burns often involves a multidisciplinary approach, including:

• Wound care and dressing changes
• Physical therapy to maintain flexibility and strength
• Occupational therapy for adapting to any functional limitations
• Psychological support to address emotional impacts
• Possible surgical interventions for severe cases, such as skin grafts

How long does it take for chemical burns to heal? The healing time varies greatly depending on the burn’s severity. Minor burns may heal within a few days to weeks, while more severe burns can take months or even years to fully recover.

Preventing Chemical Burns in the Workplace

Occupational settings often present risks for chemical burns. Implementing proper safety measures is crucial for prevention:

• Provide comprehensive safety training for all employees handling chemicals
• Ensure proper labeling and storage of all chemical substances
• Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and protective clothing
• Install emergency eyewash stations and safety showers in areas where chemicals are used
• Develop and regularly review chemical safety protocols
• Conduct regular safety audits and risk assessments

Do all industries need the same level of chemical burn prevention measures? While chemical safety is important across all sectors, industries involving frequent handling of corrosive substances, such as manufacturing, laboratories, and cleaning services, may require more stringent protocols.

Home Safety: Preventing Chemical Burns in Household Settings

Chemical burn risks aren’t limited to industrial environments. Many household products can cause chemical burns if mishandled. To enhance safety at home:

• Store cleaning products, pesticides, and other chemicals in locked cabinets, out of reach of children
• Always read and follow product labels and instructions
• Wear protective gloves when handling potentially irritating substances
• Never mix household chemicals, especially bleach and ammonia
• Ensure proper ventilation when using strong cleaning products
• Keep chemicals in their original containers to avoid confusion

Are natural cleaning products completely safe from causing chemical burns? While generally less harsh, some natural cleaning agents like vinegar or lemon juice can still cause skin irritation or mild burns if used in high concentrations or with prolonged exposure. Always use caution and follow proper handling guidelines.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Chemical Burns

While minor chemical burns can often be treated at home, certain situations require immediate medical attention:

• Burns covering a large area of the body
• Deep burns that appear white, charred, or leathery
• Burns on the face, hands, feet, groin, or major joints
• Signs of infection, such as increased pain, redness, or fever
• Burns caused by highly corrosive chemicals
• Any burn accompanied by difficulty breathing or other systemic symptoms

How quickly should you seek medical help for a severe chemical burn? For severe chemical burns, seek emergency medical attention immediately. Quick professional intervention can significantly improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Medical Treatment Options for Chemical Burns

Professional medical treatment for chemical burns may include:

• Thorough cleaning and decontamination of the affected area
• Application of specialized burn dressings
• Pain management
• Tetanus shot if needed
• Intravenous fluids for extensive burns
• Antibiotics to prevent infection
• In severe cases, skin grafting or other surgical interventions

Innovations in Chemical Burn Treatment and Protection

Advancements in medical science and materials technology are continually improving the treatment and prevention of chemical burns:

• Development of smart materials that change color when exposed to harmful chemicals
• Improved PPE designs for better protection and comfort
• Advanced wound dressings that promote faster healing and reduce scarring
• Novel decontamination solutions for more effective chemical removal
• Progress in skin grafting techniques, including lab-grown skin substitutes

What role does nanotechnology play in chemical burn prevention and treatment? Nanotechnology is being explored for creating ultra-protective fabrics and developing more effective decontamination agents. It also shows promise in creating advanced drug delivery systems for burn treatment.

Future Directions in Chemical Burn Research

Ongoing research in chemical burn management focuses on several key areas:

• Understanding the molecular mechanisms of chemical burn progression
• Developing targeted therapies to minimize tissue damage
• Exploring regenerative medicine approaches for skin reconstruction
• Improving diagnostic tools for assessing burn depth and severity
• Investigating psychological interventions to support burn survivors

These advancements hold the potential to significantly improve outcomes for chemical burn victims, reducing long-term complications and enhancing quality of life.

Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Chemical Burns

Chemical burns often intersect with legal and regulatory frameworks, particularly in occupational settings. Key considerations include:

• Workplace safety regulations and compliance
• Employer responsibilities in providing safe working environments
• Worker’s compensation and insurance claims for chemical burn injuries
• Product liability for chemical manufacturers and distributors
• Environmental regulations for chemical handling and disposal

What are an employer’s legal obligations regarding chemical burn prevention? Employers are generally required to provide a safe work environment, including proper training, safety equipment, and adherence to relevant safety standards. Failure to do so can result in legal liability if an employee suffers a chemical burn injury.

Global Perspectives on Chemical Burn Prevention

Chemical burn prevention is a global concern, with different countries adopting various approaches:

• International standards for chemical labeling and safety data sheets
• Collaborative efforts to harmonize chemical safety regulations across borders
• Cultural differences in risk perception and safety practices
• Challenges in implementing safety measures in developing countries
• Role of international organizations in promoting chemical safety awareness

These global efforts aim to create a more unified approach to chemical safety, reducing the incidence of chemical burns worldwide.

Psychological Impact and Support for Chemical Burn Survivors

The effects of chemical burns extend beyond physical injuries, often causing significant psychological trauma. Key aspects of psychological support include:

• Addressing body image concerns and self-esteem issues
• Coping with chronic pain and physical limitations
• Managing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms
• Facilitating social reintegration and workplace return
• Providing support for family members and caregivers

How does psychological support contribute to physical recovery from chemical burns? Mental health plays a crucial role in overall recovery. Positive psychological states can enhance immune function, promote better adherence to treatment plans, and improve pain management, all contributing to faster and more complete physical healing.

Support Groups and Resources for Chemical Burn Survivors

Various organizations and resources are available to support chemical burn survivors:

• Burn survivor support groups and online communities
• Specialized counseling services for burn-related trauma
• Vocational rehabilitation programs
• Educational resources on burn care and recovery
• Advocacy groups working to improve burn care and prevention

These resources play a vital role in helping survivors navigate the challenges of recovery and reintegration into daily life.

Environmental Considerations in Chemical Burn Prevention

Chemical burn prevention extends beyond personal and occupational safety to broader environmental concerns:

• Proper disposal of hazardous chemicals to prevent environmental contamination
• Development of eco-friendly alternatives to harsh chemicals
• Impact of chemical spills on ecosystems and wildlife
• Role of environmental regulations in reducing chemical exposure risks
• Sustainable practices in chemical manufacturing and usage

How do environmental protection efforts contribute to reducing chemical burn risks? Environmental regulations and sustainable practices not only protect ecosystems but also indirectly reduce human exposure to harmful chemicals. This comprehensive approach to chemical safety benefits both environmental and public health.

Emerging Trends in Eco-Friendly Chemical Alternatives

The push for safer, more environmentally friendly chemicals is driving innovation:

• Bio-based solvents and cleaning agents
• Green chemistry principles in product development
• Nanotechnology for more efficient and less toxic chemical processes
• Increased use of natural and biodegradable materials
• Advancements in water-based formulations to replace harsh chemicals

These trends not only reduce environmental impact but also contribute to safer working and living environments, potentially decreasing the incidence of chemical burns.

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Behandlung von Brandverletzungen, Setzen von Verband

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Hand mit einem dritten Grad-Feuer Brennen nach schaden

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Rückseite mit zweiten Grad-Brennen#2

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Erste Hilfe. Mit einer Augenwaschflasche

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eine Hand bekam eine gebrannte Wunde

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Verbrennungen

Grad Verbrennungen und thermische Verbrennungen Behandlung, Vektorillustrationen

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Hauttransplantation

Das Netz, das auf der Wunde liegt, wird von einem anderen Teil des Beins des Mannes geerntet und erweitert. Die Haut assimiliert sich in die Wunde und die Hautzellen vermehren sich und bilden neue Haut.

klassifizierung von burns. thermal verletzungen. – chemical burn stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Klassifizierung von burns. Thermal Verletzungen.

Klassifizierung von Verbrennungen nach dem Ausmaß des Schadens.

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Haut verbrennen. Erste Behandlung menschliche Hand Feuer oder…

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Arzt Bandaging das Handgelenk. Konzept der Erstversorgung und…

kinderhand mit zweiten grades – chemical burn stock-fotos und bilder

Kinderhand mit zweiten Grades

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Korrosives Warnschild.

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Vierte Grad burns

Bei einer Verbrennung in voller Dicke oder im dritten Grad erstreckt sich die Verletzung auf alle Hautschichten. Oft gibt es keine Schmerzen und der Brennbereich ist steif. Heilung tritt typischerweise nicht von selbst auf. Eine Verbrennung vierten Grades beinhaltet zusätzlich eine Verletzung tieferer Gewebe wie Muskeln, Sehnen oder Knochen.

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Skin Burns Gut gemacht Pixel Perfect Vector Thin Line Icons 30. ..

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Skin Cancer Treatment

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Ernst Patient mit burn gewickelte-Sanitäter Krankenschwestern in…

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Narbe am Arm Haut.

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Verbrünste Hand der Frau mit Verletzungen durch kochendes Wasser…

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Allergische Reaktion von atopischen

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Ätzende Substanz, Vektor-illustration

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Verwendung von Heilsalbe nach Verbrennungen, Erste Hilfe bei Körpe

Verwendung von Heilsalbe nach Verbrennungen, Erste Hilfe bei Körperverbrennungen.

burning factory – chemical burn stock-fotos und bilder

Burning factory

Ein großes Feuer, das in einem Industriegebäude brennt.

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Chemischen Linie Symbole Grafikdesign, setzen chemische Gefahren…

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Burns Grad. Erste Hilfe bei der Verbrennung. Brandschäden an der…

Burns Grad. Erste Hilfe bei Verbrennungswunden. Brandschäden an der Hautklassifizierung. Handblasen. Vektor-Infografik-Behandlung für thermische Wunden. Illustration Verletzung Schmerzschaden, medizinische Hilfe

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Krampfadern und es ist Komplikation.

warnzeichen für gefährliche chemikalien – chemical burn stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Warnzeichen für gefährliche Chemikalien

korrosive substanz, gefahrensymbol für saure verbrennung – chemical burn stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Korrosive Substanz, Gefahrensymbol für saure Verbrennung

Vektorsymbol für die Gefahr von Säureverbrennungen isoliert auf weißem Hintergrund

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Feuerwehrleute kämpfen ein Feuer in Ölraffinerie pipeline

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Menschlicher Haut brennt Infografik Karte Poster. Vektor

Human Skin Degree Burns Infografikkarte Poster System Konzept der Diagnostik und Gesundheitswesen Flat Design Stil. Vektorillustration der Behandlung Burn

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Luftverschmutzung

eine Wolke der Umweltverschmutzung, die von einer Industrie freigesetzt wird.

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Bio-Grunge Hintergrund

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Thermische Verbrennung an der Hand, Hautpeeling

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Hautallergie, Dermatitis, Ekzeme Konzept

behandlung von verbrennungen an männlicher hand. – chemical burn stock-fotos und bilder

Behandlung von Verbrennungen an männlicher Hand.

Anwendung von Medikamenten zur Behandlung von Verbrennungen an den Händen. Behandlung von Verbrennungen an der Hand des Mannes.

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abstrakte Sparks Hintergrund (Heiß und kalt)

hand und daumen des patienten mit hitzeblase und verletzungen. blasen an körperteilen. – chemical burn stock-fotos und bilder

Hand und Daumen des Patienten mit Hitzeblase und Verletzungen….

Wundversorgung im weißen Tisch des Krankenhauses. Hautwunden. Patient mit schweren Verbrennungen. Verbrennung ersten und zweiten Grades. Notfallversorgung.

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Explosion-Rauch und Feuer

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Zeichen einer ätzenden Substanz. Warnschild ätzende Substanz….

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Fabrik Schwarz & weiß lizenzfreie vektor-Kunst-Set

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Schwefelsäure in der Flasche, Chemikalie im Labor

Schwefelsäure in der Flasche, chemisch im Labor und in der Industrie

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Schwarze Rauchwolken aus einem Feuer giftige industrielle wie…

fire sparks background (hot and cold) – chemical burn stock-fotos und bilder

Fire Sparks Background (Hot And Cold)

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Eine Blase von einer Verbrennung an der Hand eines Mädchens.

Frauenarm mit tatsächlichem zweiten Grad.

hautverbrennungen. schichten der haut – chemical burn stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Hautverbrennungen. Schichten der Haut

Hautverbrennung. Schichten der Haut. Hautverbrennungen ersten Grades zweiten und dritten Grades

gefährliche situation bei kindern. kinder in gefahr. jungen und mädchen, die mit unsicheren objekten spielen. hausfehler. babys neugier. hüten sie sich vor elektrizität und feuer. vektor-aktionen für kleine leute festlegen – chemical burn stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Gefährliche Situation bei Kindern. Kinder in Gefahr. Jungen und Mä

Kinder gefährliche Situation. Kinder in Gefahr. Süße Jungen und Mädchen, die mit unsicheren Gegenständen spielen. Hausfehler. Herrliche Babys Neugier. Vorsicht vor Elektrizität und Feuer. Vektor kleine Leute Aktionen Set

flächenansicht von amager bakke, slope oder copenhill, verbrennungsanlage, wärme- und stromabfallanlage und offshore-windkraftanlagen – chemical burn stock-fotos und bilder

Flächenansicht von Amager Bakke, Slope oder Copenhill,…

Flächenansicht von Amager Bakke, Slope oder Copenhill, Verbrennungsanlage, Wärme- und Strom-Müllverbrennungsanlage und Offshore-Windkraftanlagen Power in der Ostsee

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Verbrannte weibliche Hand zweiten Grades. schwere Hautschäden

Verbrannte weibliche Hand. schwere Hautschäden

autounfall auf einer autobahn mit beschädigten autos und rauch – chemical burn stock-fotos und bilder

Autounfall auf einer Autobahn mit beschädigten Autos und Rauch

Autounfall auf einer Autobahn mit beschädigtem LKW und Autos und Rauch

weißer salbei weihrauch und klangschale – chemical burn stock-fotos und bilder

weißer Salbei Weihrauch und Klangschale

tintenwasserexplosion verbrennen giftiger dämpfe – chemical burn stock-fotos und bilder

Tintenwasserexplosion Verbrennen giftiger Dämpfe

Tintenwasserexplosion. Brennende giftige Dämpfe wirken. Abstrakte Kunst Hintergrundaufnahme mit Red Cinema Kamera 6k.

chemical abfall trommeln vor heavy industry – chemical burn stock-fotos und bilder

chemical Abfall Trommeln vor heavy industry

Leere blaue Chemiemüllfässer, die auf einer verlassenen Bank liegen, mit Blick auf rauchende Auspuffrohre einer Schwerindustriefabrik

patient mit verbrennungen im krankenhaus – chemical burn stock-fotos und bilder

Patient mit Verbrennungen im Krankenhaus

Patient mit Verbrennungen im Krankenhaus. Anlegen eines Verbandes auf die Armbrandwunde des Patienten.

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Bauchfettprobleme, Massagespuren. Gesunder Lebensstil und…

Dünne fette Frau Figur in Fitnesskleidung berührt Bauch. Bauchfett und Diätkonzept. Massierende Markierungen.

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Eine weiß blühende Brennnessel vor grünem Hintergrund in der…

umweltprobleme – chemical burn stock-fotos und bilder

Umweltprobleme

chemie-industrie-cluster. erderwärmung durch hohe treibhausgasemissionen – chemical burn stock-fotos und bilder

Chemie-Industrie-Cluster. Erderwärmung durch hohe…

Cluster der chemischen Industrie. Die globale Erwärmung kommt von hohen Treibhausgasemissionen. Tag

von 100

Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, Care

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

Medically Reviewed by Jennifer Robinson, MD on September 07, 2022

• What Are Chemical Burns?
• Types of Chemical Burns
• Chemical Burn Causes and Risk Factors
• Chemical Burn Symptoms
• Emergency Medical Care for Chemical Burns
• Chemical Burn Diagnosis
• Chemical Burn Treatment
• Chemical Burn Follow-Up
• Chemical Burn Complications
• Chemical Burn Prevention
• Chemical Burn Outlook
• More

Chemical burns are injuries to the skin, eyes, mouth, or internal organs caused by contact with a corrosive substance. They may also be called caustic burns.

Chemical burns can happen in the home, at work, or at school. They can result from an accident or an assault. Although few people in the United States die after contact with chemicals in the home, many substances common in living areas and in storage areas can do serious harm.

Many chemical burns happen accidentally through misuse of products such as those for hair, skin, and nail care. Although injuries do happen at home, the risk of sustaining a chemical burn is much greater in the workplace, especially in businesses and manufacturing plants that use large quantities of chemicals.

Chemical burns are classified like other burns based on the amount of damage done:

• Superficial or first-degree burns only affect the outer layer of skin, called the epidermis. The area will be red and painful, but there usually is no permanent damage.
• Partial thickness or second-degree burns extend into the second layer of skin called the dermis. You may have blisters and swelling, and it may leave scars.
• Full thickness or third-degree burns go through the skin and may damage tissue underneath. The area may look black or white. Because nerves are destroyed, you may not feel pain.

Most chemicals that cause burns are either strong acids or bases. A glance at the medical information on the labels of dangerous chemicals confirms the expected toxicity. Commonsense precautions and consumer education can reduce your family’s risk of injury. A variety of household products can cause chemical burns, including:

• Ammonia
• Battery acid
• Bleach
• Concrete mix
• Drain or toilet bowl cleaners
• Metal cleaners
• Pool chlorinators
• Tooth-whitening products

Infants and older people are most at risk for burns. Chemical burns tend to happen to:

• Young children exploring their environments who get their hands on something dangerous
• People whose jobs put them in contact with chemicals

Chemical burn of the skin.

Chemical burn of the eye.

All chemical burns should be considered medical emergencies. If you have a chemical burn of the mouth or throat, call 911 and seek immediate medical attention.

Most chemical burns happen on the face, eyes, arms, and legs. Usually a chemical burn will be relatively small and will require only outpatient treatment. Chemical burns can be deceiving, however. Some agents can cause deep tissue damage not readily apparent when you first look at it.

Signs and symptoms of chemical burns include the following:

• Redness, irritation, or burning at the site of contact
• Pain or numbness at the site of contact
• Formation of blisters or black dead skin at the contact site
• Vision changes if the chemical gets into your eyes
• Cough or shortness of breath

Tissue damage from chemical burns depends on several things, including:

• The strength or concentration of the chemical
• The site of contact (eye, skin, mucous membrane)
• Whether it’s swallowed or inhaled
• Whether or not skin is intact
• How much of the chemical you came into contact with
• Duration of exposure
• How the chemical works

In serious cases, you may develop any of the following:

Any chemical burn can be a legitimate reason to get emergency medical help. Always call 911 if you don’t know how severe the injury is or whether or not the person is medically stable. Also call 911 if you have any concerns about a chemical injury.

Emergency personnel are trained to assess the extent of a chemical burn, begin treatment, and take patients to the hospital.

Emergency workers also may determine the need for more involved decontamination of both you and the accident site prior to going to the hospital. When you contact 911, tell the dispatcher as much of the following information as possible:

• How many people are injured and the location where they are
• How the injury happened
• Whether emergency personnel can reach the victims or whether the victims are trapped
• Name, strength, and volume or quantity of the chemical causing the burn (Give a container of the chemical to emergency personnel, if possible.)
• Length of time of contact with the chemical

Always seek emergency care for any burn that is larger than 3 inches in diameter or is very deep. Also seek emergency care for any chemical burns involving the face, eyes, groin, hands, feet, or buttocks or if it is over a joint.

Even if the exposure was very small and you have completed basic first aid, call your doctor to review the injury and the chemical involved and to make sure no further emergency treatment is needed. The doctor can arrange appropriate treatment or will direct you to go to a hospital’s emergency room. If you’re the person with the burn, ask your doctor if you need a tetanus shot.

In the emergency room, you can expect the following:

• Initial evaluation and stabilization
• Rapid evaluation of the chemical
• Determination of the extent of injury
• Blood tests and other studies to determine if you should be admitted to the hospital

Most people with chemical burns do not need to be admitted. Most can go home after arranging follow-up care with their doctor. In severe cases, however, they may need to be admitted to a hospital.

As soon as you or your child have contact with a dangerous chemical, begin basic first aid. Call Poison Control at 800-222-1222 if you do not know whether the chemical is toxic.

Immediately call 911 if you have a severe injury, any shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, or other symptoms throughout your body. If you are aiding an injured person with these symptoms, lay the person down and immediately call 911.

First aid

• Remove yourself or the person with the burn from the accident area.
• Remove any contaminated clothing.
• Wash the injured area to dilute or remove the substance, using large volumes of water. Wash for at least 20 minutes, taking care not to allow runoff to contact unaffected parts of your body. Gently brush away any solid materials, again avoiding unaffected body surfaces.
• Especially wash away any chemical in your or the person’s eye. Sometimes the best way to get large amounts of water to your eye is to step into the shower.

Medical treatment

• IV fluids may be needed to normalize blood pressure and heart rate.
• The IV access may also be used for any medications needed to treat pain or protect against infection.
• Decontamination will begin (likely water irrigation).
• You will be given any antidote to counteract the chemical, if appropriate.
• Antibiotics often are not needed for minor chemical burns.
• Wounds will be cleaned and bandaged with medicated creams and sterile wraps as needed.
• Consultation with other medical specialists may be done.
• Pain from a burn can often be severe. Adequate pain control will be addressed by your doctor.
• If there is any indication of breathing problems, a breathing tube may be placed in your airway to help.
• If needed, a tetanus booster will be given.
• Itching as a burn heals can be a serious problem. You may need special medication to soothe it.
• For severe burns, you may need surgery. In a process called skin grafting, a piece of healthy skin from somewhere else on your body or from a donor can be transplanted to replace the damaged skin.
• Cosmetic or reconstructive surgery may be needed to deal with scarring.
• Physical and occupational therapy can keep scars from limiting your range of motion.
• Counseling and support groups can help with emotional issues caused by trauma from the injury or disfigurement.

After leaving the emergency department, call your doctor within 24 hours to arrange follow-up care. Call sooner if any new problems or concerns arise.

Serious chemical burns can cause long-term complications:

• Many people have pain and scarring.
• Burns in the eye can lead to blindness.
• Swallowing harmful chemicals can lead to problems in your gastrointestinal tract, potentially leading to permanent disability.
• Some acid burns can cause the loss of fingers or toes.
• Burns can cause emotional issues including anxiety, depression, and insomnia.

• Secure all chemicals in and out of the home in locked cabinets or out of the reach of children.
• Store chemicals in their original containers.
• Try to use chemicals as little as possible, and don’t let them touch your skin.
• When using chemicals, always follow directions and safety precautions on the label provided by the manufacturer.
• Make sure your work area is well ventilated.
• Wear safety clothing and eye protection, and remember, safety first!

Most chemical burns are minor and can be treated without causing long-term problems. Some burns, however, cause significant scarring or other medical complications.

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Chemical burn: classification, first aid, treatment

The article was checked by a doctor: Yury Igorevich Kan

Causes and symptoms of a chemical burn

A chemical burn is associated with exposure to highly concentrated aggressive compounds on the skin and mucous membranes. The main cause of burn damage to the skin and eyes is accidental or intentional contact with chemicals, non-compliance with safety regulations at home and at work, errors in the choice of means, and the use of chlorine-containing detergents.

When toxicants come into contact with the skin or eyes, colliquation necrosis develops – the tissue melts, becomes flabby, moist, edema, redness, and purulent infiltrate form around. There is a risk of secondary infection.

At the site of the burn, an area of ​​wet necrosis appears, covered with a white or black crust (scab). After rejection of the scab, an ulcer is formed, then a scar. How long a burn takes to heal depends on the chemical, the area and depth of the injury.

Chemical burns of the mucous membranes of the pharynx, larynx, esophagus and stomach occur after inhalation of toxic fumes or ingestion of chemicals. The main reason is the erroneous or deliberate ingestion of toxicants, unconventional treatment, and the intake of alcohol surrogates.

Aggressive components get on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and damage the epithelium, provoke necrobiosis – irreversible cell death.

When exposed to small doses of toxicants, only signs of chemical irritation and mild intoxication appear:

• soreness in the abdomen,

• burning and sore throat,

• feeling of suffocation,

• nausea and vomiting,

• rapid breathing,

• throat swelling.

In severe burns of the pharynx, esophagus, the pathological process affects not only the mucous membranes, but also the submucosal and muscular layers. Chemicals penetrate into the deep layers, destroy red blood cells, and disseminated vascular coagulation (DIC) develops – massive internal bleeding.

Help! Alkalis cause a more pronounced burn of the stomach, acids – the esophagus.

At the stage of recovery and regeneration, necrotic tissue is rejected, a healthy mucous membrane is restored, and a scar is formed at the site of necrosis. With severe burns of internal organs, complete recovery does not occur – stenosis is formed, the patient suffers from chronic inflammatory diseases.

Burning substances

Chemical burns provoked by various chemicals:

• alkalis: sodium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, caustic soda;

• concentrated acids: acetic, hydrochloric, sulfuric;

• other substances: hydrogen peroxide, iodine, ammonia, acetone, silicate glue, potassium permanganate, phenol;

• household cleaners;

• substitute for alcohol.

More than 85% of chemical damage to the pharynx and esophagus in adults is caused by the intake of acetic acid, in children – potassium permanganate.

Reference! Most patients with esophageal burns are children under 10 years of age. The intake of toxicants occurs unintentionally, but because of the distraction of children, natural curiosity, carelessness of parents.

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Classification of chemical burns

Taking into account the depth of chemical damage, the clinical picture is divided into three degrees of skin burns:

• I degree. Incomplete damage to the skin or surface layer of the epithelium, caused by a short-term or weak intensity of the active substance. Local signs are limited swelling, redness of the skin, burning sensation and local pain. Healing occurs on 3-5 knocks on its own without scarring.

• II degree. Accompanied by damage to the epidermis, with the formation of blisters filled with liquid transparent contents. After 2-3 days, the liquid becomes thick and jelly-like. Pain, swelling and redness at the site of injury are more pronounced. Tissue repair continues for 12–15 days. The risk of infection is growing.

• III degree. Determined for damage to the lower and superficial layers of the skin. There are two types: III degree A – the cells of the deepest basal layer are preserved, III degree B – necrosis of the entire thickness of the skin and the inner layer occurs. At the site of the burn, an area of ​​wet necrosis is formed, covered with a crust. Rejection of the crusts occurs after 10–15 days, and complete healing of the burn injury takes 1–2 months. A rough scar is formed at the site of damage to the skin.

With chemical damage to the mucous membranes of the organs of the respiratory and digestive systems, three degrees of severity are also distinguished:

• light – damage to the surface layer of the epithelium;

• medium – lesion to the level of the mucous layer;

• severe – injury to the mucous membrane and underlying tissues at different depths.

Depending on the spread of the pathological process, burns are isolated and combined.

Complications of chemical burns

Get expert advice:

• Dermatologist
• Pediatric dermatologist

Extensive and deep local burn injuries lead to the development of burn disease, which is accompanied by a violation of the water-salt balance, circulatory disorders, exhaustion of the immune system, and intoxication.

Various complications occur with progressive burns:

• intestinal paresis – paralysis of the muscles of the intestinal wall;

• myocarditis – inflammation in the muscular membrane of the heart;

• pericarditis – inflammation of the outer lining of the heart;

• pneumonia;

• bronchitis;

• pulmonary edema;

• pleurisy;

• glomerulonephritis is an immunoinflammatory disease of the kidneys,

• pyelitis – inflammation in the renal pelvis.

The defeat of deep tissues is aggravated by the formation of limited or diffuse purulent-inflammatory changes in the muscles, subcutaneous fat, the occurrence of sepsis, arthritis. The undesirable consequences of burns include the formation of coarse inelastic scars.

Help! Exposure to any physical and chemical factor that causes incomplete damage to the surface layer of the skin in an adult leads to deep trauma in children.

Burns of the eyes, esophagus, respiratory tract are more severe, disrupt important vital functions.

Among the complications of chemical damage to the respiratory and digestive organs, the most common are:

• swelling of the larynx and pharynx,

• stenosis of the larynx – narrowing of the lumen,

• respiratory failure,

• neck phlegmon,

• chronic pharyngitis,

• perforation of the esophagus.

With chemical damage to the deep layers of the mucous and submucosal membranes, toxic substances enter the systemic circulation and cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and brain.

The outcomes of severe eye burns include a decrease in visual function, atrophy of the eyeball, and the formation of a thorn.

First aid for chemical burns

The further prognosis of a burn injury depends on how timely and competently measures of emergency assistance were provided to the victim.

How to provide emergency care:

1. Limit human contact with the chemical.

2. Rinse the burned area with plenty of water, a weakly concentrated solution of soda or citric acid.

3. A fresh wound should not be treated with ointment, cream, spray, vegetable oil, and blisters should not be opened on their own.

4. For shallow burns limited to a small area, carefully remove clothing, apply a sterile dressing or bandage.

5. In case of burns of the 3rd degree, wrap the victim in a clean sheet, give painkillers, call emergency help, or take him to a specialized medical facility on his own.

Before the ambulance arrives, it is important to solder with warm water to prevent dehydration.

Eye burn

First aid for a chemical eye burn is important to provide on the spot.

Urgent measures:

1. Rinse the conjunctiva with water or saline.

2. Remove pus and mucus, chemical residues.

3. Rinse the nasolacrimal canal with saline.

4. Drop or apply an antiseptic preparation into the conjunctival cavity.

It is strictly contraindicated to use neutralizing solutions on your own, since it is difficult to predict the reaction of substances to damaged tissue.

Burn of the esophagus and pharynx

First aid is provided at the prehospital stage or in the intensive care unit. To neutralize acids, a soda solution is used, alkalis – a weakly concentrated solution of acetic acid with oil. If the exact toxicant is not known, the oral cavity is washed with a large amount of clean water at room temperature, two glasses of milk are given to drink.

Important! Washing is performed only in the first 5-6 hours after the burn, then the procedure is not advisable.

What not to do with a chemical burn

When swallowing aggressive chemical compounds, it is strictly forbidden to induce vomiting, as the risk of rupture of the esophagus increases. Do not give activated charcoal – solid tablets additionally injure the esophagus.

It is not necessary to completely lay the victim down so as not to provoke gastroesophageal reflux disease – the reverse reflux of stomach contents. The optimal position is semi-sitting.

Chemical burn treatment

How to treat a chemical burn depends on the depth and area of ​​the injury. 1st-2nd degree burns are superficial and may heal on their own. With progressive tissue damage, qualified medical care is needed, removal of dead tissue, followed by correction of scars. Burns are treated in special burn wards.

At the first stage, the burn surface is treated to prevent infection from entering the body:

1. Treat the skin around the burn surface with an antiseptic.

2. They remove impurities, the remnants of toxicants, open and empty large blisters, pour a peroxide solution on the wound, and dry it.

3. Apply an ointment, cream or spray on top.

4. With extensive and deep lesions, the treatment of burn wounds is performed under anesthesia.

5. The wound surface is protected with a bandage or left open.

At the first stages of tissue repair, ointments, solutions and aerosols with analgesic, cooling and healing effects are used. In the presence of a scab, it is not removed, left until self-rejection. Solutions with wax and paraffin are applied to the wound surface so as not to damage the growing epithelium during dressings. Salicylic ointment and proteases break down the dry crust formed during severe burns.

At the second and third stages, drugs are prescribed to activate metabolism, improve blood circulation, and protect against infections.

With deep burns and large areas of tissue damage, a person loses a lot of fluid and salts. To compensate for the loss of protein and water, to prevent dehydration, to normalize the acid-base balance, nutrient solutions, glucose, and sodium chloride are administered through a dropper.

Esophageal burn treatment

To remove the irritating substance, a gastric tube treated with petroleum jelly is installed, and the stomach is washed with an antidote – water, soda solution, a non-concentrated solution of vinegar and oil. Preliminary anesthesia is carried out.

An antibiotic is given to prevent infection. Further, taking into account the patient’s condition, analgesic, anti-shock, detoxification therapy is prescribed.

In the subacute phase, after 7–10 days, bougienage of the esophagus is performed daily – expansion of the lumen using an endoscopic device. The procedure allows you to normalize the patency of the body, reduce scarring. With stenosis and complete obstruction of the esophagus, the formation of rough scars, surgical treatment is carried out in a planned manner.

Eye burn treatment

In the hospital, the patient is injected with anticholinergic drops into the conjunctival cavity. They are well anesthetized, minimize the risk of adhesions. Antibacterial ointments or drops are used to prevent infection. Antioxidants are administered intramuscularly. With increased intraocular pressure, antihypertensive drugs are prescribed.

In case of severe eye burns, hormonal therapy is connected – subconjunctival injections (in the area of ​​​​the transitional fold of the conjunctiva) and parabulbar (through the skin of the lower eyelid to the edge of the orbit).

In combination with pharmacotherapy, eyelid massage and physiotherapy have a good effect. With the threat of loss of vision in the early period, surgical treatment is performed on the eyelids, eyeball, conjunctiva, cornea.

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Chemical burn – Symptoms and Treatment of burns in 2023

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1. Causes of chemical burns
2. Burning agents
3. Degrees of chemical burns
4. Symptoms
   1. Chemical eye burns characterized
   2. Chemical burns from ingestion
5. Depth diagnostics
6. First aid for chemical burns
7. Chemical burn treatment
8. What not to do with a chemical burn
9. Complications of chemical burns
10. Prognosis for chemical burns
11. First things to do for burns at home
12. Chemical burn prevention
13. Sources

Chemical burn is damage to the skin or mucous membranes as a result of exposure to aggressive chemicals.

During chemical burns, substances penetrate into tissues and can have a long-term damaging and toxic effect on tissues and the whole organism as a whole.

Causes of chemical burns

Chemical burns are caused by exposure to the skin or mucous membranes of caustic metals. alkalis, acids, phosphorus, oxidants, causing damage of various depths

• 51% of all chemical burns are caused by acids
• 21% of chemical burns are caused by alkalis
• 28% are chemical burns due to exposure to all other substances

Burning agents

There is a risk of chemical burns both at work and at home.

Anyone who works with chemicals is at risk of chemical burns, including:

• Construction workers.
• Factory workers.
• Farmers.
• Laboratory assistants.
• Mechanics.
• Military personnel.
• Plumbers.

For example, household detergents often contain acids and bases. All household chemical products, from stove and sink cleaners to various stain removers, contain hydroxides and carbonates

In the chemical industry, burns are more often caused by acids (43%), by alkalis – 23%

There are a lot of substances that cause chemical burns. Some of the most common are:

• Battery acid.
• Bleach.
• Detergents.
• Sewer cleaners.
• Fertilizers.
• Hair relaxers.
• Metal cleaners and rust removers.
• Paint removers.
• Pesticides.
• Sanitizers and disinfectants.
• Pool chemicals.
• Toilet cleaners.
• Wet cement.

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Degrees of chemical burns

A feature of chemical burns is the duration of their action if they are not removed from the skin in time. Chemicals continue to destroy tissues until they are neutralized and reduced in concentration.

Therefore, a chemical burn can only progress over time, especially if the victim’s clothing soaked in an aggressive substance is not removed

The severity of a chemical burn is determined by the following factors:

• The nature of the chemical
• The concentration of the chemical

9 0019 Duration of exposure

• Degree tissue penetration
• Mechanism of action

Chemical burns are classified, like thermal burns, according to the degree of damage to the skin and underlying tissues:

• First degree burns affect only the outer layer of the skin, the so-called epidermis. The skin looks red and sore, but there is usually no permanent damage.
• Second degree burns extend to the second layer of the skin, called the dermis. Characterized by the formation of blisters.
• Third degree burns penetrate all layers of the skin and can damage the tissue underneath. The area of ​​damage may appear black or white (eschar) depending on the characteristics of the damaging agent. Because the nerves are damaged, there may be no pain.

Hot bitumen burn

Symptoms

Infants and the elderly are most at risk of burns. Chemical burns most often occur:

• Young children who actively explore the environment
• People whose work involves contact with chemicals

Some symptoms of chemical burns

90 019 Chemical burn area well defined
1. Color affected skin depends on the color of the damaging fluid
2. Sulfuric acid burns first form a white eschar, which then darkens to brown or black
3. Hydrochloric acid burns produce a yellow eschar.
4. When burned with nitric acid, the eschar is yellow-green
5. When burned with phenol – first a white eschar, then a copper-colored eschar
6. When burned with a concentrated solution of hydrogen peroxide – a white eschar

Chemical burn with concentrated hydrogen peroxide

Causes chemical burns on the skin :

• Blisters or eschar.
• Pain.
• Skin peeling.
• Redness (hyperemia).
• Skin discoloration due to burns from a number of substances.
• Swelling.

Chemical eye burns are characterized by:

• Blurred vision.
• Eyelid edema.
• Pain.
• Redness.
• Stinging or burning sensation
• Blindness (in severe cases).

Chemical burns from ingestion
chemicals can cause:

• Severe pain in the chest, behind the sternum.
• Cough.
• Difficulty speaking (dysphonia).
• Salivation.
• Hoarseness of voice.
• Low blood pressure (hypotension) is a symptom of burn shock.
• Nausea and vomiting or vomiting of blood.
• Pain in the mouth and throat (especially when swallowing).
• Perforations (hole) in the stomach, esophagus, or cornea (for eye burns).
• Shortness of breath (dyspnea).
• Upper airway edema

Diagnosis of the depth of the lesion

Chemical burns can usually be diagnosed by the skin lesion and the history of the burn by examining the size, depth and other characteristics of the burn.

Additional methods include

• Blood tests: CBC and other laboratory tests.
• Endoscopic examination of the esophagus and stomach: performed if the patient has swallowed the chemical.
• Eye examination: An ophthalmologist examines the condition of the eyes and the function (acuity) of vision. The presence of signs of loss of vision is checked, the depth of the burn is determined.
• Computed tomography imaging (CT or MRI) : Imaging studies help identify damage within the body as a result of ingestion of a chemical, especially perforations in the esophagus or stomach.

Chemical Burn First Aid

Once a chemical burn has occurred, first aid must be given.

• Remove contaminated clothing
• Wash affected area with plenty of water. Rinse for at least 20 minutes, making sure that water does not get on unaffected areas of the skin.
• Flushing with running water within 10 minutes of a burn has been shown to reduce wound severity and hospital stay.
• Try to make sure that water can drain easily from the affected area without pooling on the skin. Use only water
• Use gloves or other protective material to cover your hands and, if possible, carefully cut clothing such as T-shirts rather than pulling them over your head
• Do not rub the skin as this can spread infection
• If the chemical has dried, shake it off the skin

Washing the area of ​​a chemical burn

Chemical burns involving metals (lithium, potassium, sodium and magnesium) must not be washed with water as this may lead to a chemical reaction that aggravates the burn. These types of chemical burns should be soaked in mineral oil while awaiting medical attention.

Chemical burn treatment

People with mild chemical burns do not need hospitalization. For more severe burns, patients should be treated as for a typical thermal burn. In some situations, an antidote may be given to neutralize and counteract the irritating chemical agent.

For example, hydrofluoric acid burns should be treated immediately with calcium gluconate gel applied every 15 minutes, so the gel should be stored in appropriate work areas.

Hydrofluoric acid burn, treatment steps

The main therapeutic goals of treating burn wounds are:

• Carefully monitor the wound
• Keep wounds clean
• Prevent the wound from drying out
• Control secondary infection.

If the burn is severe, the patient is treated in a specialized burn unit.

Some patients may need surgery to remove the burned area of ​​skin and replace it with a piece of skin (graft) taken from another part of your body.

More severe and deep burns may take months or even years to heal completely and usually leave visible scarring. In some cases, the depth and location of the burn can also lead to problems such as loss of vision or limited use of limbs or muscles.

Do’s and Don’ts for a Chemical Burn

Minor Burns

Minor burns that involve the outer layer of skin and part of the underlying tissue usually heal with good ongoing burn care, leaving minimal scarring.

The dressing will need to be checked and changed regularly until the burn is completely healed to prevent infection.

Severe burns

If the burn is severe, you may be referred to a specialist burn unit.

Some patients may need surgery to remove the burned area of ​​skin and replace it with a piece of skin (graft) taken from another part of your body. Read more – Plastic Surgery Techniques for more information.

More severe and deep burns may take months or even years to heal completely and usually leave visible scarring. In some cases, the depth and location of the burn can also lead to problems such as loss of vision or limited use of limbs or muscles.

The result of reconstructive surgery after a burn, the author’s archive

Complications of chemical burns

Some patients who have experienced severe chemical burns may experience complications, including:

• disfigurement
• loss of limbs
• infection, development of sepsis
• scarring
• damage to muscles and tissues
• development of depression 900 22

Keloid scar and its removal

Prognosis for chemical burns

Most mild chemical burns heal without scarring. However, long-term effects of severe chemical burns may include:

• Cancer of the skin, stomach, or esophagus.
• Esophageal strictures (narrowing of the esophagus, sometimes due to scarring).
• Perforations (holes) in the stomach, esophagus or cornea.
• Scars.
• Skin discoloration.
• Loss of vision.

What to do first at home for burns

For the treatment of a first degree burn, it is recommended:

1. Cool the burn. Immerse the burn immediately in cool tap water or apply cold, wet compresses. Do this for about 10 minutes or until the pain subsides.
2. Cover the burn with sterile dressing . If blisters form, let them heal on their own without covering the area. Do not pop blisters.
3. Taking over-the-counter painkillers.
   Paracetamol or ibuprofen can relieve pain and reduce inflammation.
4. Protect the area from the sun . Once the burn has healed, protect the area from the sun by finding shade, wearing protective clothing, or applying broad-spectrum, waterproof sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher. This will help minimize scarring, as redness from a burn sometimes persists for several weeks.

First-degree burns usually heal on their own without medical treatment. However, if the first-degree burn is very large, if the victim is an infant, child under 12, or an elderly person, or if you think the burn is more severe, contact a specialized burn unit immediately.

Preventing Chemical Burns

Prevent chemical burns by:

• Always read and follow instructions when using products containing chemicals.
• Always wear protective gloves and goggles when using or storing chemicals.
• Pay attention to all warnings on the packaging.
• Always wash your hands after using a chemical product.
• Make sure all chemical containers are labeled.
• Always store chemicals in a safe place. It must be out of the reach of children.

Sources

1. Acid and chemical burns, https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/skin-injuries/acid-and-chemical-burns
2. Chemical burn, https://dermnetnz. org/topics/ chemical-burn
3. Chemical burns – first aid and treatment, https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chemical-burns
4. Images, https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chemical-burn

Author:
Andrey Zhernov
Plastic surgeon

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