What are the common symptoms of viral gastroenteritis. How is viral gastroenteritis transmitted. When should you seek medical attention for stomach flu symptoms. What are the main causes of viral gastroenteritis. How can you prevent the spread of stomach flu.

Decoding Viral Gastroenteritis: More Than Just a Stomach Bug

Viral gastroenteritis, commonly known as the “stomach flu,” is a condition that affects millions of people worldwide each year. Despite its colloquial name, it’s not related to influenza, which primarily impacts the respiratory system. Instead, viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection that can cause a range of uncomfortable symptoms and, in some cases, lead to severe complications.

This article delves into the intricacies of viral gastroenteritis, exploring its symptoms, causes, and potential risks. We’ll also discuss when to seek medical attention and how to prevent the spread of this highly contagious illness.

Recognizing the Telltale Signs: Symptoms of Viral Gastroenteritis

The symptoms of viral gastroenteritis can vary in severity and duration, but they typically include:

• Watery, nonbloody diarrhea
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal cramps and pain
• Occasional muscle aches or headache
• Low-grade fever

These symptoms usually appear within 1-3 days after infection and can last anywhere from a day to two weeks. It’s important to note that while diarrhea is a common symptom, the presence of blood in the stool may indicate a more severe infection and requires immediate medical attention.

Is it always easy to distinguish viral gastroenteritis from other infections?

No, it’s not always easy to distinguish viral gastroenteritis from other infections. The symptoms of viral gastroenteritis can be similar to those caused by bacterial infections such as Clostridioides difficile, salmonella, and Escherichia coli, or parasitic infections like giardia. This similarity in symptoms can make it challenging for individuals to self-diagnose and underscores the importance of seeking medical advice when symptoms persist or worsen.

The Silent Spreaders: Understanding Viral Gastroenteritis Transmission

Viral gastroenteritis is highly contagious and can spread through various means:

1. Consuming contaminated food or water
2. Close contact with an infected person
3. Sharing utensils, towels, or food with someone who has the virus
4. Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your mouth

The ease of transmission makes viral gastroenteritis particularly problematic in confined spaces such as schools, nursing homes, and cruise ships. In these environments, the virus can quickly spread from person to person, leading to outbreaks.

Can you be contagious without showing symptoms?

Yes, it’s possible to be contagious without showing symptoms. This is particularly concerning with rotavirus infections in adults. While adults infected with rotavirus may not experience symptoms, they can still spread the illness to others. This silent transmission is especially problematic in settings like nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at risk.

When the Stomach Flu Turns Serious: Recognizing Warning Signs

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve on their own, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical attention. For adults, these include:

• Inability to keep liquids down for 24 hours
• Vomiting or diarrhea lasting more than two days
• Vomiting blood
• Signs of dehydration (excessive thirst, dry mouth, deep yellow urine, severe weakness)
• Blood in bowel movements
• Severe abdominal pain
• Fever above 104째F (40째C)

For infants and children, parents should be particularly vigilant. Seek medical care if your child:

• Has a fever of 102째F (38.9째C) or higher
• Appears unusually tired or irritable
• Is in significant discomfort or pain
• Has bloody diarrhea
• Shows signs of dehydration (dry mouth, lack of tears, decreased urination)

Why is dehydration a particular concern in viral gastroenteritis?

Dehydration is a major concern in viral gastroenteritis because the combination of diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid fluid loss. This is especially dangerous for infants, older adults, and those with compromised immune systems. In severe cases, dehydration can be life-threatening, making it crucial to monitor fluid intake and output closely during illness.

The Viral Culprits: Common Causes of Gastroenteritis

Several viruses can cause gastroenteritis, but the most common culprits are:

Noroviruses

Noroviruses are the leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide, affecting both children and adults. These highly contagious viruses can spread rapidly through communities, particularly in confined spaces. Norovirus infections often occur through contaminated food or water but can also spread through person-to-person contact.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children globally. Infants and young children are particularly susceptible to severe infections. The virus typically spreads when children put contaminated objects or fingers into their mouths. A vaccine against rotavirus is available in some countries, including the United States, which has significantly reduced the incidence of severe rotavirus infections in vaccinated populations.

Are there other viruses that can cause gastroenteritis?

Yes, while noroviruses and rotavirus are the most common causes, other viruses can also lead to gastroenteritis. These include adenoviruses, astroviruses, and sapoviruses. Each of these viruses can cause similar symptoms, but they may vary in severity and duration. The specific virus causing the infection can sometimes be identified through laboratory tests, although this is not always necessary for treatment in mild cases.

Breaking the Chain: Preventing the Spread of Viral Gastroenteritis

Prevention is key in managing viral gastroenteritis. Here are some effective strategies to reduce the risk of infection and transmission:

• Practice good hand hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food.
• Avoid contaminated food and water: Be cautious about food and water sources, particularly when traveling.
• Clean and disinfect surfaces: Regularly clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces, especially in shared spaces.
• Isolate infected individuals: Those with symptoms should avoid close contact with others and stay home from work or school.
• Use separate personal items: Avoid sharing utensils, towels, or other personal items with infected individuals.
• Consider vaccination: In countries where it’s available, the rotavirus vaccine can significantly reduce the risk of severe infections in children.

How effective is hand sanitizer against gastroenteritis-causing viruses?

While hand sanitizers can be effective against many germs, they may not be as effective against some gastroenteritis-causing viruses, particularly noroviruses. These viruses are notoriously resistant to many common disinfectants. For the best protection, washing hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is recommended. Hand sanitizers can be used as a secondary measure when soap and water are not available, but they should not be relied upon as the primary method of hand hygiene when it comes to preventing viral gastroenteritis.

The Role of Immunity: Understanding Viral Gastroenteritis Recurrence

After recovering from viral gastroenteritis, many people wonder about their future risk of infection. While experiencing a bout of gastroenteritis can provide some immunity, this protection is often short-lived and specific to the particular strain of virus that caused the infection.

Factors influencing immunity and recurrence include:

• Virus type: Different viruses may provide varying degrees of immunity after infection.
• Strain variation: Viruses like norovirus have many strains, and immunity to one doesn’t guarantee protection against others.
• Individual immune response: The strength and duration of immunity can vary from person to person.
• Age and health status: Older adults and those with compromised immune systems may have less robust immune responses.

Can you develop long-term immunity to viral gastroenteritis?

Developing long-term immunity to viral gastroenteritis is challenging due to the nature of the viruses involved. Noroviruses, for example, can mutate rapidly, producing new strains that can evade existing immune defenses. While some immunity may develop after an infection, it’s typically not long-lasting or broadly protective against all strains. This is why people can experience multiple episodes of viral gastroenteritis throughout their lives, even if caused by the same type of virus.

Beyond the Gut: Complications and Long-term Effects of Viral Gastroenteritis

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve without significant complications, in some instances, the infection can lead to more serious issues. Potential complications include:

1. Severe dehydration: This can lead to electrolyte imbalances, kidney problems, and in extreme cases, death.
2. Malnutrition: Prolonged diarrhea and vomiting can interfere with nutrient absorption.
3. Lactose intolerance: Some individuals may develop temporary lactose intolerance following a bout of gastroenteritis.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome: In some cases, viral gastroenteritis may trigger long-term digestive issues.
5. Hemolytic uremic syndrome: A rare but serious complication that can occur, particularly in children, leading to kidney damage.

Can viral gastroenteritis have long-term effects on gut health?

Yes, viral gastroenteritis can potentially have long-term effects on gut health. Some individuals may experience persistent changes in their digestive system following a severe bout of gastroenteritis. This can include alterations in gut microbiota composition, increased intestinal permeability (often referred to as “leaky gut”), and changes in bowel habits. In some cases, these changes may contribute to the development of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). However, it’s important to note that not everyone who experiences viral gastroenteritis will develop long-term gut health issues, and many people recover fully without lasting effects.

The Global Impact: Viral Gastroenteritis as a Public Health Concern

Viral gastroenteritis is not just an individual health issue; it’s a significant public health concern worldwide. The impact of this condition is far-reaching and includes:

• Economic burden: Lost productivity due to illness and healthcare costs associated with treatment and prevention.
• Strain on healthcare systems: Particularly during outbreaks, which can overwhelm medical facilities.
• Child mortality: In developing countries, diarrheal diseases, including viral gastroenteritis, remain a leading cause of death in children under five.
• Food safety concerns: Outbreaks linked to contaminated food highlight the need for robust food safety practices.
• Travel and tourism impacts: Outbreaks can significantly affect travel and tourism industries.

Addressing viral gastroenteritis on a global scale requires a multifaceted approach, including:

1. Improved sanitation and access to clean water
2. Enhanced food safety regulations and practices
3. Vaccination programs, particularly for rotavirus
4. Public health education on prevention and hygiene
5. Surveillance systems to detect and respond to outbreaks quickly

How has the global burden of viral gastroenteritis changed in recent years?

The global burden of viral gastroenteritis has seen significant changes in recent years, largely due to interventions such as improved sanitation, increased access to clean water, and the introduction of rotavirus vaccines. In countries where the rotavirus vaccine has been widely implemented, there has been a notable decrease in severe rotavirus infections and associated hospitalizations in children. However, the burden remains high in many developing countries where access to healthcare, clean water, and sanitation may be limited. Additionally, the emergence of new strains of viruses and the ongoing challenge of norovirus outbreaks continue to pose significant public health challenges worldwide.

Emerging Research: New Frontiers in Viral Gastroenteritis Treatment and Prevention

While there is currently no specific treatment for viral gastroenteritis beyond supportive care, research in this field is ongoing and promising. Some areas of focus include:

• Antiviral medications: Researchers are exploring potential antiviral drugs that could directly target gastroenteritis-causing viruses.
• Probiotics: Studies are investigating the role of probiotics in preventing and managing viral gastroenteritis.
• Improved vaccines: Work continues on developing more effective and broadly protective vaccines, particularly for norovirus.
• Immunotherapy: Research into using antibodies to provide immediate, short-term protection against infection.
• Gut microbiome modulation: Exploring how changes in the gut microbiome might influence susceptibility to viral gastroenteritis.

What are the challenges in developing a norovirus vaccine?

Developing a norovirus vaccine presents several challenges. First, noroviruses have many different strains that can cause infection, and these strains evolve rapidly. This genetic diversity makes it difficult to create a vaccine that provides broad protection. Second, the immune response to norovirus is not well understood and appears to be short-lived, complicating efforts to induce long-term immunity. Third, noroviruses are difficult to grow in laboratory conditions, which has historically made vaccine development challenging. Despite these obstacles, progress is being made, and several norovirus vaccine candidates are currently in various stages of clinical trials. The goal is to develop a vaccine that can provide protection against the most common strains and potentially reduce the global burden of norovirus infections.

As research continues to advance our understanding of viral gastroenteritis, we can hope for more effective prevention strategies and treatments in the future. In the meantime, practicing good hygiene, staying informed about outbreaks, and seeking prompt medical attention when necessary remain our best defenses against this common but potentially serious illness.

Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) – Symptoms & causes

Overview

Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection that includes signs and symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes fever.

The most common way to develop viral gastroenteritis — often called stomach flu — is through contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or water. If you’re otherwise healthy, you’ll likely recover without complications. But for infants, older adults and people with compromised immune systems, viral gastroenteritis can be deadly.

There’s no effective treatment for viral gastroenteritis, so prevention is key. Avoid food and water that may be contaminated and wash your hands thoroughly and often.

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Symptoms

Although it’s commonly called stomach flu, gastroenteritis isn’t the same as influenza. The flu (influenza) affects only your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs. Gastroenteritis, on the other hand, attacks your intestines, causing signs and symptoms such as:

• Watery, usually nonbloody diarrhea — bloody diarrhea usually means you have a different, more severe infection
• Nausea, vomiting or both
• Stomach cramps and pain
• Occasional muscle aches or headache
• Low-grade fever

Depending on the cause, viral gastroenteritis symptoms may appear within 1-3 days after you’re infected and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms usually last just a day or two, but occasionally they may last up to 14 days.

Because the symptoms are similar, it’s easy to confuse viral diarrhea with diarrhea caused by bacteria, such as Clostridioides difficile, salmonella and Escherichia coli, or parasites, such as giardia.

Viral gastroenteritis

The stomach, small intestine and large intestine (colon) are part of your digestive tract, which processes the foods you eat. Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation of these organs caused by a virus.

When to see a doctor

If you’re an adult, call your health care provider if:

• You’re not able to keep liquids down for 24 hours
• You’ve been vomiting or having diarrhea for more than two days
• You’re vomiting blood
• You’re dehydrated — signs of dehydration include excessive thirst, dry mouth, deep yellow urine or little or no urine, and severe weakness, dizziness or lightheadedness
• You notice blood in your bowel movements
• You have severe stomach pain
• You have a fever above 104 F (40 C)

For infants and children

See your child’s health care provider right away if your child:

• Has a fever of 102 F (38.9 C) or higher
• Seems tired or very irritable
• Is in a lot of discomfort or pain
• Has bloody diarrhea
• Seems dehydrated — watch for signs of dehydration in sick infants and children by comparing how much they drink and urinate with how much is normal for them, and watching for signs such as a dry mouth, thirst and crying without tears

If you have an infant, remember that while spitting up may be an everyday occurrence for your baby, vomiting is not. Babies vomit for a variety of reasons, many of which may require medical attention.

Call your baby’s doctor right away if your baby:

• Has vomiting that is frequent
• Hasn’t had a wet diaper in six hours
• Has bloody stools or severe diarrhea
• Has a sunken soft spot (fontanel) on the top of his or her head
• Has a dry mouth or cries without tears
• Is unusually sleepy, drowsy or unresponsive

Causes

You’re most likely to get viral gastroenteritis when you eat or drink contaminated food or water. You may also be likely to get gastroenteritis if you share utensils, towels or food with someone who has one of the viruses that cause the condition.

Many viruses can cause gastroenteritis, including:

• Noroviruses. Both children and adults are affected by noroviruses, the most common cause of foodborne illness worldwide. Norovirus infection can sweep through families and communities. It’s especially likely to spread among people in confined spaces.

  In most cases, you pick up the virus from contaminated food or water. But it can also spread between people who are in close contact or who share food. You can also get the virus by touching a surface that’s been contaminated with norovirus and then touching your mouth.

• Rotavirus. Worldwide, this is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children, who are usually infected when they put their fingers or other objects contaminated with the virus into their mouths. It can also spread through contaminated food. The infection is most severe in infants and young children.

  Adults infected with rotavirus may not have symptoms, but can still spread the illness. This is of particular concern in institutional settings such as nursing homes because adults with the virus unknowingly can pass the virus to others. A vaccine against viral gastroenteritis is available in some countries, including the United States, and appears to be effective in preventing the infection.

Some shellfish, especially raw or undercooked oysters, also can make you sick. Contaminated drinking water is a cause of viral diarrhea. But in many cases the virus is passed when someone with a virus handles food you eat without washing his or her hands after using the toilet.

Risk factors

Gastroenteritis occurs all over the world and can affect people of all ages.

People who may be more susceptible to gastroenteritis include:

• Young children. Children in child care centers or elementary schools may be especially vulnerable because it takes time for a child’s immune system to mature.
• Older adults. Adult immune systems tend to become less efficient later in life. Older adults in nursing homes are vulnerable because their immune systems weaken. They also live in close contact with others who may pass along germs.
• Schoolchildren or dormitory residents. Anywhere that groups of people come together in close quarters can be an environment for an intestinal infection to get passed.
• Anyone with a weakened immune system. If your resistance to infection is low — for instance, if your immune system is compromised by HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy or another medical condition — you may be especially at risk.

Each gastrointestinal virus has a season when it’s most active. If you live in the Northern Hemisphere, for instance, you’re more likely to have rotavirus or norovirus infections in the winter and spring.

Complications

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration — a severe loss of water and essential salts and minerals. If you’re healthy and drink enough to replace fluids you lose from vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration shouldn’t be a problem.

Infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems may become severely dehydrated when they lose more fluids than they can replace. Hospitalization might be needed so that lost fluids can be replaced through an IV in their arms. Dehydration can rarely lead to death.

Prevention

The best way to prevent the spread of intestinal infections is to follow these precautions:

• Get your child vaccinated. A vaccine against gastroenteritis caused by the rotavirus is available in some countries, including the United States. Given to children in the first year of life, the vaccine appears to be effective in preventing severe symptoms of this illness.

• Wash your hands thoroughly. And make sure your children do, too. If your children are older, teach them to wash their hands, especially after using the toilet.

  Wash your hands after changing diapers and before preparing or eating food, too. It’s best to use warm water and soap and to rub hands well for at least 20 seconds. Wash around cuticles, beneath fingernails and in the creases of the hands. Then rinse thoroughly. Carry sanitizing wipes and hand sanitizer for times when soap and water aren’t available.

• Use separate personal items around your home. Avoid sharing eating utensils, drinking glasses and plates. Use separate towels in the bathroom.
• Prepare food safely. Wash all your fruits and vegetables before eating them. Clean kitchen surfaces before preparing food on them. Avoid preparing food if you’re sick.
• Keep your distance. Avoid close contact with anyone who has the virus, if possible.
• Disinfect hard surfaces. If someone in your home has viral gastroenteritis, disinfect hard surfaces, such as counters, faucets and doorknobs, with a mixture of 5-25 tablespoons (73 to 369 milliliters) of household bleach to 1 gallon (3.8 liters) of water.
• Avoid touching laundry that may have been exposed to a virus. If someone in your home has viral gastroenteritis, wear gloves while touching laundry. Wash clothing and bedding in hot water and dry them on the hottest setting. Wash your hands well after touching laundry.
• Check out your child care center. Make sure the center has separate rooms for changing diapers and preparing or serving food. The room with the diaper-changing table should have a sink as well as a sanitary way to dispose of diapers.

Take precautions when traveling

When you’re traveling in other countries, you can become sick from contaminated food or water. You may be able to reduce your risk by following these tips:

• Drink only well-sealed bottled or carbonated water.
• Avoid ice cubes because they may be made from contaminated water.
• Use bottled water to brush your teeth.
• Avoid raw food — including peeled fruits, raw vegetables and salads — that has been touched by human hands.
• Avoid undercooked meat and fish.

More Information

Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) – Symptoms & causes

Overview

Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection that includes signs and symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes fever.

The most common way to develop viral gastroenteritis — often called stomach flu — is through contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or water. If you’re otherwise healthy, you’ll likely recover without complications. But for infants, older adults and people with compromised immune systems, viral gastroenteritis can be deadly.

There’s no effective treatment for viral gastroenteritis, so prevention is key. Avoid food and water that may be contaminated and wash your hands thoroughly and often.

Products & Services

Symptoms

Although it’s commonly called stomach flu, gastroenteritis isn’t the same as influenza. The flu (influenza) affects only your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs. Gastroenteritis, on the other hand, attacks your intestines, causing signs and symptoms such as:

• Watery, usually nonbloody diarrhea — bloody diarrhea usually means you have a different, more severe infection
• Nausea, vomiting or both
• Stomach cramps and pain
• Occasional muscle aches or headache
• Low-grade fever

Depending on the cause, viral gastroenteritis symptoms may appear within 1-3 days after you’re infected and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms usually last just a day or two, but occasionally they may last up to 14 days.

Because the symptoms are similar, it’s easy to confuse viral diarrhea with diarrhea caused by bacteria, such as Clostridioides difficile, salmonella and Escherichia coli, or parasites, such as giardia.

Viral gastroenteritis

The stomach, small intestine and large intestine (colon) are part of your digestive tract, which processes the foods you eat. Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation of these organs caused by a virus.

When to see a doctor

If you’re an adult, call your health care provider if:

• You’re not able to keep liquids down for 24 hours
• You’ve been vomiting or having diarrhea for more than two days
• You’re vomiting blood
• You’re dehydrated — signs of dehydration include excessive thirst, dry mouth, deep yellow urine or little or no urine, and severe weakness, dizziness or lightheadedness
• You notice blood in your bowel movements
• You have severe stomach pain
• You have a fever above 104 F (40 C)

For infants and children

See your child’s health care provider right away if your child:

• Has a fever of 102 F (38. 9 C) or higher
• Seems tired or very irritable
• Is in a lot of discomfort or pain
• Has bloody diarrhea
• Seems dehydrated — watch for signs of dehydration in sick infants and children by comparing how much they drink and urinate with how much is normal for them, and watching for signs such as a dry mouth, thirst and crying without tears

If you have an infant, remember that while spitting up may be an everyday occurrence for your baby, vomiting is not. Babies vomit for a variety of reasons, many of which may require medical attention.

Call your baby’s doctor right away if your baby:

• Has vomiting that is frequent
• Hasn’t had a wet diaper in six hours
• Has bloody stools or severe diarrhea
• Has a sunken soft spot (fontanel) on the top of his or her head
• Has a dry mouth or cries without tears
• Is unusually sleepy, drowsy or unresponsive

Causes

You’re most likely to get viral gastroenteritis when you eat or drink contaminated food or water. You may also be likely to get gastroenteritis if you share utensils, towels or food with someone who has one of the viruses that cause the condition.

Many viruses can cause gastroenteritis, including:

• Noroviruses. Both children and adults are affected by noroviruses, the most common cause of foodborne illness worldwide. Norovirus infection can sweep through families and communities. It’s especially likely to spread among people in confined spaces.

  In most cases, you pick up the virus from contaminated food or water. But it can also spread between people who are in close contact or who share food. You can also get the virus by touching a surface that’s been contaminated with norovirus and then touching your mouth.

• Rotavirus. Worldwide, this is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children, who are usually infected when they put their fingers or other objects contaminated with the virus into their mouths. It can also spread through contaminated food. The infection is most severe in infants and young children.

  Adults infected with rotavirus may not have symptoms, but can still spread the illness. This is of particular concern in institutional settings such as nursing homes because adults with the virus unknowingly can pass the virus to others. A vaccine against viral gastroenteritis is available in some countries, including the United States, and appears to be effective in preventing the infection.

Some shellfish, especially raw or undercooked oysters, also can make you sick. Contaminated drinking water is a cause of viral diarrhea. But in many cases the virus is passed when someone with a virus handles food you eat without washing his or her hands after using the toilet.

Risk factors

Gastroenteritis occurs all over the world and can affect people of all ages.

People who may be more susceptible to gastroenteritis include:

• Young children. Children in child care centers or elementary schools may be especially vulnerable because it takes time for a child’s immune system to mature.
• Older adults. Adult immune systems tend to become less efficient later in life. Older adults in nursing homes are vulnerable because their immune systems weaken. They also live in close contact with others who may pass along germs.
• Schoolchildren or dormitory residents. Anywhere that groups of people come together in close quarters can be an environment for an intestinal infection to get passed.
• Anyone with a weakened immune system. If your resistance to infection is low — for instance, if your immune system is compromised by HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy or another medical condition — you may be especially at risk.

Each gastrointestinal virus has a season when it’s most active. If you live in the Northern Hemisphere, for instance, you’re more likely to have rotavirus or norovirus infections in the winter and spring.

Complications

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration — a severe loss of water and essential salts and minerals. If you’re healthy and drink enough to replace fluids you lose from vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration shouldn’t be a problem.

Infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems may become severely dehydrated when they lose more fluids than they can replace. Hospitalization might be needed so that lost fluids can be replaced through an IV in their arms. Dehydration can rarely lead to death.

Prevention

The best way to prevent the spread of intestinal infections is to follow these precautions:

• Get your child vaccinated. A vaccine against gastroenteritis caused by the rotavirus is available in some countries, including the United States. Given to children in the first year of life, the vaccine appears to be effective in preventing severe symptoms of this illness.

• Wash your hands thoroughly. And make sure your children do, too. If your children are older, teach them to wash their hands, especially after using the toilet.

  Wash your hands after changing diapers and before preparing or eating food, too. It’s best to use warm water and soap and to rub hands well for at least 20 seconds. Wash around cuticles, beneath fingernails and in the creases of the hands. Then rinse thoroughly. Carry sanitizing wipes and hand sanitizer for times when soap and water aren’t available.

• Use separate personal items around your home. Avoid sharing eating utensils, drinking glasses and plates. Use separate towels in the bathroom.
• Prepare food safely. Wash all your fruits and vegetables before eating them. Clean kitchen surfaces before preparing food on them. Avoid preparing food if you’re sick.
• Keep your distance. Avoid close contact with anyone who has the virus, if possible.
• Disinfect hard surfaces. If someone in your home has viral gastroenteritis, disinfect hard surfaces, such as counters, faucets and doorknobs, with a mixture of 5-25 tablespoons (73 to 369 milliliters) of household bleach to 1 gallon (3. 8 liters) of water.
• Avoid touching laundry that may have been exposed to a virus. If someone in your home has viral gastroenteritis, wear gloves while touching laundry. Wash clothing and bedding in hot water and dry them on the hottest setting. Wash your hands well after touching laundry.
• Check out your child care center. Make sure the center has separate rooms for changing diapers and preparing or serving food. The room with the diaper-changing table should have a sink as well as a sanitary way to dispose of diapers.

Take precautions when traveling

When you’re traveling in other countries, you can become sick from contaminated food or water. You may be able to reduce your risk by following these tips:

• Drink only well-sealed bottled or carbonated water.
• Avoid ice cubes because they may be made from contaminated water.
• Use bottled water to brush your teeth.
• Avoid raw food — including peeled fruits, raw vegetables and salads — that has been touched by human hands.
• Avoid undercooked meat and fish.

More Information

Enteroviral infection

09/18/2017

Enterovirus infection is a multiple group of acute infectious diseases that can affect children and adults when infected with viruses of the Enterovirus genus. The insidiousness of the causative agents of enterovirus infection is that they can cause various forms of clinical manifestations, from mild malaise to serious damage to the central nervous system. With the development of an enterovirus infection, the symptoms are characterized by a feverish state and a wide variety of other signs caused by damage to the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, central nervous system and other organs.

How the infection spreads:

The main route of transmission of enterovirus infection is fecal-oral .
Household contact , through household items, contaminated hands, if personal hygiene is not observed.
Airborne if the pathogen multiplies in the respiratory tract, when coughing, sneezing.
Waterway – infection can occur when vegetables and fruits are watered with contaminated sewage, as well as when swimming in open contaminated water bodies, according to some reports, even water in coolers is a source of enterovirus infection.
If a pregnant woman is infected with an enterovirus infection, a vertical route of the pathogen’s transmission to the child is also possible.

Enterovirus infection is characterized by summer-autumn seasonality, a person has a very high natural susceptibility, and after the illness, type-specific immunity is maintained for several years.
The incubation period of any enteroviral infections is no more than 2-7 days.

All diseases that can be caused by enteroviruses according to the severity of the inflammatory process can be conditionally divided into 2 groups:0017 Serious diseases
These include acute paralysis, hepatitis, serous meningitis in children and adults, pericarditis, myocarditis, neonatal septic-like diseases, any chronic infections in HIV-infected people (HIV infection: symptoms, stages).
Less severe diseases
Conjunctivitis, three-day fever without rash or with rash, herpangina, vesicular pharyngitis, pleurodynia, uveitis, gastroenteritis. Enterovirus D68 can occur with severe cough and bronchopulmonary obstruction.

Symptoms:

Signs of SARS . Children develop perspiration, sore throat, sometimes runny nose, cough, fever. The temperature is high at the first stages, then decreases and after 2-3 days it jumps sharply again. This phenomenon is called “enterovirus fever”. It lasts, as a rule, 3 days, the child will feel unwell. During this period, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea sometimes appear, which can stop abruptly.

Rash . This manifestation of the disease is called “exanthema”. A rash appears on the second day after the temperature rises. As a rule, it is localized on the neck, legs, arms, face, back, chest. Outwardly, it looks like small red dots on the skin, identical to the manifestation of measles. Sometimes the rash is localized in the mouth, throat, looks like bubbles filled with liquid, which then turn into sores.

Muscle pain . Enterovirus infection in some cases affects muscle tissue. It is localized more often in the chest, abdomen, much less often in the back, arms, legs. Deterioration of the condition is manifested by movement, the pain has a paroxysmal character. The duration can be several minutes and up to half an hour. If you do not start timely therapy, muscle pain will become chronic.

Diarrhea, vomiting. Often manifested in children under 2 years of age when the body is affected by an enterovirus infection. Sometimes the symptom is accompanied by bloating, pain. Diarrhea can last for several days. The main task of parents during this period is to restore fluid deficiency in time.

Additional symptoms of enterovirus infection:
drowsiness, lethargy;
abdominal pain;
loss of appetite;
swelling of the extremities;
general malaise;
dehydration;
conjunctivitis, redness of the eyes, lacrimation;
enlargement of the lymph nodes.

In healthy adults with strong immunity, enterovirus infection cannot develop to severe pathological processes, and most often it is asymptomatic, which cannot be said about small children, especially newborns and adults weakened by other diseases, such as HIV infection, cancer, tuberculosis.

To prevent the disease of enterovirus infection, it is necessary to observe preventive measures:

Use guaranteed safe water and drinks (boiled water and drinks in factory packaging).
Eat foods that have been heat treated.
Thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables with safe water and then rinse with boiling water.
When swimming in ponds and pools, do not allow water to enter the oral cavity.
Follow the basic rules of personal hygiene.
You should avoid visiting mass events, places with a large number of people (public transport, cinemas, etc.).
Wet cleaning of residential premises is recommended at least 2 times a day, ventilation of premises.

Under no circumstances should a child visit an organized children’s group (school, preschool institutions) with any manifestations of the disease. At the first signs of illness, you should immediately seek medical help, do not self-medicate!

Diarrhea, runny nose and how to deal with them

Fever, diarrhea and runny nose – all of these symptoms can indicate the presence of diseases such as colds, flu or intestinal infections. It is important to see a doctor for an accurate diagnosis and treatment. Steps can be taken to reduce symptoms, such as hydration and rest.

High temperature is one of the symptoms of the disease. Basically, it occurs in the case of an infectious process. In addition to fever, various symptoms may occur, such as diarrhea and runny nose. If such symptoms are present, treatment measures must be taken to prevent the condition from worsening.

Diarrhea is heartburn of the stomach accompanied by loose or semi-liquid stools. It may be caused by an infection or other causes. If diarrhea accompanies a high temperature, it is necessary to increase the drinking regimen and consult a doctor.

Runny nose is also one of the symptoms of high fever. It can occur against the background of a cold or other diseases. A runny nose is accompanied by nasal congestion, mucus secretion and a violation of the sense of smell. To relieve a runny nose, you need to drink plenty of fluids and use special means.

It is important to remember that a high temperature is a signal that an inflammatory process is taking place in the body. If necessary, you should consult a doctor and do not self-medicate.

High fever symptoms

A high temperature can be a sign of various illnesses and infections. The most common symptom is fever, which is often accompanied by other symptoms.

One of the most common symptoms associated with high fever is a runny nose. In this case, the nasal mucosa may turn red, swell and begin to secrete a large number of secrets.

Another symptom associated with high fever is diarrhea. This may be due to infection, indigestion, or even the use of certain medications.

Also, high fever can be accompanied by headache, muscle weakness, body aches, loss of appetite and even convulsions.

It is important to understand that the presence of fever-related symptoms does not always mean a serious illness. However, if symptoms persist for more than a few days or worsen, a doctor should be consulted.

What is temperature and what temperature can be considered high?

Temperature is an indicator that characterizes the thermal state of an object. In the human body, temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (°C). The normal body temperature of a healthy person is between 36.6 and 37.2 °C.

The temperature can be considered high if it is above normal. Medical standards classify body temperature according to the following criteria:

Slight fever:

• 37. 2 – 37.9 °C – indicates a slight violation in the body’s thermoregulation (for example, after exercise, in cool weather, in the morning after waking up).

Moderate fever:

• 38 – 38.9°C is already a symptom of an illness, such as influenza.

High fever:

• 39 – 41 °C – dangerous to health and requires immediate medical attention.

A high temperature may be accompanied by various symptoms, such as diarrhea, vomiting, runny nose, etc. Such symptoms can aggravate an already existing situation and provoke new complications. Therefore, it is necessary to take timely measures to lower the temperature and seek medical help if the temperature does not decrease within a few days.

Main symptoms of high fever

High temperature is a marker of many diseases. But how do you know when the temperature is high?

• Normal human body temperature is between 36.5 and 37.5 degrees Celsius.
• Body temperature above 37.5 degrees is considered elevated.
• Temperatures above 38 degrees indicate a high temperature.

The main symptoms of high fever include:

1. Headache: with high temperature explosive headache.
2. Fever: increased body temperature.
3. Weakness: Feeling tired and weak.
4. Nausea and vomiting: possible signs of infectious diseases.
5. Trembling: tremor or shivering in the body.

However, the symptoms of a high fever may vary depending on the cause of the fever. For a correct diagnosis, you should consult a doctor.

Diarrhea as a symptom of high fever

High fever may be accompanied by diarrhea, which is one of the signs of an acute intestinal infection. Diarrhea is caused by indigestion and may present as loose and frequent stools.

In addition to infection, diarrhea can be caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water, an allergic reaction to certain foods, and the use of certain medications such as antibiotics.

Diarrhea can be treated with medications that can help manage the symptoms and restore normal bowel function. It is also important to maintain regular hygiene and drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated.

• Take your medicines only as directed by your doctor;
• Use only clean drinking water and quality foods;
• Perform good hygiene, use disinfectants;
• If diarrhea symptoms persist, seek medical attention.

If you have a high fever with diarrhea, seek qualified medical attention as this may indicate a serious illness that should be treated immediately.

Why does diarrhea occur with high fever?

Diarrhea is a common symptom with fever. In this case, the gastrointestinal tract becomes sensitive to various painful processes.

First of all, high temperature causes an increased secretion of gastric juice and accelerates the movement of food through the intestines, which can negatively affect its work. In addition, temperature speeds up the body’s metabolism, which can cause rapid breathing and loss of water and electrolytes through the intestines.

Also, high fever can provoke the development of infectious diseases, which are often accompanied by diarrhea. This may be due to a violation of the intestinal microflora due to the increased activity of pathogenic microorganisms as a result of a decrease in immunity.

• What should I do if I have diarrhea with a fever?
• The first step is to see a doctor to determine the cause of the diarrhea.
• It is important to monitor water and electrolyte intake, including ORS intake to prevent dehydration.
• It is recommended to refuse from fatty, spicy and complex dishes, to give preference to light and easily digestible products, such as jelly, rice water and bananas.
• Do not leave the problem of diarrhea to chance and continue to take measures to combat it.

How do I manage diarrhea with high fever?

Diarrhea is a common symptom with high fever. It can be caused by infectious diseases, viruses, bacteria, or even the use of certain medications. Some ways to help manage this problem:

• Drink plenty of fluids. Diarrhea causes a lot of fluid and electrolyte loss. Therefore, it is very important to drink plenty of water to prevent dehydration. To do this, you can drink tea, mineral water or sparkling water.
• Eat foods that promote fluid balance. For example, bananas, rice, apples, toast, chicken broth, and other easily digestible foods may be added to weak solutions.
• Avoid certain foods. Foods that may worsen symptoms, including fatty and spicy foods, alcohol and coffee, are not recommended for diarrhea.
• Use drugs. In some cases, medications can help stop diarrhea. Talk to your doctor to determine which drug is best for you.

If diarrhea persists for more than a few days, see your doctor to determine the cause and prescribe appropriate treatment.

Runny nose as a symptom of high fever

Runny nose is one of the most common and persistent symptoms of high fever. It can be very uncomfortable, irritating and often make it difficult to breathe normally.

At first glance, a runny nose may seem like a non-obvious sign of high fever. But they are, in fact, connected: when the body encounters an infection, inflammation of many organs and systems usually occurs, including the nasal mucosa.

As a rule, a runny nose with a high temperature indicates that a cold or flu has already begun. It can also be a precursor symptom, signaling that you are at risk of illness, and cause headache, weakness, and other discomfort.

To deal with a runny nose with a high fever, give yourself a good rest and drink plenty of fluids. There are also many people who talk about the benefits of cold medicines, such as nasal drops or sprays. Choose the method that you have tested on yourself or that your doctor has advised you.

Why does a runny nose appear at a high temperature?

A runny nose with a high fever may be the result of an upper respiratory infection such as SARS or influenza. High fever persists in the face of infection, causing a runny nose, which may be accompanied by cough, headache, and sore throat. A runny nose with a high temperature can also be the result of an allergy.

A runny nose is one of the most common symptoms of a cold or flu and usually resolves on its own within a few days. With allergies for several days or more, but with the elimination of the allergen, the symptoms normalize.

The symptoms of a runny nose at high temperatures can be reduced by simple means: increasing fluid intake, installing a UV device to purify the air, using a mug of hot drink, humidifying the dry air, resting and reducing the load on the body, etc.

• Increased fluid intake – this can help control the spread of a runny nose and help in full recovery the future.
• A mug of hot drink is a very simple way to thin the mucus in the nose, a guarantee of increased blood circulation, but you should use this method only if you are sure of health in the throat mucus

How to cope with a runny nose at a high temperature?

A runny nose with a high temperature is one of the symptoms of a cold. In this case, the main task is to facilitate breathing and reduce discomfort.

1. Use vasoconstrictor drops. They will help narrow the blood vessels and improve the patency of the nose. But do not abuse these drops, as they can harm your health.

2. Rinsing the nose with saline solutions will help moisturize the mucous membranes and improve nasal passage.

3. Drink plenty of fluids. During a cold, the body loses a lot of fluid, so it is necessary to increase the amount of water consumed. This will help you stay hydrated and reduce inflammation.

4. Use inhalers. This device allows you to inhale vapors of drugs that kill bacteria and reduce inflammation.

5. Include foods rich in vitamins and minerals, such as fruits, vegetables, meat, and fish, in your diet. They will help strengthen the immune system and quickly cope with the disease.

If the symptoms of high fever and runny nose do not disappear after 3-4 days, a doctor should be consulted and examined. Do not forget about hand hygiene and protection of the nose and mouth during epidemics of colds!

Headache as a symptom of fever

Headache may be one of the symptoms associated with fever. In many cases, a headache causes additional discomfort and can aggravate your overall health. Therefore, it is important to know how to deal with a high temperature headache.

One easy way to relieve headaches is to take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Ibuprofen or Aspirin. But it must be remembered that they can cause side effects and it is not recommended to use them without consulting a doctor.

Warm compresses can be applied to the forehead and back of the head to relieve headaches. If you are at home, try to rest in a quiet and dark place, as bright lights and noise can make your headache worse.

• Fever headache symptoms
• Headache relief options
• When to see a doctor

If your headache does not go away despite the measures taken, or your temperature continues to rise, be sure to consult your doctor. Headache may be a sign of other diseases and require more serious treatment. Remember that proper treatment and seeing a doctor will help prevent possible complications and help you return to a healthy lifestyle.

Why does a headache occur with a high temperature?

Headache is one of the most common symptoms that can occur with elevated body temperature. This is because as the temperature rises, changes occur in the circulatory system, including increased blood flow to the brain. This can lead to vasodilation of the brain and an increase in pressure inside the skull.

In addition, elevated temperature can cause dehydration, which leads to a decrease in the amount of fluid in the body. It can also cause headaches, as the brain has to work in conditions of lack of fluid.

Pain medications can be taken to help manage fever headaches, which reduce pressure inside the skull and reduce pain. However, it is important to remember that long-term use of pain medication can lead to side effects such as gastrointestinal problems.

In addition, fever headaches can be reduced by drinking water regularly, as this helps to keep the fluid level in the body. You can also apply cold compresses to the forehead and back of the head to relieve pressure in the head.

How to cope with a headache with a high fever?

Headache with fever is one of the most common symptoms. It can be caused by elevated body temperature itself or by other factors such as stress, fatigue, or lack of nutrition.

There are several ways to help manage a fever headache:

• Drink plenty of fluids. One of the main causes of fever headaches can be dehydration. Drink more water and other fluids to keep your body hydrated.
• Take antipyretics. If your headache is due to high body temperature, take medicines that lower the temperature and reduce pain. But do not forget that medicines should be taken only as directed by a doctor.
• Relax. Stress and fatigue can cause headaches at high temperatures. Relax, find a way to relax, such as meditation, yoga, or other exercises.

It is important to note that if the headache is associated with other symptoms, such as severe nausea or dizziness, a doctor should be consulted immediately.

Increased heart rate as a symptom of fever

Increased heart rate is one of the symptoms associated with fever. The body begins to actively fight infection or inflammation, which leads to an increase in heart rate.

However, in addition to this, an increased heart rate may be associated with other problems, such as: dehydration of the body, blood loss, heart failure, etc.

To cope with this symptom, it is necessary first of all to establish its cause and begin treatment of the underlying disease. If the increased heart rate is not associated with serious problems, the following recommendations can be applied:

• Reduce physical activity and rest;
• Try relaxation techniques such as deep breathing;
• Avoid caffeine, alcohol and other stimulants;
• Diet and eat smaller meals.

It is also necessary to monitor changes in the condition and consult a doctor in a timely manner in case of negative changes.

Why does palpitations occur at high temperatures?

Increased heart rate with fever is the body’s normal response to an infection or other illness that causes a rise in body temperature. When body temperature rises, the heart starts to work faster to provide enough oxygen and nutrients to all organs and tissues.

Increased heart rate can also be caused by dehydration, which often occurs at high temperatures when fluid loss through sweat increases. To combat dehydration, the body begins to accelerate the heart to compensate for the reduction in blood volume and help maintain the desired pressure.

In addition, increased heart rate can be caused by stress, which can occur in connection with illness and fever. Stress triggers the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which speeds up the heartbeat and increases blood pressure to help the body deal with stress.

To cope with increased heart rate at high temperatures, it is important to normalize body temperature, drink enough fluids, avoid physical activity and take care of good nutrition. If the heartbeat persists for a long time or if it is accompanied by additional symptoms, it is worth consulting with your doctor for a more detailed assessment of your health.

How to deal with palpitations at high temperatures?

An increased heart rate is a normal reaction of the body to a high temperature, but if it is too high, it can be a cause for concern.

To reduce the heartbeat you need:

• Take fever remedies – this will help reduce body temperature and reduce heartbeat.
• Drink plenty of water – liquid will help cool the body and bring down the temperature.
• Avoid exercise – this can increase the heartbeat and make you feel worse.
• Place ice on the back and crown – this helps to cool the body and lower the temperature.
• Apply a wet compress – this also helps to cool the body and reduce fever.

Be aware that an increased heart rate can be a sign of a serious problem, so if you feel pain, dizziness, or shortness of breath, call your doctor right away.

What if the temperature does not drop?

High fever may cause discomfort and anxiety for patients. If the temperature does not subside, then you need to take measures to reduce it and consult a doctor.

• Take an antipyretic: parajuan or ibuprofen preparations can help reduce fever. However, you should consult your doctor to clarify the dosage and the possibility of using these drugs.
• Drink plenty of fluids: During illness, the body loses a lot of fluid, which can lead to dehydration. Drink plenty of water to replenish lost fluids and make sure your body is getting enough fluid to fight infection.
• Lower the room temperature: If the room temperature is high, this may aggravate the situation. Open windows or use an air conditioner to keep you cool.
• Rest and try to relax: Stress and fatigue can aggravate the disease. Try to rest and relax to help your body fight infection.
• Seek medical attention: If the temperature persists, seek medical attention. He will help determine the cause of the high temperature and suggest treatment.

It is worth remembering that a high temperature can be a sign of a serious illness and requires careful attention. Do not self-medicate and be sure to seek help from a doctor.

Self-treatment of high fever: what not to do?

When the temperature rises, the body sends a signal that something is wrong in the body. But not everyone knows how to properly respond to this. Many try to manage the symptoms on their own, which often leads to a worsening of the condition.

One of the main “not” at high temperature is the use of alcohol. It leads to an additional load on the body, impairs metabolism and can lead to a deterioration in the condition.

It is also not recommended to eat fatty, sweet and spicy foods, which greatly complicate digestion and may worsen the general condition.

Do not overuse drugs, especially antibiotics, unless your doctor has prescribed specific drugs. This can lead to the development of allergic reactions, dysbacteriosis and other side effects.

It is also impossible to ignore the problem and continue to work or play sports. It is necessary to observe bed rest, drink plenty of fluids and do not take medicines for high fever without consulting a doctor.

Remember that self-treatment of high fever can lead to serious consequences. Seek medical attention if the temperature does not go down within 2-3 days or if the condition worsens.

Q&A:

What symptoms accompany high fever?

High fever may be accompanied by various symptoms such as diarrhoea, runny nose, headache, chills, general weakness, loss of appetite, etc. Specific symptoms may depend on the cause of the fever.

What causes high fever?

High fever can be caused by various causes such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, allergens, drug reactions, stress, etc. To determine the exact cause of the increase in temperature, you must consult a doctor.

What is diarrhea?

Diarrhea is less common liquid or mushy stool. It can be caused by various reasons such as infections, allergies, stress, changes in diet, etc.

Could high fever be associated with diarrhea?

Yes, diarrhea can be one of the symptoms associated with a high fever. Some infections can cause both diarrhea and fever.

How do I manage diarrhea caused by high fever?

To manage diarrhea in a patient with a high fever, it is recommended to drink more fluids, follow a dietary regimen, avoid spicy and heavy foods, and possibly take medication under medical supervision.

What is a runny nose?

Runny nose is a condition when the nasal mucosa is inflamed and irritated. It can be joined by sneezing, nasal congestion, strong mucus secretion.

Can a runny nose be associated with high fever?

Yes, a runny nose can be one of the symptoms associated with a high fever, especially if these symptoms are caused by a viral infection.

When to see a doctor?

When you have symptoms of a high fever, you should call your doctor if:

• Fever lasts more than three days without recovery;
• You experience acute pain;
• You have a rash or trouble breathing;
• You often faint or have seizures;
• You are very weak and unable to perform normal tasks at home or at work;
• You have severe diarrhea or vomiting with a high fever.