What are the common causes of chills, nausea, and diarrhea without fever. How can these symptoms be managed effectively at home. When should you seek medical attention for these symptoms. What are the potential complications if left untreated.

Understanding the Combination of Chills, Nausea, and Diarrhea

The simultaneous occurrence of chills, nausea, and diarrhea without fever can be a disconcerting experience. These symptoms often indicate a disturbance in the gastrointestinal system, but their underlying causes can vary significantly. While a viral or bacterial infection is a common culprit, other factors such as stress, dietary issues, or certain medical conditions can also trigger this combination of symptoms.

Do these symptoms always indicate a serious condition? Not necessarily. In many cases, these symptoms are temporary and resolve on their own within a few days. However, persistent or severe symptoms may warrant medical attention, especially if accompanied by signs of dehydration or other complications.

Common Causes of Chills, Nausea, and Diarrhea Without Fever

Viral Gastroenteritis

Viral gastroenteritis, often referred to as the “stomach flu,” is a leading cause of chills, nausea, and diarrhea. Despite its colloquial name, it is not related to influenza. Various viruses can cause this condition, including:

• Norovirus
• Rotavirus
• Adenovirus
• Astrovirus

These viruses are highly contagious and can spread through contaminated food, water, or close contact with infected individuals. While fever is common in viral gastroenteritis, some cases may present without elevated body temperature.

Food Poisoning

Food poisoning occurs when you consume contaminated food or beverages. Various pathogens can cause food poisoning, including:

• Escherichia coli (E. coli)
• Salmonella
• Listeria monocytogenes
• Campylobacter
• Staphylococcus aureus

Symptoms of food poisoning typically onset within hours of consuming the contaminated item and can last for several days. While fever is common in many cases of food poisoning, some individuals may experience chills, nausea, and diarrhea without a significant increase in body temperature.

Traveler’s Diarrhea

Traveler’s diarrhea is a digestive tract disorder that commonly affects individuals visiting areas with different sanitation practices or climates than they are accustomed to. It can be caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Symptoms typically include watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and sometimes vomiting. Chills may occur, but fever is not always present.

Non-Infectious Causes of Chills, Nausea, and Diarrhea

Stress and Anxiety

Can psychological factors lead to physical symptoms like chills, nausea, and diarrhea? Absolutely. The gut-brain connection is a well-established phenomenon in medical science. Stress and anxiety can significantly impact gastrointestinal function, leading to a variety of symptoms including:

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Changes in appetite
• Chills or cold sweats

Chronic stress has been linked to the development and exacerbation of conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Managing stress through relaxation techniques, therapy, or lifestyle changes can often help alleviate these symptoms.

Dietary Factors

Certain foods and dietary habits can trigger gastrointestinal distress, leading to symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, and sometimes chills. Common culprits include:

• Spicy or heavily seasoned foods
• Fatty or greasy meals
• Alcohol consumption
• Caffeine
• Food intolerances (e.g., lactose intolerance)

Identifying and avoiding trigger foods can help prevent these symptoms. Keeping a food diary and working with a healthcare provider or dietitian can be beneficial in pinpointing problematic dietary habits.

Pregnancy-Related Nausea and Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Pregnancy can cause a multitude of gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly in the first trimester. Morning sickness, characterized by nausea and vomiting, affects up to 80% of pregnant women. Some women may also experience diarrhea and chills without fever. These symptoms are typically related to hormonal changes and usually subside as the pregnancy progresses.

Are these symptoms always benign in pregnancy? While common, severe or persistent symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare provider to rule out complications such as hyperemesis gravidarum or other underlying conditions.

When to Seek Medical Attention

While chills, nausea, and diarrhea without fever often resolve on their own, certain situations warrant medical attention. Seek immediate care if you experience:

• Severe abdominal pain
• Bloody stools
• Signs of dehydration (e.g., dark urine, dizziness, dry mouth)
• Symptoms persisting for more than a few days
• Inability to keep fluids down
• High fever developing alongside other symptoms

These could indicate a more serious underlying condition requiring prompt medical evaluation and treatment.

Treatment and Management Strategies

How can you effectively manage chills, nausea, and diarrhea at home? Here are some strategies:

1. Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of clear fluids to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
2. Rest: Allow your body time to recover and fight off any potential infections.
3. Gradual diet reintroduction: Start with bland, easy-to-digest foods like bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast (BRAT diet).
4. Over-the-counter medications: Antidiarrheal medications and anti-nausea drugs can provide relief, but consult a healthcare provider before use, especially if symptoms are severe or prolonged.
5. Probiotics: These may help restore balance to your gut microbiome and alleviate symptoms.

Remember, these strategies are for mild cases. Severe or persistent symptoms require medical evaluation and possibly more targeted treatments.

Prevention Strategies for Gastrointestinal Distress

Preventing chills, nausea, and diarrhea often involves good hygiene practices and lifestyle choices. Here are some effective prevention strategies:

• Practice proper hand hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially before eating and after using the bathroom.
• Food safety: Cook foods to appropriate temperatures, avoid cross-contamination, and be cautious with high-risk foods like raw seafood or unpasteurized dairy products.
• Stay hydrated: Drinking adequate water can help maintain proper digestive function.
• Manage stress: Incorporate stress-reduction techniques into your daily routine, such as meditation, exercise, or hobbies.
• Travel precautions: When visiting areas with different sanitation standards, drink bottled water and avoid raw or undercooked foods.
• Regular exercise: Physical activity can help promote healthy digestion and boost overall immune function.

By incorporating these practices into your daily life, you can significantly reduce your risk of experiencing gastrointestinal distress.

Long-Term Health Implications and Follow-Up Care

While most cases of chills, nausea, and diarrhea without fever are acute and resolve quickly, some individuals may experience lingering effects or recurring symptoms. These could indicate underlying chronic conditions such as:

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
• Celiac disease
• Chronic stress-related gastrointestinal disorders

If you find yourself frequently experiencing these symptoms, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider. They may recommend further diagnostic tests, such as stool analysis, blood tests, or endoscopic procedures, to identify any underlying conditions.

How can you prevent long-term complications? Regular check-ups, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and promptly addressing persistent symptoms can help prevent chronic gastrointestinal issues. Your healthcare provider may also recommend dietary modifications, stress management techniques, or medications to manage ongoing symptoms and improve your quality of life.

The Role of the Gut Microbiome

Recent research has highlighted the importance of the gut microbiome in overall health, including digestive function and immune response. A healthy, diverse gut microbiome can help prevent gastrointestinal distress and improve recovery from acute episodes of nausea and diarrhea.

To support a healthy gut microbiome, consider:

• Eating a diverse diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Consuming fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, or sauerkraut
• Taking probiotic supplements (under guidance from a healthcare provider)
• Limiting processed foods and artificial sweeteners
• Staying physically active

By nurturing your gut microbiome, you may be able to reduce the frequency and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms and improve your overall health.

Special Considerations for Vulnerable Populations

Certain groups may be more susceptible to severe complications from gastrointestinal distress, including:

• Infants and young children
• Elderly individuals
• Pregnant women
• People with compromised immune systems
• Individuals with chronic health conditions

For these populations, even mild symptoms should be monitored closely, and medical attention should be sought earlier rather than later. Dehydration, in particular, can develop rapidly in these groups and may lead to serious complications if not addressed promptly.

How can caregivers best support vulnerable individuals experiencing these symptoms? Ensure they stay hydrated, monitor their symptoms closely, and don’t hesitate to contact a healthcare provider if there are any concerns. In some cases, home care may not be sufficient, and hospitalization may be necessary to provide intravenous fluids or more intensive treatments.

The Importance of Proper Diagnosis

While chills, nausea, and diarrhea without fever are often due to common, self-limiting conditions, they can sometimes be symptoms of more serious underlying health issues. These may include:

• Gallbladder disease
• Pancreatitis
• Certain types of cancer
• Endocrine disorders
• Medication side effects

Therefore, it’s crucial to seek proper medical evaluation if symptoms persist or recur frequently. A healthcare provider can perform a thorough examination, order appropriate tests, and provide an accurate diagnosis to guide treatment.

Remember, self-diagnosis and self-treatment can sometimes lead to delayed proper care or mask more serious conditions. When in doubt, it’s always best to consult with a healthcare professional.

Causes, No Fever, Risks, and Treatment

Having vomiting and diarrhea at the same time typically happens with a viral illness or bacterial infection that affects your digestive system. But these symptoms can occur with other health conditions as well.

Vomiting and diarrhea are common symptoms that affect people of all ages, from babies and toddlers to adults.

Most of the time, these two symptoms are the result of a stomach bug or food poisoning, and they resolve within a few days. Getting some rest and drinking plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration is usually the only treatment needed.

Though a virus is usually the culprit, there are other possible causes of vomiting and diarrhea at the same time, such as certain medical conditions and medications.

Vomiting and diarrhea can happen at the same time for a number of reasons.

A stomach virus or bacterial gastrointestinal (GI) infection is the most likely cause in children.

These infections can affect adults as well. But there are a number of other reasons why an adult may experience these symptoms simultaneously, such as drinking too much alcohol or being pregnant.

1. Viral gastroenteritis

Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection. Viral gastroenteritis is often referred to as the stomach flu, but it’s unrelated to influenza (the flu) and is caused by different viruses.

The viruses that most commonly cause gastroenteritis include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

While all of these viruses can affect people of any age, the latter three are most common in infants and toddlers, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

These viruses are transmitted from person to person by contact with infected stool and vomit. This can happen when a person with the infection doesn’t wash their hands thoroughly after using the restroom and then touches surfaces used by other people or prepares food for others.

In addition to vomiting and watery diarrhea, symptoms of viral gastroenteritis include:

• abdominal pain and cramping
• nausea
• fever, on occasion

Did you know?

There are several types of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

One type is known as post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). PI-IBS is caused by an infection (usually gastroenteritis).

One large survey, published in 2018, asked thousands of people with IBS about their experiences. Data was collected between 2008 and 2015. Respondents came from countries around the world, with almost half of them being Italian.

The researchers found that infection may have caused IBS in 13.3 percent of respondents. According to the researchers, this statistic was in line with previous surveys, where PI-IBS was reported to comprise 6 to 17 percent of IBS cases.

2. Food poisoning

Food poisoning is an infection of the GI tract. It’s most often caused by bacteria but can also be caused by parasites or viruses.

You can get food poisoning by eating contaminated food. This can happen at home or in restaurants when food is handled incorrectly or not cooked properly.

Several bacteria can cause food poisoning, including:

• E. coli
• Campylobacter
• Listeria monocytogenes
• Salmonella
• Shigella
• Staphylococcus aureus

Symptoms of food poisoning can start within hours of eating contaminated food and often resolve within a few hours to a few days. This usually happens without special treatment.

Vomiting and watery diarrhea are the most common symptoms. Other symptoms include:

• abdominal pain and cramping
• nausea
• fever
• bloody diarrhea

3. Traveler’s diarrhea

Traveler’s diarrhea is a digestive tract disorder that’s most often caused by viruses, parasites, or bacteria consumed in water or food. It’s most likely to occur when you’re visiting an area with a different climate or sanitation practices than what you’re accustomed to at home.

To see if there’s a health notice for the regions to which you’ve recently traveled, check the website of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Traveler’s diarrhea generally clears up within 1 week. Watery diarrhea and cramps are the most common symptoms, but traveler’s diarrhea can also cause:

• nausea
• fever
• flatulence (gas)
• bloating
• tenesmus, or the urgent need to have a bowel movement

4. Stress or anxiety

Research shows that gastrointestinal function is influenced by stress, and that stress and anxiety commonly cause a number of gastrointestinal symptoms, including:

• nausea
• constipation
• indigestion
• heartburn

The stress hormones released by your body slow motility, or movement, in your stomach and small intestine. They also trigger an increase in motility in your large intestine.

Stress and anxiety have also been linked to the development and worsening of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) as well as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

5. Pregnancy

The body goes through numerous changes during pregnancy.

Morning sickness is the most common cause of vomiting in pregnancy. Despite its name, morning sickness can occur at any time of the day. It affects almost 75 percent of pregnant women, usually during the first 14 weeks of pregnancy.

Some people develop hyperemesis gravidarum, a condition that causes severe nausea and vomiting.

Vomiting and diarrhea in pregnancy can be caused by hormonal changes, new food sensitivities, and dietary changes. Prenatal vitamins also cause diarrhea in some people.

These symptoms can also be caused by gastroenteritis, which is common during pregnancy.

6. Overeating or overdrinking

Overindulging in food or drink can cause vomiting and diarrhea along with:

• indigestion
• heartburn
• belching
• a feeling of uncomfortable fullness

The type of food you eat also matters. Eating large amounts of greasy or sugary foods can irritate your stomach and cause vomiting and diarrhea.

Overeating is even more likely to cause these symptoms if you already have a gastrointestinal condition, such as IBS, stomach ulcers, acid reflux, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

The relationship between alcohol and the gut is complex. Some types of alcohol, including sugary drinks, can cause diarrhea by inducing a quicker gut transit time. This decreases digestion, as the gut doesn’t have time to absorb the nutrients or other substances that are rapidly passing through it.

Excessive alcohol use can cause a condition known as alcoholic gastritis, which is an irritation of the stomach lining. Acute gastritis can occur after binge drinking, or gastritis can become chronic in people who drink alcohol regularly.

Gastritis can cause:

• upper abdominal pain or burning
• nausea
• bloating
• regurgitation
• symptoms that improve or worsen after eating, depending on the food

7. Medications

Vomiting and diarrhea are side effects of many medications. Some are more likely to cause these symptoms than others. This can be because of the way the medication works or because they contain additives that irritate the stomach.

Your age, overall health, and other medications can also increase the risk of side effects.

Medications that commonly cause vomiting and diarrhea include:

• certain antibiotics
• nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and aspirin
• chemotherapy drugs
• metformin (Fortamet, Glumetza)

One way antibiotics can cause vomiting and diarrhea is by killing the “good” bacteria that normally lives in your GI tract. This allows bacteria called Clostridioides difficile to become overgrown, which can result in symptoms similar to severe food poisoning.

Taking medication with food can sometimes relieve symptoms. Speak with a doctor about the best way to take your medication.

Vomiting and diarrhea that occur without a fever can be caused by:

• stress and anxiety
• pregnancy
• medications
• consuming too much food or alcohol

Mild cases of viral gastroenteritis can also cause vomiting and diarrhea without fever.

Dehydration is a complication of vomiting and diarrhea, and it occurs when the body loses too much fluid. Dehydration can prevent your cells, tissues, and organs from functioning properly, leading to serious complications, including shock and even death.

Mild dehydration can be treated at home, but severe dehydration requires emergency care in a hospital.

Symptoms of dehydration in babies, toddlers, and children include:

• thirst
• urinating less than usual, or going 3 or more hours without a wet diaper
• dry mouth
• sunken eyes or cheeks
• decreased skin turgor, or elasticity
• lack of energy
• no tears when crying

Symptoms in adults include:

• extreme thirst
• urinating less than usual
• dry mouth
• sunken eyes or cheeks
• decreased skin turgor
• fatigue
• lightheadedness
• dark-colored urine

Most of the time, vomiting and diarrhea will resolve within a few days without treatment. Home remedies and medications can help you manage your symptoms and avoid dehydration.

Home remedies

Here are some ways you can treat vomiting and diarrhea at home to avoid dehydration:

• Get plenty of rest.
• Avoid stress.
• Wash your hands with soap and water frequently.
• Drink lots of clear fluids like water, broth, clear sodas, and sports drinks.
• Eat saltine crackers.
• Follow the BRAT diet, which consists of bland foods. BRAT stands for bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast.
• Avoid foods that are greasy, spicy, or high in fat and sugar.
• Avoid dairy.
• Avoid caffeine.

Follow this advice if you have babies or toddlers:

• Give your baby smaller feedings more often if needed.
• Give sips of water between formula or solid food.
• Give them an oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte.

Medications

There are over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications available for vomiting and diarrhea. While generally safe for adults, OTC medications should not be taken without first consulting a doctor.

OTC medications include:

• bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate)
• loperamide (Imodium)
• antiemetic drugs, such as Dramamine and Gravol, which often contain the ingredient dimenhydrinate

A doctor may recommend antibiotics to treat vomiting and diarrhea caused by bacterial infections, such as food poisoning.

When you’re experiencing vomiting and diarrhea, your aim should be to get some sustenance and avoid dehydration.

If an infection like gastroenteritis is causing your symptoms, start by trying home remedies. In other cases, professional medical care may be required.

For children

Take a child to the doctor if they:

• are vomiting for more than 2 days or have diarrhea for more than 7 days
• are unable to keep fluid down
• are under 3 months old with a rectal temperature of 100.4°F (38°C)
• are 3 months to 3 years old with a temperature of 102. 2°F (39°C)
• are under 5 years old and appear to have symptoms of dehydration, such as:
  • dry mucous membranes
  • drowsiness
  • irritability that doesn’t go away when they’re consoled

It’s especially important to contact a doctor about possible dehydration if the child is too young to describe their own symptoms.

When to go to the emergency room

Take a child to the emergency room if they:

• have symptoms of dehydration after using an oral rehydration solution
• have green or yellow vomit, which can be a symptom of small bowel obstruction
• are vomiting blood or what looks like coffee grounds
• have blood in their urine or stool
• are too weak to stand

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For adults

See a doctor if:

• you’re still dehydrated after rehydrating with fluids and an oral hydration solution
• you are vomiting for more than 2 days or have diarrhea for more than 7 days
• your vomit is green or yellow, which can be a symptom of small bowel obstruction
• you’re vomiting blood or what looks like coffee grounds
• you have bloody diarrhea or rectal bleeding
• you’re unable to keep fluid down

Most of the time, vomiting and diarrhea are due to a stomach bug or food poisoning and clear up on their own within a few days. Getting plenty of fluids and eating a bland diet can help.

Keep an eye out for signs of dehydration, especially in infants and toddlers who are not able to communicate what they’re feeling. Talk with a doctor if you have, or your child has, severe symptoms or symptoms that last more than a few days.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

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Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

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In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

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Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Chills in a child – causes and symptoms, first aid treatment

Causes of chills in children

Feeling cold and trembling muscles often indicate the onset of an infection or fever1, but they can occur without fever.

Chills in a child with a temperature is often a manifestation of an infectious disease. In this case, the fever becomes a protective reaction that activates the immune system and helps fight infectious agents3. Chills associated with the “invasion” of viruses and bacteria can also be accompanied by various manifestations of the common cold, diarrheal syndrome and urinary tract infection. Can be observed:

• manifestations of intoxication – headache and muscle pain, feeling unwell ¹³ ;
• respiratory symptoms – sore throat, runny nose, cough, shortness of breath ¹⁰ ;
• digestive disorders – vomiting, diarrhea ¹⁰ ;
• dysuria – frequent and painful urination, intractable urge to urinate ¹¹ .

Sometimes chills are not associated with infection or inflammation, so it is important for parents to look for other accompanying symptoms and tell the doctor about them.

There are also many reasons for the development of chills in children without fever. Here are some of them:

• Subcooling . At low ambient temperatures, the body tries to prevent the cooling of internal organs. In response to cold, 2 reactions occur: the body reduces heat loss through the skin – a spasm of the surface vessels of the skin occurs – and increases heat production, stimulating muscle contraction. In addition to the muscles of the body, chewing muscles are also connected to the work – that’s why, when a child is cold, he begins to “knock his teeth.” As soon as the body warms up, muscle tremors stop ² .
• Hypothyroidism – insufficient function of the thyroid gland. With this disease, heat production is reduced, which is manifested by a feeling of cold, chilliness. In children, hypothyroidism can be congenital or occur due to a lack of iodine in the body. Additional symptoms typically include swelling, dry skin, muscle weakness, constipation, and hearing loss ⁵ .
• Hypoglycemia – low blood glucose that occurs when fasting, intense muscle work or diabetes (if you give the wrong dose of insulin or eat wrong). Chills may be accompanied by sweating, confusion, and other symptoms ⁶ .
• Vegetative crisis. More common in schoolchildren and adolescents and is associated with dysregulation of the nervous system or, more simply, “neurosis”. Additional symptoms are usually a feeling of anxiety, fear, nervous tension, increased blood pressure, headache ⁷ .

What should I do if my child has a chill?

If the child is chilly, wrap him up first ¹² and then use a thermometer to find out if he has a fever, which often accompanies muscle tremors ⁸ . If the thermometer shows high values, the most likely cause of the chill is fever ⁸ . In this case, it is impossible to keep warm under warm clothes or a blanket – you need to allow the body to lose heat through the skin ¹⁰ . Also, do not rush to bring down the temperature, because this is a protective reaction of the body ⁸ . There are the following criteria by which you can determine that it is time to take antipyretic drugs ⁸ :

• fever above 38 ⁰ C in children under 3 months;
• thermometer value above 39 ⁰ C in initially healthy children older than 3 months;
• temperature 37.5-38 ⁰ C and above in children with convulsions or diseases of the heart and central nervous system.

Do not blow or wipe a child with chills. These procedures can cause vasospasm and increase trembling ⁸ . The fact is that for blowing it is necessary to ventilate the room where the child lies, while it must be opened, and not wrapped up. If you feel cold, it is also not recommended to open it ⁸ . Rubbing with warm water is allowed only in the absence of shivering ⁸ , at least 30 minutes after taking antipyretics ⁴ . You can not wipe the child with vinegar or alcohol. Rubbing them into the skin may cause irritation ⁸ .

Severe and prolonged trembling, fever, pale and cold skin of the feet and hands may indicate a serious illness and require emergency medical attention ⁴ .

If chills without fever are not related to hypothermia or are accompanied by a high temperature, and attempts to warm the child do not help to get rid of shivering and feeling cold, it is likely that the symptoms are caused by hypoglycemia, thyroid insufficiency, or nervous overexertion ^5,6,7 . In this case, it is necessary to contact a pediatrician who clarifies the diagnosis and, if necessary, refers to narrow specialists.

What medicines can be given to a child for chills associated with a cold?

Not all drugs are suitable for the symptomatic treatment of fever and chills in children with colds. One approved and well studied is paracetamol ⁸ .

Paracetamol is a part of combined preparations, for example, it is one of the active ingredients of RINZASIP ^® for children, hot drink powder ⁹ .

RINZASIP® for children :

RINZASIP ^® for children reduces fever, sore throat, headache and muscle soreness that may accompany colds. In addition to the antipyretic component, RINZASIP ^® for children contains pheniramine with antiallergic action and ascorbic acid, which increases the body’s resistance ⁹ .

The drug is recommended for use from the age of 6, the dose is determined by the doctor, depending on the age of the child and his condition. To prepare a hot drink, dissolve the contents of the sachet in a glass of warm water ⁹ .

Recommendations for taking RINZASIP ^® for children ⁹

The course of administration should not exceed 5 days ⁹ . The interval between doses must be at least 4 hours ⁹ .

It is important to remember that although antipyretic therapy helps bring down the temperature and fight chills, it does not affect the cause of the disease and can “lubricate” its other manifestations, which often makes it difficult for a doctor to diagnose. Therefore, before giving children antipyretic drugs, be sure to consult a pediatrician to find the cause of the increase in body temperature ⁸ .

The information in this article is for reference only and does not replace professional medical advice. For diagnosis and treatment, contact a qualified specialist.

HIV symptoms, infection and spread – Udmurt AIDS Center

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS. HIV attacks the immune system by destroying the white blood cells that help the body fight infection and disease. Testing is the only sure way to tell if you have HIV. The following are symptoms that may serve as a warning that you have an infection.

Method 1 of 3: Identifying Early Symptoms

1

Determine if you are feeling very tired for no apparent reason. Fatigue can be a sign of a wide variety of illnesses, and it also appears as a symptom in HIV-infected people. This symptom should not cause you more concern if it is the only one you feel, but it is worth thinking about in the future.

• – Very tired is not the feeling when you just want to sleep. Do you feel tired all the time, and even after a good night’s sleep. Do you lie down during the day more often than usual and avoid strenuous activity because you feel low on energy. This type of fatigue is cause for concern.
• – If this symptom persists for more than a few weeks or months, testing should be done to rule out HIV.

2

Watch for fever or excessive night sweats. These symptoms often occur in the early stages of HIV, during the so-called primary or acute stage of HIV infection. Again, many people don’t have these symptoms, but those who did usually felt them 2-4 weeks after contracting HIV.

• – Fever and sweating are symptoms of the flu and the common cold. If it is a cold season or a flu epidemic, you may have contracted these diseases.
• – Chills, muscle pain, sore throat and headache are also symptoms of the flu and colds, but may also be signs of early HIV infection.

3

Check for swelling in the tonsils in the throat, as well as the lymph nodes in the armpits and in the groin. Lymph nodes swell as a result of infection. It doesn’t happen to everyone who has early HIV, but among those who do, these are the most common.

• – In HIV infection Lymph nodes in the neck tend to swell more than those in the armpits and groin.
• – Lymph nodes can swell as a result of other types of infections, such as colds and flu, so further testing is needed to make a diagnosis.

4

Watch out for nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. These symptoms can also be a sign of early HIV infection. Check if such symptoms persist for a long time.

5

Note mouth and genital sores. If mouth sores occur along with other symptoms already mentioned, and especially if you have not usually had such sores before, then this may be an early sign of HIV infection. Ulcers on the genitals are also a sign that HIV infection was possible.

Method 2 of 3: Determination of progressive symptoms

1

Do not rule out dry cough. This symptom occurs in the late stages of HIV, sometimes even for many years after infection, when the virus was latent in the body. Such a seemingly innocuous symptom is easy to miss at first, especially if it occurs during the allergenic or flu season or during the cold season. If you have a dry cough that you can’t get rid of with antihistamines or an inhaler, it could be a sign of HIV.

2

Look for unusual spots (red, brown, pink or purple) on the skin. People in advanced stages of HIV often develop skin rashes, especially on the face and torso. The rash may be inside the mouth or nose. This is a sign that HIV is turning into AIDS.

• – Flaky, red skin is also a sign of advanced HIV. Spots can be in the form of boils and bumps.
• – A rash on the body is usually not accompanied by a cold and fever. Accordingly, if you alternately experience such symptoms, consult a doctor immediately.

3

Note pneumonia. Pneumonia often occurs in those whose immune system is weakened for various reasons. People with advanced HIV are more likely to get pneumonia when they come into contact with germs that don’t normally cause such a severe reaction.

4

Check for thrush especially in the mouth. Late stage HIV usually causes thrush in the mouth called stomatitis. It looks like white or other unusual patches on the tongue or inside the mouth. This is a warning sign that the immune system cannot fight infection effectively.

5

Examine your nails for fungus. Cracked or chipped nails that are yellow or brown are a common symptom of advanced HIV. Nails become more susceptible to fungi, which the body is normally able to fight off.

6

Determine if you are experiencing rapid weight loss for no known reason. In the early stages of HIV, this can be caused by severe diarrhea, in the later stages by “atrophy”, a strong reaction of the body to the presence of HIV in the body.

7

Watch out for memory loss, depression or other neurological problems. In the last stages, HIV affects the cognitive functions of the brain. These symptoms are serious in themselves and should be investigated in any case.

Method 3 of 3: HIV Data

1

Find out if you are at risk. There are several conditions that put you at risk of contracting HIV. If you have such situations, then you are at risk:

• – You have had unprotected anal, vaginal or oral sex.
• You shared needles and syringes with other people.
• – You have been diagnosed with or treated for a sexually transmitted disease (STD), tuberculosis, or hepatitis.
• – You received a blood transfusion between 1978 and 1985, years before they started testing blood to prevent transfusion of contaminated blood.

2

Do not wait for symptoms to appear before testing. Many people with HIV do not know they have it. The virus can stay in the body for more than 10 years before symptoms appear. If you have reason to suspect that you have contracted HIV, do not refuse testing because you have no symptoms.

3

Take an HIV test. This is the most accurate method in determining HIV. Contact us at: Izhevsk, st. Labor 17a, tel. (3412) 21-15-94 or to one of our zonal centers located in the cities of Glazov, Votkinsk, Sarapul, Mozhga, as well as in the villages of Uva and Igra.

• – Testing is simple and absolutely FREE.