What are the common causes of chills and vomiting. How can you differentiate between stomach flu and food poisoning. What are the most effective home remedies for treating chills and vomiting. How long do symptoms typically last. When should you seek medical attention for chills and vomiting.

Understanding Chills and Vomiting: A Comprehensive Overview

Experiencing chills and vomiting can be a distressing combination of symptoms that often indicates an underlying health issue. These symptoms can be associated with various conditions, ranging from viral infections to food poisoning. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for managing these unpleasant experiences effectively.

What Causes Chills and Vomiting?

Chills and vomiting can be caused by several factors:

• Viral infections (e.g., stomach flu or gastroenteritis)
• Bacterial infections
• Food poisoning
• Certain medications
• Stress and anxiety
• Pregnancy (morning sickness)

The most common cause is viral gastroenteritis, often referred to as the “stomach flu.” It’s important to note that this condition is not related to influenza, which primarily affects the respiratory system.

Stomach Flu: Symptoms, Duration, and Contagiousness

The stomach flu, or gastroenteritis, is a highly contagious condition that can cause significant discomfort. But what exactly are its symptoms, and how long does it typically last?

Common Symptoms of Stomach Flu

Stomach flu symptoms typically include:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain or cramps
• Low-grade fever
• Chills
• Muscle aches
• Fatigue

These symptoms can appear as soon as 12 hours after exposure to the virus.

How Long Does Stomach Flu Last?

The duration of stomach flu can vary significantly. Symptoms typically persist for 1 to 14 days, with most cases resolving within a few days. However, the exact duration depends on various factors, including the specific virus causing the infection and the individual’s overall health and immune system.

Is Stomach Flu Contagious?

Yes, stomach flu is highly contagious. It spreads through the fecal-oral route, which means that viruses from infected feces or vomit can be transmitted to others through contaminated surfaces, food, or water. Noroviruses, which cause many cases of stomach flu, can survive on surfaces for days, making them particularly easy to spread.

Distinguishing Between Stomach Flu and Food Poisoning

While stomach flu and food poisoning share many symptoms, there are ways to differentiate between the two. How can you tell which one you’re dealing with?

Onset of Symptoms

The timing of symptom onset is a key factor in distinguishing between stomach flu and food poisoning:

• Food poisoning symptoms typically appear within hours of consuming contaminated food
• Stomach flu symptoms usually develop 12-48 hours after exposure to the virus

Other People Affected

Another clue lies in whether others around you are experiencing similar symptoms:

• If others who ate the same food as you are also ill, it’s likely food poisoning
• If you’re the only one sick, it’s more likely to be stomach flu

However, it’s important to note that these are general guidelines, and a definitive diagnosis often requires medical evaluation.

COVID-19 and Gastrointestinal Symptoms: What You Need to Know

The COVID-19 pandemic has added another layer of complexity to diagnosing gastrointestinal symptoms. While COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory illness, some patients do experience digestive symptoms. How does this complicate the picture?

Gastrointestinal Symptoms in COVID-19

Approximately 20% of people with COVID-19 experience gastrointestinal symptoms, including:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea

These symptoms typically develop in the first couple of days of illness.

Differentiating COVID-19 from Stomach Flu

While initial symptoms may be similar, COVID-19 often progresses to include respiratory symptoms such as:

• Fever
• Headache
• Cough
• Fatigue
• Loss of taste or smell

If you experience gastrointestinal symptoms followed by these additional symptoms, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider and consider getting tested for COVID-19.

Effective Home Treatments for Stomach Flu

While there’s often no specific medical treatment for viral gastroenteritis, there are several self-care steps you can take to manage symptoms and promote recovery. What are the most effective home remedies for stomach flu?

Hydration is Key

Maintaining proper hydration is crucial when dealing with stomach flu. Here are some tips:

• Drink plenty of clear fluids, such as water, clear broths, and electrolyte solutions
• For children, use oral rehydration solutions like Pedialyte
• Adults can consume sports drinks like Gatorade or Powerade
• Avoid drinks high in sugar, such as juices or sodas, which can worsen diarrhea

If vomiting is severe, try taking small sips of fluid frequently rather than larger amounts at once.

Dietary Considerations

What you eat (or don’t eat) can significantly impact your recovery:

• Start with clear liquids and gradually introduce bland, easily digestible foods
• Try the BRAT diet: Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast
• Avoid dairy products, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and fatty or spicy foods

Rest and Recovery

Adequate rest is essential for recovery. The illness and potential dehydration can cause fatigue, so it’s important to allow your body time to heal.

Over-the-Counter Medications: When and How to Use Them

While most cases of stomach flu resolve on their own, over-the-counter medications can sometimes help manage symptoms. But when should you use them, and what precautions should you take?

Anti-Diarrheal Medications

Adults under 65 with uncomplicated diarrhea (no fever or blood in stools) can consider using:

• Loperamide (Imodium)
• Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)

These medications should only be used for 1-2 days. Children and adults over 65 should consult a healthcare provider before using these medications.

Cautions and Considerations

It’s important to note that:

• Antibiotics are not effective against viral gastroenteritis
• Overuse of antibiotics can contribute to antibiotic resistance
• Some medications can mask symptoms without addressing the underlying cause

Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new medication, especially if you have chronic health conditions or are taking other medications.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Chills and Vomiting

While most cases of stomach flu can be managed at home, there are situations where medical attention is necessary. But how do you know when it’s time to see a doctor?

Warning Signs

Seek medical attention if you or your child experience any of the following:

• Inability to keep liquids down for 24 hours
• Vomiting blood or having bloody stools
• Signs of severe dehydration (extreme thirst, dry mouth, little or no urination, severe weakness, dizziness, or lightheadedness)
• Fever above 104°F (40°C)
• Severe abdominal pain
• Symptoms lasting more than a few days without improvement

Special Considerations for High-Risk Groups

Certain groups should seek medical attention sooner, including:

• Infants and young children
• Older adults
• Pregnant women
• People with weakened immune systems
• Individuals with chronic health conditions

These groups are at higher risk for complications and may require more aggressive treatment or monitoring.

Preventing the Spread of Stomach Flu: Essential Hygiene Practices

Given the highly contagious nature of stomach flu, prevention is crucial. What are the most effective ways to prevent the spread of this illness?

Hand Hygiene

Proper hand washing is the cornerstone of prevention:

• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds
• Pay special attention to washing hands after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before handling food
• Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers when soap and water aren’t available

Surface Disinfection

Regularly clean and disinfect surfaces, especially:

• Bathroom surfaces
• Doorknobs and handles
• Kitchen counters and utensils
• Toys and shared objects

Use a bleach-based solution or other EPA-approved disinfectants for effective cleaning.

Food Safety Practices

Proper food handling can prevent both stomach flu and food poisoning:

• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly
• Cook foods to appropriate temperatures
• Avoid consuming raw or undercooked meats and seafood
• Store foods at proper temperatures

Isolation When Ill

If you or a family member has stomach flu:

• Stay home from work or school
• Avoid preparing food for others
• Limit close contact with others until symptoms resolve

These measures can significantly reduce the spread of the illness to others.

By understanding the causes, symptoms, and proper management of chills and vomiting, you can navigate these unpleasant experiences more effectively. Remember, while most cases of stomach flu resolve on their own with proper home care, it’s important to recognize when medical attention is necessary. Practicing good hygiene and following preventive measures can help reduce the risk of contracting or spreading stomach flu. If you have concerns about your symptoms or if they persist, don’t hesitate to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment.

Have the Stomach Flu? 4 Ways to Treat Symptoms at Home

There’s almost nothing worse than being bent over a toilet throwing up. And, sadly, it can be hard to know what caused you to be there in the first place. Kelli Miller, ANP, UnityPoint Health, lists the symptoms of the stomach flu and how long it lasts, plus ways to feel better, so you can get out of the bathroom and get back to normal.

Stomach Flu Symptoms

Miller says it’s easy to get confused about the difference between influenza, or “the flu,” and gastroenteritis, better known as “the stomach flu.” The stomach flu is caused by a number of viruses, mainly norovirus, which accounts for more than 50 percent of all cases, and others, like rotavirus. Bacteria, such salmonella and E. coli, can also be to blame. Getting the flu shot does not prevent you from getting the stomach flu, but it does prevent you from getting influenza.

“Stomach flu symptoms include stomach pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea,” Miller says. “A low-grade fever, chills and muscle aches aren’t uncommon to experience as well. Symptoms can start as little as 12 hours after exposure.”

These symptoms can last anywhere from one to 14 days, and unfortunately, the stomach flu is extremely contagious.

“The stomach flu is spread by the fecal-oral route, which means the viruses from infected feces or vomit find their way into our mouths from either touching a contaminated surface and then touching your face or eating/drinking contaminated foods and/or water. Compared to other viruses, noroviruses can live for days on household surfaces, which is why they spread easily,” Miller says.

Stomach Flu vs. Food Poisoning

Miller says the clinical symptoms of the stomach flu and food poisoning overlap quite a bit, as you can have vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort and fever with either one. She says the easiest way to determine the cause of your discomfort is to look back at your recent history.

“If your symptoms are caused by food poisoning, they tend to occur within hours after eating something. If you can recall eating something questionable, or if others who ate the same thing as you and have similar symptoms, you probably have food poisoning. If you are the only one who got sick, you more than likely picked up a viral illness,” Miller says. 

Stomach Flu vs. COVID-19

To make matters even more confusing, some people with COVID-19 (about 20% according to studies) experience stomach issues including nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea. Most people with those symptoms usually report developing them in the first couple of days and then go on to experience other respiratory or cold-like symptoms like fever, headache, cough and fatigue.

If you experience nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea, keep an eye out for other symptoms that may follow. If you notice a progression in the illness, talk with your doctor about getting tested for COVID-19. Remember, if you’re feeling sick, stay home and continue to wash your hands frequently.

How to Treat the Stomach Flu at Home

Miller says there’s often no specific medical treatment for viral gastroenteritis. Antibiotics aren’t effective against viruses and overusing them can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. She recommends treating the stomach flu with the following self-care steps:

• Keep drinking the right fluids. You’ll need to drink enough fluids to prevent dehydration. In addition to water, older children and adults can drink sports drinks, like Gatorade, Power Aid, while babies and young children can have an oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte. If your child is vomiting, you can try to give your child a few teaspoons of fluid every few minutes. Babies who breastfeed can continue to breastfeed. But, you should avoid drinks with increased sugar content, such as juices or sodas, which can make diarrhea worse.
• Eat the right foods. If you don’t have an appetite, you should resort to drinking only liquids for a short period of time. Boiled starches (potatoes, noodles, rice, wheat and oats) and plain cereals with salt are recommended, if you have watery diarrhea. You may also try crackers, bananas, soup and boiled vegetables.
• Avoid heavy foods. On the other hand, you should avoid certain foods until you are feeling better. These include dairy products, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine and fatty or highly-seasoned foods.
• Get plenty of rest. The illness or dehydration can make you feel tired.

“Adults under 65 years old with a new bout of diarrhea, with no fever or blood in bowel movements, can take medicine to stop diarrhea, such as loparmide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicyclate (Pepto Bismal) for one to two days, if they’re not allergic to these medications. Children and adults over the age of 65 should check with their health care provider before taking any over-the-counter medicines,” Miller says.

As contagious as it is, keeping your family from catching the stomach flu can be tricky. Miller offers these tips to protect against the viral infections that cause gastroenteritis:

• Immunize little ones. Infants can be immunized with the rotavirus vaccine. This is offered at 2, 4 and 6 months old during well-child visits.
• Simply wash your hands. Wash your hands often to stop the spread of germs. Hand sanitizer works after being in public as well.
• Give your home the once-over. Use household cleaning products to disinfect surfaces and objects, like countertops, doorknobs, handles, sinks, toilets, computer keyboards and phones.
• Separate your laundry loads. Wash laundry of those recovering from the stomach flu in different loads than the rest of your family.
• Keep your distance. Try to keep your children, especially newborns, away from anyone who is sick. If someone in your family is sick, stay home and do not go to work, school or day care. You should be symptom-free for 48 hours before returning.

When the Stomach Flu Requires a Doctor

While most stomach illnesses pass on their own, there are cases when medical attention is necessary. Miller recommends watching for signs of severe dehydration:

• Increased thirst
• Dry mouth
• Headache
• Confusion
• Increased heart rate over 100 beats per minute
• Increased breathing rate
• Dizziness, including when standing from a sitting or laying position
• Passing out
• Fatigue
• Dark yellow or amber colored urine
• No urination within the past six to eight hours (during the day)

In addition to severe dehydration, Miller also says the following are causes for concern, and if you experience these, contact your provider:

• Bloody stool/rectal bleeding or blood in vomit
• Vomiting for more than 24 hours
• Fever greater than 104 degrees
• Weight loss
• Severe abdominal pain
• Prolonged symptoms lasting more than a week
• Are currently pregnant

Lastly, call your baby’s doctor right away if your baby:

• Has vomiting lasting several hours
• Hasn’t had a wet diaper in six hours
• Has bloody stools or severe diarrhea
• Has a sunken soft spot (fontanel) on the top of his or her head
• Has a dry mouth or cries without tears
• Is unusually sleepy, drowsy or unresponsive

If any of these symptoms are present, evaluation by a health care professional is needed right away, and IV hydration may need to be administered or possible admission to the hospital.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

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Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

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In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Influenza and Acute Intestinal Infections – City Hospital

Influenza

Influenza has been and remains a serious problem for human health, causing annual epidemics, during which up to 10% of the adult and up to 30% of the child population of the planet fall ill. This is the most common infection in the world. Every year, influenza epidemics cause enormous economic damage, both to individuals and to society as a whole. In addition, the incidence of influenza is accompanied by an increase in mortality, and then we are talking about millions of human lives.

How can you get infected?

Influenza, like other SARS (acute respiratory viral infections), is transmitted by airborne droplets. A sick person actively talks, coughs, sneezes, while particles of saliva containing the influenza virus enter the surrounding air, and from there into our upper respiratory tract (nose, nasopharynx). There may be a contact-household path: a sick person, coughing, covered his mouth with his palm, then grabbed the handrail in public transport, the door handle in the office … We followed him into the bus, office … You can get infected, and exchanging common household items and household items with the sick person, notebooks, stationery, using common utensils.

How does influenza manifest itself?

The disease, as a rule, begins suddenly: with a sharp rise in temperature (38-39 degrees and above). At the very beginning of the disease, you can feel chills, weakness and lethargy, severe headache. On the 2-3rd day of illness, a sore throat, runny nose, dry cough begin. The disease may be accompanied by abdominal pain and vomiting.

Why, despite all the efforts of modern medicine, the flu does not leave our planet?

Passing from person to person, the virus is looking for new forms of protection, slightly changing the proteins of its shell and adapting to survival in the human body. Thus, each year brings us new mutated varieties of this disease.

Why is the flu so terrible?

Moderate and severe forms of influenza can cause serious complications: pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs), cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the nervous system, etc. The second place in the frequency of complications is occupied by diseases of the ENT organs (inflammation of the middle ear, sinuses, tonsillitis).

Influenza is a serious disease that kills between 300,000 and 500,000 people worldwide every year. Pregnant women, young children, the elderly in poor health, and people with chronic conditions such as asthma or heart disease are at increased risk of developing severe infections and death. An additional benefit of vaccinating pregnant women is that vaccinating the mother provides protection for the newborn as well (flu vaccines for babies under 6 months of age are not yet available).

Seasonal influenza vaccines provide immunity to the 3 most common strains circulating during a given season. This is the best way to reduce the risk of getting severe flu and infecting others. Such vaccines have been used for over 60 years. Avoiding the flu means avoiding additional health care costs and preventing loss of income from absenteeism or school.

Mass flu vaccinations are carried out in accordance with the “National Immunization Schedule” annually.

Where can I get a flu shot?

In polyclinics and GPs of the city:

Polyclinic No. 1, Oktyabrskaya St., 80 vaccination room Dobrolyubova, 7 vaccination room

Polyclinic No. 3 st. Ryabova, 20 vaccination room

Branch of the clinic in the village of Leninsky Lermontov street, 137 vaccination room.

ACUTE INTESTINAL INFECTIONS

This is a group of acute infectious diseases that occur with predominant intestinal damage, which is accompanied by stool disorder, dehydration and intoxication of the body. Symptoms of acute intestinal infections Acute intestinal infections are a group of acute infectious diseases that occur with a predominant lesion of the intestine, which is accompanied by stool disorder, dehydration and intoxication of the body. The causative agents of acute intestinal infections are various types of bacteria (Shigella – causative agents of dysentery, Salmonella, E. coli, Staphylococci, Yersinia, Enterococci, as well as conditionally pathogenic microorganisms – Proteus, Klebsiella, Candida fungi) and viruses (Rotavirus, adenosirus, enterovirus). Infection occurs through food, water, household items, dirty hands. Pathogenic microorganisms cause damage to various parts of the gastrointestinal tract, which is accompanied by a corresponding clinical picture.

Salmonellosis

Infection occurs by eating mainly infected eggs, poultry, but infection through meat and fish is possible. The decisive role is played by poor heat treatment and improper storage of products, so the disease occurs mainly in the warm season. The contact-household route of infection is also possible, tk. salmonella is very stable in the environment. The disease is characterized by an acute onset, nausea, repeated vomiting, fever (up to 38-39C), then pain in the navel or throughout the abdomen, bloating, frequent loose, fetid stools – 10 or more times a day, which without treatment can last 5-8 days. Symptoms of dehydration and general intoxication (fever, general weakness and malaise) are pronounced.

Rotavirus infection (“intestinal flu”).

The main route of infection transmission is food. Children are more likely to become infected with this virus, as a result of the disease, partial immunity is developed and each subsequent case is easier. The disease has an epidemic feature: its outbreaks usually precede influenza epidemics (for which it received its unofficial name “intestinal flu”). The disease begins acutely: vomiting occurs, the temperature rises, loose stools appear up to 10-15 times a day. The chair has its own characteristics – it has a yellow-gray clay-like character. In most cases, there are also catarrhal symptoms – runny nose and sore throat. Symptoms of general intoxication are noted: general malaise, lack of appetite.

Enteroviral infection

Infection occurs mainly when bathing in water bodies into which untreated household waste flows. For enterovirus infection, nausea, vomiting, fever, headache, abdominal pain, loose stools are characteristic, but damage to the meninges can also join – serous meningitis, which is also accompanied by a rash on the arms and legs. Adenovirus spreads by airborne droplets and affects all mucous membranes. Therefore, in severe adenovirus infection, stool disorder is noted against the background of high temperature, catarrhal phenomena (runny nose, cough), conjunctivitis. Diagnosis of acute intestinal infections. Due to the similarity of the symptoms of acute intestinal diseases, when the patient has an appropriate clinical picture, a preliminary diagnosis of “Acute intestinal disease” is established and samples are taken from the rectum for sowing and subsequent bacteriological examination. Thus, pathogens of dysentery and salmonellosis, in particular, can be detected. Currently, enzyme immunoassay is increasingly used to identify pathogens of intestinal infections. Serological methods are of less importance in the diagnosis of intestinal infections, because antibodies in the blood appear only for 4-5 days. Treatment of acute intestinal infections The principles of treatment of most acute intestinal infections are largely similar. Assign a sparing diet. With severe intoxication and dehydration, polyionic solutions are prescribed orally or intravenously, and in the absence of dehydration, colloidal solutions (reopoliglyukin, gemodez, etc.). It is recommended to add antibiotics to the treatment regimen: nitrofurans, and in severe cases, fluoroquinolones for a course of 5-7 days. For the treatment of diarrhea, enterosorbents are used (smecta, activated charcoal, enterosgel). For the treatment of generalized forms (sepsis, meningitis, pyelonephritis, cholecystitis), II and III generation cephalosporins are used. With a protracted course of diseases, eubiotics and enzymes are indicated. Prevention of acute intestinal infections

The World Health Organization gives ten “golden rules” for preventing intestinal infections:

1. Choose safe foods. Keep an eye on their expiration dates

2.