How did antibiotic prescribing patterns change in 2022. What were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in the United States. Which regions had the highest rates of antibiotic prescriptions. How did provider specialties differ in their antibiotic prescribing habits.

Overview of Antibiotic Prescriptions in the United States

In 2015, healthcare providers in the United States prescribed a staggering 269.4 million antibiotic prescriptions, equating to 838 prescriptions per 1,000 persons. This data, extracted from the QuintilesIMS Xponent database, captures an estimated 88% of outpatient prescriptions nationwide, providing a comprehensive view of antibiotic use across the country.

The database includes prescriptions from all outpatient settings and community pharmacies, encompassing all payers but excluding federal facilities. Provider specialties were categorized into 17 groups based on the American Medical Association (AMA) self-designated practice specialties.

Demographic Breakdown of Antibiotic Prescriptions

Analyzing the data by age groups reveals interesting patterns:

• Individuals under 20 years old received 64.7 million prescriptions (778 per 1,000 persons)
• Adults 20 years and older received 203.3 million prescriptions (850 per 1,000 persons)

Gender disparities in antibiotic prescriptions were also evident:

• Females received 164.0 million prescriptions (1,005 per 1,000 persons)
• Males received 104.9 million prescriptions (663 per 1,000 persons)

Why do females receive significantly more antibiotic prescriptions than males? This disparity could be attributed to several factors, including higher rates of urinary tract infections in women and more frequent healthcare visits for reproductive health issues.

Regional Variations in Antibiotic Prescribing

Antibiotic prescribing rates varied considerably across different regions of the United States:

1. South: 111.5 million prescriptions (920 per 1,000 persons)
2. Midwest: 61.0 million prescriptions (898 per 1,000 persons)
3. Northeast: 48.8 million prescriptions (867 per 1,000 persons)
4. West: 48.1 million prescriptions (632 per 1,000 persons)

The Southern region of the United States had the highest rate of antibiotic prescriptions, while the Western region had the lowest. What factors contribute to these regional differences? Possible explanations include variations in healthcare access, cultural attitudes towards antibiotics, and differing prevalence of certain infections across regions.

Top Antibiotic Classes and Agents

Understanding which antibiotic classes and specific agents were most frequently prescribed provides insight into treatment patterns for various infections.

Most Prescribed Antibiotic Classes

1. Penicillins: 61.6 million prescriptions (192 per 1,000 persons)
2. Macrolides: 49.4 million prescriptions (154 per 1,000 persons)
3. Cephalosporins: 36.3 million prescriptions (113 per 1,000 persons)
4. Fluoroquinolones: 32.5 million prescriptions (101 per 1,000 persons)
5. Beta-lactams, increased activity: 25.3 million prescriptions (79 per 1,000 persons)

Top Individual Antibiotic Agents

1. Amoxicillin: 54.8 million prescriptions (171 per 1,000 persons)
2. Azithromycin: 46.2 million prescriptions (144 per 1,000 persons)
3. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid: 25.3 million prescriptions (79 per 1,000 persons)
4. Cephalexin: 21.4 million prescriptions (67 per 1,000 persons)
5. Ciprofloxacin: 20.3 million prescriptions (63 per 1,000 persons)

Why is amoxicillin the most prescribed antibiotic? Amoxicillin’s popularity can be attributed to its broad-spectrum activity against many common bacterial infections, its generally good safety profile, and its effectiveness in treating respiratory tract infections, which are among the most frequent reasons for antibiotic prescriptions.

Antibiotic Prescribing by Provider Specialty

Different medical specialties have varying patterns of antibiotic prescribing, reflecting the types of patients and conditions they typically treat.

• Primary Care Physicians: 110.8 million prescriptions (466 per provider)
• Physician Assistants and Nurse Practitioners: 62.9 million prescriptions (363 per provider)
• Surgical Specialties: 19.5 million prescriptions (219 per provider)
• Dentistry: 25.1 million prescriptions (205 per provider)
• Emergency Medicine: 14.8 million prescriptions (457 per provider)
• Dermatology: 7.1 million prescriptions (628 per provider)
• Obstetrics/Gynecology: 6.3 million prescriptions (167 per provider)
• Other Specialties: 22.9 million prescriptions (110 per provider)

Why do dermatologists have the highest rate of antibiotic prescriptions per provider? This high rate is likely due to the frequent use of both oral and topical antibiotics in treating acne and other skin conditions, which often require long-term antibiotic therapy.

State-by-State Analysis of Antibiotic Prescriptions

Examining antibiotic prescription rates across individual states reveals significant variations:

• Highest prescription rates:
  1. Kentucky: 1,256 per 1,000 persons
  2. Mississippi: 1,254 per 1,000 persons
  3. Louisiana: 1,174 per 1,000 persons
  4. Tennessee: 1,165 per 1,000 persons
  5. Arkansas: 1,154 per 1,000 persons
• Lowest prescription rates:
  1. Alaska: 511 per 1,000 persons
  2. Oregon: 582 per 1,000 persons
  3. California: 590 per 1,000 persons
  4. Colorado: 624 per 1,000 persons
  5. Hawaii: 640 per 1,000 persons

What factors contribute to the wide disparity in antibiotic prescription rates between states? Possible explanations include differences in population demographics, healthcare access, prevalence of certain infectious diseases, and variations in prescribing practices among healthcare providers.

Implications of Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns

The high volume of antibiotic prescriptions in the United States raises concerns about potential overuse and its consequences. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to:

• Antibiotic resistance: Bacteria evolve to become less susceptible to antibiotics, making infections harder to treat.
• Disruption of the gut microbiome: Antibiotics can kill beneficial bacteria in the gut, potentially leading to digestive issues and other health problems.
• Increased healthcare costs: Unnecessary prescriptions contribute to higher healthcare expenditures.
• Adverse drug reactions: Some patients may experience side effects or allergic reactions to antibiotics.

How can healthcare providers and policymakers address the issue of antibiotic overuse? Strategies may include:

1. Implementing antibiotic stewardship programs in healthcare facilities
2. Educating patients about the appropriate use of antibiotics
3. Developing and promoting rapid diagnostic tests to distinguish between viral and bacterial infections
4. Encouraging the use of delayed prescribing techniques for certain conditions
5. Monitoring and providing feedback on prescribing patterns to healthcare providers

Trends in Antibiotic Prescribing and Future Outlook

While the data presented here is from 2015, it provides a baseline for understanding antibiotic prescribing patterns in the United States. In recent years, there has been increased awareness of the importance of judicious antibiotic use, which may have influenced prescribing habits.

Factors that may have impacted antibiotic prescribing trends since 2015 include:

• Implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs in healthcare facilities
• Increased public awareness of antibiotic resistance
• Changes in clinical guidelines for treating common infections
• The COVID-19 pandemic, which may have altered healthcare-seeking behaviors and prescribing patterns

How might antibiotic prescribing patterns have changed in the years following 2015, particularly in light of increased awareness about antibiotic resistance? While we don’t have specific data for 2022, it’s possible that overall prescription rates may have decreased due to heightened awareness and stewardship efforts. However, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antibiotic prescribing is complex and may have led to both increases and decreases in different contexts.

Challenges and Opportunities in Antibiotic Prescribing

The data presented highlights several challenges in antibiotic prescribing:

• Regional disparities in prescription rates
• Variations in prescribing patterns among different medical specialties
• High overall prescription rates, suggesting potential overuse
• Gender differences in antibiotic prescriptions

These challenges also present opportunities for improvement in antibiotic stewardship:

1. Targeted interventions in high-prescribing regions and states
2. Specialty-specific education and guidelines for appropriate antibiotic use
3. Investigation into gender disparities to ensure appropriate prescribing for all patients
4. Development of alternative treatments for conditions that may not require antibiotics
5. Continued research into antibiotic resistance and new antibiotic development

What innovative approaches could be implemented to improve antibiotic prescribing practices? Some potential strategies include:

• Incorporating artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to assist in prescribing decisions
• Developing rapid, point-of-care diagnostic tests to quickly identify bacterial infections and guide treatment
• Implementing electronic health record systems with integrated decision support tools for antibiotic prescribing
• Creating incentive programs for healthcare providers and institutions that demonstrate responsible antibiotic use
• Exploring the potential of bacteriophage therapy and other alternative approaches to treating bacterial infections

By addressing these challenges and leveraging new opportunities, healthcare providers and policymakers can work towards more judicious use of antibiotics, helping to preserve their effectiveness for future generations while ensuring optimal patient care.

Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions — United States, 2015 | Antibiotic Use

Healthcare providers prescribed 269.4 million antibiotic prescriptions—equivalent to 838 antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 persons.

Print only version: Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions — United States, 2015  pdf icon[PDF – 366 KB]

Citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outpatient antibiotic prescriptions — United States, 2015.

Systemic oral antibiotics were extracted from the QuintilesIMS Xponent database. QuintilesIMS captured an estimated 88% of outpatient prescriptions for any medication nationally, reconciled them to wholesale deliveries, and projected to 100% coverage. These data represent all outpatient antibiotic prescriptions from community pharmacies from all payers, but exclude federal facilities. Provider specialties are taken from the American Medical Association (AMA) self-designated practice specialties and categorized into one of 17 groups.  Population data were obtained from the U.S. Census bridging files.

References

Hicks, L.A., et al., US Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing Variation According to Geography, Patient Population, and Provider Specialty in 2011. Clin Infect Dis, 2015. 60(9): p. 1308-16.

Table 1b. Oral antibiotic prescriptions by age, sex and region—United States, 2015

Sex	NUMBER OF ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIPTIONS (MILLIONS)	ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIPTIONS PER 1,000 PERSONS, RATE
Femalea	164. 0	1,005
Malea	104.9	663

^aTotals may not add to all oral prescriptions (269.4 million) due to missing data
^bTotals may not add to all oral prescriptions (269.4 million) due to rounding.

Table 2. Top oral antibiotic classes and agents prescribed—United States, 2015

Table 2a. Top oral antibiotic classes and agents prescribed—United States, 2015

ANTIBIOTIC CLASS	NUMBER OF ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIPTIONS (MILLIONS)	ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIPTIONS PER 1,000 PERSONS, RATE
Penicillins	61.6	192
Macrolides	49.4	154
Cephalosporins	36.3	113
Fluoroquinolones	32.5	101
Beta-lactams, increased activity	25.3	79

Table 2b. Top oral antibiotic classes and agents prescribed—United States, 2015

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT	NUMBER OF ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIPTIONS (MILLIONS)	ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIPTIONS PER 1,000 PERSONS, RATE
Amoxicillin	54.8	171
Azithromycin	46.2	144
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid	25. 3	79
Cephalexin	21.4	67
Ciprofloxacin	20.3	63

Table 3. Oral antibiotic prescribing by provider specialty — United States, 2015

Table 3. Oral antibiotic prescribing by provider specialty — United States, 2015

PROVIDER SPECIALTY	NUMBER OF ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIPTIONS (MILLIONS)	ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIPTIONS PER PROVIDER, RATE
Primary Care Physicians	110.8	466
Physician Assistants and Nurse Practitioners	62.9	363
Surgical Specialties	19.5	219
Dentistry	25.1	205
Emergency Medicine	14.8	457
Dermatology	7. 1	628
Obstetrics/Gynecology	6.3	167
Other	22.9	110
All Providers	269.4	295

Figure 1. Antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 persons by state (sextiles) for all ages — United States, 2015.

This project was made possible through a partnership with the CDC Foundation. Support for this project was provided by The Pew Charitable Trusts.

Top of Page

Commonly used antibiotics in ObGyn practice

Infectious Disease Consult

By

Author and Disclosure Information

Expert roundup of the antibiotics you use in day-to-day practice, including spectrum of activity, key indications, adverse effects, and more

References

1. Duff P. Maternal and perinatal infection in pregnancy: bacterial. In: Landon MB, Galan HL, Jauniaux ERM, et al, eds. Gabbe’s Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies, 8th ed. Elsevier; 2020: chapter 58.
2. Duff P. Antibiotic selection in obstetrics: making cost-effective choices. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2002;45:59-72.
3. Wagenlehner FME, Cloutier DJ, Komirenko AS, et al; EPIC Study Group. Once-daily plazomicin for complicated urinary tract infections. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:729-740.
4. Leffler DA, Lamont JT. Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1539-1548.
5. Duff P. Prevention of infection after cesarean delivery. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2019;62:758-770.
6. Hooper DC, Wolfson JS. Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:384-394.
7. Castells M, Khan DA, Phillips EJ. Penicillin allergy. N Engl J Med. 2019 381:2338-2351.
8. St Cyr S, Barbee L, Workowski KA, et al. Update to CDC’s treatment guidelines for gonococcal infection, 2020. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:1911-1916.
9. Ray WA, Murray KT, Hall K, et al. Azithromycin and the risk of cardiovascular death. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1881-1890.
10. Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(RR3):1-137.
11. Duff P. UTIs in pregnancy: managing urethritis, asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis, and pyelonephritis. OBG Manag. 2022;34(1):42-46.
12. Crider KS, Cleves MA, Reefhuis J, et al. Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects prevalence study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163:978985.
13. Alvarez-Arango S, Ogunwole SM, Sequist TD, et al. Vancomycin infusion reaction—moving beyond “red man syndrome.” N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1283-1286.
14. Finley TA, Duff P. Antibiotics for treatment of staphylococcal infections in the obstetric patient. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2019;62:790-803.

In this article, I provide a simplified, practical review of the principal antibiotics that we use on a daily basis to treat bacterial infections. The antibiotics are listed in alphabetical order, either individually or by group. I focus first on the mechanism of action and spectrum of activity of the drugs used against the usual pelvic pathogens (TABLE).¹ I then review their principal adverse effects, relative cost (categorized as low, intermediate, and high), and the key indications for these drugs in obstetrics and gynecology. In a forthcoming 2-part companion article, I will review how to select specific antibiotics and their dosing regimens for the most commonly encountered bacterial infections in our clinical practice.

Aminoglycoside antibiotics

The aminoglycosides include amikacin, gentamicin, plazomicin, and tobramycin.^2,3 The 2 agents most commonly used in our specialty are amikacin and gentamicin. The drugs may be administered intramuscularly or intravenously, and they specifically target aerobic gram-negative bacilli. They also provide coverage against staphylococci and gonococci. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are their principal adverse effects.

Aminoglycosides are used primarily as single agents to treat pyelonephritis caused by highly resistant bacteria and in combination with agents such as clindamycin and metronidazole to treat polymicrobial infections, including chorioamnionitis, puerperal endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Of all the aminoglycosides, gentamicin is clearly the least expensive.

Carbapenems

The original carbapenem widely introduced into clinical practice was imipenem-cilastatin. Imipenem, the active antibiotic, inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I and, thereby, slows the metabolism of imipenem by the kidney. Other carbapenems include meropenem and ertapenem.

The carbapenems have the widest spectrum of activity against the pelvic pathogens of any antibiotic. They provide excellent coverage of aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive cocci and aerobic and anaerobic gram-negative bacilli. They do not cover methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the enterococci very well.

A major adverse effect of the carbapenems is an allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and there is some minimal cross-sensitivity with the β-lactam antibiotics. Other important, but fortunately rare, adverse effects include neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and Clostridium difficile colitis.⁴

As a group, the carbapenems are relatively more expensive than most other agents. Their principal application in our specialty is for single-agent treatment of serious polymicrobial infections, such as puerperal endometritis, pelvic cellulitis, and pelvic abscess, especially in patients who have a contraindication to the use of combination antibiotic regimens that include an aminoglycoside.^1,2

Cephalosporins

The cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics that act by disrupting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. They may be administered orally, intramuscularly, and intravenously. The most common adverse effects associated with these agents are an allergic reaction, which can range from a mild rash to anaphylaxis and the Stevens-Johnson syndrome; central nervous system toxicity; and antibiotic-induced diarrhea, including C difficile colitis.^1,2,4

This group of antibiotics can be confusing because it includes so many agents, and their spectrum of activity varies. I find it helpful to think about the coverage of these agents as limited spectrum versus intermediate spectrum versus extended spectrum.

The limited-spectrum cephalosporin prototypes are cephalexin (oral administration) and cefazolin (parenteral administration). This group of cephalosporins provides excellent coverage of aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive cocci. They are excellent against staphylococci, except for MRSA. Coverage is moderate for aerobic gram-negative bacilli but only limited for anaerobic gram-negative bacilli. They do not cover the enterococci. In our specialty, their principal application is for treatment of mastitis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and wound infections and for prophylaxis against group B streptococcus (GBS) infection and post-cesarean infection.^2,5 The cost of these drugs is relatively low.

The prototypes of the intermediate-spectrum cephalosporins are cefixime (oral) and ceftriaxone (parenteral). Both drugs have strong activity against aerobic and anaerobic streptococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, most aerobic gram-negative bacilli, and Treponema pallidum (principally, ceftriaxone). They are not consistently effective against staphylococci, particularly MRSA, and enterococci. Their key indications in obstetrics and gynecology are treatment of gonorrhea, syphilis (in penicillin-allergic patients), and acute pyelonephritis. Compared with the limited-spectrum cephalosporins, these antibiotics are moderately expensive. ^1,2

The 3 extended-spectrum cephalosporins used most commonly in our specialty are cefepime, cefotetan, and cefoxitin. These agents are administered intramuscularly and intravenously, and they provide very good coverage against aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive cocci, with the exception of staphylococci and enterococci. They have very good coverage against most gram-negative aerobic bacilli and excellent coverage against anerobic microorganisms. Their primary application in our specialty is for single-agent treatment of polymicrobial infections, such as puerperal endometritis and pelvic cellulitis. When used in combination with doxycycline, they are valuable in treating pelvic inflammatory disease. These drugs are more expensive than the limited-spectrum or intermediate-spectrum agents. They should not be used routinely as prophylaxis for pelvic surgery.^1,2,5

Continue to: Fluorinated quinolones…

Pages

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• last »

Recommended Reading

Antiseptic as good as antibiotics for preventing recurrent UTI

MDedge ObGyn

2022 Update on gynecologic cancer

MDedge ObGyn

Doctors treat osteoporosis with hormone therapy against guidelines

MDedge ObGyn

Do ObGyns use intrapartum warm compresses to the perineum or perineal massage in their practices?

MDedge ObGyn

Meet a fierce advocate for women’s health: Jen Gunter, MD

MDedge ObGyn

Tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide offers oral option for complex UTIs

MDedge ObGyn

Childhood abuse may increase risk of MS in women

MDedge ObGyn

FDA approves oteseconazole for chronic yeast infections

MDedge ObGyn

Relugolix combo eases a long-neglected fibroid symptom: Pain

MDedge ObGyn

Can US “pattern recognition” of classic adnexal lesions reduce surgery, and even referrals for other imaging, in average-risk women?

MDedge ObGyn

• Gynecology

Broad-spectrum antibiotics for children – buy in Ukraine

• Goods

• Prices in pharmacies

Items: 485

Sorting:
RatingCheapest Expensive

Type:

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

9 0017 Go to box

Go to box

Go to box

Go to box

Go to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

9 0015 Go to box

Go to box

Go to box

Go to

Go to

Go to

Go to

Go to

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box cat

go to cat

go to cat

go to cat

go to cat

go to cat

go to cat

go to cat

go to cat

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

Jump to box

9 0017 Go to box

Go to box

Go to box

Go to box

Go to box

Editorial team

Creation date: 06/04/2022
Update date: 06/26/2023

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

A variety of bacteria live in the human body, many of which are necessary for normal functioning. Prote, you can also see the ailments that call different pathologies. To fight against bacterial infections, antibiotics are used – preparations of direct action, yakі reshkodzhayut їх reproduction and growth, priming the life of microorganism. More medical benefits are added only to the song type of pathogens, which makes the therapy easier and the need for the necessary medication. For the cure of the ailment caused by the culprit, a broad-spectrum antibiotic is used.

The widest pardon for the use of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of viral diseases. The stench is powerless against viruses, which have a daily clitin structure. In this case, an antibiotic may be used in combination with other drugs, since a viral infection may be aggravated and bacterial infection may be included.

Variety of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Antibacterial drugs in a large assortment are presented in Ukrainian pharmacies. It is smarted by this building to effectively excite various infectious diseases, both in children and in adults. According to the chemical warehouse, broad-spectrum antibiotics are subdivided into 5 main groups, the skin may have its pharmacological activity:

1. Penicillin – ampicillin, bicillin, carbicillin are still being introduced. Qi speech disrupts the synthesis of clitin membranes and pereskodzhayut proper osmosis of clitin, preventing the growth of microorganism. Antibiotics of the penicillin series are effective in the treatment of angina, sieve paths, infectious lesions of the bones, scoliosis and soft tissues, pneumonia.
2. Cephalosporins of another generation (ceflaxor, cemafondol, ceflaquin) – drugs of this series are prescribed, as the patient is suspected of intolerance to antibiotics of the penicillin series. They may be similar to them for the treatment of infections of the sechostatic system, ENT organs, gynecology, postoperative infections of the cystic and soft tissues.
3. Tetracyclines (doxycycline, tetracycline) – a speech agent that affects the impaired protein synthesis of bacteria of various species. Tetracyclines are good at coping with acne, infectious ENT diseases, and problems with ICT.
4. Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, streptomycin) block the production of proteins, which are necessary for the development of pathogenic bacteria. Use them with other antibacterial drugs for treatment of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, infections of the sacs, tuberculosis.
5. Rifamycin (rifampicin) – speech is related to the DNA of pathogenic microorganisms. Rifamycins cause disruption of their synthesis and are especially effective in treating tuberculosis and other diseases that provoke mycobacteria. Also, an antibiotic should be used for the treatment of damage to the dichal system and the sec- ondary organs. To rifampicin, resistance is largely blamed for this, which is due to the presence of rifampicin in combination with other antibacterial drugs.

How to choose the right drug?

First of all known to buy broad-spectrum antibiotics, consult a physician. Only fahіvets zdatny signs of competently likuvannya and choose the necessary pharmacological form of the drug, yogo dosing that scheme to receive. Call the doctor and recommend a specific name for the drug, or the patient can ask for an antibiotic with a viable fluctuating speech, another trade name. You can find such an analogue in a different way, for example, on the website of MIS Pharmacy 9-1-1 on antibiotics of a wide range of prices to lie in the company-virobnik, dosing and pharmacological authorities of the people. You can replace the necessary goods online or with delivery in Ukraine. Sales zdіysnyuєtsya for the prescription of a doctor, he does not rely on the advice of those who know and engage in self-admiration. Uncontrolled intake of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance to the drug and not to give an overbearing effect. It is very important for him to take the dosage of that scheme to the reception, and also not to interrupt the course at the first visible flushes.

Copy of vikoristan literature

• physio-pedia.com;
• Sovereign register of medical supplies of Ukraine;
• betterhealth.vic.gov.au.

Popular questions

Why can broad-spectrum antibiotics be combined?

It is important to remember that antibiotics are applied to all types of bacteria, including the corysnus microflora. That is why it is necessary to supplement them with the intake of probiotics, in order to take revenge on the obviousness of the bacterium in a dried-up or shriveled look. In some cases, additional use of antihistamines is required.

How can antibiotics cover a wide range of activities?

The most popular antibiotics in tablets and ampoules (vials) of a wide spectrum can be seen: Azithromycin, Cefuroxime, Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Levofloxacin, Cefixime.

Broad spectrum nutrition

What are inexpensive products in the category Broad spectrum antibiotics?

What are the imported goods in the category Broad spectrum antibiotics?

What are the most popular products in the category Broad Spectrum Antibiotics?

List of products in the category Broad spectrum antibiotics?

Prices for goods in the category Broad spectrum antibiotics start at 4. 90 UAH.

Antibiotics for a wide range of prices in Pharmacy 911

29 WHO recommendations for the prevention of surgical infections and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance

29 WHO recommendations for preventing surgical infections and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance

• Health »
• A
• B
• C
• D
• L
• E
• Y
• W
• W
• I
• K
• L
• M

900 03 N

• O
• R
• R
• C
• T
• U
• F
• X
• C
• H
• W
• S
• Yu
• I
• Popular Topics
  • Air pollution
  • Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
  • Hepatitis
• Data and statistics »
  • News bulletin
  • The facts are clear
  • Publications
• Find Country »
• A
• B
• C
• D
• D
• E
• Y
• W
• W
• I
• Y
• R
• L
• M
• N
• O
• R
• R
• C
• T
• U
• F
• X
• C
• H
• W
• W
• b
• S
• b
• E
• Yu
• I
• WHO in countries »
  • Reporting
• Regions »
  • Africa
  • America
  • Southeast Asia
  • Europe
  • Eastern Mediterranean
  • Western Pacific
• Media Center
  • Press releases
  • Statements
  • Media messages
  • Comments
  • Reporting
  • Online Q&A
  • Events
  • Photo reports
  • Case Studies
  • Questions and answers
  • Speeches
• Update
• Emergencies ”
• News ”
  • Disease Outbreak News
• WHO Data »
• Dashboards »
  • COVID-19 Monitoring Dashboard
• Basic moments ”
• About WHO »
  • CEO
  • About WHO
  • WHO activities
  • Where does WHO work?
• Governing Bodies »
  • World Health Assembly
  • Executive committee
• Main page/
• Press releases/
• item/
• 29 WHO recommendations for the prevention of surgical infections and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance

Juliana Cusack

©
Photo

\n

In preparation for surgery, the patient should always take a bath or shower, shaving is not recommended, and prophylactic antibiotics should be used only before and during surgery, not after it. This is stated in the new WHO recommendations aimed at saving lives, reducing costs and stopping the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

\n

\nThe Global Guidance for the Prevention of Surgical Infections contains a list of 29 specific recommendations formulated by a panel of 20 of the world’s leading experts based on 26 studies of the latest evidence. The recommendations, which were also published today in “The Lancet Infectious Diseases”, aim to tackle the growing burden of hospital-acquired infections on both patients and health systems.

\n

\n“No one should get sick as a result of seeing a doctor or receiving medical care,” says Dr Marie-Paule Kieny, WHO Assistant Director-General for Health Systems and Health Innovation. – Prevention of surgical infections is more important today than ever, but it is a complex process that requires a number of preventive measures. The new guidelines are an invaluable tool for protecting patient health.”

\n

\nSurgical infections occur when bacteria enter the body through incisions made during surgery. Every year, these infections endanger the lives of millions of patients. In addition, they contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance. In low- and middle-income countries, 11% of surgical patients acquire infectious diseases during surgery. In Africa, up to 20% of women who have a caesarean section develop a wound infection, jeopardizing their health and their ability to care for a child.

\n

\nAt the same time, the problem of surgical infections is not limited to poor countries. In the United States, these infections cause patients to spend more than 400,000 extra days in the hospital, at an additional cost of about $900 million a year.

\n

Infection Prevention Before, During, and After Surgery

\n

\nThe guide contains 13 recommendations for pre-surgery activities and 16 recommendations for infection prevention during and after surgery. The list of recommended actions is very wide, from simple precautions, such as taking a patient bath or shower before surgery and maintaining proper hand hygiene by members of the surgical teams, to recommendations on when to use antibiotics to prevent infections, what antiseptics to use before performing incision and which suture to use.

\n

\n“Sooner or later, many of us may need to undergo surgery, but no one wants to get an infection on the operating table,” says Dr Ed Kelley, Director of the WHO Department of Services and service security. “By following these guidelines, surgical teams can prevent harm, improve the quality of life for patients, and do their part to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance. We also recommend that patients preparing for surgery ask their surgeon if they are following WHO recommendations.”

\n

\nBefore this publication, there were no other evidence-based international recommendations. At the same time, there are inconsistencies in the interpretation of evidence and recommendations in existing national guidelines. The new guidance is valid for any country, can be adapted to the local context, and is based on available scientific evidence, the likely costs of financial and other resources associated with the implementation of the recommendations, as well as the values ​​and preferences of patients. This guide, which provides detailed advice on infection prevention, complements the popular WHO Surgical Safety Checklist for a broader range of safety precautions.

\n

Stop the spread of antimicrobial resistance

\n

\nThe guidelines make a very important recommendation that antibiotics should only be used prophylactically before and during surgery. This is one of the key measures to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics should not be given after surgery, as is often done.

\n

\nAntibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these drugs. The formation of resistance is normal, but the irrational use of antibiotics greatly accelerates it.

\n

\nAntimicrobial resistance puts the advances of modern medicine at risk. Without effective antibiotics to prevent and treat infections, organ transplants, cancer chemotherapy, and surgeries such as caesarean sections and hip replacements become much more dangerous. As a result, the length of stay of patients in the hospital increases, medical costs and mortality increase.

\n

\nMany studies show that taking a number of preventive measures can significantly reduce the damage caused by surgical infections. A pilot study in four African countries showed that implementing a number of new recommendations could reduce the number of surgical infections by 39%. Building on these success stories, WHO is preparing guidance and guidance materials to help national and local health authorities implement the recommendations.

“,”datePublished”:”2016-11-03T00:00:00.0000000+00:00″,”image”:”https://cdn.who.int/media/images/default-source/imported/surgery -social-media-jpg.jpg?sfvrsn=a611cd6d_0″,”publisher”:{“@type”:”Organization”,”name”:”World Health Organization: WHO”,”logo”:{“@type”: “ImageObject”,”url”:”https://www.who.int/Images/SchemaOrg/schemaOrgLogo.jpg”,”width”:250,”height”:60}},”dateModified”:”2016-11 -03T00:00:00.0000000+00:00″,”mainEntityOfPage”:”https://www. who.int/ru/news/item/03-11-2016-who-recommends-29-ways-to-stop-surgical-infections-and-avoid-superbugs”,”@context”:”http://schema.org”,”@type”:”NewsArticle”};

In preparation for surgery, the patient should always bathe or shower, shaving is not recommended, and prophylactic antibiotics should only be used before and during surgery, not after. This is stated in the new WHO recommendations aimed at saving lives, reducing costs and stopping the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

The publication “Global Guidelines for the Prevention of Surgical Infections” contains a list of 29 specific recommendations formulated by a panel of 20 of the world’s leading experts based on 26 studies of the latest evidence. The recommendations, which were also published today in The Lancet Infectious Diseases, aim to tackle the growing burden of hospital-acquired infections on both patients and health systems.

“No one should get sick as a result of seeing a doctor or receiving medical care,” says Dr Marie-Paule Kieny, WHO Assistant Director-General for Health Systems and Health Innovation. – Prevention of surgical infections is more important today than ever, but it is a complex process that requires a number of preventive measures. The new guidelines are an invaluable tool for protecting patient health.”

Surgical infections occur when bacteria enter the body through incisions made during surgery. Every year, these infections endanger the lives of millions of patients. In addition, they contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance. In low- and middle-income countries, 11% of surgical patients acquire infectious diseases during surgery. In Africa, up to 20% of women who have a caesarean section develop a wound infection, jeopardizing their health and their ability to care for a child.

However, the problem of surgical infections is not limited to poor countries. In the United States, these infections cause patients to spend more than 400,000 extra days in the hospital, at an additional cost of about $900 million a year.

Infection prevention before, during and after surgery

The guide contains 13 recommendations for pre-surgery activities and 16 recommendations for infection prevention during and after surgery. The list of recommended actions is very wide, from simple precautions, such as taking a patient bath or shower before surgery and maintaining proper hand hygiene by members of the surgical teams, to recommendations on when to use antibiotics to prevent infections, what antiseptics to use before performing incision and which suture to use.

“Sooner or later, many of us may need to undergo surgery, but no one wants to catch an infection on the operating table,” said Dr Ed Kelley, WHO Director of Service Delivery and Safety. “By following these guidelines, surgical teams can prevent harm, improve the quality of life for patients, and do their part to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance. We also recommend that patients preparing for surgery ask their surgeon if they are following WHO recommendations.”

Prior to this publication, there were simply no other evidence-based international recommendations. At the same time, there are inconsistencies in the interpretation of evidence and recommendations in existing national guidelines. The new guidance is valid for any country, can be adapted to the local context, and is based on available scientific evidence, the likely costs of financial and other resources associated with the implementation of the recommendations, as well as the values ​​and preferences of patients. This guide, which provides detailed advice on infection prevention, complements the popular WHO Surgical Safety Checklist for a broader range of safety precautions.

Stop the spread of antimicrobial resistance

The guidelines contain the critical recommendation that antibiotics should only be used as a prophylactic before and during surgery. This is one of the key measures to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics should not be given after surgery, as is often done.

Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these drugs. The formation of resistance is normal, but the irrational use of antibiotics greatly accelerates it.