What is atherosclerosis and how does it affect your health. How can you prevent hardening of the arteries. What are the risk factors for developing atherosclerosis. What treatments are available for managing this condition. How does lifestyle impact the progression of atherosclerosis. Can atherosclerosis be reversed or only managed. Why is early detection crucial for atherosclerosis patients.

The Nature and Progression of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, commonly known as hardening of the arteries, is a condition that primarily affects older adults but can begin developing much earlier in life. It occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances accumulate along the artery walls, forming plaque that narrows and stiffens the arteries over time.

How exactly does atherosclerosis progress? The process typically begins with an injury to the artery wall, which can be caused by various factors:

• Inflammatory immune responses
• Infections
• Chemical abnormalities in the blood

These injuries trigger a cascade of events. Chemical signals cause white blood cells to attach to the damaged artery wall, where plaque begins to accumulate. As time passes, this plaque buildup gradually narrows the space within the artery, reducing blood flow and increasing the risk of serious health complications.

The Impact of Atherosclerosis on Cardiovascular Health

Why is atherosclerosis considered so dangerous? The condition can lead to a variety of severe health problems, primarily affecting the cardiovascular system. As arteries become narrower and less flexible, they struggle to efficiently move blood through the body. This reduced blood flow can have far-reaching consequences:

• Increased risk of heart attacks
• Higher likelihood of strokes
• Potential for tissue damage or death due to oxygen deprivation
• Development of peripheral artery disease

Moreover, pieces of plaque can break off and form clots, which may travel to smaller blood vessels and cause blockages. These blockages can starve tissues of blood and oxygen, resulting in damage or tissue death – a common mechanism behind heart attacks and strokes.

Risk Factors and Causes of Atherosclerosis

What factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis? While some risk factors are beyond our control, many are influenced by lifestyle choices:

Non-modifiable Risk Factors:

• Age (risk increases with advancing years)
• Gender (males are at higher risk)
• Family history of early atherosclerosis
• Genetic predisposition

Modifiable Risk Factors:

• High blood cholesterol levels
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Diabetes
• Obesity
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Smoking
• Diet high in saturated and trans fats

Understanding these risk factors is crucial for developing effective prevention and management strategies. By addressing modifiable risk factors, individuals can significantly reduce their likelihood of developing severe atherosclerosis.

Prevention Strategies for Atherosclerosis

How can one prevent or slow the progression of atherosclerosis? While the condition cannot be completely reversed, several preventive measures can be taken to minimize its impact:

1. Regular health screenings: Men should screen their cholesterol by age 35, while women should do so by age 45. Annual blood pressure checks are recommended for all adults.
2. Balanced diet: Emphasize fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats while limiting saturated and trans fats.
3. Regular exercise: Aim for 30 to 60 minutes of moderate physical activity daily.
4. Smoking cessation: Quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and its complications.
5. Weight management: Maintaining a healthy body weight helps reduce strain on the cardiovascular system.
6. Stress management: Chronic stress can contribute to atherosclerosis, so implementing stress-reduction techniques is beneficial.

Is early detection important for managing atherosclerosis? Absolutely. Early identification of atherosclerosis allows for timely intervention, potentially preventing or delaying serious complications. Regular check-ups and screenings play a crucial role in catching the condition in its early stages.

Treatment Options for Atherosclerosis

What treatments are available for individuals diagnosed with atherosclerosis? Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle modifications and medical interventions:

Lifestyle Changes:

• Adopting a heart-healthy diet
• Increasing physical activity
• Quitting smoking
• Managing stress
• Controlling other health conditions like diabetes and hypertension

Medications:

• Statins to lower cholesterol levels
• Antiplatelet drugs like aspirin to prevent blood clots
• Blood pressure medications
• Drugs to control blood sugar in diabetic patients

Surgical Procedures:

• Angioplasty and stent placement to open narrowed arteries
• Endarterectomy to remove plaque from arteries
• Bypass surgery to create alternative routes for blood flow

The choice of treatment depends on the severity of the condition, overall health status, and individual risk factors. A personalized approach, developed in consultation with healthcare providers, yields the best outcomes.

The Role of Diet in Managing Atherosclerosis

How significant is diet in preventing and managing atherosclerosis? Diet plays a crucial role in both the development and management of this condition. A heart-healthy diet can help lower cholesterol levels, reduce inflammation, and improve overall cardiovascular health.

What does a heart-healthy diet for atherosclerosis management look like? Here are key components:

• Fruits and vegetables: Rich in antioxidants and fiber, these help combat inflammation and lower cholesterol.
• Whole grains: Provide fiber and nutrients that support heart health.
• Lean proteins: Choose fish, poultry, and plant-based proteins over red meat.
• Healthy fats: Emphasize omega-3 fatty acids from sources like fish, nuts, and seeds.
• Limited saturated and trans fats: Reduce intake of fried foods, processed snacks, and high-fat dairy products.
• Reduced sodium: Helps control blood pressure, a key factor in atherosclerosis progression.

Incorporating these dietary principles can significantly impact the progression of atherosclerosis and overall cardiovascular health.

Exercise and Physical Activity in Atherosclerosis Management

How does exercise impact atherosclerosis? Regular physical activity is a powerful tool in preventing and managing atherosclerosis. Exercise offers numerous benefits:

• Improves circulation and heart function
• Helps control weight
• Lowers blood pressure
• Reduces stress
• Increases HDL (good) cholesterol levels
• Helps manage blood sugar levels

What types of exercise are most beneficial for individuals with or at risk of atherosclerosis? A combination of aerobic exercise and strength training is ideal:

1. Aerobic exercises: Walking, swimming, cycling, or jogging for 30-60 minutes most days of the week.
2. Strength training: Resistance exercises 2-3 times per week to build muscle and boost metabolism.
3. Flexibility exercises: Stretching or yoga to improve overall fitness and reduce stress.

It’s crucial to start slowly and gradually increase intensity, especially for those who have been sedentary. Consulting with a healthcare provider before beginning a new exercise regimen is always recommended, particularly for individuals with existing cardiovascular issues.

The Importance of Stress Management in Atherosclerosis

Why is stress management crucial in the context of atherosclerosis? Chronic stress can significantly contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis through several mechanisms:

• Increased inflammation in the body
• Elevated blood pressure
• Higher levels of stress hormones like cortisol
• Tendency towards unhealthy coping behaviors (e.g., overeating, smoking)

How can individuals effectively manage stress to reduce its impact on atherosclerosis? Here are some proven strategies:

1. Mindfulness meditation: Helps reduce stress and improve emotional regulation.
2. Regular exercise: Acts as a natural stress reliever and mood booster.
3. Adequate sleep: Crucial for stress recovery and overall health.
4. Social connections: Strong relationships provide emotional support and stress relief.
5. Time management: Reduces feelings of being overwhelmed.
6. Relaxation techniques: Deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, or guided imagery can help manage stress.
7. Hobbies and leisure activities: Engage in activities that bring joy and relaxation.

Implementing these stress management techniques can contribute significantly to overall cardiovascular health and complement other atherosclerosis management strategies.

Innovative Research and Future Treatments for Atherosclerosis

What new developments are on the horizon for atherosclerosis treatment? The field of cardiovascular medicine is continuously evolving, with researchers exploring innovative approaches to prevent, diagnose, and treat atherosclerosis more effectively:

Emerging Research Areas:

• Gene therapy: Targeting specific genes involved in atherosclerosis development.
• Nanotechnology: Developing nanoparticles to deliver drugs directly to affected arteries.
• Immunotherapy: Modulating the immune response to reduce inflammation in arteries.
• Stem cell therapy: Exploring the potential of stem cells to repair damaged arterial tissue.
• Personalized medicine: Tailoring treatments based on an individual’s genetic profile and risk factors.

How might these innovations change the landscape of atherosclerosis treatment? While many of these approaches are still in early stages of research, they hold promise for more targeted and effective treatments in the future. Personalized medicine, in particular, could revolutionize how we approach atherosclerosis by allowing for highly individualized prevention and treatment strategies.

As research progresses, it’s likely that we’ll see a shift towards more preventive approaches, earlier interventions, and treatments that can potentially reverse arterial damage rather than just managing symptoms.

While these advancements are exciting, it’s important to remember that lifestyle modifications remain the cornerstone of atherosclerosis prevention and management. Combining proven lifestyle strategies with emerging medical treatments will likely provide the best outcomes for individuals at risk of or living with atherosclerosis.

What is Atherosclerosis, or Hardening of the Arteries? | Blog

One of the most common conditions affecting arteries and blood flow is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, is a condition that mainly affects older adults. What is atherosclerosis, how does it start, and how is it treated? Atherosclerosis is a common condition that can frequently lead to dangerous complications like heart attack and stroke. Having a better understanding of the condition and making necessary lifestyle changes is the best way to minimize its impact.

It can be difficult to imagine why hardened arteries have such an impact. Arteries need to be highly elastic to move blood through the body. The blockage and reduction of blood flow are impacted both by reduced internal area but also the artery’s increased rigidity. This impact on blood flow is why atherosclerosis can be such a dangerous condition if left unchecked.

What is Hardening of the Arteries?

What is hardening of the arteries? Atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, happens when fat, cholesterol and other substances collect along the artery walls. These substances, typically called plaque, can narrow or completely block an artery over time. Plaque clots will form and pieces of plaque will move down smaller blood vessels and block them. These blockages starve tissues of blood or oxygen, which can result in damage or tissue death. This is a common cause of heart attack and stroke.

Atherosclerosis is the most common thread of arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is a range of conditions that affect the artery wall’s thickness and elasticity. The development of Atherosclerosis is complex, but the primary cause is an injury to the artery wall. This injury can be caused by many different factors like inflammatory immune response, infection, or chemical abnormalities in the blood. 

Certain chemical signals cause white blood cells to attach to the artery wall, where plaque begins to accumulate. Over time, this plaque build-up narrows the space in the artery itself. While some factors (like gender, age, or history of early atherosclerosis) can’t be changed, other factors can. To lower atherosclerosis risk, it’s recommended to refrain from tobacco use and maintain a healthy lifestyle. This includes diet and exercise. People at high risk for atherosclerosis may also benefit from certain medications like statins, aspirin, or other antiplatelet drugs.

What Causes Hardening of the Arteries?

What causes the hardening of the arteries? Atherosclerosis can be caused by a number of factors. A major cause is aging and plaque build-up. This narrows the arteries and changes the ability for blood to flow through them. Lifestyle factors like high blood cholesterol levels can increase atherosclerosis at any age. This is especially true for people who eat a diet too high in saturated fats and trans fats. Other factors that can lead to atherosclerosis include diabetes, family history, high blood pressure, a lack of exercise, being overweight or obese, and smoking.

Prevent Atherosclerosis

Unfortunately, it can be difficult to see signs of an artery blockage until it’s too late. While Atherosclerosis cannot be reversed, there are steps that can be taken to lessen its impact. 

See your doctor regularly. If you’re a male, screen your cholesterol by age 35, If you’re a female, screen your cholesterol by age 45. Get your blood pressure checked at least once a year after that. Check your blood pressure more frequently if you have high blood pressure, heart disease, or have had a previous stroke. 

Eating a balanced diet, getting 30 to 60 minutes of exercise a day, and quitting smoking are all preventive measures for atherosclerosis. Talk to your doctor about options with cholesterol-lowering medication or blood thinners. 

If you’re struggling with complications related to atherosclerosis, you should consult your healthcare provider or vascular specialist. If found early enough, the impact of atherosclerosis can be reduced or mitigated with lifestyle changes and medication. If you’re in the Southern San Joaquin Valley area, visit South Valley Vascular. South Valley Vascular’s board-certified vascular specialists provide top-level care to all its patients.

Hardening Definition

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Jason Fernando

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Jason Fernando is a professional investor and writer who enjoys tackling and communicating complex business and financial problems.

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Updated April 29, 2022

Reviewed by

JeFreda R. Brown

Reviewed by
JeFreda R. Brown

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Dr. JeFreda R. Brown is a financial consultant, Certified Financial Education Instructor, and researcher who has assisted thousands of clients over a more than two-decade career. She is the CEO of Xaris Financial Enterprises and a course facilitator for Cornell University.

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What Is Hardening?

Hardening is a reference to trading conditions in which securities prices are rising and volatility is declining in a particular financial market. Although the assessment that a market is hardening can be applied in several contexts, it is most commonly used when referring to the market for commodities futures.

The term hardening can also be used in the insurance and banking industries to refer to a period of more stringent underwriting or lending standards.

Key Takeaways

• In the finance industry, the term “hardening” is typically used to refer to a period of rising prices and reduced volatility, specifically in the commodities trading industry.
• The term hardening is also common in the insurance and lending industries, where it refers to periods of time when more rigorous underwriting or lending practices are implemented.
• In the banking and insurance industries, hardening is often observed in the aftermath of financial crises when financial institutions are more eager to control and reduce their risks.

How Hardening Works

In commodities trading, a market is said to be “hardening” if its prices are steadily rising at a time when volatility is relatively low. For many traders, a market that is hardening presents ideal conditions for trading because of the apparently calm and predictable nature of the market at such times.  

Of course, for traders wishing to speculate on large movements in commodity prices, a hardening market might be a negative sign, as the resulting decline in volatility could make those large moves less likely to materialize. This could be especially damaging for owners of options contracts set against those commodities, whose value generally falls when the volatility of their underlying asset decreases.

While hardening is most often noted in reference to the trading conditions of commodities futures markets, it is also used to refer to periods of strict underwriting or lending standards in the insurance and banking industries.

How Speculators Impact Volatility

A commonly held belief is that the rise of speculators into the commodities futures markets has led to an increase in price volatility on futures contracts. On the contrary, some researchers have concluded that an influx of futures traders, and the liquidity that they bring to the market, have a stabilizing or hardening effect on futures prices.  

These researchers suggest that futures markets are considered volatile not because of price fluctuations, but because of a great deal of leverage available to futures traders. By way of example, equity margin requirements are generally around 50%, whereas margins as low as 5% to 10% are common for futures contracts. Under these circumstances, even small fluctuations in price can have a tremendous impact on the owner of a highly leveraged futures position.

Special Considerations

When applied in the insurance and banking industries, the term hardening has a different meaning. In these industries, hardening is commonly used to refer to periods of more rigorous underwriting or lending standards. These periods often arise following a financial shock such as the credit crunch that occurred during the 2007-2008 financial crisis.

More rigorous underwriting or lending practices are sometimes implemented in response to risky decisions by the financial institutions involved, such as the optimistic derivative contracts and subprime loan agreements that American banks and insurance companies entered into prior to the 2007-2008 financial crisis. In the aftermath of this financial crisis, financial firms were keener to reset their lending and underwriting standards on a more conservative footing. 

Although this reversal in sentiment amongst financial institutions–from risky to more conservative–can help reduce the incidence of inappropriate insurance policies and too risky loans, it can also make it difficult for creditworthy counterparties to secure credit or insurance. In these periods of fiscal “hardening,” consumers and market participants alike will often complain that approval criteria have become unnecessarily onerous.

Cement hydration and what determines the speed of the hardening process – formulas and time

Cement is a popular artificial building material. It is a fine powder, which, when interacting with water, turns into a plastic mass that can harden even in high humidity conditions. The physical and chemical process of interaction of cement with water is called hydration. As a result of its flow, mortars and mixtures made on the basis of cement binder, after hardening, acquire high strength, water resistance, and resistance to temperature changes.

Cement hydration – process features

Hydration is an irreversible process in which water molecules combine with the molecules of the minerals that make up the cement. As a result of such interactions, a plastic mass is formed, which, after hardening, is transformed into a stone-like solid body.

The normative documentation indicates the permissible water-cement ratios, which depend on the grade of cement used and the required characteristics of the resulting products. With a sufficient amount, approximately 25% of the water is chemically bound, the rest of the liquid passes into a physically bound state. The introduction of water into the material in an amount less than the permissible one leads to incomplete hydration, and more than the permissible amount leads to the formation of pores. In both cases, the strength characteristics of the structure are reduced.

Main stages of hydration

The first stage of hydration of the cement binder is setting, which occurs in the first hours after mixing the dry components with water. The setting start time and the speed of this process are determined by the following factors:

• Ambient temperature. The higher it is, the faster the process. At room temperature, it lasts up to three hours, at high temperatures created in the steaming chambers – up to 20 minutes. At 0 °C setting can take up to 20 hours.
• Binder composition – nomenclature and ratio of mineral components, additives used. According to GOST 30515-2013, according to the setting rate under standard conditions (+20 ° C, relative humidity – 75%), three categories of cements are distinguished: slowly setting (the beginning of the process – 2 hours after mixing), normally setting (the beginning of setting – from 45 minutes to 2 hours after mixing), fast setting (beginning of setting – up to 45 minutes after mixing the cement with water).
• Fineness of grind – the finer the powder, the faster the setting.

The onset of setting can be delayed briefly by mixing the plastic material. In a viscous product, even with stirring, after a certain time, irreversible processes begin that adversely affect the strength of the hardened element. Builders call this phenomenon “welding of concrete.” The rate of setting and subsequent hardening can be changed by introducing plasticizers and other additives into the mortar or concrete.

The next longer stage after setting is cement hardening. This process, which usually begins within a day after the onset of hydration, can take several years. During the first 7 days, the created structure acquires approximately 70% strength. After 28 days after pouring, the solution or mixture gain brand strength. It is approximately 90-95% of the maximum indicator, which takes several years to achieve.

To obtain a high-quality final product, normal conditions for cement hardening are provided. For this you need:

1. Protect the structure from the slightest mechanical impact, since the bonds created at the initial stages of hydration are fragile. They are easily destroyed and cannot be restored.
2. The first 2-3 weeks for normal hydration to create a humid environment and protect the structure from direct exposure to sunlight.
3. Avoid sudden changes in temperature. To do this, the structure is covered with a small layer of sand or sawdust, covered with insulating mats.

Such measures, taken during cement hardening, will reduce shrinkage of the structure, avoid cracks and deformations.

Dependence of the hydration process on the chemical composition of cement

Mechanisms of setting and hardening of cement depend on the nomenclature and percentage ratio of binder components. Some of them begin to interact with water at the initial stage of hydration, others after a certain period of time.

Portland cement contains:

• C2S – dicalcium silicate. This component does not react with water immediately, but approximately one month after the product reaches brand strength. It has a positive effect on the strength properties of concrete in the long term. The use of plasticizers accelerates the entry of dicalcium silicate into the cement hardening reaction.
• C3S – tricalcium silicate. This component is involved in the interaction with water from the very beginning of the preparation of the mixture or solution and throughout the entire period of hydration. But it makes the greatest contribution during the period of gaining brand strength of the material.
• C3A – tricalcium aluminate. Helps to increase the strength of the material in the first days of curing. At a later period, it stops working.
• C4AF – tetracalcium aluminopherite. Comes into effect already during curing. Improves the characteristics of concrete at the very latest stages of curing.

How to speed up or slow down the setting and hardening of cement

When carrying out construction work, situations often arise that require a reduction in the setting and hardening time of cement, the use of special additives can solve this problem. They will be needed when concreting in winter conditions or, if necessary, to increase the pace of construction.

The most popular cement hardening accelerators are:

• 4% calcium nitrate or sodium nitrate, calcium nitrite-nitrate or calcium chloride, sodium nitrite-nitrate sulfate;
• 2% sodium sulfate;
• 2% calcium chloride – used for reinforced structures;
• 3% calcium chloride – designed for non-reinforced concrete elements.

Cement hydration inhibitors are mainly used in the construction of large-scale structures – large-sized foundations, pool bowls, hydraulic and underground facilities.

Plasticizers and hyperplasticizers act as retarders. The use of such additives allows you to maintain the mobility of concrete solutions and their performance for 24-48 hours after mixing the binder with water.

Cement hydration is an important process that must be carried out in compliance with the rules established by state regulations and project documentation for a particular construction site. Thanks to the development of a wide range of additives, it became possible to control the start and speed of setting of a plastic material, its mobility, strength at different stages of hardening, corrosion resistance and other characteristics over a wide range.

Concrete curing

Distinguish natural and artificial hardening of concrete. Natural hardening can be accelerated by using fast-hardening cements, hard concrete mixes, hardening accelerators. Artificial hardening is the so-called temperature-humidity treatment used in the factory.

To obtain 70% strength, it would be necessary to keep the products in molds under normal conditions for at least 7 days, which would require a huge number of molds, a large increase in production space. Therefore, one of the main tasks in concrete technology is the improvement of existing and the development of new methods for accelerating concrete hardening.

– you can learn more about all the work performed as part of the examination in the section:

“Construction and technical expertise of structures, premises, buildings, structures, engineering networks and equipment. Forensic examination.”

Methods of heat treatment of concrete are widely used, which make it possible to increase the temperature of concrete while maintaining its moisture content. As a result, the rate of chemical reactions of the interaction of cement in water increases and the initial (daily) strength of concrete increases significantly.

In prefabricated reinforced concrete plants, products are most often heated at atmospheric pressure in a steam-air environment with a temperature of 80-85°C or kept in a saturated steam environment at 100°C. They strive to use saturated steam to prevent drying of the concrete and to create conditions conducive to the hydration of the cement.

Normal pressure steaming is carried out in batch or continuous steaming chambers. In the first case, molded products in molds or pallets are loaded into a chamber with a lid, which has a water seal that prevents the loss of steam. Steam is supplied to the chamber, and the temperature gradually (at a rate of 15-20°C/h) rises to a maximum (80-100°C). In this case, the products are heated to the full thickness. Then isothermal exposure is given, after which the products are slowly cooled. The gradual rise in temperature and gradual cooling provide a more complete hydration of the cement and prevent the appearance of cracks in the products. The duration of steaming depends on the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the cement and the composition of the concrete: for products from mobile concrete mixtures – 4-8 hours. The steaming mode is set after experimental verification.

The strength of steamed concrete (i.e., approximately 1 day after production) is about 65-75% of the grade. Therefore, steaming at normal pressure increases the rate of concrete hardening by about 7-8 times.

There are tunnel and vertical heat treatment chambers of unusual action. Forms – trolleys with molded products in these chambers sequentially pass through three zones: heating, isothermal holding and cooling, in these chambers the process of typical processing of products is carried out using the counterflow principle. Steam enters the upper zone of the chamber through a perforated pipe. Cold products move upward towards an increasingly hot steam-air medium. After passing through the isothermal heating zone, the products go down and gradually cool down.

– you can learn more about all the work performed as part of the survey in the section:

“Inspection of structures, premises, buildings, structures, engineering networks and equipment.”

For products made of cellular concrete, steaming in an autoclave is very effective, carried out with high-pressure saturated steam (0.8-1.3 MPa) with a temperature of 175-200g.

Electrical heating uses electrical energy as a heat source. To warm up concrete, three-phase alternating current of normal frequency (50 Hz) is used. Direct current is not suitable, since it causes the location of water. The distribution of current in the laid concrete is carried out through metal electrodes located either on the surface of the concrete or inside it.

A significant effect is the use of short-term electrical heating of the concrete mixture to a temperature of 80-90 gr. in special bunkers with a voltage of 380V. The preheated mixture is placed in a mold and compacted. The release of heat during cement hydration contributes to maintaining an elevated temperature of hardening concrete and accelerating its hardening.

The method of preliminary electrical heating of the mixture is successfully used in winter concrete work.

Radiant energy treatment is effective for thin-walled hollow products. Radiators of infrared rays in the form of heating devices heated by electric current or gas are placed in the voids of the products. The walls of a structure or product absorb radiant energy, which accumulates in concrete in the form of heat.

Small additives strengthen processes
cement hardening. The dosage of calcium chloride is 1-2% by weight
cement. Increasing the addition of calcium chloride can lead to corrosion
steel reinforcement, as well as to the appearance of efflorescence on the concrete surface.

– you can find out in detail about all the work performed as part of research and expertise in the section:

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The addition of calcium chloride increases the initial strength of concrete by 2-4 times, and the strength of concrete at the age of 28 days remains approximately the same as without the addition. When introducing calcium chloride, it should be taken into account that it has a plasticizing effect on the concrete mixture and makes it possible to reduce the amount of mixing water by 5-6%, and, accordingly, the consumption of cement in the manufacture of concrete.

The complex use of methods for accelerating the hardening of concrete gives the greatest technical and economic effect.

Author: Pavlov E.S.

Technical building expertise

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