When do babies typically start teething. What are the common signs of teething in infants. How can parents soothe a teething baby’s discomfort. Are there safe and effective remedies for teething pain. What should parents know about oral care for infants.

Understanding the Teething Process in Infants

Teething is a natural developmental milestone that all babies go through as their first set of teeth begin to emerge. While it’s a crucial phase in a child’s growth, it often raises questions and concerns for new parents, especially when it seems to occur earlier than expected.

Typically, teething doesn’t begin until around 6 months of age. However, some babies may show signs of teething as early as 3 months. It’s important to note that teething at 2 months is extremely rare and not considered typical.

When do babies usually start teething?

Most infants begin teething between 4 to 7 months old. By the time a child reaches 2.5 years of age, they should have a full set of 20 primary teeth. However, the exact timing can vary significantly from one child to another.

• First teeth usually appear around 6 months
• Some babies may start teething as early as 3 months
• Others might not see their first tooth until after their first birthday
• Complete set of primary teeth typically emerges by 2.5 years

Recognizing the Signs of Teething in Babies

While teething at 2 months is uncommon, it’s essential for parents to be aware of the signs and symptoms associated with this process. Recognizing these signs can help you provide appropriate care and comfort to your baby.

What are the common signs of teething?

Teething can manifest in various ways, and not all babies will experience the same symptoms. Some common signs include:

• Increased drooling
• Swollen or tender gums
• Irritability or fussiness
• Difficulty sleeping
• Loss of appetite
• Mild temperature elevation (not a high fever)
• Chewing on objects or fingers

It’s important to note that while these symptoms are often associated with teething, they can also be indicators of other health issues. If you’re concerned about your baby’s symptoms, especially if they seem severe or persist for an extended period, it’s always best to consult with your pediatrician.

Soothing Techniques for Teething Babies

Watching your baby experience discomfort during teething can be distressing. Fortunately, there are several safe and effective methods to help alleviate their pain and provide comfort.

How can parents soothe a teething baby’s discomfort?

Here are some tried-and-true techniques to help ease your baby’s teething pain:

1. Gently massage your baby’s gums with a clean finger
2. Offer a cold teething ring or a clean, chilled washcloth to chew on
3. Provide safe, age-appropriate teething toys
4. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush to gently brush the gums
5. For babies over 6 months, offer cold foods like chilled cucumber or carrot sticks (under supervision)
6. Keep the face and neck area dry to prevent skin irritation from excessive drooling

Remember, every baby is different, and what works for one may not work for another. It may take some trial and error to find the most effective soothing techniques for your little one.

Safe Remedies and Medications for Teething Pain

When natural soothing techniques aren’t enough, parents might consider using over-the-counter remedies or medications to help alleviate their baby’s teething discomfort. However, it’s crucial to use these products safely and appropriately.

Are there safe and effective remedies for teething pain?

Yes, there are several safe options available for managing teething pain in infants:

• Sugar-free teething gels: These contain mild local anesthetics and are suitable for babies over 4 months old
• Infant pain relievers: Sugar-free paracetamol or ibuprofen (for babies over 3 months) can be used under guidance from a healthcare provider
• Homeopathic teething tablets: Some parents find these helpful, but always consult with your pediatrician before use

It’s important to follow dosage instructions carefully and consult with your pediatrician or pharmacist before using any medication. Avoid using products meant for adults or older children, as these can be harmful to infants.

Debunking Teething Myths and Misconceptions

There are many myths and misconceptions surrounding teething, which can lead to confusion and unnecessary worry for parents. Let’s address some of these common misunderstandings.

Do teething babies always have a fever?

Contrary to popular belief, teething does not typically cause high fevers. While some babies may experience a slight increase in body temperature during teething, a true fever (temperature above 100.4째F or 38째C) is not a normal symptom of teething and may indicate an illness requiring medical attention.

Is it safe to use amber teething necklaces?

Despite their popularity, amber teething necklaces are not recommended by medical professionals. These necklaces pose a choking hazard and have not been scientifically proven to relieve teething pain. It’s best to avoid using them and opt for safer alternatives.

Can teething cause severe diarrhea or vomiting?

While some loose stools may occur during teething due to increased saliva production, severe diarrhea or vomiting are not typical teething symptoms. If your baby experiences these symptoms, it’s important to consult with your pediatrician as they may indicate a different health issue.

Oral Care for Infants: Starting Early for Healthy Teeth

Proper oral care should begin even before your baby’s first tooth emerges. Establishing good dental habits early on can set the foundation for a lifetime of healthy teeth and gums.

When should parents start caring for their baby’s oral health?

Oral care for infants should start from birth. Here are some guidelines for maintaining your baby’s oral health:

• Clean your baby’s gums with a soft, damp cloth after each feeding
• Once the first tooth appears, start using a small, soft-bristled toothbrush
• Use a tiny smear of fluoride toothpaste (about the size of a grain of rice) for babies under 3 years old
• Schedule the first dental visit by your baby’s first birthday or within 6 months of the first tooth appearing

Remember, early and consistent oral care can help prevent cavities and establish good dental habits that will last a lifetime.

When to Seek Medical Advice for Teething Concerns

While teething is a normal part of infant development, there are times when it’s important to seek professional medical advice. Understanding when to consult your pediatrician can help ensure your baby’s health and well-being.

What symptoms warrant a call to the doctor?

Contact your pediatrician if your baby experiences any of the following symptoms:

• High fever (over 100.4째F or 38째C)
• Severe diarrhea or vomiting
• Significant decrease in appetite or fluid intake
• Unusual drowsiness or lethargy
• Rash that spreads beyond the face or diaper area
• Persistent crying that can’t be soothed
• Signs of dehydration (fewer wet diapers, dry mouth, no tears when crying)

These symptoms are not typically associated with normal teething and may indicate a more serious condition that requires medical attention.

Supporting Your Baby’s Overall Development During Teething

While teething is an important milestone, it’s just one aspect of your baby’s overall development. During this time, it’s crucial to continue supporting your child’s growth in other areas as well.

How can parents encourage their baby’s development during teething?

Here are some ways to support your baby’s development during the teething phase:

1. Maintain regular feeding and sleep schedules as much as possible
2. Continue with age-appropriate play and stimulation
3. Offer plenty of cuddles and comfort to help your baby feel secure
4. Read to your baby daily to support language development
5. Encourage tummy time to strengthen neck and shoulder muscles
6. Provide safe objects for your baby to explore and manipulate

Remember, every baby develops at their own pace. If you have concerns about your child’s development, don’t hesitate to discuss them with your pediatrician.

Preparing for the Teething Journey: Tips for Parents

The teething process can be challenging for both babies and parents. Being prepared can help make this journey smoother and less stressful for everyone involved.

How can parents prepare for their baby’s teething phase?

Here are some tips to help you prepare for your baby’s teething journey:

• Stock up on teething essentials like teething rings, soft toothbrushes, and bibs
• Learn about safe pain relief options and have them on hand
• Prepare easy-to-eat, soothing foods for babies over 6 months
• Establish a good oral care routine early
• Be patient and flexible, as teething can affect your baby’s mood and routine
• Take care of yourself – get support from family and friends when needed

Remember, teething is a temporary phase. With patience, preparation, and proper care, you and your baby will get through it together.

Understanding the Long-Term Impact of Early Dental Care

The care you provide during your baby’s teething phase can have long-lasting effects on their oral health. Establishing good habits early on sets the foundation for a lifetime of healthy teeth and gums.

How does early dental care influence long-term oral health?

Early dental care has several long-term benefits:

• Reduces the risk of early childhood cavities
• Establishes good oral hygiene habits that carry into adulthood
• Helps ensure proper development of permanent teeth
• Promotes overall health, as oral health is linked to general well-being
• Builds a positive relationship with dental care, reducing anxiety about future dental visits

By prioritizing your baby’s oral health from the start, you’re investing in their long-term health and well-being.

Navigating Cultural Perspectives on Teething

Teething practices and beliefs can vary significantly across different cultures. While it’s interesting to explore these diverse perspectives, it’s important to prioritize evidence-based care for your baby’s dental health.

How do teething practices differ across cultures?

Cultural approaches to teething can include:

• Traditional remedies like herbs or spices
• Spiritual or religious rituals associated with the first tooth
• Cultural beliefs about the timing and order of tooth emergence
• Different attitudes towards pain management during teething

While respecting cultural traditions is important, always consult with your pediatrician to ensure that any practices you adopt are safe and beneficial for your baby.

The Role of Nutrition in Teething and Dental Development

Proper nutrition plays a crucial role in your baby’s overall health, including the development of strong teeth and gums. Understanding the connection between diet and dental health can help you make informed choices for your child.

How does nutrition impact teething and dental health?

Key nutritional factors affecting dental health include:

• Calcium and vitamin D for strong teeth and bones
• Vitamin C for healthy gums
• Phosphorus to help absorb calcium
• Avoiding excess sugar to prevent tooth decay

A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and dairy (for babies over 6 months) can support healthy tooth development and overall oral health.

Embracing the Teething Journey: A Positive Perspective

While teething can be challenging, it’s also an exciting milestone in your baby’s development. Approaching this phase with a positive mindset can make the experience more enjoyable for both you and your baby.

How can parents maintain a positive outlook during the teething phase?

Here are some ways to embrace the teething journey:

• Celebrate each new tooth as a developmental achievement
• Use teething as an opportunity to bond with your baby through extra cuddles and comfort
• Document the process with photos or a baby book
• Share experiences with other parents for support and advice
• Focus on the joy of watching your baby grow and develop

Remember, teething is a temporary phase. With patience, care, and a positive attitude, you and your baby will navigate this journey together, emerging with a beautiful smile and precious memories.

Baby teething and gums – HSE.ie

Teeth don’t usually appear until your baby is 6 months or later. They may show signs of teething from about 13 weeks.

Your child should have most of their 20 baby teeth by the time they are 2 and a half years old.

Signs your baby is teething

If your baby is teething they might:

• have red, flushed cheeks
• dribble – you should wipe this away from the skin folds on their neck because this can cause soreness
• chew on their fists or on their toys more than usual
• have sore and tender gums and cry more
• have a nappy rash

Helping your teething baby

It’s upsetting to see your baby in discomfort from teething. Comforting and playing with them will help distract them.

Here are some other ways you can help:

• Try giving your baby something to chew on such as a cool teething ring.
• Massage your child’s sore gums with a sugar-free teething gel.
• Use mild sugar-free pain relief if your child wakes at night and is irritable.
• Give cold water to drink – this helps to keep babies hydrated and may also soothe their gums.
• Give healthy foods to chew on, such as pieces of carrot or apple, or breadsticks – only do this if they’re 6 months or older.
• Stay close to your baby when they are eating in case they choke.

Teething rings

Chewing on a teething ring can help soothe a baby’s gums as well as distract them from the pain.

Use teething rings that are big enough so your child will not choke on them. Keep a spare clean teething ring in the fridge.

Never tie a teething ring around a baby’s neck – this could strangle them.

Always check the product instructions on how long to cool the ring for. Never put the ring in the freezer as the temperature could damage your baby’s gums.

You can also use a cold wet facecloth for a baby to chew on.

Teething gels and pain relief

Sugar-free teething gels are available over the counter from the pharmacy – they contain a mild local anaesthetic which helps numb any pain. These are for babies older than 4 months.

If your baby is still in discomfort after using teething gels, consider giving them sugar-free paracetamol or ibuprofen medication for babies. Don’t use Ibuprofen medication if your baby is under the age of 3 months.

Contact your GP or pharmacist for information on the safe use of gels and pain relief.

Always follow the instructions on the leaflet and the packaging. Make sure you use the right amount and only as recommended. If you are unsure, ask your GP or pharmacist.

Never use products on your baby that are meant for adults or for older children. These products are not suitable for relieving the symptoms of teething in babies.

Amber teething jewellery

We recommend you never use amber teething jewellery for your baby. These can be necklaces, anklets, or bracelets.

Amber teething jewellery can choke your baby.

Homeopathic teething products

There are some unlicensed homeopathic products sold online. These are not safe to use in young infants and babies.

Research into these products shows that they may cause serious side effects. These include difficulty breathing, seizures, agitation, excessive sleepiness, constipation and difficulty urinating.

This warning does not apply to Nelson’s homeopathic teething products sold in Ireland with the brand name of ‘Teetha’.

Nappy rash and teething

Babies who are teething may get nappy rash and sore bottoms. Check your baby’s bottom and change their nappies often.

Using a barrier nappy cream may help. Leaving the baby’s nappy off for a period of time, although messy, is soothing for babies.

Nappy rash

Teething and crying

Anything that causes your baby to cry more is difficult for you too. If you’re tired and stressed, try asking for help from friends or family.

Why is my baby crying

When to get medical advice

These symptoms are not caused by teething.

Teething may cause a mild rash on a baby’s chin or neck, but it does not cause a widespread rash.

Babies who are not drinking and not having plenty of wet nappies per day might be dehydrated.

You can get more advice on caring for your baby’s teeth from your dentist or public health nurse.

Your Baby at 2 Months | Patient Education

At 2 months, most babies are beginning to cry less and spend more time awake. They are interested in what’s going on around them. Babies enjoy looking at faces, seeing you smile and hearing your voice. They are learning language now, so talk and sing to your baby.

Development

Talk to your baby in long sentences so he or she can hear and learn the grammar of your language. Also spend time making baby sounds, like “ba ba ba,” to encourage language development. Pause and allow your baby time to respond. Your baby will also try to copy funny faces that you make.

If your baby will hear more than one language at home, begin exposing him or her to both languages now. It is much easier for children to speak more than one language if they’ve heard both languages from infancy. Hearing more than one language will not confuse your baby, but consider having one person speak one language to your baby, and another person speak the second language.

Parents often wonder what toys are best for babies. At around 2 months babies are learning to use their neck and shoulder muscles. They soon will begin trying to raise their heads when lying down and to reach out for objects when sitting. You can hold toys out in front of your baby to encourage him or her to reach. Babies love brightly colored objects, and mobiles will attract their attention. You can also introduce a soft rattle.

Here are a few safety tips to remember when choosing toys for your baby:

• Never give your baby a toy with sharp or pointed edges.
• Don’t let your baby hold a toy with small removable parts that could cause choking.
• Choose toys made for your baby’s age.

In addition to learning how to reach for objects, babies this age are able to put their hands in their mouths. It’s normal for babies to put objects in their mouths — it is their way of exploring and learning about their world. To keep your baby safe, be careful what objects are left within reach.

Soon your baby’s salivary glands will start to work and your baby will begin to drool. This does not mean that your baby is teething.

At this age babies often like to “stand up” while held and bear weight. It is fine to allow your baby to do this. To help your baby’s development, allow your baby to spend time in various positions — sitting, standing while held, and lying on his or her back or tummy. Just remember, babies should always be placed on their backs to go to sleep.

Remember that babies develop differently and on their own schedules. Because babies are sleeping on their backs these days, some do not like to roll over. This doesn’t mean the baby has a problem. Later on, some babies will also skip the crawling phase.

Sleeping

There are many different ideas about where babies should sleep. Some people believe it is important for babies to sleep with their parents, while others believe babies should sleep by themselves. We believe it is most important that the parents decide what is right for their babies. Take a moment to talk with any adults who live at home with you to decide where you feel comfortable having the baby sleep.

Remember that sleep patterns or habits are formed by 6 months of age. Here are some things you can do now to prevent sleep problems in the future:

• Try not to feed your baby more frequently than every two hours during the day. Babies who eat frequently during the day will normally wake up to eat frequently at night.
• Try to put your baby to bed at the same time each night.
• Try to avoid waking your baby at night — don’t turn on the light or talk to your baby at night. This helps your baby realize that nighttime is not a very interesting time to be awake.
• Try to delay or shorten middle-of-the-night feedings. If you are breast-feeding, try nursing from just one side. If you are bottle-feeding, do not make your baby finish the bottle. This teaches babies that they don’t need a full tummy to fall asleep.
• Try not to change your baby’s diaper at night, unless your baby has a diaper rash. You can use extra diaper liners if necessary.
• If possible, put your baby to bed slightly drowsy but still awake. Your baby may be restless and cry a little before falling asleep, but it is helpful for babies to learn that they can calm down and fall asleep on their own.
• Consider beginning a bedtime routine to help your baby learn the difference between daytime sleep and nighttime sleep. Try to do the same steps every night at about the same time. A soft song, a gentle massage and warm bath — these can all help signal to your baby that nighttime is coming.
• Young babies need to be encouraged or allowed to fall asleep after about one hour of being awake. If your baby has been awake for one hour, watch for clues that he or she is sleepy — yawning, rubbing eyes, looking away from you or acting fussy. Many parents misinterpret these signs, believing their baby is bored and needs more stimulation; it is more likely that the baby needs to be allowed to fall asleep.

One baby book author advocates the “E-A-S-Y” plan to help babies nap better:

• E — Eating: The baby is fed after waking up from nighttime sleep or a nap.
• A — Activity: After feeding, the baby has time for activities and being awake.
• S — Sleep: After 30 to 45 minutes of awake time, the baby is placed down for sleep. This helps prevent the baby from forming an association between feeding and falling asleep.
• Y — You: This is “you time.”

Flat Heads

For safety reasons babies should always sleep on their backs. Sometimes this causes their heads to become flattened in the back, usually on the right side. To help prevent this, encourage your baby to look to the left and let him or her spend more time sitting up. You you can also give your baby “tummy time” when he or she is awake and supervised. Tummy time helps babies learn how to use their neck and shoulder muscles.

Feeding

Your baby will continue to grow well on breast milk or formula for the next four months. Although you may be tempted to try giving your baby solid foods early, there are a number of reasons not to start solid foods, including baby cereal, until about 6 months of age. Some of these reasons include:

• Babies’ intestinal tracts are immature. It is easier for them to develop allergies if you offer solid foods too early.
• Babies’ muscles are not able to coordinate sucking and swallowing solid foods yet. When a baby can sit and reach out for objects, he or she will probably be able to use the mouth muscles to swallow solids as well.
• When babies are given solid foods too early, they don’t get all the nutrition they need from breast milk or formula, which is specially designed to meet babies’ needs.

Safety

A few extremely important safety tips:

• Remember to always place your baby on his or her back to sleep.
• Always secure your baby in a car seat when traveling by car or taxi. The car seat should still face backward in the car. Do not place the car seat in a seat equipped with airbags. Parents, remember that you need to buckle up too, and make sure that you never drink alcohol and drive.
• Do not leave your baby alone in a high place such as a changing table — your baby is beginning to scoot and roll, and can quickly fall off.
• Do not drink hot liquids while holding your baby. Your baby will soon begin reaching for objects and may make you spill the liquid, burning both of you.
• Do not allow anyone to smoke in your home. If you or someone in your home must smoke, please go outside so your baby will not be exposed to the smoke. Wear a special covering or jacket while you are smoking outdoors and take it off before coming back inside. This will prevent the smoke particles from attaching to your clothing and affecting your baby. Never hold a cigarette when you are holding your baby.
• Never shake your baby — it can cause serious injuries.

Used by permission of Jane E. Anderson, M.D.

Is Your Baby Teething? Your Questions Answered!

If your child is beginning to get cranky lately, you might be wondering if their first tooth is coming in. This can be both an exciting and frustrating time for new parents, but we’re here to help! Here are the answers to parents’ most common questions about the teething process.

1. When do babies start teething?

You can expect your baby’s first tooth to appear around six months, though baby teeth have been known to erupt anywhere between the 3-14 month age range. Once your child’s first tooth has arrived, be sure to bring them into the dentist within the next six months to ensure their teeth are developing well. That said, some babies do not have their first tooth by their first birthday. In this case, the American Dental Association recommends that you bring them to the dentist’s office to check in on their tooth development.

2. How can I tell if my baby is teething?

Every baby is different, so unfortunately there is not always a clear-cut sign for teething. Some children may feel nothing when their baby teeth erupt, while others may exhibit signs of pain and tenderness. Some signs you can be on the lookout for are crankiness, swollen gum tissue, increased drooling, aversion to food or a bottle, difficulty sleeping, and a consistent urge to chew. Some of these symptoms can linger for several weeks depending on the child and the pace of their tooth eruption. That said, it is important to note that fever, diarrhea, and runny nose are not related to teething—contrary to popular belief—and could be indicative of another health issue.

3. How is teething pain treated?

There a few methods you can try to alleviate your child’s teething pain. For starters, you might consider over-the-counter pain relief medication specifically for infants, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. There are other topical numbing agents that you could try as well, though be sure to follow the instructions for use closely. The most common method for alleviating teething pain, however, are refrigerated teething rings. You might also apply light pressure with a clean finger directly onto the site. Otherwise, soothing methods such as gentle rocking or even a warm bath can help reduce the child’s stress.

4. How do I keep my baby’s new tooth healthy?

You can begin cleaning your child’s mouth even before their first tooth arrives. Simply use a clean, wet washcloth to wipe their gums or baby teeth. There’s no need to use toothpaste at this early age just yet—it is simply important to mechanically wipe away the bacteria from the gums and teeth. Don’t forget: be sure to bring your baby to the dentist by their first birthday. This is when your dentist will be able to give you great tips for taking care of your child’s oral health.

Ready to schedule your child’s first dental visit? Call Aurora Dental Group today to book the appointment!

When Do Babies Start Teething? Symptoms, Signs & Remedies

When do babies get teeth? Well, like pretty much all things baby-related, it depends. In some rare cases, babies are born with teeth. (Yes, it’s true!) Other babies don’t get their first teeth until they’re over a year old. But usually, baby teething begins somewhere in between. Around 6 months is a pretty good average, although it can happen a little sooner, or later.

Is your newborn acting fussy, and you’re wondering, “Can a 2 month old be teething?” or “Can my 3 month old be teething?” It’s possible, but it will be pretty uncommon.

In short, we can’t say for sure when your baby’s teeth will come in. So, how to know when baby is teething? It’s all about knowing some of the key teething symptoms to look out for.

Table of Contents 📝

• Which teeth will come through first?
• How do I know if my baby is teething?
• How to manage baby teething?

Which teeth will come through first?

First, know that teeth don’t all come in at once. Teething can take a long time, and your baby might get one tooth and not get another one for several weeks. They might start teething at 6 months, but those teeth will keep coming through your baby’s second year and probably beyond.

The first teeth to come in will probably be the bottom front teeth (the incisors), followed by the top incisors. Then, in the next few months, you’re likely to see the top lateral incisors (on the side of the first ones) and the same on the bottom.

Finally, it’s the molars and canines. If there are any teeth that will be a little painful, it’ll be these.

How do I know if my baby is teething?

The truth is, the symptoms of teething change from baby to baby. While some might feel a bit of pain – and may wake during the night – others can cruise through it without batting an eyelid.

You’ll know your baby better than anyone. But here are some teething signs to look out for:

• Sore and red gums.
• A red cheek on the side where the tooth is emerging.
• Dribbling and drooling. Their bib or shirt can get a bit soggy, and the leaky mouth can give them a teething rash on the chin.
• Signs of discomfort. Your little one might be a bit more agitated or irritable than usual.
• Rubbing their face or ear. All those nerves in that area are connected, so a toothache can feel like an earache. (If your little one gives their ear a lot of attention, it could be an ear infection, too. Check with your doctor to make sure.)
• Is baby chewing a sign of teething? It can be. It may even be the first sign. Gnawing and biting things helps to relieve the pressure of the tooth poking through the gum. So, they are likely to be chomping on anything that they can find.
• Waking during the night can be a teething symptom too. However, this may also be happening for other reasons.

How to manage baby teething?

If your little one is struggling with the pain of new teeth, there are a few things you can try.

• Give them something to chew on. You can try teething rings or even a chilled wet washcloth. But stay away from big chunks of raw carrots or apples, which can be a choking hazard.
• Wipe up their dribble. A drool-covered chin isn’t just messy – it can give your baby a rash. Try to gently wipe off the drool with a soft cloth as often as you can.
• Play! Often distraction is the best way through a bit of pain. Comforting or playing with your baby can help.

➡️ Also read: 12 Easy Baby Teething Remedies

Other tips for first teeth:

• Get them to a dentist. When teeth appear, it’s time for baby’s first dentist visit.
• Brush, brush, brush! When to start brushing baby teeth? As soon as the first one peeks through! Use a soft baby toothbrush with the tiniest smear of baby toothpaste.

See also:
What is a Baby Teeth Chart and How Does it Work?
How Long Does Teething Last?

👶 More baby milestones:
When Do Babies See Color?
When Do Babies Start Talking?
When Do Babies Roll Over?
When Do Babies Crawl?
When Do Babies Walk?
When Do Babies Sit Up?
When Do Babies Start Smiling?
When Do Babies Stop Spitting Up?
When Do Babies Start Cooing?
Can Teething Cause Diarrhea?
How To Soothe A Teething Baby At Night
A Quick Guide to Teething Poop & Diarrhea

4 teething myths every parent should know

Teething.

Every kid goes though it and yet, it’s universally misunderstood. Poor teething. It gets blamed for just about everything and probably causes very few symptoms.

I thought I would clear up some of these misconceptions and I asked Sheela Patel, D.D.S, a pediatric dentist at CookChildren’s to lend her expertise.

Teething Myth No. 1- Teething causes fever (or maybe you’ve heard it blamed for congestion, sleep disturbance, decreased appetite, diaper rash, diarrhea or vomiting).

It doesn’t. Right, Dr. Patel?

“Despite what you may have heard, teething doesn’t directly cause a high fever or even diarrhea,” Dr. Patel said. “Babies tend to put everything in their mouth in an effort to massage their gums, so they may pick up bacteria.”

Here are some symptoms that have been found to be statistically associated with teething:

• Mild temperature increase
• Sleep disturbance
• Salivation
• Rash
• Runny nose
• Appetite loss
• Irritability

You’re thinking, “See, I told you it does cause fever!”

Not so fast.

First of all, the temperature increase was noted to be 0.12 degrees Fahrenheit on the day that the tooth erupted. I’ll leave it up to you to decide if you think having a temperature of 98.6 vs. 98.72 actually makes a difference…

Second, the increase in temperature and the rest of the symptoms associated were found to be present on the day the tooth came and the day after. This was not a 2 week (or 2 month) process leading up to the teeth popping through.

The issue is that all kids teeth. In addition, all kids have occasional sleep disturbances, drool and have runny noses. Trying to determine if the teething causes these symptoms in a particular child is pretty difficult.

Teething Myth No. 2 – It’s too early for them to cut teeth.

The average age for the bottom middle teeth to come out is 4-6 months, but some children teeth before or after.

Some children are born with teeth, called natal teeth. If the teeth are stable in the mouth, nothing needs to be done. There may need to be some extra special care with breastfeeding moms to make sure their latch is not painful, especially during those early feeding days. If the teeth are wiggly, sometimes the pediatrician will pull it or recommend that you see a pediatric dentist to have it pulled.

Teeth can otherwise erupt any time after birth. But remember that the “symptoms of teething” that occur for two months before a tooth erupts are not likely due to teething at all.

Teething Myth No. 3 – They are too old to not have any teeth.

“He still doesn’t have any teeth.” I get this comment all the way from 6 months to 1 year. The right answer, “That’s OK.”

It is exceedingly rare for children to not have any teeth or to have teeth, but for them to never come out. A handful of babies don’t have teeth at their one year check-up but, I promise, they’re coming.

Teething Myth No. 4 – Teething must be treated.

The understanding of teething has changed a lot over time. Infant death used to be commonly associated with teething. Think about it, if a 6-12 month old child died for unexpected reasons, chances are they had a tooth coming in. Because of this, teething used to be treated with things as invasive as lancing the gums in order help them come through.

While we’ve come far enough to know that isn’t necessary. Parents still attribute a significant amount of normal fussiness or waking up at night to teething and treat based on this idea. What’s the problem? Everything we do has potential risks…from teething gels, to essential oils and even Tylenol^® or Motrin^®, while options, should be used with caution. (While I’m on my soapbox, just because something is the “natural” or “organic” variety, doesn’t mean it’s safe.)

For treatment of teething, Dr. Patel recommends that you “provide a firm rubber teething ring to chew on, but avoid the ones that are filled with liquid. Try giving your child a cool, wet washcloth to chew on. You can wet a washcloth, ring out the excess water and place it in the freezer. Make sure to wash it before each use. Give your child cool, softer foods such as applesauce or yogurt.”

Don’t let these common teething myths fool you. If your child has severe symptoms, don’t attribute them to teething. Don’t treat normal behavior with medication. Don’t assume that teething treatments are without risk.

Coping With Teething Problems | McDonald Family Dentistry

When your baby starts teething, it can be hard on you as well as them. They may wake more often at night, cry or fuss more, and generally seem unlike their usual self. Teething can disrupt healthy sleeping patterns and make life stressful for parents, baby, and anyone else in the household. Here are some tips for coping with teething.

With such a wide variety of symptoms and signs of teething, it can be difficult to figure out whether or not teething is even the problem. Signs of teething include:

• Drooling
• Chewing on objects
• Irritability or crankiness
• Sore or tender gums
• Low-grade rectal fever of 99 F (37.2 C)
• Frequent waking at night (outside of normal sleeping habits)

You may notice these symptoms, but not realize the reason behind them until that first tooth pops through the gums. Low-grade fevers, fussiness, and frequent waking can also indicate illness such as an ear infection. Babies tend to drool and chew on things regularly. Check for teething by running your fingers over your baby’s gums. If you feel a tooth just below the surface, or if touching the gums causes an increase or decrease in fussiness, you likely have a teething baby on your hands.

Babies tend to start teething around 6 months of age, but they can start as early as 2-3 months or as late as 12 months. This is another factor that contributes to the mystery around diagnosing teething.

You can’t stop, slow, or hurry teething. A baby’s teeth will come in when they do, and all you can do is attempt to soothe the symptoms.

• Cool the gums. Give your baby something cold to chew on, like a teething ring that has been stored in the refrigerator (not the freezer). You could also try a clean washcloth soaked in cold water or a cold spoon.

• Give hard foods. A slice of cold cucumber or a large piece of cold carrot would be good for gumming on, but watch carefully in case baby bites off any chunks big enough to choke on.

• Serve frozen fruits or veggies. Cut them up small to avoid a choking hazard, or use frozen peas that are already small.

• Teething biscuits. All sorts of baby snacks have been invented for teething, and teething biscuits are designed to be tasty and chewable, and will dissolve gradually as baby chews.

• Frozen waffle. Another safe option is a frozen waffle, which starts out hard and cold to sooth gums, but dissolves into soft, manageable pieces.

• Vibrating teethers. Vibrations will also soothe a baby’s gums, and vibrating teething toys have been invented to provide this remedy.

• Rub your baby’s gums. Some gentle rubbing can help to soothe your baby’s gums. Use a clean finger or a bit of gauze and gently run it over the gums.
• Administer pain relievers. Sometimes the only way to soothe teething pain is with pain medications like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin). Be sure to check with your doctor or dentist first, and pay careful attention to dosing guidelines. These are especially useful at night to help your baby sleep.
•  Manage the drool. The extra drooling can cause irritation and possibly a rash if not properly managed. Use a bib to soak up extra drool and change it every few hours (just remove it before putting your baby down for naps or bed). Wipe their chin and neck gently, keeping the neck folds clean and dry. Prevent or treat a rash with cream or lotion.
• Avoid medications containing benzocaine or lidocaine. These are potentially harmful or even fatal to infants.

Teething is not generally a reason to call your baby’s pediatrician. If your baby has a fever higher than 101 degrees Fahrenheit or any other unusual symptoms like diarrhea, call your doctor in case your baby has an illness that may require treatment.

Once even one tooth pops through the gums, it’s time to start cleaning it. It’s really a good idea to run a wash cloth or soft baby toothbrush over your baby’s gums even before any teeth appear. But once they do, a soft-bristled toothbrush can be used to brush the teeth. Some baby toothbrushes are even designed to fit over your finger with rubber bristles on one side. You can use mild baby toothpaste – typically fluoride-free is best until they learn to spit (around age 2-3).

Make the first dental checkup sometime between the appearance of your baby’s first tooth and their first birthday. This first appointment is a very simple visual exam that has a double benefit of familiarizing your child with the dental office. This helps to reduce dental related anxiety as they age and tends to lead to a lifetime of better oral health as a result. More in-depth cleanings should usually start somewhere around the age of 3. Your family dentist will recommend the best time to start professional dental care.

McDonald Family Dentistry sees patients of all ages from the first appointment all the way through to adulthood. With flexible hours and evening appointments, it’s easy to make dental care fit into your schedule. Call to make your baby’s first dentist appointment today: 408-779-9335 or request an appointment.

Teething • KellyMom.com

Teething is one of the most common causes of frequent night waking during the second six months and through the second year. It can also cause fussy nursing behavior, as some babies experience gum discomfort with sucking. Baby might start to nurse, but then pull off and cry or fuss and not want to nurse anymore. Other babies nurse nearly constantly because the nursing is soothing to them.

Some things that help teething babies:

• “Anesthetize” baby’s gums with a frozen/refrigerated teething ring, or rub ice cube on his gums (you can even make a game of it). Try to get baby to nurse. If he pulls off/screams again, repeat the ice-rub.
• Put some crushed ice into a clean baby sock and tie off the top. Since it can “mold” around the gum, this is often helpful for painful teething. The fabric is easy and comfortable for baby to handle and babies like the texture of the fabric, too.
• Freeze or refrigerate a wet wash cloth for baby to chew on.
• Talk to your baby’s doctor about using a baby pain reliever 30-45 minutes before nursing.
• Teething babies occasionally bite; if your baby bites, see When Baby Bites.
• Here are some tips in case baby refuses to nurse due to teething pain.

Moms of teething babies sometimes get sore nipples from baby’s gumming or “chewing” from discomfort (see above link on biting) or due to the increased saliva that comes with teething.

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Not recommended for teething:

• Do NOT use Orajel/benzocaine, viscous lidocaine, (or other topical anesthetics) in infants or young children, as there are serious health risks. In addition to the health dangers, this type of product can also numb baby’s mouth and make breastfeeding very difficult for baby. As of May 31, 2012, the US FDA recommends that parents and caregivers not use benzocaine products for children younger than 2 years, except under the advice and supervision of a health care professional, as their use can lead to a rare but very serious condition called methemoglobinemia. As of June 26, 2014, the US FDA warns that oral viscous lidocaine 2 percent solution can cause serious harm, including death, and should not be used to treat infants and children with teething pain.
• Do NOT use homeopathic teething tablets or gels. As of 2016, the FDA warns that these may cause a risk to infants. In 2017, the FDA “found inconsistent amounts of belladonna, a toxic substance, in certain homeopathic teething tablets, sometimes far exceeding the amount claimed on the label.”
• Amber or hazelwood necklaces are often recommended for use on teething babies. There is no evidence that these products diminish teething pain, and necklaces are both a strangulation and (if the necklace breaks) a choking hazard.
• Some sources recommend that clove oil be avoided in children under the age of two. Ingesting too much can be dangerous for baby.

Additional information

Teething from AskDrSears.com

Teething from kidshealth.org

Teething basics by Vincent Iannelli, M.D.

90,000 The baby had teeth erupted immediately after birth. Will they change to milk teeth or are they milk teeth?

Hello Elena!

Teeth that erupt in a baby in the first month after birth are called neonatal. This is most often the usual milk teeth, only erupted ahead of time. Sometimes it erupts additional, or supernumerary, teeth. Unfortunately, as a result of premature eruption of teeth, the tooth tissues do not have time to complete their formation, in particular, the stage of mineralization of the enamel covering the tooth does not have time to complete.As a result, the tooth in most cases erupts with “non-mineralized” enamel, “weakened”. Natal and neonatal teeth are usually smaller than they should be. The enamel surface of such teeth is soft like a sponge and does not perform protective functions. Such a tooth quickly begins to decay and, usually, completely decays by the age of 1 year. Although, there are rare exceptions. The discoloration of a tooth is associated with the process of its destruction and absorption of food coloring by the enamel of this tooth.

The second milk incisors, erupted at 2.5 months, are in slightly more favorable conditions, since they were in the bone longer and the mineralization of the enamel of these teeth is better.Most often, teeth that erupt in 2 – 3 months after birth last longer and live without problems until their natural physiological change.

Sometimes neonatal teeth in children lead to trauma to the gums of the opposite jaw, which is an indication for their removal. In any case, if your child has teething in the first month of the child’s life or the child has already been born with teeth (so-called natal teeth), you need to see a pediatric dentist. The question of the advisability of removing such teeth is decided individually.

Indications for the extraction of such teeth are:

• If these teeth are additional, or supercomplete;
• If the natal teeth quickly deteriorate and begin to bother the child;
• In case of injury by these teeth to the mucous membrane of the opposite jaw or tongue.

The timing of teething is influenced by:

• genetic characteristics of both the child and the parents;
• Features of the functioning of the endocrine (hormonal) system in both the child and the mother;
• the use by the mother during pregnancy of certain types of drugs that affect the rate of metabolism.

In most cases, such an early teething of milk teeth is a consequence of the characteristics of the hormonal background in the child. In particular, such children sometimes (but not always) have an increased level of thyroid hormones, which can have a negative impact on the physical and mental development of the child. Therefore, if a child was born with teeth or teeth erupted in the first month of life, it makes sense to show the child to an endocrinologist.

90,000 pediatric neurologist, Ph.MD, associate professor Valentina Ivanovna Marulina.

19 November 2019

Family Health Magazine

Almost all parents are faced with sleep disorders in a child. Every baby, no matter how healthy he is, no matter how well his mother takes care of him, goes through similar problems.Despite the fact that sleep disorders in children are much less common than in adults, doctors attach great importance to them. This is due to the role of “quality and quantity” of sleep for the normal mental and physical development of the child. Lack of sleep is associated with agitation, impulsivity, and attention deficit. Sleep problems in childhood often lead to serious problems in adulthood. The causes of sleep disorders in children can be divided into several groups. First of all, these are somatic reasons – diseases that are not associated with disorders of the nervous system, but are due to the medical characteristics of the child.Almost all babies go through a period of gas and colic, which begins at 1 month of age and can last up to 4 months.

At the initial stages of rickets in children, neuro-reflex excitability increases, which interferes with restful sleep. Often, the consultation of a pediatrician is sufficient to eliminate sleep disorders in this group. Although it is written in the literature that the teeth of most children are cut painlessly and imperceptibly, at least a couple of sleepless nights are guaranteed for you.As you can imagine, this is not the reason to try to eliminate. You need to be patient and try to help the child. Your pediatrician will recommend special dental gels that relieve teething pain. True, they cannot be used often, so helping the baby will be more moral.

The second group consists of neurological causes proper: nocturnal enuresis, parasomnias (disorders of awakening in children: sleepwalking, sleep-speaking, nighttime fears), insomnias (difficulties in starting and maintaining sleep).

The attitude to such sleep disorders is ambiguous: some of them are of a purely functional nature, however, most of the listed conditions need to be assessed by a specialist (pediatric neurologist, pediatrician), additional studies (fundus, brain ultrasound, heart ultrasound, EEG, etc.) etc.). At the physiological and psychological levels, the sleep of a small child differs not only from the sleep of adults, but also from the sleep of older children. The rhythm of activity in a newborn baby is unstable.In most children, a 4-hour sleep-wake cycle is established by only 3 months. Due to the fact that in babies the phase of the so-called REM or shallow sleep is up to 80%, the sleep of a small child is more sensitive. At this time, any discomfort: a wet diaper, hunger, cold, loud sound – can lead to awakening. For comparison, the phase of REM sleep of an adult, according to various sources, ranges from 10% to 25%. You’ve probably observed how active the baby’s facial expressions are in a dream: he frowns his brows, then smiles, then frowns again, or even begins to suck on a hypothetical pacifier.Maybe the child is dreaming something – it is during the REM sleep phase that the period of dreams falls, and studies have shown that the child begins to dream in the womb. Your baby’s eyes may not be completely closed by the eyelids, and you will see that the eyeballs move quickly. During this period, the child’s breathing may be uneven, general and local tremors may be observed.

HOW TO PUT YOUR CHILD TO SLEEP?

First of all, you need to properly organize the daily routine and adhere to it day after day.You need to put your child to bed at the same time. And this applies not only to nighttime, but also to daytime sleep. It kind of adjusts the internal clock of the child’s body. During the day (namely, the day) – an increase in physical activity. A child who is physically tired during the day usually falls asleep without problems. Walks in the fresh air are especially “shown”. Remember yourself – after a 2-hour skiing trip you probably have a good appetite and fall asleep without any problems. So with the increase and activation of walks in the fresh air, you will solve the problems with appetite, and the question “how to put the child to bed” is likely to be removed by itself.

If it is difficult for a child to go to bed at the proper time, every day he falls asleep late, and this has already become a routine for him, you can resort to a trick: every day slightly shift the night’s sleep, approaching the desired hour of going to bed. For example, a child falls asleep at 11 pm, and this absolutely does not suit you. Every day, put him to bed 20-30 minutes earlier, and in 4-5 days you will come to the desired hour. Scientists have proven the relationship between a person’s food and his emotional state.Therefore, it is important to adhere to a few basic principles. In the evening, it is better to exclude sweets from the child’s menu, give only a little meat. Of course, a nursing mother should not drink coffee and strong tea. At the same time, it is worth enriching the child’s evening menu with products that contain ready-made melatonin (a hormone that regulates sleep). These are corn, oats, rice, raisins, tomatoes, barley, bananas. It is believed that drinking two glasses of warm milk with honey before bed is beneficial. Rituals of falling asleep help to put the child to sleep.Follow the same regimen every day, about an hour before your child needs to fall asleep. It is important to create associations in the baby. Each child develops an individual rhythm of sleep and wakefulness. There are times when it is easy for a child to fall asleep and times when it is very difficult for a child to fall asleep. Observe your child carefully for a while. Even during a day of observation, you can understand how many hours the periods of sleep and wakefulness replace each other in your child. Try to adjust your daily routine to suit them.

Try to put your baby to bed as soon as you notice the first signs of his readiness for sleep. Usually they are manifested in the fact that the baby loses interest in what is happening around, becomes inactive, strives to attach his head and lie down. And, of course, a sure sign of a child’s readiness for sleep is if he yawns and rubs his eyes. Some children begin to repeat the actions that their mother does when she puts them down: hum a song, rock the doll. It is important not to miss the moment, put all matters aside, and immediately try to put the child to bed – after all, the next moment may appear only after a couple of hours.If a child woke up at night, in no case need to “walk” him. Repeat a few steps from your falling asleep ritual (motion sickness, humming lullabies). It is better to prepare in advance and have on hand everything that may be needed – a pacifier, a diaper, a bottle of water or a mixture, a mug of kefir – which your baby usually needs. Of course, a bright light in this case is not an assistant, a dimmed nightlight is better than a bright lamp.

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Baby is 10 months old | Friso Russia

Baby 10 months old:

development

At this age, the child enjoys imitating adults, as well as a brother or sister.You have excellent opportunities for its development. The main game of the period can be “Do as I do”: let the kid repeat after you actions with objects, facial expressions and gestures, and then independently reproduce them in a new game situation.

Develop mobility

Your little one already knows how to crawl, and now it’s time to develop this skill by mastering the descents and ascents. It is very convenient to do this on a low sofa or a small ladder with two or three steps – more for a child is not yet capable of.Teach the baby to climb onto the sofa, pulling up on the arms and pushing off the floor with the legs. And to get down to the floor, you need to turn your face to the back of the sofa and gently slide down, butt forward. It is best if you show your baby the correct movements using the example of a brother or sister.

If your baby stands on its own legs, but still holds on to the support, attract his attention with a clockwork toy. The toy will “run away” from the kid, and he will reach for it and, thus, take his first independent steps.You can also tie the toy to an elastic band and slowly pull it from the crumbs, urging him to catch up with his “prey”.

Games and toys

The kid’s games are becoming more difficult, now he is attracted by objects that can be assembled and disassembled. Give your child a pyramid with several large rings and show how you can pull them off the rod and then put them back in. Do not be discouraged if the baby wants to disassemble the “one-piece” toy and accidentally breaks it – thus, he is trying to understand what it consists of.At this stage of development, this is his main way of knowing the world.

The kid continues to improve his ideas about form and space. He puts one object into another, closes the holes with the corresponding lids, collects the scattered toys in a box. At this age, simple homemade toys become your favorites, and even your oldest child can make them. For example, the game “Take off the ball”: string 5-6 balls with through holes on a long cord, then ask the baby to remove them.The difficulty of the task lies in the fact that the cord always bends in the child’s hands, and it is not very convenient to get the balls out. This game teaches the kid perseverance, consistency, develops fine motor skills and coordination of movements.

Also one of the favorites can be playing with an object on a string. Tie a string or string around the toys that your child loves to tinker with on his high chair, and attach the other end of the string to a chair arm or table. Your child will enjoy picking up the toy by pulling on the string.Thus, his idea of ​​how one can influence objects develops.

Developing Speech Comprehension

At 10 months, the baby already understands most of the simple instructions and requests: give, bring, let’s go, show, wave your hand. He knows how the parts of his body and the surrounding household items are called. Now it’s time to complicate the task: invite your child to perform several consecutive actions with objects and see if he can understand you. For example: take soap and rub your tummy, open your mouth and eat porridge, take a box and put a ball in it.The kid will be happy to follow all your instructions, perceiving them as a fun game. It is important to note that the older brother or sister can also address the child with various requests. The development of understanding of speech becomes an important stage in the formation of their mutual affection.

Developing active speech

Show the baby a photo album. Name those who are shown in the photographs, tell us small stories about them. Ask the kid to point a finger to the one you are talking about, and encourage him to repeat after you in syllables: pa-pa, ma-ma, ba-ba, de-da.Be sure to praise your baby for his success.

Baby 10 months old: physiology and psychology

At 10 months old, the baby pleases the mother with new achievements – he already confidently stands on his feet and stands well with support, steps over with the support of both hands. While it is difficult for him to move long distances, since his muscles are still very weak and cannot withstand a long load. Support the baby under the armpits and more often let him rest – then his travels around the apartment will be fun and safe.

Height and weight

At 10 months, the baby’s height is 71-76 cm, and the weight is 9100-9500g.

Movement

At this age, the baby begins to master a new form of movement – walking. He already has a fairly well developed sense of balance, but his legs cannot yet withstand the weight of the body for a long time. The kid crawls freely, and also sits down and stands up from any position. Remember that all children are individual, and if some can already walk by the hand to a toy lying not far from them, then others are just learning this.Take your time with your little champion and be sure to praise him for every achievement.

Actions with items

Toddler games are becoming more and more challenging. At this stage of development, he is most interested in the connections between objects, and he enthusiastically disassembles them into parts and, with the help of an adult, reassembles them. The kid is trying to find out how various mechanisms work, and therefore, with special attention, he twirls mechanical toys in his hands.

His movements are very precise, and he can grip an object in various ways: cover it with his palm from above, grab one or both hands from the side.A new skill for this age also appears – the ability to pinch a toy between the thumb and forefinger. Thanks to this, the baby can pick up even a very small object and deftly transfer it to the desired place.

Also, by the age of 10 months, the crumbs have the ability to deliver one item with the help of another. Now the baby can turn the mold over with a spatula, use a spoon to pull up the crouton and perform a number of other, similar actions. Place several objects in front of your child and show how they can interact with each other.

By the age of 10 months, babies usually have a clear “favorite” type of activity. Some draw with pleasure, others dance rhythmically to the music, others freeze with a book in their hands, and the fourth needs a constant company of other children … Pay attention to the main interests of your child and try to satisfy them every day, but do not forget to diversify the usual activities with new details and impressions. For example, for a kid who loves to lay one cube on top of another for hours, a large children’s designer can be offered, and a child who likes to hide a ball in a box can be given molds of various sizes and figures corresponding to their properties.

Try to have the child use both hands in the game, and preferably, perform different actions with them. This helps develop both hemispheres of the brain at the same time, which is very important at an early age.

Speech Comprehension

The kid already knows the names of many specific objects that he often encounters at home and on the street, and now he begins to understand generalizations. If you ask him to bring a toy, he will give you, for example, a bear and a doll, and if you tell him to find food, he will show both the porridge and the crouton.But even a month ago such a generalized request would have caused bewilderment in him!

The baby also understands simple directions for action. If you ask him to give, find, show, bring something, wave a pen, the child will correctly carry out your instructions. Many children can already perform several actions in a row at the direction of an adult.

Active speech

At 10 months, the baby pronounces its first designation words. Their peculiarity is that they have the character of pointing gestures: “on”, “give”, “there”, “am”.Some children already know how to pronounce onomatopoeia: “av-av”, “bb”, “splash”. At the same time, a lot of babbling words remain in the kid’s “lexicon” that are understandable only to close people.

Emotions

At this age, the baby begins to strive for communication with other children. He rejoices when his peers come to the site, greets them, babbles, laughs. At the same time, selectivity appears in relations with children: the baby chooses one friend for himself and goes to him to play with him.

At this age, your baby will be happy to go to developmental groups or clubs “mom and baby”. It is important that you are with your child during class, because in your absence, the child begins to experience anxiety. Psychologists note that this is a manifestation of a feeling of deep affection for the mother, which reaches its peak by one and a half years.

Baby 10 months: food

The diet is gradually changing, and in some cases evening feeding can be replaced by an additional intake of porridge or vegetables, which are alternated every other day.Meat or fish can already be in the form of steamed cutlets. And vegetable and fruit purees no longer require homogeneity and they contain small pieces, up to 3 mm in size. For feeding a child of 10 months, you can offer fruit drinks, compotes, jelly made from berries.

The baby is fed 4-5 times a day every 3-4.5 hours. The diet is getting more complicated. Meals two, three, and four are multi-course meals. For example:

• second feeding – porridge with cottage cheese, wash down with juice;
• the third – a full lunch: mashed soup in broth with croutons, mashed vegetables and grated apple;
• the fourth – again vegetable puree, half the yolk of a chicken egg with vegetable oil.

The table setting for the child already matters – everything should look delicious. The kid needs to be taught to eat actively by himself. The upper and lower central incisors have already erupted by this age – it is necessary to teach the child to bite. It is very important that the baby does not just take food from a spoon with his lips, but nibble. The most convenient way to bite is to learn from the apple. You need to peel a small apple from the peel and give the child to scrape it with his teeth.

When complementary foods are introduced, breast milk or special formula milk is no longer the only source of nutrition, they become part of a varied diet.For a child of 10 months, the optimal portion of milk nutrition will be 180 ml 2-3 times a day.

Unfortunately, animal milk, including cow’s milk, is not suitable for children of this age, because it contains:

• low in zinc, iron and vitamins;
• low content of essential fatty acids, which are required for the proper development of the brain and organs of vision;
• An excess of saturated fats, proteins, mineral salts – an extra burden on the kidneys.

90,000 It’s okay if the baby lies down for an extra month and crawls – Rossiyskaya Gazeta

Sitting, crawling, standing, walking – the child will do all this himself, without your much help. Any standing and walking on the floor is desirable barefoot, the child does not need shoes in the house. And don’t be afraid of flat feet! After all, on the street, the child will walk in shoes, and barefoot – only in the house.

The subject of pride of many moms and dads is often reflected in the phrase: “And ours (ours), by the way, sat down (sat down) at five months, and already went (went) at ten.”In this regard, I would like to draw your attention to the following point. Walking upright, i.e. walking on two paws, and not on four, has created a lot of problems for man as a biological species, primarily associated with a rather serious load on the spine. An early load on this very spine can lead in the future to a wide variety of problems (curvatures, radiculitis, etc.).

Once again I draw your attention: the child must want to sit and walk on his own. At least before the age of one year, it is not necessary to consciously train and “teach” him.It’s okay if the baby lies down for an extra month and crawls.

By the way, pay attention to this interesting fact: the overwhelming majority of slender and long-legged girls in early childhood were plump, plump and – late started to walk. Maybe that’s how it should be for the slender legs?

Another question that worries many: saliva and teeth. There is a popular omen: if a child is actively drooling, it means that his teeth will soon crawl. My personal experience does not support this wisdom. Everybody starts drooling from two to three months, and teeth appear, as a rule, after six.

The timing of the appearance of teeth (with normal nutrition and care) depends mainly on heredity – of course, within certain limits. There is no reason for concern if everything is absolutely normal, the child is nine months old, and there are no teeth.

And one more thing. Medical science believes that teething is very rarely accompanied by the development of a painful condition. But both practicing doctors (including myself) and the overwhelming majority of parents quite often observe how a seemingly healthy child suddenly gets spoiled, the temperature rises, and sometimes diarrhea begins.And after two or three days a tooth erupts, and everything goes away. Here’s your answer in practice.

SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING: FOR THE BABY GROW HEALTHY. ADVICE OF PEDIATORS

Doctor, when is the best time to introduce complementary foods? What is the danger of introducing complementary foods too early or late?

In fact, there are no universal recommendations regarding the introduction of complementary foods, – says Solomiya Maksimchuk, – because each baby has its own characteristics, therefore, the approach should be individual.Therefore, answering the first question – when it is advisable to introduce complementary foods, I cannot name a specific figure, because in fact, complementary foods are introduced at 3 months, and at 4, and at 6, and at 8 – depending on the indications. In my medical practice, there were children who were one year old, and as we did not try to introduce complementary foods, everything was in vain – the babies did not show any nutritional interest, especially those who were breastfeeding. They had good weight gain, psychomotor development, but they did not show any food interest, and this is not very good, because the children did not form and did not prepare the gastrointestinal tract for the perception of other food.What, then, can you advise a mother who is faced with this problem? In this case, I am guided rather not by my professional experience, but by the experience of the mother, understanding how difficult it is to force a child to eat if he does not want to.

In what case is it advisable to introduce complementary foods earlier, in what cases – adhering to standard norms?

In the case of breastfeeding (if the baby is completely healthy), I start talking about this when the baby is 6 months old.With artificial feeding, we are talking about the introduction of complementary foods when the baby is 4 months old. Some mothers adhere to the view that breast milk contains all the necessary vitamins, trace elements, so you should not rush into complementary foods. Of course, this is so – if the mother adheres to the correct diet, she eats well. But in fact, complementary foods help prepare the baby’s herbal system – the child learns different tastes, because it is no secret that when the baby receives only breast milk, some digestive juices are released, and in the case of complementary foods, completely different ones, therefore, introducing complementary foods, we gradually prepare enzymatic system.

What products are the first to be introduced into complementary foods, because there are different views on this issue – someone advises fermented milk products, someone vegetable purees or juice?

It all depends on the specific situation. If we introduce complementary foods at 3 months, this requires indications – these are digestive disorders of the baby, the child’s tendency to constipation. In this case, I recommend giving the child fermented milk products at the first stage of the introduction of complementary foods. For children who are bottle-fed and have digestive problems, I recommend fermented milk mixtures (horses are considered the first complementary foods).If we are talking about a completely healthy child, first of all, I advise you to introduce vegetable puree – it is easily digested by the children’s gastrointestinal tract. Usually, this is mashed zucchini, broccoli, cauliflower, parsnips, parsley, white carrots, potatoes. Unfortunately, in our area there is not a wide variety of products. This should be taken into account by pediatricians, advising mothers what to choose at the beginning of complementary foods in winter, because if we advise zucchini in February, will we find it on the shelves, and if so, will this exotic product benefit the baby?

The first feeding begins with a small amount – a teaspoon per day.Cooking, for example, zucchini puree. We give the baby half a teaspoon of puree once a day – at lunchtime, and every next day we increase the amount of the product. On average, in 14 days it is possible to increase the amount of complementary foods to 50-70 grams – it all depends on how the child perceives the new food. When the child eats more – up to 100 grams of vegetables, we can diversify the menu – add boiled broccoli or cauliflower to the zucchini. When the child eats mainly 2-3 vegetables, we can introduce the next complementary food (mashed potatoes based on several vegetables are considered one complementary food).The next step is to introduce fruit puree. Provided that the child responds well to the first complementary foods, after 3 weeks, you can introduce vegetable complementary foods in the amount of 100 grams. And then at 6.5-7 months you can introduce fruits – apples of green or yellow varieties in baked form.

At the same time, add a certain amount of fat – olive or sunflower oil to the finished vegetable mixture. After the introduction of fruits and vegetables, depending on the age, we introduce the yolk or meat. Regarding when to introduce fruit juices – at one time, pediatricians focused on this a lot.Today, if a child is breastfed, we do not insist on a drinking regimen or we suggest adding water or herbal decoctions with chamomile, dill, fennel to the drink. Fruit juices must be administered contiguously when the child consumes a certain amount of fruit. It can be apple juice, not a multivitamin or citrus juice.

What if the baby does not perceive a certain product?

If rashes appear on the baby’s skin, the baby is worried about intestinal disorders, anxiety associated with abdominal pain, or if there is a tendency to constipation-diarrhea due to the introduction of a certain product, we leave in the diet the products of all the previous stages of complementary feeding, but the one that provoked the disorders , we cancel.If it is difficult for a mother to understand which particular product caused the disorder, it is necessary for a certain time to return to the initial level – breastfeeding, which at the same time will encourage the mother to adhere to a hypoallergenic diet or a balanced diet. If the baby is artificially fed, it is necessary to return to the use of the mixture, without complementary foods. Further, at a slightly more intense pace, it is necessary to take the same steps to introduce complementary foods as before, carefully observing the baby’s reaction.

At what stages of feeding do we introduce cereals, meat, fish, egg yolk? What products do we begin to introduce when teeth erupt into the baby?

After vegetables and fruits, we introduce yolk into complementary foods, then meat or porridge, followed by fermented milk complementary foods. However, I want to note that the presence of teeth has nothing to do with the introduction of complementary foods, because in fact, children do not chew for a long time. The purpose of complementary foods and the child’s task is to be able to form a food lump in the oral cavity.Then, when the baby swallows liquid food, he almost does not retain it in his mouth. And complementary foods make it possible to delay food, enveloping it with saliva and then swallowing in small portions. In some babies, teething happens in a year, but they have a complete complementary food.

Regarding the timing of complementary feeding – the baby is given meat after about 7 months. Rabbit meat, turkey fillet, beef, quail are best suited. I am often asked whether it is possible to give a child chicken during the feeding period. If you are sure that the chicken is homemade, raised without the addition of hormones, chicken is also suitable for the baby’s diet.

I recommend eating fish after 10 months – in any case, not red varieties (red fish can be given to a child only after two years of life). The best option is white sea fish of low-fat varieties. When introducing cereals into the diet, it must be remembered that they must be adapted for age – it is such cereals that contain a destroyed grain shell, which contains the most harmful carbohydrates, in particular, gluten. Once upon a time, parents ground rice or buckwheat, but because of these products, digestion problems arose in the baby, because there was a certain load on his body.At the beginning of complementary foods, it is better to give loose adapted dairy-free cereals – we dilute them in water. When the child has taken this complementary food well, we can introduce milk porridge. For babies who are breastfed and underweight after 4 months, there are other recommendations. As a fan of breastfeeding, I advise you to stimulate the mother’s lactation by reviewing her diet. At the same time, it is advisable to introduce dairy-free cereals, since they provide more calories than vegetables.There are also cases when the child is one year old and mothers replace breastfeeding with milk formula from a bottle. In fact, the baby does not need additional nutrients, especially since there is no need for supplementing or feeding from a bottle – this is a step back.

Have there been any cases of anemia among children under one year of age? How can I prevent this problem?

Although not often, there are cases of anemia in the practice of a pediatrician. Iron deficiency anemia in the baby occurs in the majority in the absence of the child’s nutritional interest, when it is not possible to adequately introduce complementary foods.But it is necessary to take into account that if the child has low hemoglobin, then the mother’s hemoglobin is even lower, because the baby receives everything that is possible during lactation. Therefore, first of all, we work with mom’s diet. At the same time, we take more intensive steps in substitution feeding – we introduce red meats, in particular beef, if age allows (at 8-9 months), offal: boiled beef tongue, beef, turkey, rabbit liver, apples, buckwheat for children under one year of life.

Up to what age is it most advisable to breastfeed a baby?

If we are talking about the formation of immunity, it is most advisable to breastfeed up to 6 months of a child’s life, because the baby needs the protection he receives from his mother.After 6 months of life, the baby’s immune system independently forms antibodies. If we are talking about the content of nutrients, the child should be fed with mother’s milk for up to a year, because thanks to the adequate use of complementary foods, the baby receives the main food. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the time of the year – in winter it is more difficult to wean a baby from the breast, since there is a much smaller variety of products on the shelves, babies are more likely to get sick in winter, and breast milk helps to calm down, to satisfy the drinking regime.Another problem is psychological attachment, because some children even at the age of 1.5 years are difficult to take from the breast, and even at 2 years old.

Dentinale natura gum gel for children 20ml 02267CU

Dentinale natura gum gel for children will help your child to endure teething more easily without the use of synthetic anesthetics and analgesics. The active ingredients of Dentinale nature gel are natural extracts: aloe vera juice, boswellia and chamomile extracts, which have anesthetic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and wound healing effects.Free of lidocaine, sugar and parabens. Dentinale natura baby teething gel is harmless if swallowed and tastes good. Produced in Italy by the renowned pharmaceutical company Montefarmaco OTC.

Advantages:

• without lidocaine
• without sugar
• without parabens
• harmless if swallowed
• tastes good
• can be used from birth
• double volume – 20 ml.

Indications for use: pain syndrome in children with teething

Ingredients: hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, water, glycerin, polyethylene glycol-8, silicon hydroxide, aroma, dimethylisosorbide, hydroxyethyl cellulose, food emulsifier E-415, ekzwellia polyethylene glycol-40 hydrogenated castor oil, aloe vera leaf juice, alcohol, limonene, saffron extract, sodium saccharin, sweet orange peel oil, propylene glycol, VP / polycarbamyl polyglycol ether, chamomile flower extract, polyvinylpyrrolatethicyl polyglycol ether, linalool, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate.

Directions for use: A small amount of Dentinale nature gel must be squeezed onto the tip of a clean finger and applied with massaging movements on the child’s gums. The gel can be used 3-5 times a day as needed. It is not recommended to consume food or liquids within 20-30 minutes after applying the gel, in order to avoid premature removal of the gel from the gums.

• Contraindications: no contraindications identified. Avoid use in case of hypersensitivity to the drug or its components.
• Side effects: when used according to indications and in recommended doses, no undesirable effects have been identified.
• Mechanism of action: Dentinale® natura gel forms a protective film on the inflamed gums, reduces sensitivity, irritation and inflammation of the gums, helping the child to endure teething more easily without resorting to analgesics and anesthetics.
• Product form: gum gel in an aluminum tube, placed in a cardboard box with an insert (information for consumers).
• Nominal volume: 20 ml.
• Shelf life 3 years. Keep out of the reach of children at a temperature not exceeding + 25 ° C.
• Terms of sale: available without a prescription.

Breastfeeding after 1 month: what to expect

Do you know when breast milk production will stabilize? How does the frequency and duration of feedings change as the baby grows? You will find the answers to these questions in our breastfeeding guidelines after the first month.

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Congratulations: You have survived the first difficult month of breastfeeding. Your breast milk has reached full maturity ¹ , production is stabilized and little or no leaking from your breast. Don’t worry, the milk isn’t diminishing – it’s just that your breasts are now better able to produce and store it. ² At the age of six weeks, your baby will start to delight you with its charming toothless smiles, and by two months you will have 500-600 feeds.With a favorable development of events, the problems with breastfeeding will have already been resolved by this time, and it will be possible to simply enjoy the convenience and benefits of breastfeeding.

When does the frequency of breastfeeding decrease?

The “normal” feeding frequency for babies between one and six months of age varies considerably: some feeds four times a day, others ask for a breast 13 times a day. ³

“From one month of age, the amount of milk a baby consumes in one feeding increases so that he can go without food for longer,” explains Katie Garbin, a recognized international breastfeeding expert. once.Plus, mature milk allows him to stay full longer. ”

Feeding can last from 12 minutes to one hour –
baby habits vary so much! ³ But if the child is gaining weight and fits within this range, there is no reason to worry.

Most surprisingly, no matter how often the baby eats, he consumes approximately the same amount of milk per day – at one month, and at six, when it is time to start feeding solid food. ⁴

“Nevertheless, sometimes the baby eats more and sometimes less, especially when he is not well.Better to just listen to his needs, ”explains Katie.

Is breast milk alone enough for the first six months?

Yes. Breast milk contains everything a baby needs for the first 90,313 six months of life – exclusively breastfed babies don’t even need to be supplemented with water! ⁵ Until about six months of age, the baby’s digestive system is simply not adapted to the digestion of solid food, and he will be able to drink cow’s milk only after a year.

In addition, breastfeeding during this period prepares the child for further development. It strengthens the muscles of the mouth, develops the jaw and helps to align the teeth ^6.7 . All this will come in handy when the baby starts to eat and talk. And because what you eat and drink affects the taste of breast milk, your baby discovers new tastes even before eating solid foods. ⁸

In addition, when your baby is sick, your body makes breast milk
loaded with antibodies that help fight infection. ⁹ In other words, milk continues to protect the baby for many months as he grows and becomes more active.

Plus, breastfeeding is very convenient when you get used to it. Claudia, a mother of two from the UK, notes: “There is no need to sterilize a mountain of bottles, prepare formula, carry it all with you, warm it up – in general, breastfeeding turned out to be very convenient, especially when my babies grew up and we began to leave the house more often. “.

At what age does a breastfed baby start sleeping through the night?

Waking up at night is normal for babies.Most babies between the ages of one and six months consume a fifth of their daily milk supply at night, so night feeds should not be neglected if you want your baby to get the calories it needs. ³

“In fact, it all depends on what is meant by the expression“ sleep all night ”, says Katie. better than waking up every two hours anyway! I have met babies who, starting from six weeks, fell asleep at 19:00 and woke up at 7:00, but most of them continue to wake up often at night even after this age.All children are different. ”

In Wales, a study was conducted with more than 700 babies, which showed that almost 80% of children aged 6 to 12 months wake up at least once a night, and 25% of them – three times or more. And this did not depend on what type of feeding the child was on – breastfeeding or artificial. ¹⁰

And if night awakenings still cannot be avoided, breastfeeding is at least convenient! Maina, a mother of two from Australia, agrees: “You can even take a nap while feeding in the middle of the night – both the body and the child are doing their job on autopilot.There is no need to plan, measure, sterilize anything – ready meals of the right temperature are right in your chest. In my opinion, the ideal option. ”

My child is waking up more often. Is he hungry?

At about four months, the baby’s sleep pattern changes because, like an adult, he has deep and shallow sleep phases. Because of this, he may wake up more often at night. “At four months, the problem is sleep rather than feeding,” Katie admits. “It can be exhausting, but try to adjust and endure.”

Some people call it “ regression of sleep at four months”, but the word “progress” is more appropriate here. From the outside, this may look like a step back, but in reality the child is approaching an important stage of development. He learns quickly, begins to become aware of the world around him, his perception sharpens and, possibly, anxiety arises about separation from his mother. Crying when you wake up and the opportunity to eat milk, hugging mother’s breast, is a way for the baby to calm down. ^11-13

Resist the urge to feed your baby with formula or start feeding early
in an attempt to improve sleep. Breast milk contains
hormones that induce drowsiness and help you relax
both. Research shows that breastfeeding moms
actually sleep longer at night than formula-fed or mixed-fed moms
. ¹⁴

How does teething affect breastfeeding?

Teething usually begins at about four months of age.When your baby’s gums hurt, he becomes restless, throws up his chest and cries. All this, of course, is unpleasant.

However, breastfeeding can be an excellent sedative.
Research shows that babies who are breastfed
during the vaccination period cry less and forget about pain more quickly. ¹⁵ Breastfeeding while teething may have the same calming effect.

An unpleasant side effect can be when the baby tries to test its new teeth on the mother’s breast.“Sometimes children flirt and bite their mother’s nipples. This can be felt in advance by how the baby’s feeding behavior changes: before biting, he removes his tongue, – explains Katie, – As a rule, this is not a problem and only happens a couple of times. It is enough to stop feeding, tenderly say that biting is not good, and the baby will soon give up this fun. ”

How to continue feeding if you have to be separated from your baby?

It happens that during the first six months, when the baby is still fully breastfed, the mother needs to be absent for several hours – or even longer if she has to go to work or go away on business for a couple of days.

But this does not mean that you need to give up breastfeeding. You can still feed your baby wholesome breast milk – just express it so someone else can give it to your baby while you are away. Here’s what Katie advises:

“Start expressing milk in a couple of days – in small portions, 40-60 ml at a time. So you will have the necessary supply during your absence, but at the same time the amount of milk produced will remain the same.

If you have to return to work, check with your employer on a daily routine.Many mothers feed their babies in the morning, evening and night, and pump milk at lunchtime to relieve discomfort and build up supplies for the next day.

This usually turns out to be much easier than one might think, and today many companies have all the conditions for this, – notes Katie, – Breast pumps help to solve this problem with ease. ”

Natalie, a mother from the USA, shares her experience: “I feed Dylan as soon as he wakes up, and sometimes again before going to work to maintain milk production and keep in touch with the baby.At work, I express milk twice the next day (in my absence, he eats two bottles of breast milk), and after work I rush home for the evening feed. I don’t express milk on weekends – we resume normal breastfeeding. ”

Can breastfeeding continue after the introduction of solid foods?

When your baby begins to show interest in food and can sit up on her own – usually around six months of age – it’s time to start feeding solid foods.However, it is not at all necessary to stop breastfeeding, Katie explains: “The iron stored in the baby during pregnancy is depleted by the age of six months, so he needs additional sources of this element.

Start solid foods, but remember that breast milk remains the most important source of calories and nutrients until your baby is eight to nine months old. By this time he will eat much more complementary foods, but he will still need to breastfeed four to five times a day.By 12 months, the frequency of feedings can be two to six times a day. All babies are different, and many of them still get half their daily calories from breast milk at this age. ”

Remember that breast milk can be added to solid foods, such as cereals and purees, so your baby can taste the familiar taste. If possible, use milk that was expressed just before feeding (not thawed) and add it just before serving to keep bacteria and nutrients alive. ¹⁶

You may be pressured by others to stop breastfeeding when your baby is six months old, but the longer you breastfeed or express milk, the better for you and your baby.

How long can breastfeeding continue?

“The World Health Organization recommends feeding babies breast milk along with solid foods until at least two years of age because it plays an important role in maintaining immunity,” says Katie. feels himself. “

At eight months, the baby sometimes breastfeeds four times a day, but when he is one year old, the frequency of feedings can be reduced to two times a day. You yourself will understand which feeding regime is best for you and your baby. For example, Jane, the mother of two children from the United States, breastfed until she was two years old: “I fed when I was at home – in the evenings and on weekends, when the children wanted to be closer to me,” says Jane. “It worked great when they were sick. … Breastfeeding has become my favorite form of comfort. “

“When my son grew up a little and became bolder, he still often asked me to breastfeed him – as if to calm down and gain strength,” recalls Amy, a mother of two from Canada. breastfeeding was a wonderful way to comfort him. ”

If your baby is over a year old, and you are still breastfeeding, people around you will probably tell you that this way he will never wean from breastfeeding. But if children are not pressured, they usually refuse to breast themselves between the ages of two and four. ¹⁷

“I wasn’t going to breastfeed for so long, but the result is still feeding my four-year-old daughter and 22-month-old son,” says Susanne, a UK mother of two. The older daughter loves to suck a little before bed or when she is upset – this is a great way to build contact. When I get tired of it, I remind myself how much benefit and comfort it brings them. I now plan to follow a baby-initiated end-of-breastfeeding strategy – let them decide when to stop. ”

For more information on what to expect, as well as lots of tips and tricks, see our guide Breastfeeding problems after the first month.

Literature

Literature

1 Ballard O, Morrow AL. Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors. Pediatr Clin North Am . 2013; 60 (1): 49-74.- Ballard O., Morrow AL, Breast Milk Composition: Nutrients and Biologically Active Factors. Pediatrician Wedge North Am. 2013; 60 (1): 49-74.

2 Kent JC et al. Principles for maintaining or increasing breast milk production. J Obstet , Gynecol , & Neonatal Nurs . 2012; 41 (1): 114-21. – Kent, JS et al. Principles for Maintaining and Increasing Milk Production.J Obsttet Ginecol & Neoneital Nurses. 2012; 41 (1): 114-121.

3 Kent JC et al . Volume and frequency of breastfeedings and fat content of breast milk throughout the day. Pediatrics. 2006; 117 (3): e 387-395. – Kent, JS et al., Breastfeeding Volume and Frequency and Breast Milk Fat During the Day. Pediatrics (Pediatrics). 2006; 117 (3): e387-95.

4 Kent JC et al. Longitudinal changes in breastfeeding patterns from 1 to 6 months of lactation. Breast Med . 2013; 8 (4): 401-407. – Kent J.S. and coauthors, Longitudinal Changes in Breastfeeding Patterns from Month 1 to Month 6 of Lactation. Brest Med. 2013; 8 (4): 401-407.

5 Almroth S, Bidinger PD. No need for water supplementation for exclusively breast-fed infants under hot and arid conditions.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg . 1990; 84 (4): 602-604. – Elmroth S., Bidinger PD, “No need to supplement exclusively breastfed babies in high temperature and dry air conditions.” Trans R Sots Trop Med Hig. 1990; 84 (4): 602-604.

6 Victora CG et al . Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet. 2016; 387 (10017): 475-490. – Victor S.J. and co-authors, Breastfeeding in the 21st Century: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Long-Term Effects. Lancet. 2016; 387 (10017): 475-490.

7 Peres KG et al. Effect of breastfeeding on malocclusions: a systematic review and meta – analysis. Acta Paediatr. 2015; 104 ( S 467): 54-61. – Perez K.G. et al. The effects of breastfeeding on malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrician Act. 2015; 104 (S467): 54-61.

8 Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. Maternal diet alters the sensory qualities of human milk and the nursling’s behavior. Pediatrics. 1991; 88 (4): 737-744. – Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK Maternal Nutrition Affects the Organoleptic Properties of Breast Milk and Infant Behavior. Pediatrics (Pediatrics). 1991; 88 (4): 737-744.

9 Hassiotou F et al. Maternal and infant infections stimulate a rapid leukocyte response in breastmilk. Clin Transl immunology. 2013; 2 (4). – Hassiotu F. et al, “Infectious diseases of mother and child stimulate a rapid leukocyte response in breast milk.” Wedge Translated Immunology. 2013; 2 (4).

10 Brown A, Harries V. Infant sleep and night feeding patterns during later infancy: Association with breastfeeding frequency, daytime complementary food intake, and infant weight.Breast Med . 2015; 10 (5): 246-252. – Brown A., Harris W., “Night feedings and infant sleep in the first year of life and their relationship with the frequency of feedings, daytime supplementation and weight of the child.” Brest Med (Breastfeeding medicine). 2015; 10 (5): 246-252.

11 Infant sleep information source. [Internet]. Normal Infant Sleep Development; December 2017 [cited 2018 Feb] – All about baby sleep. [Internet] Developing Normal Sleep in a Child, Dec 2017 [cited Feb 2018].

12 Baby sleep science. [Internet]. The-Four-Month-Sleep-Regression-What-is-it-and-What-can-be-Done-About-it. March 2014 [ cited 2018 Feb ] – The science of baby sleep. [Internet], Four Months Sleep Regression: What It Is and What to Do About It. Mar 2014 [cited 2018 Feb].

13 The Myth Of Baby Sleep Regressions – What’s Really Happening To Your Baby’s Sleep? [Internet].Pinky Mckay ; December 2017 [ cited 2018 Feb ] – “The myth of regressing baby sleep – what’s really going on with your baby?” [Internet]. Pinkie McKay, Dec 2017 [cited Feb 2018].

14 Kendall – Tackett K et al . The effect of feeding method on sleep duration, maternal well-being, and postpartum depression. Clinical Lactation . 2011; 2 (2): 22-26.- Kendall-Tuckett, K. et al. Influence of breastfeeding pattern on sleep duration, maternal well-being, and development of postpartum depression. Clinical Lactation. 2011; 2 (2): 22-26.

15) Harrison D et al. Breastfeeding for procedural pain in infants beyond the neonatal period.Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2014; 10. – Harrison D. et al. Breastfeeding for Pain Relief in Medical Interventions in the Neonate. Cochrane Database of Systems Rev. 2014; 10: CD11248

16 Czank C et al. Retention of the immunological proteins of pasteurized human milk in relation to pasteurizer design and practice. Pediatr Res .2009; 66 (4): 374. – Zhank S. et al, “Preservation of immunological proteins in pasteurized milk, depending on the technique and practice of pasteurization.