What is the role of C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease. How can it be used as a marker for inflammation and heart disease risk. What are the latest treatments and therapies for managing elevated C-reactive protein levels.

The Significance of C-Reactive Protein in Cardiovascular Disease

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a well-established biomarker that has gained significant attention in the field of cardiovascular health. Numerous studies have highlighted the crucial role of CRP in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of many cardiovascular diseases.

CRP as a Marker of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Risk

Inflammation plays a central role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. CRP, an acute-phase protein, is considered a reliable indicator of systemic inflammation. Elevated levels of CRP have been consistently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease.

Researchers have found that CRP levels can provide valuable information about an individual’s cardiovascular disease risk, even in apparently healthy people. Several landmark studies, such as the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial and the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) study, have demonstrated the prognostic value of CRP in predicting future cardiovascular events.

The Potential Mechanisms of CRP in Atherogenesis

CRP has been shown to play a direct role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Several in vitro and animal studies have revealed that CRP can exert proinflammatory, procoagulant, and antiangiogenic effects on various cell types, including endothelial cells, monocytes, and smooth muscle cells. These actions can contribute to the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaque formation.

CRP has been observed to decrease the expression and bioactivity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which is essential for maintaining endothelial function and vascular homeostasis. Additionally, CRP has been found to increase the production of adhesion molecules, promote the recruitment of monocytes, and enhance the uptake of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by macrophages, all of which are key steps in the atherogenic process.

Therapeutic Approaches Targeting CRP

Given the strong association between elevated CRP levels and cardiovascular risk, researchers have explored various therapeutic approaches to manage CRP levels and mitigate their detrimental effects.

Statin Therapy

Statins, a class of lipid-lowering drugs, have been shown to reduce CRP levels in addition to their effects on cholesterol. Studies have demonstrated that the reduction in CRP levels with statin therapy can provide additional cardiovascular benefits, independent of the lowering of LDL cholesterol.

Anti-inflammatory Medications

Certain anti-inflammatory medications, such as aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), have been investigated for their ability to modulate CRP levels and reduce cardiovascular risk. However, the use of these medications for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is still a topic of ongoing research and debate.

Dietary and Lifestyle Interventions

Lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity, can also influence CRP levels. Consumption of a healthy, anti-inflammatory diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3 fatty acids has been associated with lower CRP levels. Similarly, regular exercise has been shown to have a beneficial effect on CRP, contributing to overall cardiovascular health.

Controversies and Limitations in CRP Research

While the role of CRP in cardiovascular disease has been extensively studied, there are still some areas of controversy and ongoing debate. Some studies have raised questions about the direct causality between CRP and atherosclerosis, and the potential for CRP to be a mere marker of inflammation rather than a true driver of the disease process.

Additionally, the use of CRP as a therapeutic target and the development of specific CRP-lowering therapies are still areas of active research, with the long-term clinical benefits and risks requiring further investigation.

The Future of CRP in Cardiovascular Care

As our understanding of the complex interplay between inflammation, CRP, and cardiovascular disease continues to evolve, the integration of CRP assessment into routine clinical practice is becoming increasingly valuable. CRP testing can provide valuable insights into an individual’s cardiovascular health status and help guide targeted interventions and personalized treatment approaches.

The future of CRP in cardiovascular care holds promise, with ongoing research aimed at refining our understanding of its role, exploring novel therapeutic strategies, and optimizing its utilization as a clinical biomarker to improve patient outcomes.

Vitamin C treatment reduces elevated C-reactive protein

1. Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature. 2002;420:868–874. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. de Ferranti SD, Rifai N. C-reactive protein: a nontraditional serum marker of cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2007;16:14–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:973–979. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, Rifai N, Rose LM, McCabe CH, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) Investigators. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:20–28. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks FM, Moye LA, Goldman S, Flaker GC, Braunwald E. Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. Circulation. 1998;98:839–844. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Packard CJ, O’reilly DS, Caslake MJ, McMahon AD, Ford I, Cooney J, Macphee CH, Suckling KE, Krishna M, Wilkinson FE, Rumley A, Lowe GDO. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 as an independent predictor of coronary heart disease. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1148–1155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Clearfield M, Downs JR, Weis SE, Miles JS, Gotto AM. Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1959–1965. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Sasiela WJ, Tsai J, Orazem J, Magorien RD, O’Shaughnessy C, Ganz P. Statin therapy, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:29–38. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Torzewski M, Rist C, Mortensen RF, Zwaka TP, Bienek M, Waltenberger J, Koenig W, Schmitz G, Hombach V, Torzewski J. C-reactive protein in the arterial intima: role of C-reactive protein receptor-dependent monocyte recruitment in atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:2094–2099. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Pasceri V, Willerson JT, Yeh ET. Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation. 2000;102:2165–2168. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Venugopal SK, Devaraj S, Yuhanna I, Shaul P, Jialal I. Demonstration that C-reactive protein decreases eNOS expression and bioactivity in human aortic endothelial cells. Circulation. 2002;106:1439–1441. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Liu C, Wang S, Deb A, Nath KA, Katusic ZS, McConnell JP, Caplice NM. Proapoptotic, antimigratory, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenic effects of commercial C-reactive protein on various human endothelial cell types in vitro: implications of contaminating presence of sodium azide in commercial preparation. Circ Res. 2005;97:135–143. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Singh U, Devaraj S, Jialal I. C-reactive protein decreases tissue plasminogen activator activity in human aortic endothelial cells: evidence that C-reactive protein is a procoagulant. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:2216–2221. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Paul A, Ko KW, Li L, Yechoor V, McCrory MA, Szalai AJ, Chan L. C-reactive protein accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation. 2004;109:647–655. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Trion A, de Maat MP, Jukema JW, van der Laarse A, Maas MC, Offerman EH, Havekes LM, Szalai AJ, Princen HMG, Emeis JJ. No effect of C-reactive protein on early atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden/human C-reactive protein transgenic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:1635–1640. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Reifenberg K, Lehr HA, Baskal D, Wiese E, Schaefer SC, Black S, Samols D, Torzewski M, Lackner KJ, Husmann M, Blettner M, Bhakdi S. Role of C-reactive protein in atherogenesis: can the apolipoprotein E knockout mouse provide the answer? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:1641–1646. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon ROIII, Criqui M, Fadl YY, Fortmann SP, Hong Y, Myers GL, Rifai N, Smith SC, Jr, Taubert K, Tracy RP, Vinicor F. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; American Heart Association. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003;107:499–511. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, Jablonski KA, Rice MM, Warnica JW, Domanski MJ, Hsia J, Gersh BJ, Rifai N, Ridker PM, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E PEACE Investigators. Prognostic significance of the Centers for Disease Control/American Heart Association high-sensitivity C-reactive protein cut points for cardiovascular and other outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2007;115:1528–1536. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Block G, Dietrich M, Norkus EP, Morrow JD, Hudes M, Caan B, Packer L. Factors associated with oxidative stress in human populations. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:274–285. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Scholz H, Yndestad A, Damas JK, Waehre T, Tonstad S, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B. 8-isoprostane increases expression of interleukin-8 in human macrophages through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;59:945–954. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Block G, Jensen CD, Morrow JD, Holland N, Norkus EP, Milne GE, Hudes M, Dalvi TB, Crawford PB, Fung EB, Schumacher L, Harmatz P. The effect of vitamins C and E on biomarkers of oxidative stress depends on baseline level. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;45:377–384. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Block G, Jensen C, Dietrich M, Norkus EP, Hudes M, Packer L. Plasma C-reactive protein concentrations in active and passive smokers: influence of antioxidant supplementation. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23:141–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Church TS, Earnest CP, Wood KA, Kampert JB. Reduction of C-reactive protein levels through use of a multivitamin. Am J Med. 2003;115:702–707. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. The practical guide to the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, no. 00–4084, 2000. ( http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/prctgd_b.pdf).

25. National Center for Health Statistics. Hyattsville, MD: 2007. Laboratory Methods of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002. ( http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/lab_methods01_02.htm) [Google Scholar]

26. Bachorik PS, Kwiterovich PO. The measurement of plasma cholesterol, low density lipoprotein- and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. In: Hommes FA, editor. Techniques in diagnostic human biochemical genetics: A laboratory manual. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss, Inc; 1991. pp. 425–439. [Google Scholar]

27. Sowell AL, Huff DL, Yeager PR, Caudill SP, Gunter EW. Retinol, α-tocopherol, lutein/zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene, trans β-carotene and four retinyl esters in serum determined simultaneously by reversed-phase HPLC with multiwavelength detection. Clin Chem. 1994;40:411–416. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Gunter EW, Turner WE, Neese JW, Bayse DD. Laboratory procedures used by the Clinical Chemistry Division, Centers for Disease Control, for the Second Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) 1976–1980. Centers for Disease Control; 1981. [Google Scholar]

29. Sauberlich HE, Kretsch MJ, Taylor PC, Johnson HL, Skala JH. Ascorbic acid and erythorbic acid metabolism in nonpregnant women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;50:1039–1049. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Ford ES. Body mass index, diabetes, and C-reactive protein among U.S. adults. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1971–1977. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Blumberg JB, Frei B. Why clinical trials of vitamin E and cardiovascular diseases may be fatally flawed. Commentary on “The relationship between dose of vitamin E and suppression of oxidative stress in humans” Free Radic Biol Med. 2007;43:1374–1376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Meagher EA, Barry OP, Lawson JA, Rokach J, FitzGerald GA. Effects of vitamin E on lipid peroxidation in healthy persons. JAMA. 2001;285:1178–1182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Baumann H, Goldie J. The acute phase response. Immunol Today. 1994;15:74–80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Hartel C, Strunk T, Bucsky P, Schultz C. Effects of vitamin C on intracytoplasmic cytokine production in human whole blood monocytes and lymphocytes. Cytokine. 2004;27:101–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Baeuerle PA, Henkel T. Function and activation of NFκB in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol. 1994;12:141–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Bowie AG, O’Neill LAJ. Vitamin C inhibits NF-κB activation by TNF via the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Immunol. 2000;165:7180–7188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Carcamo M, Pedraza A, Borquez-Ojeda O, Golde DW. Vitamin C suppresses TNFα-induced NFκB activation by inhibiting IκBα phosphorylation. Biochemistry. 2002;41:12995–13002. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Campbell JD, Cole M, Bunditrutavorn B, Vella AT. Ascorbic acid is a potent inhibitor of various forms of T cell apoptosis. Cell Immunol. 1999;194:1–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Perez-Cruz I, Carcamo JM, Golde DW. Vitamin C inhibits FAS-induced apoptosis in monocytes and U937 cells. Blood. 2003;102:336–343. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Dietrich M, Block G, Hudes M, Morrow JD, Norkus EP, Traber MG, Cross CE, Packer L. Antioxidant supplementation decreases lipid peroxidation biomarker F(2)-isoprostanes in plasma of smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11:7–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Upritchard JE, Sutherland WHF, Mann JI. Effect of supplementation with tomato juice, vitamin E, and vitamin C on LDL oxidation and products of inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:733–738. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Devaraj S, Jialal I. Alpha tocopherol supplementation decreases serum C-reactive protein and monocyte interleukin-6 levels in normal volunteers and type 2 diabetic patients. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000;29:790–792. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Kaul N, Devaraj S, Grundy SM, Jialal I. Failure to demonstrate a major anti-inflammatory effect with alpha tocopherol supplementation (400 IU/day) in normal subjects. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:1320–1323. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Vega-Lopez S, Kaul N, Devaraj S, Cai RY, German B, Jialal I. Supplementation with w3 polyunstaurated fatty acids and all-rac alpha-tocopherol alone and in combination failed to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in human volunteers. Metabolism. 2004;53:236–240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Himmelfarb J, Kane J, McMonagle E, Zaltas E, Bobzin S, Boddupalli S, Phinney S, Miller G. Alpha and gamma tocopherol metabolism in healthy subjects and patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney International. 2003;64:978–991. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Lu Q, Bjorkhem I, Wretlind B, Diczfalusy U, Henriksson P, Freyschuss A. Effect of ascorbic acid on microcirculation in patients with type II diabetes: a randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005;108:507–513. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Fumeron C, Nguyen-Khoam T, Saltiel C, Kebede M, Buisson C, Drueke TB, Lacour B, Massy ZA. Effects of oral vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation status in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:1874–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Bruunsgaard H, Poulsen HE, Pedersen BY, Nyyssonen K, Kaikkonen J, Salonen JT. Long-term combined supplementation with α-tocopherol and vitamin C have no detectable anti-inflammatory effects in healthy men. J Nutr. 2003;133:1170–1173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks F, Braunwald E. Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C-reactive Protein. Circulation. 1999;100:230–235. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Clearfield M, Downs JR, Weise SE, Miles JS, Gotto AM. Meaurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1959–1965. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Albert MA, Danielson E, Rifai N, Ridker PM. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels. JAMA. 2001;286:64–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Mora S, Ridker PM. Justification of the use of statins in primary prevention: an intervention trial evaluating rosuvastatin (JUPITER) – can C-reactive protein be used to target statin therapy in primary prevention? Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(suppl):33A–41A. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2004 Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services; 2004. [Google Scholar]

These Facts about C-reactive Protein Test are Quite Interesting

C reactive protein treatment: It is a substance produced by the liver against the presence of inflammation in the human body. C-reactive protein, in the medical industry, is also called CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and Ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (us-CRP).

The protein is a marker of low-grade inflammation and a predictor of one’s risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart stroke, etc. Physicians claim that C-reactive protein test is highly non-specific as levels can be elevated due to the existence of any inflammatory condition in the body.

What does it mean to have a high CRP?

A high level of CRP can be caused due to a plethora of conditions including pregnancy, lupus, autoimmune arthritis, a number of infections, and cancer. The physician believes that high levels of C-reactive protein in the blood can be directly related to increased chances of a human suffering from a heart attack or a stroke. Furthermore, elevated levels of bad cholesterol are made for common risk factors. High levels of CRP also indicate the development of Type 2 diabetes in an individual.

A physician orders a C-reactive protein test in collaboration with other tests to get concrete results. The veterans of the medical science suggest that the test type can be used for predicting health outcomes that are linked to a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

What should you do if you have high CRP?

There’s no guarantee that physicians can lower down CRP levels. It’s important to note that high CRP is what doctors call a “biomarker.” A biomarker is used for analysing a person’s health, but it is not a standalone indicator of a particular diagnosis.

If you’re at a higher risk of developing a cardiovascular disease and your test results show high CRP levels, your physician may suggest some related medicines to lower the levels. Vitamin is one such component that smartly helps in reducing both the CRP levels and cardiovascular diseases. Many recent studies suggest that probiotics may also have a positive effect on lowering the CRP levels of the body.

The C-reactive protein is measured in milligrams of CRP per liter of blood (mg/L). A low C-reactive protein level indicates less inflammation in the body. Here’s what the C- reactive protein results indicate:

• A reading of less than 1 mg/L indicates you’re at lower risk of having a cardiovascular disease.
• Reading between the ranges of 1- 2.9 mg/L shows you are at an intermediate risk.
• A reading higher than 3 mg/L means you are at an increased risk of developing a cardiovascular disease.
• A reading above 10 mg/L means that you may need further testing processes to determine the reason of such significant inflammation in your body.

A CRP reading greater than 10 mg/L poses an alarming situation and usually indicates the presence of the following conditions:

• Osteomyelitis or a bone infection, or
• An autoimmune arthritis flare-up
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Tuberculosis (TB)
• Connective tissue disease, lupus, or other autoimmune diseases
• Cancer, especially lymphoma
• Pneumonia or other significant infection

The C-reactive protein (CRP) levels may also be higher than usual, if a woman is taking birth control pills. The increased CRP in pregnancy may be a marker for complications.

However, a CRP blood test is unlikely to accurately assess your risk for heart diseases during pregnancy or any other chronic infection or inflammatory disease. In such a condition, it is recommended to consult with your doctor at the earliest. CRP blood test can also be done for detecting cancer, which is popularly known as  a CRP blood test for cancer.

Please note that this test doesn’t provide a complete picture of your risk for cardiovascular disease. And, your physician might consider other factors to get a clear picture of your health, like your lifestyle other medical conditions, risk factors, and family medical history when determining the best suitable follow-up tests for you.

The doctor may order to perform the following tests, depending on your health conditions:

• Electrocardiogram (EKG)
• Echocardiogram
• Stress test
• CT scans of the coronary arteries
• Heart catheterization

What are the risks with the CRP blood test?

There is typically negligible risk associated with this test. The least complications one can encounter are as follows:

• Light-headedness or dizziness
• Excessive bleeding
• Infection at the puncture site

C reactive protein treatment

The treatment of an elevated C reactive protein (CRP) for cardiovascular disease, may be meaningless. Instead, appropriate treatment & prevention of the underlying risks and conditions need to be the primary focus for cardiovascular risk reduction.

Here are some of the effective and reliable ways to reduce cardiac factors for C reactive protein treatment:

• Regular exercise
• Balanced diet
• Cigarette smoking cessation

In the C reactive protein treatment, the CRP level can be reduced in individuals with known cardiovascular disease who begin with aspirin therapy. The use of aspirin is not generally recommended to those without known cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors for it. In some of the cases, diabetes medications have also been used to lower the CRP levels in people with or without diabetes mellitus.

It is necessary to note that in extreme cases, the person might go for a customized C reactive protein treatment as per a physician’s suggestion.

What is Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

It is a type of arthritis that can affect anyone at any age. But, it is most prevalent among middle aged women. It causes severe pain and swelling in the joints.

It is tough to confirm a Rheumatoid Arthritis disease as there’s no single test to confirm it. But a comprehensive diagnosis can be performed by measuring C reactive protein (CRP) levels in your blood. Performing Rheumatoid Arthritis blood test is the only way to reach a diagnosis. Doctors may look at multiple other criteria besides blood test results when determining the diagnosis.

Here’s the list of criteria for diagnosing C reactive protein Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA):

• Lab tests, such as cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody and the rheumatoid factor antibody.
• The level of swelling and pain in your joints or morning stiffness.
• The duration of your symptoms.
• X-ray results of feet and hands to check for erosions or bone damage.

C-reactive protein (CRP, CRP), indications for the appointment, rules for preparing for the test, interpretation of the results and normal indicators.

Confirm

More

• INVITRO
• Library
• Laboratory…
• C-reactive protein…

Chicken pox

Rubella

Measles

Gout

Encephalitis

Hepatitis

Rheumatism

4301

06 October

We remind you that independent interpretation of the results is not allowed, the information below is for reference only.

C-reactive protein (CRP, CRP): indications for the appointment, rules for preparing for the test, interpretation of the results and normal indicators.

Indications for study appointment

C-reactive protein (CRP) is the most highly sensitive indicator of tissue damage during inflammation, necrosis, and trauma. In the blood of a healthy person, CRP is absent or detected in minimal amounts. It is produced mainly by liver cells (hepatocytes), as a reaction to infection pathogens entering the human body, to trauma, as well as in systemic connective tissue diseases (rheumatic diseases).

CRP stimulates immune reactions in the body, activates its defense systems and has a high correlation with the activity of the disease and the stage of the process, that is, its concentration becomes higher, the more active the inflammation (infectious or autoimmune) and the more extensive the area of ​​tissue damage during necrosis or trauma. Therefore, C-reactive protein is called the “acute phase” protein.

Another indicator of acute inflammation is the ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate).

ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, ESR)

ESR is a nonspecific marker of inflammation.

Synonyms: Erythrocyte sedimentation reaction; ROE.

Westergren sedimentation rate; Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate; ESR; Sed Rate; sedimentation rate.

Red…

Up to 1 business day

Available with house call

295 RUB

Add to cart

However, CRP is more informative, since its level begins to rise earlier and decrease faster (with proper treatment, CRP decreases on days 6-10, while ESR only on days 14-28). In addition, the results of ESR are influenced by the gender of the patient (for women, the ESR is higher than for men), the time of day, the number of erythrocytes, and this does not affect the CRP values. Thus, for the assessment of the inflammatory process, the analysis for C-reactive protein seems to be more justified.

The level of CRP in viral diseases increases slightly, so its significant increase in combination with elevated body temperature most likely indicates the presence of a bacterial infection.

For a short time, C-reactive protein may increase after surgery due to tissue damage, but in the absence of bacterial inflammation in the postoperative period, it quickly decreases.

Whereas the addition of a bacterial infection, whether it is a local process or sepsis, is accompanied by an increase in CRP or the absence of its decrease.

There is a highly sensitive method for determining CRP – highly sensitive C-reactive protein (cardio). The study reveals an increase in CRP with a sluggish, low degree of inflammation of the inner surface of the vascular wall, which is fraught with the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. The analysis is prescribed only in the absence of acute diseases and injuries (in which an increase in CRP is detected by the standard method). An increase in the values ​​of highly sensitive C-reactive protein may indicate the risk of cardiovascular diseases: myocardial infarction, stroke.

Thus, an analysis for C-reactive protein in combination with the study of some indicators of a clinical blood test (leukocyte count, leukocyte count and ESR) is usually prescribed in case of an increase in body temperature in order to suggest viral or bacterial inflammation by the degree of their increase.

CRP is determined for pain in the joints, not associated with trauma, for the differential diagnosis of degenerative and inflammatory diseases – arthrosis and arthritis. In rheumatic diseases, CRP is examined to assess the activity of the process and monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

Preparing for the procedure

Donate blood preferably in the morning on an empty stomach, after an 8-14 hour break from eating. Do not drink juices, tea and coffee. Drinking water is allowed.

If necessary, CRP can be tested 4-6 hours after a light meal.

Physical activity should be avoided 2-3 days before the study.

Do not smoke for at least 30 minutes before blood sampling.

C-reactive protein (CRP, CRP)

C-reactive protein is an acute phase protein, a sensitive indicator of tissue damage during inflammation, necrosis, trauma.
Synonyms: Blood test for CRP; C-jet …

Up to 1 business day

Available with house call

665 RUB

Add to cart

Deadline

The analysis is carried out within one business day.

What can affect the results

A number of factors can influence the results of a study:

• Intense physical activity, which should be avoided 2-3 days before the test, as it can lead to damage to muscle tissue and, consequently, an increase in CRP. This is especially true for athletes and people who regularly visit gyms: any muscle injury leads to an increase in CRP levels.
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) painkillers and antipyretics may reduce actual CRP levels by reducing inflammation. There is evidence that statins used to lower blood cholesterol levels have a similar effect.
• The presence of implants and transplants in the body.
• Consumption of alcohol and/or fatty foods on the eve of the study.

C-reactive protein (CRP)

For research, blood is taken from a vein.

You can take a blood test for C-reactive protein (CRP, CRP) at the nearest INVITRO medical office. The list of offices where biomaterial is accepted for laboratory testing is presented in the “Addresses” section.

The interpretation of the results of the study contains information for the attending physician and is not a diagnosis. The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. An accurate diagnosis is made by the doctor, using both the results of this examination and the necessary information from other sources: history, results of other examinations, etc.

Normal

Units of measurement: mg/l

A CRP level of less than 5 mg/l is considered normal.

When assessing cardiovascular risk, the level of highly sensitive CRP less than 1.0 mg / l is regarded as low, 1-3 mg / l as average, more than 3 mg / l indicates an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in the future.

Explanation of indicators

The level of C-reactive protein in the blood does not depend on the gender and age of the patient, and its increase may be associated with damage to any organs and systems of the body of various nature. A specific diagnosis is established by a comprehensive assessment of complaints, examination data, instrumental and laboratory examination methods.

What do low readings mean

Since C-reactive protein is either absent in the blood of a healthy person, or is detected in minimal amounts, it is incorrect to talk about its decrease.

What do high rates mean

The degree of increase in C-reactive protein usually correlates with the volume, nature and severity of tissue damage.

An increase in CRP up to 30 mg/l can indicate viral diseases – SARS, rotavirus infection, etc., is found in malignant tumors, rheumatic diseases without an exacerbation stage (systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, systemic scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.).

An increase in CRP to 100 mg/l and above, as a rule, accompanies various acute bacterial infections (tonsillitis, pneumonia, appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, pyelonephritis, etc.), exacerbations of chronic infectious diseases and rheumatic diseases, as well as various tissue damage ( surgery, myocardial infarction, etc.).

The most significant increase in CRP – up to 300 mg / l or more is possible with extensive burns and sepsis, when bacteria from the lesion enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body.

Additional examination in case of deviation from the norm

An increase in body temperature in combination with an increase in the level of C-reactive protein can be accompanied by generalized (common) and any local lesions – infections of the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue, respiratory and dental infections, infections of the eyes, ENT organs, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, urological infections, infections of the central nervous system, bones and joints.

Depending on the clinical picture, such patients are examined and treated by doctors of different specialties – general practitioners, surgeons, narrow specialists, including ENT specialists, dentists, gynecologists, urologists, rheumatologists.

As additional research in each case, you may need a wide range of instrumental and laboratory diagnostics.

An increase in the level of highly sensitive CRP entails the identification of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. For this, a blood test is performed for the lipid spectrum, fibrinogen, homocysteine, glucose, uric acid, as well as an ultrasound examination of the vessels of the neck and heart.

Sources

1. Ershov A.V. C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Consilium Medicum, magazine. 2019, 21(3): 15-19 p.
2. Khorolets E.V., et al. Diagnostic significance of C-reactive protein in the genesis of pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Journal of Fundamental Medicine and Biology. No. 1. 2013. S. 23-27.

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.
For a correct assessment of the results of your analyzes in dynamics, it is preferable to do studies in the same laboratory, since different laboratories can use different research methods and units of measurement to perform the same analyzes.

Recommendations

• PSA (prostate specific antigen) test

  1140

  may 13

• Human papillomavirus

  864

  04 May

• Alkaline phosphatase

  1450

  16 April

Show more

Similar articles

Hepatitis

Hepatitis C

IgM and IgG anti-HCV antibodies (anti-HCV total)

IgM and IgG anti-HCV antibodies (anti-HCV total) ): indications for prescribing , rules for preparing for the delivery of the analysis, decoding the results and indicators of the norm.

More

Hemorrhoids

Fungus

Diarrhea

Gastritis

Hepatitis

Coprogram: what is this study?

Coprogram, general analysis of feces: indications for the appointment, rules for preparing for the delivery of the analysis, interpretation of the results and indicators of the norm.

More

Thyrotoxicosis

Hepatitis

Diabetes mellitus

Glucose (in the blood) (Glucose)

Glucose (in the blood) (Glucose): indications for prescription, rules for preparing for the test, interpretation of the results and normal indicators.

More

Stroke

Gastritis

Hepatitis

Folic acid

Folic acid (vitamin B): indications for prescription, rules for preparing for the test, interpretation of the results and normal indicators.

More

Gout

Diabetes mellitus

Atherosclerosis

Uric acid (in the blood) (Uric acid)

Uric acid in the blood: indications for prescription, rules for preparing for the test, interpretation of the results and normal indicators.

More

Subscribe to our newsletters

Enter e-mail

I consent to

processing of personal data

Subscribe

What is C-reactive protein in the blood and how is its level related to health?

Contents

• 1 What is C-reactive protein in the blood and how is its level related to human health
  • 1. 1 What is C-reactive protein?
  • 1.2 Related videos:
  • 1.3 Description of properties of C-reactive protein
    • 1.3.1 General information
    • 1.3.2 Properties of
    • 1.3.3 Diagnostic value
  • 1.4 Where is CRP synthesized?
  • 1.5 Q&A:
    • • 1.5.0.1 What is C-reactive protein?
      • 1.5.0.2 What is the normal level of CRP in the blood?
      • 1.5.0.3 Why do we need a CRP test?
      • 1.5.0.4 What diseases can increase the level of CRP in the blood?
      • 1.5.0.5 How to reduce the level of CRP in the blood?
      • 1.5.0.6 Can CRP levels rise without disease?
  • 1.6 How does the level of C-reactive protein in the blood change during inflammation?
  • 1.7 C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease studies
  • 1.8 The role of C-reactive protein in the risk of heart disease
  • 1.9 C-reactive protein measurements
  • 1.10 Recommendations for measuring C-reactive protein in clinical practice
    • 1. 10.1 What is C-reactive protein?
    • 1.10.2 Indications for CRP 9 analysis0006
    • 1.10.3 Preparation for CRP analysis
    • 1.10.4 Interpretation of results
    • 1.10.5 Conclusion
  • 1.11 C-reactive protein and other diseases
    • 1.11. 11.1 Role of C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of diseases
    • 1.11 .2 Relationship between C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease
    • 1.11.3 C-reactive protein and other diseases
  • 1.12 Role of C-reactive protein in cancer diagnosis
  • 1.13 C-reactive protein and autoimmune diseases
  • 1.14 Use of C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of infectious diseases

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein produced in response to inflammation in the body. How and why is CRP analysis performed? What do the analysis results say and how to interpret them? What diseases can be detected by CRP analysis? Find out all about what information can be useful CRP analysis.

K-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance produced by the liver in response to inflammation in the body. Science has long explored the link between blood levels of CRP and various diseases. High levels of CRP may indicate the presence of inflammation in the body.

CRP can be a useful indicator of inflammation because its level can change very quickly. This means that CRP can be used to screen for diseases such as arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and others. In addition, CRP may help predict the risk of developing heart disease.

However, elevated CRP levels may not always be associated with disease. There are many factors that can cause a temporary increase in CRP levels, such as infections, trauma, and stress. Therefore, more research and risk factor-based data analysis is needed to more accurately determine disease risk.

In summary, CRP is an important indicator of health status and can help in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. However, before making any decisions based on blood levels of CRP, a doctor should be consulted for more specific recommendations.

What is C-reactive protein?

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation in the body. Its presence in the blood can be used as a marker to detect and monitor inflammation.

CRP is highly sensitive to small changes in the body. This allows you to use it not only to detect inflammation, but also to assess their severity and dynamics. What’s more, CRP levels can be a sign of other diseases such as infections, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

However, C-reactive protein is not a specific marker, since its level can increase not only in case of inflammation, but also during stress, trauma and surgery. It also cannot be used to diagnose specific diseases.

• C-reactive protein is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation.
• CRP is used as a marker for inflammation detection and monitoring.
• It is highly sensitive but is not a specific marker.
• C-reactive protein levels can be a sign of infections, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

Related videos:

Description of the properties of C-reactive protein

Once a year

66.67%

Once every six months

33.33%

Every 3 months

0%

General information

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a small protein that is produced in the liver and released into the blood in response to inflammation in the body. Its blood levels can change rapidly, which is why it is widely used to detect and monitor inflammatory processes such as infections or injuries.

Properties

CRP has a high level of specificity for inflammation, making it a useful indicator for determining the presence and extent of inflammation in the body. It is also relatively stable in the blood and easy to measure, making it a reliable test for diagnosing and monitoring inflammatory diseases.

In addition, the level of CRP can change rapidly in response to changes in inflammatory processes and, therefore, can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Diagnostic value

A high level of CRP may indicate the presence of inflammatory processes in the body, such as infections, cancer, rheumatic diseases, and others. A low CRP level, on the contrary, usually indicates the absence of inflammatory processes.

Thus, CRP measurement can be a useful tool for diagnosing and monitoring inflammatory diseases, as well as for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment.

Where is C-reactive protein synthesized?

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein synthesized in the liver in response to inflammation in the body. While most proteins in the blood are synthesized in the tissues and organs they serve, CRP is only made in the liver.

When an inflammatory process occurs in the body, levels of cytokines increase in the blood, which affect the liver and cause the synthesis of CRP. The higher the level of inflammation, the more CRP is produced by the liver. After CRP is produced in the liver, it enters the bloodstream and can be detected in the patient’s blood.

C-reactive protein testing can be used to diagnose infectious and inflammatory diseases, to assess the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

Thus, CRP is one of the key biomarkers that help physicians determine whether inflammation is occurring in the body and how severe it is.

Q&A:

What is C-reactive protein?

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation.

What is the normal level of CRP in the blood?

The normal level of CRP in the blood for a healthy person does not exceed 5 mg/l.

Why do you need a CRP test?

CRP analysis is needed to determine the presence of an inflammatory process in the body and control the dynamics of the disease.

What diseases can increase the level of CRP in the blood?

Blood levels of CRP may be elevated in rheumatoid arthritis, osteomyelitis, infectious diseases, cancer and other diseases.

How to reduce the level of CRP in the blood?

Blood levels of CRP can be reduced by treating the underlying disease, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and taking anti-inflammatory drugs.

Can CRP levels rise without disease?

Yes, increased blood levels of CRP may be associated with age, smoking, obesity, stress, and other unrelated factors.

How does the level of C-reactive protein in the blood change during inflammation?

Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or other stimuli. The level of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood is one of the most sensitive indicators of inflammation.

Normal CRP levels are less than 10 mg/l. However, during the inflammatory process, the level of CRP can increase significantly. CRP levels may start to rise as early as a few hours after the onset of inflammation, peak after 24-48 hours, and remain elevated for days or weeks.

The level of CRP is increased not only in inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, bronchitis, pneumonia, but also in cardiovascular diseases and cancer. There is a link between long-term elevated CRP levels and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, stroke, and even dementia.

1. Elevated CRP levels are a reliable indicator of an inflammatory process in the body.
2. CRP levels may begin to rise as early as a few hours after the onset of inflammation.
3. CRP levels are increased in inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular disease and cancer.
4. Long-term elevated CRP levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and dementia.

Studies linking C-reactive protein to cardiovascular disease

There are many studies that seek to determine the relationship between blood levels of C-reactive protein and various cardiovascular diseases.

One such study was conducted on a large group of patients diagnosed with coronary disease. The results showed that CRP levels were significantly higher in patients with severe disease compared to those with milder disease.

Another study found an association between high levels of C-reactive protein and the development of atherosclerosis. Patients with high protein levels had thicker artery walls and more sclerotic plaques, which increased the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Thus, the study of the level of C-reactive protein in the blood can help in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease and decision on therapy. However, these studies cannot be used as the only diagnostic criterion, and require additional examinations and consultations with a specialist.

The role of C-reactive protein in the risk of heart disease

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein that is synthesized in the liver in response to inflammation in the body. The level of CRP in the blood increases during the acute phase of infectious diseases and other inflammatory conditions.

However, CRP may also be associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease. Studies show that blood levels of CRP are associated with the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke.

High levels of CRP may indicate a hidden inflammatory process in the body, which in turn may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, a disease characterized by the formation of plaque on the walls of blood vessels and an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Therefore, the determination of CRP levels in the blood can be an important indicator of the risk of cardiovascular disease and help in the early detection of these diseases.

Methods for measuring C-reactive protein

There are various methods based on different principles for measuring C-reactive protein in blood.

• The immunoturbidimetric method is based on an agglutination reaction resulting in a change in light scattering.
• The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is based on a specific binding between an antibody and an antigen that changes color or light emission.
• Latex agglutination method is based on the ability of latex particles coated with an antibody to form agglutinates when bound to an antigen.

All of these methods allow you to determine the amount of C-reactive protein in the blood and are used to diagnose inflammation and other diseases.

Examples of commercial blood C-reactive protein kits0523

ELISA Randox Laboratories Latex Agglutination Sekisui Diagnostics

protein in clinical practice

What is C-reactive protein?

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein found in the blood that is produced by the liver in response to inflammation in the body. It is an indicator used in medicine to determine the presence of inflammatory processes such as infections or autoimmune diseases.

Indications for CRP testing

CRP testing is usually recommended when symptoms of inflammation such as fever, pain, swelling and redness are present. It may also be useful for monitoring the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drug treatment and monitoring drug tolerance, as an elevated CRP may be an indication of treatment failure or drug tolerability problems.

CRP Assay Preparation

• 8-12 hours of fasting should be allowed prior to assay to avoid false positives.
• Physical exercise is not recommended before the test.
• Tell your doctor about all medications you are taking, as some medications can affect your CRP.

Interpretation of results

Normal blood CRP is less than 10 mg/l. If the CRP level exceeds 10 mg / l, this may be an indication of the presence of inflammatory processes in the body. However, an elevated CRP level is not always an indicator of a disease state, as it can also be caused by physiological causes such as pregnancy or alcohol consumption.

Conclusion

CRP study can be useful for monitoring inflammatory processes in the body and the effectiveness of treatment. With an increased level of CRP, it is necessary to consult a doctor to identify the cause of the deviation.

C-reactive protein and other diseases

The role of C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of diseases

C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the most widely used biomarkers in medicine. It is produced by the liver and is released in large quantities during an inflammatory response in the body.

So, in infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases of the joints, cancer, autoimmune diseases, the level of CRP in the blood increases significantly. Therefore, determining the level of C-reactive protein is an important and quite often used method for diagnosing various diseases.

Relationship between C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease

The level of CRP can serve as an indicator of the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. High levels of C-reactive protein are associated with an increased risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, and other cardiovascular complications.

• Some studies suggest that blood levels of CRP can be used to predict the risk of cardiovascular disease.
• However, it should be borne in mind that an elevated level of C-reactive protein does not indicate the presence of cardiovascular disease and is not an accurate diagnostic sign.

C-reactive protein and other diseases

Elevated levels of C-reactive protein are also observed in patients with diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and other diseases.

In general, the level of CRP can be increased in various situations related to the body and its response to stress and various stimuli. However, the determination of this biomarker remains an important method for diagnosing and monitoring the course of various diseases.

The role of C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of oncology

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an important indicator in the diagnosis of various diseases, including cancer. It is produced by the liver in response to inflammation and can be measured in the blood with a simple test.

High levels of CRP may indicate the presence of a tumor in the body. However, it must be taken into account that increased values ​​may also be associated with other diseases such as arthritis or infections.

Comprehensive tests are used to accurately diagnose oncology, including measurements of various proteins in the blood. In addition to CRP, proteins such as alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, and prostate antigen can be used as tumor markers.

It should be noted that a high level of C-reactive protein is not a specific proof of the presence of oncology. When suspicious data are identified, additional research methods are needed, such as biopsy and computed tomography. Only an integrated approach allows you to accurately diagnose a tumor and take the necessary measures for treatment.

C-reactive protein and autoimmune diseases

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation in the body. CRP levels in the blood can increase significantly in a variety of diseases, including infections, tumors, and autoimmune diseases.

Autoimmune diseases are diseases in which the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues and cells. This can lead to inflammation and damage to organs and tissues. Many autoimmune diseases are accompanied by an increase in the level of CRP in the blood.

Such diseases include, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis. In these diseases, the immune system attacks the connective tissue, joints, intestines, and other organs, resulting in inflammation and pain.

Increased CRP levels can be used to diagnose and control these diseases. However, CRP levels can be elevated not only in autoimmune diseases, but also in other conditions such as heart disease, infections, and injuries. Therefore, the diagnosis is always established in a complex manner. In addition, the level of CRP may vary depending on the individual characteristics of the patient and his general condition.

Despite some limitations, CRP measurement is an important tool for diagnosing and treating autoimmune diseases. The level of this protein can be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and adjust the dosage of drugs.

Use of C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of infectious diseases

C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the most sensitive indicators of inflammation in the blood and can be used to diagnose infectious diseases. It is produced by the liver in response to inflammatory cytokines, and blood levels of CRP rise rapidly in the event of infection or injury.