Why do babies spit up so much. What causes curdled milk spit up in infants. How to differentiate between normal spit up and concerning symptoms. When should parents be worried about baby’s spit up habits.

Understanding Baby Spit Up: A Common Parenting Challenge

Welcoming a newborn into your life brings joy, but it also comes with unexpected challenges. One such challenge that often catches new parents off guard is the frequency and volume of baby spit up. Approximately half of all infants experience spit up during their early months, making it a widespread phenomenon that, while messy, is generally considered normal and expected.

Is your baby spitting up more than you anticipated? This comprehensive guide will explore the reasons behind infant spit up, help you distinguish between normal occurrences and potential concerns, and provide practical advice for managing this common issue.

The Science Behind Baby Spit Up: Why It Happens

To understand why babies spit up so frequently, it’s essential to look at the developing digestive system of an infant. The lower esophageal sphincter, a ring of muscle responsible for keeping food in the stomach, is not fully functional in newborns for several months. This anatomical immaturity makes it easy for recently consumed milk or formula to make its way back up the esophagus and out of the mouth.

Several factors can trigger spit up in babies:

• Overfeeding or a very full stomach
• Sudden position changes after feeding
• Burping, drooling, coughing, or crying
• The liquid nature of an infant’s diet (breast milk or formula)

In rare cases, excessive spit up might be related to a milk-soy protein intolerance. The American Academy of Pediatrics estimates that about 5% of babies have difficulty digesting proteins in milk- or soy-based formulas, which can manifest as increased spit up among other symptoms.

Curdled Milk Spit Up: Should Parents Be Concerned?

One aspect of baby spit up that often alarms parents is the appearance of curdled milk. Why does spit up sometimes look curdled? The curdling process is a natural occurrence when milk mixes with stomach acid. As the milk begins to digest, it separates into curds (solid parts) and whey (liquid parts), giving it a chunky, curdled appearance when spit up.

Is curdled milk spit up a cause for concern? Generally, no. Curdled spit up is typically a sign that the milk has been in the stomach long enough to begin the digestion process. However, if you notice other concerning symptoms alongside curdled spit up, such as distress, fever, or changes in feeding habits, it’s best to consult with your pediatrician.

Factors Influencing Curdled Spit Up

• Time elapsed since feeding
• Amount of milk consumed
• Individual baby’s digestive process
• Feeding position and burping frequency

Normal Spit Up vs. Concerning Symptoms: When to Worry

While spit up is generally harmless, it’s crucial for parents to distinguish between normal occurrences and potentially concerning symptoms. Normal spit up typically looks similar to the milk or formula the baby has consumed. It often comes out through the mouth or nose without causing pain or distress to the infant.

When should parents be concerned about their baby’s spit up habits? Watch for these signs that may indicate a more serious condition:

• Forceful or projectile vomiting
• Green or bloody spit up
• Refusal to feed or difficulty feeding
• Signs of dehydration (dry diapers, sunken fontanelle)
• Poor weight gain or weight loss
• Excessive crying or irritability during or after feedings
• Arching of the back during feedings

If you observe any of these symptoms, it’s important to consult with your pediatrician promptly.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) in Infants: Beyond Normal Spit Up

While most cases of baby spit up are harmless, some infants may develop a condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). How does GERD differ from normal infant reflux? In GERD, the lining of the esophagus becomes irritated and damaged due to frequent spit up, causing pain and discomfort for the baby.

Signs that your baby might be experiencing GERD include:

• Excessive drooling
• Uncontrollable crying, especially during or after feedings
• Poor sleep patterns
• Erratic feeding behaviors
• Difficulty gaining weight
• Frequent hiccups or wet burps

If you suspect your baby might have GERD, it’s crucial to discuss your concerns with your pediatrician. They can provide guidance on management strategies or recommend further evaluation if necessary.

Spit Up vs. Vomit: Understanding the Difference

Parents often struggle to differentiate between spit up and vomit, as both involve the expulsion of stomach contents. However, there are key differences that can help distinguish between the two:

Spit Up Characteristics:

• Effortless expulsion of milk or formula
• Often dribbles out of the mouth or nose
• Usually doesn’t cause distress to the baby
• Typically occurs during or shortly after feeding

Vomit Characteristics:

• Forceful expulsion, sometimes projectile
• Often accompanied by retching or gagging
• May cause distress or discomfort to the baby
• Can occur at any time, not just after feeding
• May have a different color or consistency than normal spit up

Why is it important to distinguish between spit up and vomit? While spit up is generally harmless, frequent or persistent vomiting can be a sign of various health issues, including infections, food intolerances, or more serious conditions like pyloric stenosis. If you’re unsure whether your baby is spitting up or vomiting, or if vomiting persists, consult your pediatrician for guidance.

Managing and Reducing Baby Spit Up: Practical Tips for Parents

While spit up is a normal part of infancy, there are several strategies parents can employ to help minimize its frequency and volume:

1. Feed smaller amounts more frequently to prevent overfeeding
2. Burp your baby during and after feedings
3. Keep your baby upright for 20-30 minutes after feeding
4. Avoid tight diapers or clothing around the waist
5. Consider using slow-flow nipples if bottle-feeding
6. Minimize activity and movement immediately after feeding
7. For formula-fed babies, ensure you’re using the correct mixing ratio

Remember, every baby is different, and what works for one may not work for another. It may take some trial and error to find the best strategies for your little one.

Coping with the Mess: Practical Advice for Parents

Dealing with frequent spit up can be challenging for parents. Here are some tips to help manage the mess:

• Keep burp cloths or small towels handy during feedings
• Use bibs during and after feedings to protect clothing
• Consider using waterproof mattress covers for the crib
• Have a change of clothes readily available for both baby and yourself
• Use gentle, baby-safe stain removers for stubborn milk stains

When to Seek Medical Advice: Guidelines for Concerned Parents

While most cases of baby spit up are normal and resolve on their own as the infant grows, there are situations where medical advice should be sought. When should parents consult a pediatrician about their baby’s spit up?

• If spit up is forceful or projectile
• If your baby seems to be in pain during or after feeding
• If spit up is green, yellow, or contains blood
• If your baby is not gaining weight or is losing weight
• If there are signs of dehydration (fewer wet diapers, sunken fontanelle)
• If your baby refuses to feed or shows signs of difficulty swallowing
• If spit up is accompanied by fever, diarrhea, or other signs of illness

Remember, you know your baby best. If you’re concerned about your infant’s spit up patterns or overall health, don’t hesitate to reach out to your healthcare provider for guidance and reassurance.

The Role of Diet in Managing Infant Spit Up

For breastfeeding mothers, dietary changes may sometimes help reduce infant spit up. Are there specific foods that can increase spit up in breastfed babies? While every baby is different, some mothers report that certain foods in their diet seem to increase their baby’s spit up. These may include:

• Dairy products
• Spicy foods
• Caffeine
• Acidic foods like citrus fruits and tomatoes
• Gas-producing vegetables like broccoli and cauliflower

If you suspect that your diet might be contributing to your baby’s spit up, consider keeping a food diary to track any potential correlations. However, it’s important to maintain a balanced diet for your own health and milk production. Always consult with a healthcare provider or lactation consultant before making significant changes to your diet.

Formula Considerations for Spit Up Reduction

For formula-fed babies experiencing excessive spit up, your pediatrician might recommend trying a different type of formula. Options may include:

• Hydrolyzed formulas for babies with milk protein sensitivities
• Anti-reflux formulas that are slightly thickened to reduce spit up
• Formulas with different protein sources, such as soy-based options

Never switch formulas without consulting your pediatrician first, as they can provide guidance based on your baby’s specific needs and health history.

The Developmental Timeline: When Does Spit Up Typically Improve?

Many parents wonder how long they can expect their baby to continue spitting up frequently. When do babies typically outgrow frequent spit up? While every child is different, most babies see a significant reduction in spit up around 3-4 months of age. This improvement often coincides with the maturation of the lower esophageal sphincter and the baby’s ability to sit upright.

By 6-7 months, when most babies start solid foods and spend more time in an upright position, spit up usually decreases further. However, some babies may continue to spit up occasionally until they reach 12-14 months of age.

Factors Influencing the Duration of Frequent Spit Up

• Individual development of the digestive system
• Feeding practices and techniques
• Introduction of solid foods
• Underlying conditions like GERD or food sensitivities

Remember that every baby develops at their own pace. If you’re concerned about your baby’s spit up patterns as they grow, don’t hesitate to discuss it with your pediatrician.

Long-Term Outlook: The Impact of Infant Spit Up on Future Health

Parents often worry about the long-term effects of frequent spit up during infancy. Does excessive spit up in babies lead to health issues later in life? The good news is that for most babies, frequent spit up during infancy does not lead to long-term health problems. As the digestive system matures and babies spend more time upright, spit up naturally decreases and eventually stops.

However, in rare cases where spit up is a symptom of a more serious condition like GERD, early intervention and proper management are crucial to prevent potential complications. These might include:

• Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus)
• Feeding aversions
• Respiratory problems
• Poor weight gain or failure to thrive

If your baby has been diagnosed with GERD or another condition related to frequent spit up, work closely with your pediatrician to develop an appropriate management plan. With proper care and monitoring, most babies with these conditions go on to thrive and develop normally.

Emotional Impact on Parents and Caregivers

While the physical effects of infant spit up are usually temporary, the emotional impact on parents and caregivers can be significant. Dealing with frequent spit up can be frustrating, messy, and sometimes worrying. It’s important for parents to:

• Seek support from family, friends, or parent groups
• Communicate openly with healthcare providers about concerns
• Remember that this phase is temporary and normal for many babies
• Practice self-care and stress-management techniques

By understanding that spit up is a common and usually harmless part of infancy, parents can approach this challenge with confidence and patience.

Why Does My Baby Spit Up So Much? Top Baby Spit Up Concerns & What’s Normal

There are some things about newborn care that no amount of parenting classes can prepare you for: cleaning your first diaper blowout, sucking snot from plugged-up infant nostrils and the sheer amount of baby spit up you’ll encounter.

About half of all babies spit up at some point during their early lives. While it might feel concerning to see your little one spitting up — you’re probably wondering whether she’s actually keeping enough breast milk or formula in her stomach — know that spit up is normal and expected.

Keep reading for the full lowdown on baby spit up, plus when to talk to your doctor if you’re concerned about how much your little one is spitting up.

Why do babies spit up?

Baby spit up, or the dribble of stomach contents that can come out after feeding, is messy, frustrating… and perfectly normal.

An infant’s digestive system is still developing, and her lower esophageal sphincter — a ring of muscle that keeps food in the stomach — isn’t fully functional for several months. This makes it very easy for food that she’s just eaten to come back up. If your baby’s stomach is very full after a feeding or you’ve changed her position suddenly after eating, for example, that can force food out of her stomach and up her esophagus in the form of spit up.

Babies also might spit up when they burp, drool, cough or cry. The fact that your infant is on an all-liquid diet (you know, breast milk or formula) also makes it easy for the contents of her stomach to come right back up.

In very rare cases, your baby’s formula might be contributing to excessive spit up. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), an estimated 5 percent of babies have milk-soy protein intolerance, meaning that they cannot properly digest the proteins present in milk- or soy-based formulas. (Spit up is one of several signs that could indicate this condition.) If your baby is diagnosed with this condition, her doctor might recommend a hydrolyzed formula.

Possible causes for baby spit up

Although spit up is normal, there are a few reasons why your little one might be emptying the contents of her stomach.

Spit up 

Normal spit up looks a lot like whatever baby is eating, which is either breast milk or formula before she starts solids (usually sometime around 6 months). Both breastfed and formula-fed babies spit up, and the act of spitting up usually looks effortless. It often comes out through the mouth and/or nose, but doesn’t cause pain and isn’t forcefully done. In fact, most babies typically don’t mind or notice spit up. 

Reflux

 (infant GERD)

Technically, spit up is reflux. But sometimes, if it’s accompanied by other symptoms or poor weight gain, spit up might indicate that your baby has a condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease in babies, also known as infant GERD.

With infant GERD, the lining of the esophagus becomes irritated and damaged by all of the spit up. It can cause pain and fussiness during and after feeding, and make it harder for baby to feed and gain weight. Other signs of GERD include excessive drooling, uncontrollable crying, poor sleep and erratic feeding patterns. Talk to your child’s pediatrician if you notice these symptoms.

Baby spit up vs. vomit: How can you tell the difference?

Spitting up and vomiting might seem similar. They’re both messy, and both involve your baby’s stomach contents ending up on your clothing.

But unlike spit up, vomit is forceful (and in more serious cases, even projectile). It is also caused by a virus, bacteria, food poisoning or some other kind of specific health issue. Sometimes, vomit can be green (which hints that there might be an infection) or red (which indicates there’s some kind of blockage or gastrointestinal bleeding). Other causes of baby vomit might be motion sickness, certain prescription medications, or disturbing sights or sounds.

In rare cases, true vomiting might indicate that your baby has something called pyloric stenosis, which is when a muscle in the stomach thickens, preventing food from moving to the small intestine. This can cause projectile vomiting and dehydration, and needs to be treated immediately. Symptoms typically start when baby is between 2 weeks and 2 months old.

How much baby spit up is normal?

Yes, spit up means laundry day happens a lot more often during baby’s first few months of life. But it’s usually perfectly normal. And while you might feel like your baby is spitting up all of her breast milk or formula, that is usually not the reality.

Some babies rarely ever spit up; others spit up after nearly every meal. And volumes of spit up can vary. Most often, spit up is a mix of food and stomach acid, and it’s hard to quantify how much is actually being spit up — which is why doctors rarely use volume on its own to tell whether spit up is normal or a sign of something more serious.

Instead, doctors typically consider the following when assessing a baby’s spit up: 

• Is the spit up forceful? 
• Is it colored red or green?
• Does baby appear to be uncomfortable or in pain?
• Is baby still feeding normally? 
• Is baby still gaining weight normally? 

Those kinds of questions help practitioners figure out whether a baby is spitting up normally or if something else might be contributing to her spit up. But as long as your baby is still otherwise healthy and gaining weight, spit up is likely normal.

Some parents also wonder if it’s typical for babies to spit up hours after eating. While spitting up typically happens during or shortly after a feeding, if your baby is otherwise healthy, happy, gaining weight and doesn’t have any of the red flags above, this is also probably normal, but ask your child’s pediatrician if you have any concerns.

When do babies stop spitting up?

Spit up happens in most infants, so know that it’s normal — and it gets better as they get older!

Babies typically spit up until they’re around 12 months old. You can expect spit up to get more frequent until about 3 months of age, and then it should gradually start to get better as baby gets stronger and can sit up on her own.

However, if your baby starts spitting up for the first time after 6 months of age or her spit up turns to vomiting, that could be a sign that something more serious is going on.

Tips to minimize spitting up in babies

Again, spit up is normal — but to prevent it from happening as often, there are a few steps experts typically recommend.

• Don’t overfeed. Babies’ stomachs are small, and it’s easy to overload them. (This tends to be more of an issue with bottle-fed babies, since it’s easier for babies to get milk from a bottle nipple than from the breast.) Try feeding more often at smaller volumes if you notice that your baby often spits up during feedings.
• Hold baby upright for 30 minutes after feeding. Sitting chest-to-chest on you for at least a half hour after each feed might minimize the amount of spit up your baby experiences.
• Burp frequently. Burping gently during and after feeds — for bottle-fed babies, at least once halfway through a feeding or after every 2 or 3 ounces, and when you switch from one breast to the other for breastfed babies — can help reduce spit up.
• Limit post-feeding activity. Going straight from a feeding to playtime might cause milk to come back up, for example.
• Use a slow-flow nipple. If you bottle-feed, try using a slow-flow nipple. These are designed to slow down feeding and reduce the amount of air baby takes in while eating — which may help reduce spit up risk. 

When to call the doctor about baby spit up

Spit up is usually normal and healthy. But in rare cases, your baby’s spit up habits might indicate a more serious health problem. Be sure to talk to your doctor if you notice any of the following: 

• Not gaining weight well or losing weight
• Crying or arching her back while feeding
• Refusing to feed
• Spit up that starts after 6 months or continues past 18 months
• Yellow, green or red spit up
• Frequent forceful or projectile vomiting 
• Spit up accompanied by other symptoms such as bloody stools, wheezing or coughing, fewer wet or dirty diapers, lethargy and/or fever 

Like dirty diapers, spit up is a normal part of early parenthood. While you should keep an eye out for any abnormal symptoms, spit up is usually something to ride out. In the meantime, thank goodness for burp cloths and stain removers! 

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Baby Spit Up: How Much Is Too Much?

Everyone tells you you’ll be doing more laundry when baby arrives, but nobody tells you it’s because of baby spit up! You’ll wonder: Why is baby spitting up this frequently? Does baby have reflux? Is baby getting enough to eat?

New parents have enough to worry about, so let’s get to the bottom of these questions, and more. Read on to find out:

What Is Baby Spit Up?

First thing’s first: In most cases, spitting up is very common.

This is more of a laundry problem than a medical problem and seldom bothers baby. — Dr. Sears

Some experts estimate that nearly 40% of normal, healthy babies spit up after feedings. If baby spits up right away, it may look just like milk; if baby spits up once he/she has begun to digest it might look curdled and smell slightly sour. 

If you’re worried about the quantity of baby spit up, you’re not alone. Many parents see what looks like a lot of spit up and wonder if their baby is getting enough to eat. You might take comfort in knowing that baby spit up is made up mostly of saliva and gastric juices—there’s usually only a small amount of milk in spit up.

Although that puddle can still be off-putting, Dr. Sears estimates that most baby spit up is only about a teaspoon of liquid. To put your mind at ease, he suggests trying this simple experiment: Pour a tablespoon of milk on the countertop and compare the resulting puddle to the stain on your clothes from your baby’s spit up. You’ll likely notice that the puddle on the counter is much larger.

Baby spit up usually dribbles or spurts out of their mouth. Occasionally baby’s spit up looks forceful, like projectile vomiting. Without other signs of illness, more forceful baby spit up may be a sign of reflux, possibly as a result of food sensitivities (something mom is eating or from the type of formula) or an anatomical issue. (More on this below.)

Why Do Babies Spit Up?

Still, you’re probably wondering why this happens—and why some babies spit up as frequently as they do. The most common causes of baby spit up are:

1.

Immature Digestive System

It’s also important to remember that part of the reason your baby spits up is because…well, they are a baby. Baby’s digestive systems just aren’t as mature as ours are.

“In infants, the ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach—the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)—is not fully mature, allowing stomach contents to flow backward,” explains Dr. Andrew E. Mulberg, a pediatric gastroenterologist.

2. Improper Latch

Beyond basic biology, the simplest and most common cause of baby spit up is one that is actually relatively easy to fix. Sometimes a baby isn’t latched on snugly enough to the breast or bottle, and takes in an excessive amount of air. To reduce baby spit up, breastfeeding mamas can remedy this by ensuring baby has a deep, close latch; bottle-fed babies should have a tight seal around the nipple teat.

3. Fast Letdown

Likewise, a fast letdown during breastfeeding can make it difficult for a young baby to keep up with the flow of milk. This can cause some of that milk to come back up. It can also cause baby to take in excess air, as they struggle to swallow all of the milk. If you’re having trouble with an overactive letdown, try different breastfeeding positions (laid-back nursing works with gravity to help keep the flow at a manageable pace) or get help from a lactation consultant. If you are bottle-feeding, make sure you have a slow flow nipple and practicing paced bottle feeding.

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Baby Spit Up vs. Vomit

So we know that baby spit up is normal. But at some point you’ll probably wonder: Is my baby spitting up… or is he/she vomiting? Here’s how to tell the difference between baby spit up and vomiting: 

Quantity

Though it can look like much more, baby spit up is generally only about a teaspoon at a time. Vomit, on the other hand, is likely to be persistent, adding up to much more.

Force

If baby is sick, it is usually more forceful. In babies, vomiting is generally projectile. Spit up, on the other hand, is more likely to slide or dribble out of baby’s mouth.

Color

Vomit tends to be green or yellow (this indicates bile is present), whereas baby spit up is usually white, off-white, or light yellow in color.

Smell

You might argue that baby spit up doesn’t smell so great, but it’s usually just a bit sour. Vomit, on the other hand, has a more foul smell.

Mood

You will notice your baby cry or look sick (red, watery eyes and/or change in complexion) when they are about to vomit. She may also have a fever. If baby is generally happy and asymptomatic, it’s more likely that he/she is spitting up.

What to Do if It Seems Like Baby Is Vomiting Due to Illness

If your baby is less than 12 weeks old and seems to be vomiting, call your pediatrician immediately.  In rare cases this can be a sign of a serious condition called hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, which prevents food from reaching the intestines.

If your baby is a bit older, a viral infection is the most common cause of vomiting, and will usually pass on its own. Still, it’s always a good idea to give your doctor a call to discuss symptoms, concerns, and treatment, especially if it’s accompanied by a fever.

The most common complication in babies older than 12 weeks is dehydration. Here are the signs of dehydration in an infant:

• Fewer wet diapers
• Lethargy or weakness
• Lack of tears when crying
• Sunken eyes or soft soft
• Decreased saliva

My Baby Is Spitting Up More Than Usual

So your baby wasn’t spitting up, but now it seems like they can’t keep anything down? That’s normal, too. Sometimes babies will begin spitting up much more than usual, seemingly out of the blue.  Here are some reasons your baby may be spitting up more often:

1. Change in diet

Some babies spit up more frequently after starting solids, especially if they are eating too much too soon. Cut back on solids to see if that helps. Others will react to a change in a breastfeeding mom’s diet. Revert back to old eating patterns to see if that clears things up.

2. Teething

Sometimes teething babies, who are producing more saliva than usual, will spit up excess saliva along with their milk.

3. Illness

Babies may also spit up more when they have a cold, as baby is trying to rid his/her body of the extra mucus.

How Can I Tell If My Baby Is Getting Enough Food?

Ask yourself these questions:

• Is your baby generally happy and healthy?
• Is your baby gaining weight?
• Is your baby wetting diapers?
• Is your baby growing well?

If you answered yes to these questions, you probably don’t need to worry—even if you’re dealing with a lot of baby spit up. But remember: You know your baby best. If something seems off, call your pediatrician.

Otherwise, if your baby is unusually fussy, seems to lack energy, or if the baby spit up has blood in it, or looks and smells like vomit, it is time to call the doctor.

Can Babies Choke on Their Own Spit Up?

It’s very unlikely for a baby to choke on their own spit up. Babies have a reflex that causes them to cough out or swallow any fluid they spit up or swallow, even while sleeping.

If you are worried or simply want to ease baby’s discomfort, you can prop up the end of the entire crib with blocks to elevate baby’s head. (Never use pillows or anything inside the crib to prop up baby!)

Baby Spit Up: How Much is Too Much? – Crib Propped Up

(image source)

When Do Babies Stop Spitting Up?

Most instances of spitting up end with the conclusion of the “fourth trimester,” at about 3-4 months. (Paloma stopped spitting up around 4 months old.) Other babies begin spitting up less starting at 6 months, once they start solids, which can often help them “hold down” their food and settle their stomachs. Other babies decrease the instances of spitting up by 9-12 months. And some are late bloomers, and don’t stop spitting up until closer to a year. But don’t fret: By that one year mark, most babies are done spitting up on a regular basis.

Resist the Urge to Feed Baby Infant Rice Cereal

Some may recommend mixing milk with rice cereal as early as 6 weeks (!) to thicken baby’s food and help it stay down, it’s not a good idea—for lots of reasons. Mainly, rice cereal it’s low in nutrients and hard on digestion. Baby’s digestive system really isn’t ready for solids, and particularly grains, until at least 6 months. Rice cereal is also full of yucky preservatives and toxins. Read more about baby cereal here.

When to Call the Doctor

Although baby spit up generally isn’t cause for concern, excessive baby spit up can occasionally be tired to anatomical dysfunction or metabolic disorders. Call your pediatrician if: 

• baby is losing or not gaining weight
• baby spit up increases significantly
• baby is coughing, gagging, or otherwise struggling to eat
• spit up is green or has blood in it
• normal baby spit up becomes projectile
• baby is unusually fussy or, conversely, baby is lethargic

Could My Baby Have Reflux?

Sometimes babies can develop a condition like GERD, or acid reflux. In these cases, the backflow that often happens as a result of an immature digestive system can cause babies pain or discomfort.

There are two forms of reflux in babies: acid reflux and silent acid reflux. Acid reflux usually causes projectile vomiting and intense crying; silent reflux, a more subtle condition, usually causes sour breath, hiccups, and physical stiffness or discomfort.

Signs of reflux include:

• Discomfort or crying after eating
• Coughing
• Refusing the breast/bottle
• Arching back after eating
• Resistance to laying on back
• Gagging or choking
• Excessive gas
• Foamy bowel movements
• Persistent crying or colic
• Sour breath
• Frequent burps and hiccups
• Failure to gain weight

Read more about baby reflux, including my experience with it, here. 

Natural Ways to Relieve Baby’s Reflux

The good news is that if spitting up is becoming a serious issue for your baby—or if your baby is showing signs of reflux—there are things you can do to make your baby feel better.

1. Try probiotics

Some mothers report seeing positive changes once they give their baby a probiotic—or if they are breastfeeding, if they take a probiotic themselves. A 2014 study published in JAMA Pediatrics supported this claim. The researchers found that babies who took probiotics for the first three months of life showed improvements in colic symptoms, acid reflux, and constipation. 

I don’t normally suggest giving babies supplements, but L. reuteri, a probiotic that has been clinically shown to reduce crying time by 50% in colicky breastfed infants, made a big difference for Paloma. Here are other great probiotics for babies.

2. Keep baby elevated

A baby with reflux needs a little extra TLC during and after feedings. Keep baby in a sitting position while feeding them (a boppy pillow can offer extra support) and hold baby upright for at least 30 minutes after meals (babywearing can make this an easier task for mama). 

3. Try cell salts

Some newborns don’t make enough Nat Phos, a natural cell salt that helps with digestion. A tablet of Nat Phos 6X, a homeopathetic remedy, can be split in half and dissolved in breastmilk and administered with a syringe or dissolved under baby’s tongue. (It’s important to check with your doctor before administering cell salts to your baby.) 

Other simple “hacks” for naturally helping your baby deal with reflux or excessive spitting up include:

• avoid putting excessive pressure on your baby’s belly
• limit car rides, rocking, or other motion after feedings
• burp your baby after feedings

Mostly, take note of what seems to bother your baby, and what soothes them. It is not a “one-size-fits-all” approach, and you know your baby best.

4. Try an elimination diet

When all else fails, a breastfeeding mama can try an elimination diet. The biggest culprit is usually dairy and cutting it out of your diet can make all the difference for your baby. (The proteins in dairy can irritate a baby’s underdeveloped digestive tract.)

That is usually all that is needed. However, some mothers may find that eliminating these foods and beverages also help:

• Dairy (as mentioned above)
• Soy
• Gas-producing vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, onions, and peppers
• Acidic food like coffee, tomatoes, and citrus
• Wheat
• Nuts
• Eggs
• Shellfish
• Gluten

See how to start an elimination diet.

5. Try another formula

If baby is formula-fed, saying goodbye to all that baby spit up might be as simple as switching formulas. Try a cow-milk free formula if you think that might be the culprit. See the best baby formula here.

How About You?

Did you have a baby who spit up? What helped your baby feel better? And what would you tell a new parent who is worried about baby spit up?

What’s The Difference Between Spit-Up & Vomit? Experts Explain The Symptoms

I’m embarrassed to say that the first newborn I interacted with for any amount of time was my own. Sure, I’d held babies at showers and parties, but you really don’t know a thing about infancy until you spend at least 24 hours with an infant. And then, expect it to be a pretty harrowing 24 hours. Is she eating enough? Pooping enough? Everything that goes into, or comes out of, your baby’s body is a potential source of anxiety. I remember asking, “What’s the difference between spit-up and vomit?” It turns out the difference is stark.

“Generally babies are unconcerned after they spit up,” explains Kristin Gourley, International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) with Lactation Link, LLC, in an email interview with Romper. “It is white, but appearance can vary and can be curdled or look like straight milk.” Often, babies spit up directly after a feeding. Sometimes yellow mucus comes up, which sounds frightening. However, the key word here is unconcerned. As you may have noticed, babies are super chill after they spit up. It might even be their superpower.

“Spitting up is a relatively normal physiologic process in babies; it’s harmless,” writes pediatricain Dr. Jarret Patton, MD in an email interview with Romper. “The cause can be from overfeeding or inefficient burping.” He goes on to note that when a baby spits up, they throw up only a portion of what’s in their tummies. In contrast, vomiting is more forceful, with larger quantities coming up. While overfeeding can sometimes cause vomiting, viruses, formula intolerance, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may also be behind it, according to Patton. “If at anytime the stomach contents appear bloody or green colored, your baby should be seen by a physician immediately,” he says.

According to BabyCenter, babies spit up so much because they’re still new to the world of eating, ingesting, and digesting. Essentially, they’re swallowing pockets of air with that breast milk or formula and coughing it up as a result. The medical term for spitting up is reflux, and on average, babies have the most reflux around 4 months. Mayo Clinic even calls spitting up “a rite of passage” for babies — at least, it’s certainly a test for your washing machine. But spitting up shouldn’t really bother your baby. Like I said, it’s a superpower.

Vomiting, on the other hand, is unpleasant for grown people and babies alike. When a baby is vomiting, they might heave without spitting up anything, and you’ll probably notice other issues, too. “In general, baby will likely feel unwell and may have diarrhea or other symptoms like a persistent cough as well,” writes Gourley.

So how much spit-up is normal, and how much is too much?

“Normal spit-up amounts range by a lot,” writes Gourley. “It can look like baby has spit up their whole feed, but it’s much more likely that it simply looks like a lot of milk when it really isn’t that much.” Gourley suggests pouring a tablespoon of water onto the table and comparing that with your baby’s usual spit-up. On a flat surface, even a tablespoon of fluid will look like a lot. Basically, you don’t have to worry about how much your baby is spitting up, as long as they seem relaxed and content.

Of course, there are some symptoms parents should always be on the lookout for. Here’s Gourley:

“Concerning symptoms might be extreme, inconsolable fussiness, abnormal bowel movements, not gaining weight, dehydration, or distress or fussiness while eating. If baby is happy, healthy, and growing well, then spit-up is generally just a laundry problem, even if it sometimes looks like a lot.”

The human race hasn’t lasted this long by keeping illness quiet and mysterious. When a baby is sick, chances are they’ll let you know — loudly, and throughout the night. When in doubt, however, it’s always OK to call your pediatrician. I promise you’re not the first parent to ask about the difference between vomit and spit-up, nor will you be the last.

Check out Romper’s new video series, Romper’s Doula Diaries:

Watch full episodes of Romper’s Doula Diaries on Facebook Watch.

Baby Throw Up Curdled Milk

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Baby Spitting Up Curdled Milk: Causes and Healthline

8 hours ago Spit-up, just like vomit, can contain stomach acid. Babies’ spit-up becomes curdled when milk from breastfeeding or formula mixes with the …

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Readers ask: Why Does Baby Throw Up Curdled Milk? Dairy

8 hours ago Spitting up usually occurs right after baby eats, but it may also occur 1-2 hours after a feeding. Half of all 0-3 month old babies spit up at least once per day. Spitting up usually peaks at …

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Why Is My Baby Spitting Up Curdled Milk? WebMD

5 hours ago If your baby spits up after the milk has had time to mix with your baby‘s stomach acid, the spit-up is likely to appear curdled. Baby spit-up differs from vomit in that the flow of spit-up is

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FAQ: Why Baby Vomit Curdled Milk? Dairy farm in India

2 hours ago hold your baby’s head and chest up while feeding. hold your baby upright after a feeding. Is it normal for babies to throw up their milk? Spitting up is common in healthy babies. During their first three months, about half of all babies experience their stomach contents coming back up into the esophagus, a condition known as gastroesophageal

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8 Tips Stop My Baby Spitting Up Curdled Milk and …

5 hours ago A baby spitting up curdled milk is practically a rite of passage. It’s estimated that at least 50% of babies would have done so before clocking 3 months. It’ll be more abnormal for a baby to be raised without ever spitting up curdled milk than otherwise.

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Why does my toddler throw up curdled milk? FindAnyAnswer.com

7 hours ago The vomited milk might smell curdled because it has mixed with stomach acid. The vomit will not contain bile, a greenish fluid from the liver that mixes with digested food after it leaves the stomach. Despite vomiting, a baby with pyloric stenosis is usually hungry again soon after vomiting and will want to eat.

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Baby vomiting curdled milk Baby (012 BabyCenter India

7 hours ago baby vomiting curdled milk: My LO is 8 month old and on Enfamil formula. She is also drooling a lot. And now days she used to vomit curdled milk chunks with clear liquid 1 Hr after the feed. Not always but after some of feeds like 2-3 times a day. Is this normal? She is also diagnosed with acid reflux and under treatment past 3 month.but this didn’t happen before.

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Signs Of Milk Protein Allergy or Lactose Easy Baby Life

Just Now Throwing up curdled milk is, however, not in itself a sign of milk allergy. Milk becomes curdled when it reacts with stomach acid , so it is nothing strange that it is curdled when your son vomits. However, can be a sign of milk allergy, although most often together with other symptoms as specified above.

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What Does It Mean When My Baby Throws Up POPSUGAR …

4 hours ago Getting spit up on your shirt is practically a right of passage for becoming a parent, but if your baby throws up curdled milk, you may wonder what is going on.As it turns out, throwing up curdled

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Becoming, But, Baby

Curdled Baby Spit Up Is Most Likely Normal, Strange MSN

8 hours ago Getting spit up on your shirt is practically a right of passage for becoming a parent, but if your baby throws up curdled milk, you may wonder what is going on.As it turns out, throwing up curdled

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Becoming, But, Baby

Home Remedies For Babies SpittingUp Curdled Milk BabyGaga

5 hours ago If your baby is consistently throwing up curdled milk, try one of these nine at-home remedies to soothe their stomach. It’s normal for babies to spit-up in the first few months. Spitting-up is a result of acid reflux, undeveloped digestive system, and overstimulation of the infant after feeding.

Estimated Reading Time: 6 mins

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Baby, Babies

Why Does My Baby Spit Up Curdled Milk? Reasons BabyGaga

9 hours ago Via Flickr. If the baby spits up immediately after feeding, it will likely be regular milk or formula. If they spit up a few hours after feeding, it will be curdled milk (chunky and separated). It is due to the action of stomach acid (hydrochloric acid) and enzymes (rennin) on the milk. They curdle the milk as part of digestion.

Estimated Reading Time: 5 mins

Website: Babygaga.com

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Baby, Be

Is Curdled Milk Bad For You? It Depends First For Women

9 hours ago First of all, spoiled milk can indeed curdle. And trust us when we say this: You definitely don’t want to drink spoiled milk. You risk exposing yourself to harmful pathogens if you do — some of which can cause a nasty bout of food poisoning.To find out whether your milk has spoiled, you’ll need to do a sniff test.One of the biggest signs of spoiled milk is a sour odor.

Website: Firstforwomen.com

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Bout, Biggest

Vomiting curdled milk Breastfeeding BabyCenter

5 hours ago Vomiting curdled milk: Hi ladies, Am having a horrible night and can’t stop crying thinking I have caused my 11 day old Bubs pain. She had been feeding beautifully with limited problems, a little spit up here and there, but this afternoon she would get squirmy and bring her legs up and cry as if her tummy hurt and after feeds she would vomit what looks like curdled …

Website: Babycenter.com.au

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Bubs, Been, Beautifully, But, Bring

Why do Babies Spit Up Curdled Milk After InfoBaby.org

2 hours ago Why Does My Baby Spit Up So Much. Each breastfeeding mother encountered such a phenomenon as her baby spitting up milk after breastfeeding or after taking the infant food, if the baby is formula-fed. Basically, it is a normal physiological process in the evolution of a child, which does not particularly bother him.

Website: Infobaby.org

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Baby, Breastfeeding, Basically, Bother

Is it bad to eat curdled milk?

6 hours ago Why do babies throw up curdled milk? The vomited milk might smell curdled because it has mixed with stomach acid. The vomit will not contain bile, a greenish fluid from the liver that mixes with digested food after it leaves the stomach.

Website: Webfindanyanswer.netlify.app

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Babies, Because, Bile

Baby Spitting Up Curdled Breast Milk androidbrasiltec.com

2 hours ago Baby Spitting Up Curdled Breast Milk. The normal spitting baby might spit up chunky “curdled” looking milk or it may look exactly like freshly pumped milk.Neither really mean anything, one was just in his tummy a little longer than the other. The normal spitting baby may be hungry after spitting up or he may not.

Estimated Reading Time: 3 mins

Website: Androidbrasiltec.com

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Baby, Breast, Be

Can over breastfeeding cause vomiting? – joewongcomedy.com

5 hours ago Why does my baby throw up chunks milk? Babies’ spit-up becomes curdled when milk from breastfeeding or formula mixes with the acidic stomach fluid. Time also plays a role here. Immediate spit-up after feeding will probably look like regular milk. If your little one spits up after some time as passed, it’s more likely to look curdled milk.

Website: Joewongcomedy.com

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Baby, Babies, Becomes, Breastfeeding

1 month baby vomiting milk Baby (012 months

8 hours ago 10/01/15. keep her on shoulder for 10-15 mins and also burp very well, some babies need more burping. is he/she peeing frequently? b’c in that case nothing to worry. most 1 month old r sleeping a lot so better to wake up after 1.5-2 hours and feed, little is enough as long as you feed many times. i think with time may build interest otherwise

Website: Babycenter.in

Category: Use month in a sentence

Burp, Babies, Burping, Better, Build

Help! Why Is My Baby Throwing Up Formula and Healthline

4 hours ago Having a baby around means getting used to soft mushy stuff coming out fairly often. This includes spit-up and vomit.. Spit-up and vomit might seem pretty much the same — and require similar

Website: Healthline.com

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Baby

Why is my baby spitting up sour milk? Little ones know

6 hours ago If your baby spits up after the milk has had time to mix with your baby’s stomach acid, the spit-up is likely to appear curdled. Baby spit-up differs from vomit in that the flow of spit-up is usually slower and stays closer to the baby’s body, while vomiting is more forceful and …

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Baby, Body

Throwing up curdled milk April 2014 BabyCenter

9 hours ago Throwing up curdled milk: Yesterday, my darling adventurous daughter realised that she could in fact, get herself onto mummy and daddy’s bed without us knowing. she he managed to get on, but fell off backwards onto our carpet. pretty much immediately after she started projectile vomiting chunky curdled milk (sorry for that) emptying her entire stomach, …

Website: Babycenter.com.au

Category: Use up in a sentence

Bed, But, Backwards

Toddler Throwing Up With No Fever: What Are MomJunction

8 hours ago The toddler may thus consume more milk than needed, causing his tiny stomach to fill till the brim and then throw up. Swallowing excess air due to poor positioning of the nipple in the mouth can also make the baby have nausea and vomiting. Gulping down the milk or feed too fast also causes the ingestion of air with food .

Website: Momjunction.com

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Brim, Baby

Why Your Baby Spits Up Breast Milk and Verywell Family

1 hours ago It’s normal for babies to spit up both breast milk and formula. Infants spit up after feedings (sometimes every feeding) and often bring up some milk when they burp. Doctors may use the phrase “happy spitter” to describe a baby who spits up, but is generally comfortable, has no breathing problems, and is thriving and growing well.

Website: Verywellfamily.com

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Babies, Both, Breast, Bring, Burp, Baby, But, Breathing

Curdled Baby Spit Up Is Most Likely Normal Yahoo

6 hours ago Getting spit up on your shirt is practically a right of passage for becoming a parent, but if your baby throws up curdled milk, you may wonder what is going on.As it turns out, throwing up curdled

Website: Yahoo.com

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Becoming, But, Baby

1 year old spitting up curdled milk – XGNZ

8 hours ago Baby Spitting Up Curdled Milk: Causes & Treatment. In some cases, The infants are healthy and vigorous, 3. July 03, Neither really mean anything, What Makes up a Baby Spit-up? Baby spit-up is actually a mild vomit or a regurgitation of food, can be a sign of a problem. Baby Spitting Up Curdled Breast Milk, Immediate Author: Madison Manske

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Category: Use year in a sentence

Baby, Be, Breast

Vomiting in children (ages one to five): what’s normal and

3 hours ago The most important thing is to keep him well hydrated. Vomiting (and diarrhoea) can cause your child to lose fluids quickly, so encourage him to drink regularly throughout the day (NHS 2018a, NICE 2017a).Water or his usual milk are the best bets; steer clear of fruit juices and fizzy drinks, especially while he’s under the weather as they could make his illness worse (NHS 2018a, …

Website: Babycentre.co.uk

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Best, Bets

BABY SPIT UP OR VOMITING WHY DOES IT HAPPEN & WHAT

3 hours ago ♥♥♥MomCom India is a channel created to share personal experiences with it’s audiences, none of the recommendations of this channel are sponsored by any comp

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By

Spitting up in babies: What’s normal, what’s not Mayo Clinic

5 hours ago Spitting up is common in healthy babies. During their first three months, about half of all babies experience their stomach contents coming back up into the esophagus, a condition known as gastroesophageal reflux, infant reflux or infant acid reflux. Normally, a muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (lower esophageal sphincter) keeps

Website: Mayoclinic.org

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Babies, Back, Between

What happens if a kitten drinks spoiled milk

8 hours ago Another cause of baby throwing up curdled milk could be lactose intolerance. If this is the case, your doctor may be able to suggest dietary alternatives to keep your baby from spitting up excessively. Therefore, it is absolutely essential for you to have a doctor examine your baby in case he or she spits up after every meal, or 2 to 3 times a day.

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Baby, Be

Reflux or Acid Reflux? Balanced Breastfeeding

1 hours ago Acid Reflux: when stomach acid flows back along with the milk up the esophagus, causing heartburn-like pain. This is an “Unhappy Spitter.”. Silent Reflux: acid or non acid spit up that you don’t see come out baby’s mouth. They may seem to throw up in their mouth, then swallow it back down. This may or may not be painful for them.

Website: Balancedbreastfeeding.com

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Back, Baby, Be

Why does my 1 year old throw up milk? TreeHozz.com

7 hours ago The vomited milk might smell curdled because it has mixed with stomach acid.The vomit will not contain bile, a greenish fluid from the liver that mixes with digested food after it leaves the stomach. Despite vomiting, a baby with pyloric stenosis is usually hungry again soon after vomiting and will want to eat.

Website: Treehozz.com

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Because, Bile, Baby

Should Breastfed Babies Be Spitting Up Hello Motherhood

2 hours ago The appearance of your baby‘s spit-up varies depending on when he spits up. If he spits up immediately after breastfeeding, the spit-up looks like fresh milk. If the milk has had time to mix with stomach acids, it typically has white chunks and a curdled appearance, similar to the sour milk you get by adding vinegar to milk.

Website: Hellomotherhood.com

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Baby, Breastfeeding, By

Baby SpitUp & Throwing Up Help with Vomiting Similac

2 hours ago It’s all about tummy size. At birth, your baby’s tummy is about the size of a small marble. After 3 days, it is about the size of a ping-pong ball, but still can’t hold much. 1 Until he’s about 4 months old, your baby’s tummy can hold only small amounts of milk at a time. Too much milk during feedings can cause your baby to spit up or be fussy.

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Birth, Baby, Ball, But, Be

Baby throwing up spoiled milk: The request could not be

9 hours ago What Are the Causes of Spitting up Curdled Milk? Here are some reasons for babies or infants spitting up curdled milk: 1. Because of Acid Reflux. Acid reflux is known to be a painful condition in which acid from the stomach travels up the throat. This condition is very common and can lead a baby to throw up curdled milk.

Website: Elispot.biz

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Babies, Because, Be, Baby

Baby Spitting Up Curdled Breast Milk Golden Gates

9 hours ago Baby Spitting Up Curdled Breast Milk. The normal spitting baby might spit up chunky “curdled” looking milk or it may look exactly like freshly pumped milk.Neither really mean anything, one was just in his tummy a little longer than the other. The normal spitting baby may be hungry after spitting up or he may not.

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Baby, Breast, Be

Newborn Baby Spitting Up Yellow? — Bile, Mucus, Breast Milk

1 hours ago Parents need to take the time to burp your baby. More frequent burps during and after feeding time can prevent the build-up of air in your baby’s stomach that can lead to yellow spit-up.. Breast milk or formula milk that lingers in the stomach too much leads to fermentation, causing the yellow color and odor of spoiled milk.. This isn’t a serious concern but can cause …

Website: Thegoodnursery.com

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Burp, Baby, Burps, Build, Breast, But

Baby throwing up curdled milk jamroll1.com

4 hours ago Curdled looking breast milk has been in contact with stomach acids – just as cow’s milk goes if you add lemon juice or vinegar to make soured milk for cooking. Most young babies spit up sometimes, since their digestive systems are immature, making it easier for the stomach contents to flow back up into the esophagus (the tube connecting mouth to stomach). This allows …

Website: Jamroll1.com

Category: Use up in a sentence

Breast, Been, Babies, Back

How can you tell the difference between AskingLot.com

2 hours ago Spitting up usually occurs right after feeding or burping. The spit up fluid may look just like the formula or milk that was just fed or may appear slightly curdled. The amount of fluid spit up is usually just a small portion of the feeding, but it often appears to be much more. Keeping this in view, when should I be concerned about baby spit up?

Website: Askinglot.com

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Burping, But, Be, Baby

Women, Infants and Children, Family Health Services, NJDOH

Case Based Pediatrics Chapter

A one month old male is brought to your office by his first time parents with a complaint of constant irritability and spitting up. The 2.8 kg (6 pounds, 3 ounce) product of an uneventful full term pregnancy and delivery, he was discharged on the second day of life. He always seems to be hungry, and since his mother is certain that she is not producing enough milk, she has been following the breast feedings with formula for the last 2 weeks. He currently will feed at the breast for 10 minutes, then consume another 4 ounces by bottle. When left with his grandparents, he will finish an entire 8 ounce bottle in 5-10 minutes and they report he will cry if they try to cut him off at the recommended 4-5 ounces. The vomiting generally occurs immediately after feedings. It is not forceful, nor is it blood or bile-tinged. He fills 10 diapers with urine daily, and lately he has been having watery stools, which have further worried his grandparents. Despite all this, he weighed 3.5 kg (7 pounds, 11 ounces) at the two week checkup and he now weighs 4.3 kg (9 pounds, 8 ounces).

Exam: VS are unremarkable. His physical examination is notable only for fussiness when laid supine on the table, with resolution when held upright or in the prone position. You witness effortless regurgitation of 2-5 ml of curdled formula every few minutes during the history and exam since his parents “topped him off” with formula in your waiting room before the appointment as he was beginning to fuss.

Gastroesophageal (GE) reflux is defined by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (NASPGN) as the “passage of gastric contents into the esophagus” (1). This is a normal physiologic process including regurgitation (the generally low pressure passage of gastric contents up to the mouth) as opposed to vomiting (the forceful expulsion of gastric contents via the mouth) as the latter is more often associated with obstruction or other significant abnormal alteration of gastric motility involving reversal of the usual gastric emptying phenomenon. Likewise, it is to be differentiated from rumination, which is the purposeful return of gastric contents to the mouth as a response to behavioral issues, most typically beginning in the second half of the first year of life and occurring in neglected infants and children in part as self-stimulatory behavior or as a means of getting attention from an otherwise markedly non-interactive (and usually clinically depressed) caretaker.

GE reflux occurs at all ages, and its consideration is best divided between infantile reflux and reflux in the older toddler/child, as the presentations will differ due to responses available due to developmental stage. It can be a chronic and a recurrent problem.

In infants, the more typical presentation is as above, which the NASPGN label “the happy spitter” (1) who freely regurgitates, but more commonly than not, has no sign of respiratory compromise. With the relatively low acid secretory capability and the constant feeding of early infancy, there is less tendency to irritability suggestive of dyspepsia, though many (like the child in the example) will show some sign, and some will become markedly colicky. The attribution of the colicky behavior to reflux is supported by an increase in fussiness in positions where reflux would be promoted; such as supine or slumped in a mal-positioned baby seat, or at times when reflux can be expected; such as following an overfeeding as in our example.

In toddlers and older children, overt regurgitation is less common as they spend more time upright and typically will have learned eating behaviors favoring solids and minimizing liquids which further help retain most of the feedings in the stomach. The retention is not complete, however, and they more typically present with symptoms or signs suggestive of distal esophageal irritation. Aside from complaints of epigastric pain (in the pre-verbal toddler often indicated as holding the epigastrium or refusing to eat further), they can include drooling (caused by reflex hypersalivation triggered by the acid sensors of the distal esophagus acting via the brainstem on the salivary glands), or pronounced eructation (i.e., belching, representing regurgitation of air co-swallowed with the saliva). The latter two are manifestations of the esophageal protective mechanisms, and can be seen in early infancy presentations, just as many toddlers will still regurgitate freely. In the older child and adolescent, hypersalivation is more commonly manifest as a sleeping behavior (as not all the saliva produced while recumbent is swallowed) and often is accompanied by sleep in specific positions of comfort, the most common of which are prone and left decubitus as these offer some positional advantage to mitigate reflux. These options are not available to the infant (particularly in the face of the American Academy of Pediatrics’ “Back to Sleep” campaign against SIDS), often resulting in worsening colicky behavior, as noted in our example.

Occasional patients will present with respiratory symptoms as their primary complaint with reflux laryngitis and the contribution of microaspiration of either regurgitated acid or oral secretions (from the hypersalivation) in the exacerbation of chronic asthma is gaining increasing recognition. Though more common as a presenting complaint among older children, it will occur in younger children as well, but is not the more common presentation for any age. A more worrisome presentation is frank aspiration or choking, resulting in pneumonia for the former and symptoms ranging from gagging and sleep interruption to apparent life threatening events (ALTE) for the latter. These more serious conditions require full regurgitation, and are also far less common than the non-respiratory symptoms which require reflux only part-way up the esophagus. The NASPGN have acquiesced to the AAP in dissuading prone sleeping position before 12 months of age, though proning may be used while “awake, particularly in the postprandial period” (1).

GE reflux, and more specifically secondary esophageal irritation (if not frank esophagitis), can result in voluntary reduction in intake in all ages, resulting in classic failure to thrive or frank weight loss. It can result in overt feeding refusal, though it more commonly is manifested as a selective intake, avoiding items which cause pain including acidic and spicy foods, and surprisingly commonly, items with adverse effect on the distal esophagus, including caffeine and chocolate if the examiner questions specifically.

GE reflux must be differentiated from vomiting, as the latter hints at obstruction, and can also arise from metabolic processes (urea cycle defects and Reye syndrome) as well as disease in other organ systems (increased intracranial pressure, pancreatitis, urinary tract infection, or distention of any hollow viscus such as the gallbladder or renal pelvis/ureters). It should also be differentiated from extra-abdominal causes such as post-tussive vomiting, or altered motility due to allergic enteritis or eosinophilic gastroenteritis. In the case above, a one month old with projectile vomiting would suggest pyloric stenosis, but in our case the vomitus is not forceful and has been present from the neonatal period. Projectile vomiting requires an intact lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function to develop adequate intragastric pressure. Since GE reflux is common at this age (>50%), projectile vomiting may not be present in infants with coexisting pyloric stenosis with GE reflux, which may delay the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis.

Three mechanisms produce the majority of GE reflux: 1) Chronically decreased lower esophageal sphincter tone is most common at all ages and can be expected to improve over the first year of life. It is characterized by symptoms which occur more commonly immediately after feedings and further reflect effects of posture or intra-abdominal pressure. 2) Delayed gastric emptying is common among adults due to progressive gastroparesis, particularly with diabetes mellitus, but is less common in children. Characteristically it will produce symptoms which continue for hours after feedings, reflecting the persistently full stomach. 3) Inappropriate LES relaxation is least common of the three, and typically produces more irregular timing of the symptoms, which tend to be more fleeting as the esophageal protective mechanisms are typically more effective in these youngsters than with the other two.

The diagnosis of GE reflux is typically made by a detailed history and physical examination alone. Regurgitation reliably reported or observed with appropriate adjunct symptoms and signs is suggestive of uncomplicated GE reflux. A careful elucidation of a consistent constellation of symptoms can suggest reflux which is not visible (which is also sufficient to trigger the first lines of intervention). It is in situations where significant secondary disease is present (such as recurrent aspiration, stridor suggesting laryngeal irritation, or failure to thrive with or without frank feeding refusal), that subspecialist assistance should be sought at an early stage, even if overt regurgitation makes the diagnosis fairly certain. Efforts should be made to exclude the other items in the differential diagnosis above, but many can be excluded on the basis of a good history and physical examination of the relevant organ systems.

Radiographic studies are not part of the usual initial workup since the absence of reflux on a short radiographic study cannot rule out GE reflux, and the manipulation inherent in the exam can itself trigger regurgitation. The main utility of the upper gastrointestinal contrast study is to search for structural anomalies such as malrotation as well as the much rarer webs and secondary strictures. These are often accompanied by signs of obstruction (though bilious vomiting may be absent if the obstruction is proximal to the mid-duodenum). The exception is the younger patient with signs of tracheomalacia, as the rare vascular ring, trapping both the esophagus and trachea in its grasp during in utero growth, deserves early intervention. Another exception is pyloric stenosis, for which ultrasound provides less invasive evaluation, permitting earlier access to surgery.

The radionuclide gastric emptying study, likewise is not commonly part of an initial workup, as its prime utility is in assessing delayed gastric emptying. Unfortunately, age appropriate standards are not well established, prompting the use of this test in the more severe cases where surgery is already being contemplated (typically fundoplication). Scintigraphic imaging during the hour-long study can also identify reflux visually (but again cannot rule it out due to the short duration of the study) and 24 hour delayed imaging is cited as being of utility in searching for evidence of aspiration.

pH probes offer a means of assessing the frequency and duration of acid reflux, and with the double-sensor probes, the differentiation between regurgitation and reflux only part-way up the esophagus can be made. Twenty-four hour studies are more reliable than those of shorter duration, since reflux varies with activity and sleep state. Their prime utility is in the patient with symptoms which are clear and disruptive who does not have a clear association with visible regurgitation. The classic example is the infant with repeated ALTEs who is found with curdled feedings. The main issue in such patients in establishing causality is determining whether the reflux came first, then the obstruction, then the apnea. It is more common that the apnea came first, then the agonal relaxation of the LES and regurgitation. In such situations, simultaneous multichannel recordings are essential, since the transition from one stage to the next may be only seconds apart, and on such studies many infants with obstructive apneic episodes and known GE reflux have the two occur at completely different times.

Manometric studies have fallen on disfavor, as they do not address the issues of delayed gastric emptying or inappropriate relaxation of the LES.

For the average healthy infant with no threatening complications, the GE reflux can be approached first with basic mechanical measures:

1) Regulate feedings: As in our illustration, overfilling of the stomach is to be discouraged, and in such a patient, I would recommend the bottle feedings be halted if there is ample evidence of sufficiency of breast feedings. This can be reinforced by following the urine output, with most parents being reassured when told that the fluid urinated had to have been absorbed, and the nutrients associated with that fluid can be expected to be absorbed as well. In the bottle-fed infant, the volume can be calculated, but I have found it easier to give the caretakers a means of identifying the volume that would fit in a minimally distended stomach as being roughly a quarter of the abdominal volume as measured between the ribs and the pelvic brim. This forestalls repeated questions of “how much can we feed now?” as the child grows. The feedings also need to be regularly spaced, to avoid overfilling with too closely spaced feedings. This is less of a problem in the exclusively breast-fed infant, but is not eliminated. For the demanding infant, use of suitable pacification (particularly a parental digit) can be helpful. The feedings also need to be evenly paced, to allow enough time for the infant to feel full and cut off the feeding before overfilling occurs. With the bottle-fed infant, thickening of the feedings is possible; in exclusive breast-feeding, the parental digit will again have to be used.

2) Positioning: Maximizing the vertical distance between the mouth (or more particularly the larynx) and the stomach helps minimize reflux and secondary esophageal irritation (i.e., colic). The literature does support prone positioning in this regard, but the cautions noted above regarding SIDS apply. It is worth mentioning to parents, however that infants choose their own sleeping positions once they are able to roll from supine to prone around 4 months of age to avoid many sleepless nights repeatedly rolling their infant back into the supine position only to flip back as soon as he or she is free to do so. Decubitus positioning provides some relief, as can positioning in a recliner (as long as the angle chosen does not cause slumping). There will be times when carrying the infant upright may offer the only relief (particularly after overfeeding).

3) Thickening the feedings may be a consideration in the formula fed infant, and is far less practical in the breast-fed one. In many cases the greater utility of the thickening is in slowing the feeding rate than in any retention within the stomach. Rice cereal is preferred over the recently introduced formulas that thicken when exposed to acid (recall many young infants may not produce much acid). Typical recipes call for one-half to one tablespoon of rice cereal per ounce of formula, which also adds substantially to the overall caloric intake. Thickening to encourage retention in the stomach is of most use in those with evidence of chronic low LES tone (spitting which occurs predominantly shortly after the meal) and can be less than useful in those who have delayed gastric emptying (with spitting which continues for hours after a meal) as it may cause further delay in emptying. In such infants who are formula fed, one of the cheaper partially hydrolyzed formulas may provide the better option, as fluids empty from the stomach faster than curd. In that respect, breast feeding, with its thinner curd, tends to empty faster than most formulas.

In older toddlers and children:

1) Regulate the feedings: Many with secondary esophageal irritation (if not frank esophagitis) will tend to complain of nausea and anorexia in the morning, and skip or minimize breakfast intake. They may or may not eat much lunch, particularly if the school is providing a spicy menu. They often eat more of their daily caloric intake throughout the afternoon and evening. Redistributing the intake to be more evenly spaced during the day will result in less nocturnal acid reflux and is of most utility in those complaining of symptoms after supper or nocturnal waking or morning nausea. Avoidance of after supper snacking can also help.

2) Positioning is less of a problem once infants pass 6 months of age and can choose to be upright. For older children, the option of elevation of the head of the bed for sleep is often declined as more seem to prefer prone positioning.

3) Avoid agents prone to adversely altering LES tone and functioning such as caffeine and nicotine.

In all age groups, a therapeutic trial to address acid can be of significant diagnostic utility. My personal preference is to use antacids, since this provides immediate pain relief (good reinforcement). Typical therapeutic courses with histamine-2 receptor blockers or proton pump inhibitors run 6-8 weeks with only partial resolution. In infants, the aluminum containing antacids should be avoided since aluminum absorption may cause osteodystrophy. A typical therapeutic trial yields suggestive results within 2 weeks, and can be helpful in determining whether an atypical (but non-threatening) symptom is acid-related.

Beyond these basic steps, the evaluation and therapy diverge based on the dominant symptoms. If delayed gastric emptying is the issue, therapy centers on properistaltic agents and may include a more thorough evaluation of structure and gastric emptying. If pain or other inflammatory signs are dominant (i.e., reflux laryngitis), acid secretion suppression or blockade are the mainstay, and endoscopy (with biopsy) offers the best diagnostic discrimination. These measures typically prompt subspecialist assistance.

Infantile reflux typically presents with overt regurgitation and dyspepsia (colic). These can be expected to improve markedly over the first year of life with the transition to a diet based more on solids than liquids and attainment of a more upright posture. Conversely, GE reflux in the older child tends to present as chronic or recurrent pain, with only secondary signs or symptoms of reflux and no overt regurgitation. It represents a chronic problem, the symptoms of which may run life-long, and if mechanical measures and intermittent acid neutralization do not provide adequate symptomatic relief, long-term medical therapy may be warranted. In either case, in the absence of life-threatening complications, surgical options are not a routine consideration, and generally are considered only in the face of failure of extended and aggressive medical management of significant levels of disease.

Questions

1. True/False: Gastroesophageal Reflux is a rare phenomenon in childhood.

2. For the vomiting infant:

. . . . . a. The parents can be reassured it is a process the child will outgrow as they get older.

. . . . . b. Thickening the feedings sometimes works.

. . . . . c. Proper positioning may be helpful.

. . . . . d. Deserves further evaluation.

3. A one month old second born female presents with worsening of her GE reflux. The regurgitation remains effortless, but is increasing in volume and seems more prominent an hour or so after meals. She has been more demanding of feedings and has had fewer wet diapers over the last few days and is losing weight. Her parents have felt “something moving” in her stomach in the hour after feedings over the last week. What is happening?

4. True/False: A 4 year old with complaints of abdominal pain that disrupt school attendance warrants a two week trial of a proton pump inhibitor.

5. True/False: A diagnosis of pain due to gastroesophageal reflux is likely to lead to a lifetime of expensive medication.

References

1. Rudolph CD, Mazur LJ, Liptak GS, et al. Pediatric GE Reflux Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutrition 2001;32(suppl 2):S1-S31.

Answers to questions

1. False. Though most episodes are asymptomatic, reflux is a routine physiologic phenomenon in everyone, at every age. It is gastroesophageal reflux DISEASE that is uncommon in most of childhood.

2. d. Remember regurgitation is effortless, vomiting is forceful and is atypical for uncomplicated GE reflux. It can indicate obstruction or metabolic derangement, and represents a problem that requires an answer in as short a period of time as possible (even if the answer is a diagnosis of routine gastroenteritis).

3. Consider pyloric stenosis, even if only a few of the classic symptoms and signs are present. Waiting for the diagnosis to become more obvious further delays surgical intervention and increases the risk of complications such as hypochloremic alkalosis and dehydration. See differential diagnosis above.

4. This one is arguable, but my personal preference is to start treatment with antacids since it offers a means of immediate relief of any truly peptic pain episode, and younger children are better reinforced by immediacy of the response. Of course a good history and physical should come first to verify the pain does fit a “peptic” pattern, as constipation is more likely at this age.

5. False. The vast majority of uncomplicated pain seems to respond to mechanical measures, avoidance of caffeine, nicotine, and the like, and intermittent antacid use. It is only when the pain episodes remain disruptive more than once weekly that it is generally warranted to proceed to chronic medical therapy, and then only at the minimal doses necessary unless other complications (e.g., Barrett’s esophagus) occur.

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90,000 Dog vomiting, what to do if there is no way to go to the veterinarian

Dog owners often face the problem of vomiting their pets. At the same time, many have no idea what to do in this situation. Vomiting in dogs can be caused by completely different circumstances. In some cases, it is quite possible to cope with such a problem on your own, without resorting to urgent help from a veterinarian.

Dog owners often confuse vomiting and regurgitation. First of all, you should know that vomiting is a kind of process of emptying the stomach from the contents.And regurgitation, as a rule, occurs once. After which the dog does not experience any discomfort.

The main differences between vomiting and regurgitation in dogs:

At the time of vomiting, the dog’s stomach, and often the upper intestines, are almost completely emptied. One of the reasons for this release is the natural disposal of possible toxic substances, or swallowed foreign objects. In this case, the vomit is characterized by a rather sharp and unpleasant odor, its structure may be different.

In contrast, the process of reflex gastric emptying may well be physical in nature. For example, puppies that have overeat milk may regurgitate the excess. Physiological vomiting in the vast majority stops on its own and does not cause unpleasant sensations to the dog.

Causes of vomiting and regurgitation in dogs:

However, you should know what may cause physiological gastric emptying.

So, the main factors leading to this condition can be identified:
►Often the reason is banal overeating, so the owner of the dog must strictly dose portions;
► with a sharp change in diet, therefore it is recommended to gradually introduce a new product;
► in some cases, vomiting is observed as a reaction after vaccination;
► a stressful environment, or an unstable state after using anesthesia;
► overheating in an unventilated stuffy room or motion sickness during a long trip in transport;
► In pregnant dogs, vomiting can cause toxicosis;
► Morning hungry vomiting is often caused by a long break between feedings.

As a rule, the unpleasant condition disappears without a trace on its own. The owners are required to surround the dog with attention and care. If the pet still refuses to eat, you should not insist and force-feed. However, one should not forget that vomiting can also be caused by more serious reasons that require immediate contact with a veterinary clinic for help. It should not be forgotten that with incessant vomiting, dehydration gradually occurs. This is especially dangerous for immature puppies.Without timely assistance, the baby can die within 24 hours.

Helping at home:

First of all, you need to find out the exact cause of your pet’s discomfort. And only after this should one proceed to the appropriate actions for the current situation.

Provided that the dog, after a single vomiting, is in a satisfactory condition, has appetite and frolics as before, then we can safely say that the internal forces of the body have solved the problem on their own.

If you managed to determine the cause that led to vomiting, for example: the dog got to household chemicals or was interested in garbage, perhaps she ate some plant, or there was a sharp change in the usual food, etc., then any of the causes must be eliminated immediately.

Immediately after vomiting, do not give the dog water and food for 2-4 hours, as it can provoke irritation of the sensitive surface of the stomach. After that, you can give water in small portions.But with plenty of drinking, it is possible to cause repeated vomiting.

After 2-3 hours, it is recommended to gradually, in small portions, introduce a gentle diet into the diet. This diet includes lean meat, boiled chicken (sirloin), rice, oatmeal, potatoes, yogurt or cottage cheese (skimmed). Only after the state has stabilized, you can safely go to a regular diet. If a light diet has not yielded results and vomiting has recurred, then it is imperative to contact your veterinarian.

Preventive measures:

For preventive measures for your pets, you do not need to use something special. You should not overfeed the dog; care must be taken that it does not remain hungry for a long time. The best option is to maintain the recommended meal interval. The feed must be balanced. Priority is given to antiparasitic treatment and timely vaccination. While walking, protect your pet from access to various garbage and small objects that she can swallow.Tubular bones are strictly prohibited. Household chemicals and other toxic substances should be kept out of the reach of the dog.

It is unacceptable to scold your pet for staining the floor, it is not able to restrain the vomiting urge. In addition, do not attempt to somehow suspend the process, toxic substances are excreted from the body with vomiting. If at this moment the dog is wearing a muzzle, then it is imperative to remove it from it, otherwise there is a high probability that the dog will simply choke on its own vomit.

Since vomiting is not a disease, but only a symptom of a certain malfunction in the body, it is recommended to make a mandatory analysis of the symptoms. There are frequent cases when blood is found in the vomit. This fact is the reason to sound the alarm. An urgent need to see a doctor. The cause may be a dangerous viral disease that is severe. Blood in the vomit can also be when a foreign object enters the esophagus or stomach of the dog.Subject to competent detection and establishment of the cause of the violation, you can quickly alleviate the painful condition of your pet.

If vomiting is frequent and does not stop, an immediate veterinarian examination is required. Only minor poisonings can be treated on their own!

Important aspects of keeping parrots in captivity

Volgina N.S. veterinarian-ornithologist, KBN, military center “Center”, Moscow

Parrots are the most amazing, intelligent and extraordinary birds on Earth.“What would one of those wonderful rainforests be without parrots? The dead garden of the wizard, the silent cemetery, the wilderness. Parrots wake up and maintain life there, acting simultaneously on sight and hearing “, – notes the German zoologist, naturalist Alfred Brehm, -” parrots can be figuratively called “monkeys among birds”, and the gray is represented as “a man among parrots.”

Representatives of the order of parrots have more than 300 species that are common on all continents except Antarctica.Parrots of Australia, New Guinea and other nearby islands are considered one of the most beautiful in color of plumage. Cockatoo of white, black, pink and other colors live there, surprisingly luxurious handsome lorises and rosellas. The sizes of parrots are also very diverse: the smallest representatives are woodpecker parrots, the length of which barely reaches 10 cm.And the largest parrots in the world, such as the hyacinth macaw, reach 110 cm.One of the most popular misconceptions is that parrots can survive up to 100 years and more.However, in reality, their life expectancy rarely exceeds 50 years. The age of medium and small parrots is much shorter than 10-15 years. Cockatoo – recognized long-livers among parrots, there are reports of parrots that have lived to 65-70 years.

Often, when choosing a pet, the choice stops at one of the representatives of the order of parrots, as a rule, these are small or medium-sized parrots: wavy, cockatiels, lovebirds, less often a gray. Why? Replies are many:

• No need to walk a parrot outside twice a day
• No need for large rooms
• No unpleasant odors
• Parrots live long
• The high level of intelligence of parrots allows communication with humans
• Cheerful and cheerful companion, etc.d.

And so, if you really decided to buy a parrot, let’s start equipping his home. It is necessary to choose the right place in the apartment: the cage should not be placed near heating devices, in a draft, near a TV, computer monitor, music center. The cage should be located in a bright place, preferably one side of it adjoining the wall, where the bird will feel out of danger.

The cage should be spacious, the length should be greater than the depth and height.The minimum cage size should allow the bird to fully expand its wings without touching the cage walls. A good cage is made of non-toxic materials, it is convenient to maintain, easy to clean. It is desirable that the bird be in absolute darkness at night, but it is better not to close the cage at night so as not to deprive the bird of fresh air. The ideal option is a combined enclosure with an outdoor compartment and a part located in the room, when the bird itself has the opportunity to choose where to stay.It is desirable that there are perches of different diameters in the cage, so the smallest diameter should allow the claws to almost touch when sitting on the perch, and the largest diameter of the perch should be such that the bird’s claws, when sitting on it, rest against the tree.

It is necessary to release the bird from the cage every day. Only in flight is adequate ventilation of the lungs and air sacs occurring, and the blood supply to the internal organs and tissues improves. In the absence of flights, the bird will inevitably suffer from respiratory diseases such as aspergillosis, etc.

Lighting is a very important factor in creating optimal living conditions for birds. Usually, the bird does not have the opportunity to be outdoors and is completely deprived of sunlight, especially in the autumn-winter season, when the daylight hours are short and the sky is often overcast. Therefore, your pet will need the shortwave part of the solar spectrum (ultraviolet). Under the influence of ultraviolet rays in the body of most vertebrates, including birds, vitamin D3 is synthesized.Vitamin D3 is a precursor of the hormone calcitriol, which regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus and contributes to the proper formation of bone and cartilage tissue. In addition, the production of many hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: thyroid-stimulating, adrenocorticotropic, growth hormone depends on the degree of illumination and the length of daylight hours. Birds have a special gland that surrounds the eye, the Harderian gland. This gland is responsible for the bird’s perception of daylight hours and transmits a signal through the neurohumoral connection to the hypolalamute and pituitary gland.Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland are responsible for the normal growth and development of birds, regulate all types of metabolic processes. In addition, in birds, special cells (cones) located in the iris, in addition to the three basic colors perceived by humans: blue, green and red, are also capable of perceiving light from the ultraviolet part of the spectrum. Without the UV light component, the world looks dull and colorless to birds (Figure 1).

Fig. 1 For a bird, the world becomes colored if there is an ultraviolet spectrum in the illumination (bird on the left) and black if there is no ultraviolet light (bird on the right).

In order to satisfy the need of parrots for low-frequency ultraviolet radiation, a lamp with a color coefficient (CRI) above 90 and a temperature coefficient (K) from 5000 to 6500 is suitable for you. According to experts, the best lamp for birds, today, is the model TL950 of the company Philips. However, they are not always available for purchase. Therefore, amateurs can find lamps from OSRAM, Sylvania, Hagen, Arcadia, etc. in pet stores in Moscow (Fig. 2). You can use any luminaire, it is enough that it is equipped with an electronic ballast (ballast).Ordinary magnetic ballasts used in fluorescent lamps are not suitable for birds. The relatively low frequency of alternating current in the circuit (50 Hz) creates a stroboscopic effect. We do not notice this. However, parrots, whose eyes register 10 times more images per second, perceive such light as a series of flashes. Moreover, the use of electronic ballasts significantly extends the life of the lamp.

Fig. 2. Lighting for birds.

It is also necessary to take care of air humidification – large and medium-sized parrots mainly come from humid tropical and subtropical regions, and their usual humidity level is 75-85%.With low humidity, birds can develop a number of respiratory diseases and the plumage will become dull and brittle. Indoor flowers, fountains, bowls of water and wet towels on a radiator will not solve this problem. A humidifier is required. Of the humidifiers on the Russian market, ultrasonic ones are the most productive, but even they barely maintain humidity at 50-60% in winter when the heating is on – this is the minimum allowable value for parrots (therefore, the humidifier should be installed as close to the cage as possible).

If you have a cold apartment, you will have to take care of the electric heater. The comfortable temperature for parrots is 22-25 90 110 0 90 111 C, the temperature is 18-20 90 110 0 90 111 – the minimum allowable and if the bird is kept at this temperature for a long time, it can catch a cold. Sudden changes in temperature (more than 5-7 90 110 0 90 111) can also lead to colds. The best option is an oil heater, although it dries the air. However, you should not place it close to the cage.

After creating a comfortable home for the bird, you must attend to its diet. At the moment, the feed of most domestic manufacturers not only leaves much to be desired, but can often be dangerous to the health and even to the life of our pets. Russia does not have its own technology for fortifying feed and funds for the introduction of imported technology. Therefore, in two different packs of grain feed from the same manufacturer, the amount of vitamins that do not meet any standards or their complete absence may appear.Some foreign manufacturers of ready-made feeds (Fiory, Padovan, Vitakraft) have shown themselves well in the world market. These brands are represented by several types of mixtures for different species of parrots (african, amazonian, australian, etc.). From domestic feeds, Rio mixtures are well recommended. Additional feeds are also produced, for example, a mixture of nuts and dried fruits, which can be added to the main grain mixtures or given to the parrot as a treat, crackers, mineral, vitamin supplements, additives for the molting period, etc.etc., etc. In addition to the main grain feed, sprouted grain should be present in the diet of parrots. Pour the thoroughly washed grain with lukewarm water (you can just at room temperature) and leave at a temperature of 20-22 90 110 0 90 111 degrees for 4-5 hours. Then drain the water, rinse the grain again and leave it again at room temperature for 8-9 hours. You can cover the grain with wet gauze, or place it in a plastic container, in the bottom of which you can first make several small holes (this will greatly facilitate the process of regular washing).Insert a container with holes in another one of the correct size. After 8-9 hours, rinse the sprouts again and put them in the refrigerator – this will stop the growth of the sprouted sprouts and protect them from mold. Every morning, before offering sprouts to the parrot, they should be washed. Many parrots do not like wet grain – in this case, it should be dried with a hairdryer, on a radiator, or simply by blotting it with a paper or cotton napkin. In addition, highly wetted food can quickly grow moldy at room temperature.Every day, the parrot should receive succulent food. Fruits, vegetables and greens are absolutely essential in a parrot’s diet. You need to accustom a bird to them from the first day of its stay in your house. All fruits and vegetables should be thoroughly washed, especially those that cannot be peeled – such as grapes, berries, herbs, cabbage. Fruits and vegetables can be given all except: mango, papaya, avocado, potato, parsley and other herbs. Any boiled vegetables from your table (from soup, stew, etc.) should not be given to the bird, since, in addition to the fact that vegetables from your table, as a rule, are salted, a fair amount of fat may remain on them, which is completely contraindicated for parrots …

It is possible and necessary to accustom the bird to ready-made fruit and vegetable puree, produced for baby food. It is a good addition to a parrot’s diet, especially during winter. Ready-made purees, the composition of which is very diverse, should not contain vegetables and fruits from the prohibited list, sugar, cream, milk, as well as fish and meat. It is necessary to teach the bird to eat from a spoon, you can dilute the puree with water and offer the parrot as a drink. For many years, fermented milk products have been considered an important part of the diet of parrots, due to the content of calcium in an easily digestible form and microorganisms that normalize the intestinal microflora, but now this point of view is no longer unambiguous, since there is documented scientific evidence that birds are very bad assimilate milk sugar (lactose).This is due to the fact that in the small intestine of parrots, the enzyme lactase, which is responsible for the breakdown of milk sugar, is synthesized in insufficient quantities. The fat content of fermented milk products should not exceed 1%. Kefirs, yoghurts, fermented baked milk and yogurt can be given to a bird no more than 2 times a week. Low-fat cottage cheese is recommended to be given no more than 1 time per week. Children’s cottage cheese, completely fat-free cottage cheese, diet cottage cheese are well suited for this purpose.

Parrots also need twig food.It is best to give branches of fruit trees and shrubs: apple, cherry, plum, raspberry, hawthorn, elderberry, viburnum, currant.

Parrots need mineral supplements. Crushed shells of sea molluscs should be used as a source of calcium and phosphorus. The best source of calcium is pressed cuttlefish shell, or sepia. Parrots accustomed to this feeding (getting used to any new food takes time and patience from the owner of the bird) happily gnaw sepia themselves.Sepia can be given to a bird up to 5 times a week, let it hang in a cage until it is completely destroyed.

Of the vitamin preparations, Vinka (Beaphar) and Quiko vitamins have proven themselves very well. These are liquid vitamins that are added to the drinker. It is better to give vitamins in two-week courses 3-4 times a year.

If your bird does not get enough calcium and vitamins, then it will be susceptible to bone disease. These diseases are called Metabolic bone disease in the English language literature.Young birds develop rickets, and adults suffer from secondary food hyperparatypeoidism, osteoporosis and osteomalacia. The pathogenesis of these diseases is different, but ultimately the diseases lead to the destruction of bone tissue, a decrease in natural resistance and the development of secondary infections (enteritis, nephritis, hepatitis, etc.).

It is best to use boiled or filtered water as a drink. You can add a small amount of freshly squeezed juices or a drop of honey.

Carefully monitor the cleanliness of the feeders and drinkers. Birds love to soak their food in water and it gets dirty quickly. In such a nutrient medium, bacteria begin to multiply, which can be pathogenic for birds.

If your bird is sick.

If your bird is sick, you need to urgently contact your veterinarian ornithologist! Do not try to cure the bird yourself and do not seek advice from friends or pet shop sellers. Help must be provided by a qualified professional.

Distinguishing a sick bird from a healthy one is not difficult.

• A cheerful mobile bird suddenly became quiet, sleeps for a long time, resting, sits on a perch on two legs, lies on the perch or the bottom of the cage.
• The bird is laughing, covering its eyes, breathing heavily.
• The bird often yawns (all birds yawn, but they do it before going to bed or during the day’s rest and quite rarely during the day).
• The bird has lost or vice versa, an excessive appetite has appeared, the bird drinks more than usual.
• The bird is sick and regurgitates undigested food. (Males of many bird species regurgitate food in the process of courting a female or an object that replaces a female, but it is not difficult to distinguish sexual behavior from illness – the caring male is vigorous and energetic, the sick bird is sluggish and weak)
• The bird scratches nervously and often
• The bird that made sounds was silent or hoarse
• The bird freezes for a long time in an unnatural position, for example, upside down,
  • The bird loses weight
• The bird limps, although she was not injured
• The bird has convulsions
• Bird sneezes
• The bird breathes frequently with an open beak.
• Breathing movements are accompanied by the movement of the tail.
• A neoplasm has appeared on the body or limbs.

There are diseases in birds that can be dangerous to humans and other mammals:

• Influenza
• Tuberculosis
• Salmonellosis
• Ornithosis (chlamydia)

A timely visit to the veterinarian will help save your pet and protect you from dangerous diseases.

The child has a rash, frequent regurgitation – Question to the pediatrician

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Bifidobacteria (Lactobacillus) – description of the ingredient, instructions for use, indications and contraindications

Description of bifidobacteria

Bifidobacteria are a group of gram-positive anaerobic bacteria. They are part of the beneficial human intestinal microflora, represented by large communities of microorganisms that live in symbiosis with their host. Microbes of this species are slightly curved rods that do not form spores. Without them, the full functioning of the body is impossible. Their deficiency leads to the development of dysbiosis.

Role in the human body

The intestinal microflora of an infant is almost 90% bifidobacteria. As breastfeeding progresses, the bifidoflora is replaced by the standard intestinal flora, which is characteristic of adult organisms and consists of several hundred species of bacteria.The most significant and studied are lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, colibacillus.

Together with other representatives of the intestinal microflora, bifidobacteria perform very important functions in the human body:

• protect the intestines from the penetration and reproduction of pathogenic microbes, preventing their penetration into the internal environment of the body;
• synthesize amino acids, proteins, some vitamins – K, B₁, B₂, B₅, B₃, B₆, B₉;
• improve absorption through the intestinal walls of vitamin D, iron and calcium ions;
• take part in the disposal of food substrates;
• activate parietal digestion;
• normalize the breakdown and assimilation of proteins, fats, minerals.

Attention! Almost 70% of human feces are formed from dead bacteria. The processes of their growth, reproduction and death are not interrupted. Bacteria enter the baby’s body immediately after birth together with breast milk and gradually colonize the entire intestine, constantly renewing itself.

Bifidobacteria live in the small and large intestine. Normally, their number is 108-1011 CFU / g.

Pharmacological properties

Live cultures of bifidobacteria are produced in the form of drugs to restore intestinal microflora and treat diarrhea. They:

• are characterized by high activity against many pathogenic and opportunistic microbes;
• normalize the balance of intestinal and vaginal microflora;
• restore digestive functions;
• activate metabolic processes;
• increase the body’s resistance to negative factors.

Signs of deficiency

Lack of bifidobacteria in the intestinal microflora is fraught with the development of dysbiosis. With a deficiency of useful flora, the pathogenic flora is activated, the assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats is impaired. There is a weakening of the contractions of the intestinal walls, as a result, the movement of the food substrate and feces towards the anus slows down. In this regard, constipation occurs, periodically alternating with diarrhea.

With prolonged stagnation of feces, intestinal infections develop, the risk of allergic reactions increases. The stomach and duodenum may become inflamed. Reduced immunity.All this is accompanied by belching, bad breath, weakness, decreased intellectual activity, and frequent illnesses.

Attention! Dysbiosis in a newborn is indicated by intestinal colic, bloating, frequent regurgitation, disturbed stools, insufficient weight gain, moodiness, lack of appetite, and poor sleep quality.

Food sources of bifidobacteria

Bifidobacteria can be obtained from the following products:

• biokefir;
• natural yoghurt;
• natural cottage cheese;
• acidophilic drinks – yogurt, milk;
• fortified soy products – miso, soy milk.

Attention! Special starter cultures with live bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are produced. You can make enriched homemade kefir, yogurt, cottage cheese from them.

Application rules

Preparations with bifidobacteria are taken according to the instructions. But drinking supplements and consuming foods enriched with beneficial microorganisms is not enough.

First, you need to exclude all the negative factors that provoked dysbiosis – taking antibiotics, prolonged diarrhea, poisoning, long-term illness, and others.

Secondly, a special diet should be followed. It consists in gentle nutrition. All spicy, sour, spicy, yeast and smoked dishes, fresh vegetables, alcohol, sweets, tea, coffee, millet, brown rice, semi-finished products, and sour fruits are excluded from the diet.

The menu is based on cereals and stewed (boiled) vegetables, steamed or stewed meat, poultry, fish, eggs, pasta, light first courses. From drinks, herbal decoctions, jelly, compotes are allowed.Fermented milk products with cultures of live bacteria are used without fail.

90,000 Why does the skin itch and burn after sunbathing? How can this be facilitated?

Summer is a time of rest and vacations. Often people choose the direction: the sea. Some of you lie in the sun for a long time on warm days. This relaxation usually does not end without consequences. Red, itchy and burning skin after sunbathing is an integral part of inattentive or excessive exposure to UV rays on the body.Why is this happening? Why does the skin itch and burn after sunbathing? How to fix it? Below are a few explanations and tips to help you protect yourself from the unpleasant effects of sun exposure.

Why does the skin itch and burn after sunbathing?

Imagine a chicken in a hot oven. Of course, completely different conditions act on it – a very high temperature. But this is her skin. After the first minutes in the oven, it begins to shrink gradually and finally becomes crispy.This is because she quickly begins to lose water and the entire chicken begins to lose their proteins. Likewise, your skin is exposed to sunlight when it comes to moisture loss. Of course, people don’t lose protein like they do with chicken. Instead, the top layer of skin cells and their DNA is destroyed, as well as the structures that store moisture in tissues. The immediate loss of precious water causes the skin to gently tighten and itch and sting relentlessly as it becomes overly dry and irritated.This is one of the consequences of sunburn. There may also be photoallergies. Some cosmetics and medicines used may contain photosensitizing or phototoxic ingredients. They increase the skin’s reactivity to UV radiation. Remember not to scratch irritated epidermis.
UV rays can painfully damage the top layer of the skin. As a result, he first turns red, then burns, hurts, causes a lot of discomfort and, finally, begins to peel off ugly. Often people do not feel sunburn immediately after sunburn.They can become active after a few hours, for example in the evening when you jump into the shower. Warm water will kill your skin – it will cause pain and burning. The only relief will be a light cool stream. You must try to avoid sunburn. Their consequence is not only the discomfort itself, but also an increase in the body’s predisposition to skin cancer and scars that remain for years.
Let’s go back to the chicken example. Do you want your skin to look like its skin after a few minutes in the oven? Of course not! How to protect yourself from this? Before each sunbathing, use a cosmetic product with a strong SPF filter, preferably at least 20.The application should be repeated every 2 hours. What for? Some protective filters in cosmetics decompose when exposed to the sun.
In fact, everyone should use these protective preparations every day, even in winter, especially on the face. The sun’s rays reach Earth 365 days a year, and can also penetrate clouds and glass. And don’t think sunbathing in the shade is safe. The sun’s rays also reach shaded areas.

How to soothe itching and burning of the skin after sunbathing?

Unpleasant ailments after sun exposure reduce your physical and mental comfort.If you experience itching and burning, in no case should you scratch your skin! There is no need to annoy her even more. Instead, it is worth turning to proven methods – home or grooming – to soothe the epidermis.
It is worth taking a gentle shower with warm or cool water using moisturizing gels / creams without strong detergents such as SLS or SLES. After bathing, thoroughly dry your body and face. Don’t rub them with a towel, just press the fabric lightly against your skin. Also, when washing your hair, try to avoid skin contact with the foam created by the shampoo (if you are using it with strong surfactants).
Every few hours, apply to the epidermis a cosmetic product containing moisturizing, slightly oily and, above all, soothing substances. These include, for example, panthenol, aloe, allantoin, urea, Dead Sea minerals, and bisabolol. These components also have anti-inflammatory properties.
If the skin has healed, burns less and does not redden, but still peels off strongly, you can use a gentle peeling – fine-grained or enzymatic. You will support the process of removing dead cells from the epidermis and its regeneration.Perform this procedure every 3-4 days. Be sure to use a moisturizing lotion or cream after exfoliation. It is worth choosing one that contains vegetable oils, lipids and active substances that retain moisture in the skin, but does not contain aromatic components, dyes and other ingredients with a higher allergenic index. You can also use 100% coconut oil, which moisturizes and soothes irritation and inflammation of the tissues. Give your skin some relief. Avoid retinol and salicylic acid medications for a while after sunbathing.

What else can help soothe the itching and burning sensation of the skin after sun exposure?

Among others:
• porridge;
• a cool compress, for example from milk;
• curdled milk or natural yogurt;
• bath in warm water with the addition of fat milk, olive oil or honey;
• Frequent hydration of the body from the inside – drink plenty of water;
• grated cucumber (for irritated areas).
Remember not to mitigate the effects of sunburn next time, but to prevent them.Stock up on good makeup with strong SPF filters. Remember to protect your skin for 365 days.

90,000 varieties and causes, accompanying symptoms, first aid, treatment at home and veterinary clinic

The gag reflex is a natural defense reaction of the body. But sometimes the process is triggered by unfavorable factors: poisoning, intestinal blockage, infectious diseases. Do not underestimate the severity of the situation – the pathological cause requires urgent elimination.

Causes of nausea

The dog owner needs to learn to distinguish vomiting from regurgitation. The latter is the return of chewed, but not digested food through the esophagus to the outside. Basically, this happens once for a natural reason, there is no need to worry – this is how the animal eliminates indigestible particles. The discharge will not smell unpleasant.

Pathological vomiting, in contrast to regurgitation, has a corrosive unpleasant odor and is a process of cleansing the stomach and nearby parts of the small intestine.This is done to prevent the penetration of toxic substances into the body. The reasons are divided into two groups – dangerous and non-dangerous.

Non-hazardous factors

If the dog vomits once, and the pet’s habitual behavior has not changed, then there is no need to worry – this is how the natural mechanism worked, protecting the animal from poisoning and other problems. Call him can:

• basic overeating – remember if your furry friend ate too much food that day, especially heavy;

• green grass that the dog ate can stimulate vomiting to cleanse the gastrointestinal tract;

• the dog may have been seasick while traveling by car or on the bus;

• do not exclude the possibility of overheating in a stuffy room;

• sometimes this is how the body’s response to vaccination is manifested – the veterinarian usually warns of side effects;

• after anesthesia, attacks of nausea and vomiting often occur;

• the beast was stressed;

• in lactating bitches, physiological devastation of the gastrointestinal tract occurs in some cases;

• toxicosis – if the dog is waiting for puppies;

• a sharp change in diet or type of food;

• a long break in feeding – the dog is simply sick of hunger.

All of these reasons are not difficult to establish for the owner himself. They do not require medical advice and should not be a cause for concern. If vomiting is repeated over and over again, you need to be alert and call your veterinarian.

Hazardous factors

Recurrent vomiting shows itself in case of general or partial disturbances in the work of internal organs. In these cases, nausea and gastrointestinal upset are accompanied by other symptoms: a change in body temperature, refusal to eat (even the most beloved one), apathy and others.This means that there is a weighty cause for excitement, you must immediately see the veterinarian. Causes of painful vomiting in a dog:

• viral and bacterial lesions;

• numerous variations of chronic diseases of the digestive system at all levels;

• allergic reactions;

• oncological diseases;

• possible injury to the pharynx and digestive tract;

• renal failure;

• irritating or toxic substances have entered the respiratory system;

• swallowing / inhaling poisons or pesticides;

• getting into the digestive tract of any foreign body;

• damage to the central nervous system;

• various food poisoning;

• heart, respiratory, liver, or kidney disease.

If the dog behaves restlessly, there is a rumbling in the stomach, diarrhea, coughing, then an urgent need to go to the veterinarian.

Varieties of vomiting by color and consistency

Vomit can be very different. By their shape, consistency, structure and inclusions, one can determine the reasons for the unpleasant state of the animal.

Yellow

If you see that the vomiting of a puppy or an adult dog is yellow, then this means that bile is present there.Vomiting of bile in a dog may occur against a background of dysfunction of the gallbladder or duodenum. Bile enters the gastrointestinal tract, the walls of which are irritated, and an emetic attack occurs – it is often painful and extremely unpleasant for the animal. There are many different variants that provoke bile vomiting :

1. Chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. For example, gastritis, which is accompanied by weight loss, apathy, soreness.

2. Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder itself.

3. Infectious or viral hepatitis. The body temperature is constantly elevated, there is a deterioration in well-being and an upset stool.

4. Infection with helminths. It often develops along with severe intoxication. Quite a dangerous condition that requires urgent therapeutic measures.

5. Pyroplasmosis. Able to develop after a tick bite.

6. Aggravation of gastric ulcer.

7. Tumors in organs located near the gallbladder.

8. Overfeeding the animal.

If you observe repeated yellow liquid vomiting, you should immediately consult a doctor.Without medical diagnosis, it will be difficult to get rid of some problems, which, moreover, can provoke a threat to the life of a pet. After receiving the results of all tests, the veterinarian and the owner immediately begin to treat the four-legged patient.

Pink

If you notice that the secreted masses are pink, then it is possible that your pet is sick with an infectious disease: for example, tracheobranchitis. It affects the upper respiratory tract, causing a dry cough and other unpleasant symptoms.In any case, you should immediately seek treatment. This is especially dangerous for puppies.

Bloody vomiting in pink-veined dogs may indicate infections, helminthic infestations, and other dangerous diagnoses. Bright scarlet clots indicate trauma to the larynx, nasopharynx, or oral cavity.

Green

With a green tint of vomiting, it can be assumed that the contents of the small intestine have entered the stomach.This happens with intestinal obstruction, extensive infection with helminths, with some infectious diseases.

Green vomiting in a dog is a serious situation that does not tolerate delay in help and treatment. Contact a specialist immediately.

That being said, remember that during the summer months, the presence of green mucus often indicates that the quadruped has eaten the grass. If this is your option, then there is no reason to worry about the health of the dog.

With bleeding

Bloody vomiting in a dog characterizes a rather dangerous condition that can threaten the life of a pet. If scarlet or thin blood is visible, then most likely the dog has wounds causing bleeding in the mouth, nasopharynx, or esophagus. Brown blood speaks of liver problems, oncological neoplasms, renal failure, the presence of some foreign objects in the gastrointestinal tract.

Also, the variant of bloody vomit can mean the presence of a serious infection.In some cases, the appearance of blood in the vomit provoke poisoning with rat poison or heavy metals.

The cause of vomiting with blood in a dog is sometimes trauma to the chest. In this situation, foam is also possible, which will have a pink color. In this case, the dog will cough and try to cough up something. Even a single case of vomiting with blood must be recorded by a veterinarian – independent treatment is powerless here.

Foam

If you see vomiting of white foam in a dog, then do not be immediately scared.The presence of foam in vomit is normal in most cases. This physiological process is a protective reaction of the stomach – mucous secretion interacts with air and foams. It looks a little creepy, but really nothing to worry about. Most likely, the dog just overeat or, on the contrary, is too hungry.

With periodic repetitions of foam vomiting, digestive problems can be suspected. If the dog vomited foam more than once or twice, get tested for diseases of the digestive tract.

With bile or mucus

Occasionally, you may notice bouts of nausea and vomiting with bile or mucus. The discharge can also have a yellow-green tint. This reaction often happens to eating greens – like cats, dogs eat grass to provoke the rejection of unnecessary stomach contents.

However, frequent vomiting in a dog of an unusual nature indicates a complex disease, which is easier to treat in the early stages.If the attacks are repeated, then you need to quickly seek help.

Accompanied by diarrhea

Often, nausea occurs in conjunction with other troubles that hit the gastrointestinal tract. The dog develops loose stools with an unpleasant odor, appetite changes dramatically – basically, it greatly decreases or disappears altogether. In this case, the dog becomes weak and lethargic, the body temperature rises. All these signs indicate the appearance of a virus or poisoning. It is impossible to hesitate in such a case – urgently take a four-legged family member to an appointment with a doctor.

First aid at home

Even with a single vomiting attack, you do not need to scold the furry friend – remember that the back reaction is not controlled, and the animal is not to blame for soiling something in the house. Do not stop the emetic process yourself. If a pet is wearing a tight collar, it must be removed. This will help ease the situation.

Be sure to remember what your dog has been doing in the past few hours.Pay attention when the first desires of nausea appeared (before meals or after meals), what color they are, what their consistency is, whether parasites, foreign objects, mucus are present, whether the process is accompanied by thirst, unwillingness to eat, diarrhea, fever, convulsions or other adverse events. It will not be superfluous to remember what the dog ate last time.

Concomitant symptoms often indicate infectious diseases that pass in an acute form: everything is accompanied by diarrhea, fever, lethargy and other unpleasant manifestations of the disease.This means that you need to quickly get an appointment with an experienced veterinarian. Until the diagnosis is established, the owner can provide assistance to the pet :

1. Don’t panic – better organize quiet observation.

2. Try to calm your pet down and show that he is safe.

3. Record everything that happens to the animal – write it down and even take a picture.

4. Stop feeding the animal.

5. It is better to give ice cubes instead of water.

Put the animal on a starvation diet until the circumstances are clarified – this will not be superfluous. Do not feed him for about one day, but drink vigorously with clean water. If the physiological urges are left behind, then the next two days you should keep the pet on a diet.Then you can gradually return to the normal menu.

You should not give your furry friend any medications on your own without a doctor’s prescription – this can only worsen the pet’s condition.

Veterinarian appointments

If vomiting was in the nature of a defensive reaction, then it goes away on its own. However, with certain symptoms, you should still rush to the doctor. These include: the presence of blood, repetitive urge after a short period of time, frequent urination, yellowing or whitening of the gums, weakness and lethargy, pain and bloating, fever, cramps, weight loss, complete refusal to eat.

Remember that only with timely professional intervention can the life of a four-legged friend be saved. Do not wait for everything to go away on its own – it is best to get the advice of an experienced doctor and relieve the animal’s suffering as soon as possible.

Drug therapy

The clinic will be able to conduct a full diagnosis. An experienced doctor will immediately prescribe a urine, blood test, abdominal ultrasound, X-ray, endoscopic examination.Also, the specialist will carefully examine the patient, assess his condition, measure the heart rate, body temperature, and check the condition of the mucous membranes.

Only after evaluating all the results can treatment be prescribed.

Drug therapy is carried out in cases where the main diagnosis has been established and the entire clinical picture has become clear. What veterinarian will prescribe:

• antiviral or antibiotics if you have an infection;

• immunostimulating agents;

• vitamin complexes;

• solutions for restoring water-salt balance during dehydration;

• anthelmintics for infections with worms;

• anti-inflammatory drugs;

• pain relievers;

• fixing or, on the contrary, laxatives;

• antiemetic;

• specific medicines to eliminate diseases of individual organs.

Less often, the treatment of vomiting in dogs consists in surgical intervention – this occurs only with advanced cases of intestinal obstruction or the ingress of a foreign object into the gastrointestinal tract. In all other situations, veterinarians adhere to a conservative method of therapy – that is, droppers, injections and pills.

Do not forget to replenish the lack of fluid in the pet’s body in time.This is an essential aid in the treatment of vomiting in dogs and in the restoration of all internal organ systems. Give the animal water only at room temperature so that it does not provoke muscle spasms. If necessary, it is worth giving water by force.

Therapeutic diet

Many people wonder what to give a dog when vomiting so that it can eat at least a little? The very first rule is that within 12 hours after an attack of vomiting, you do not need to feed the pet at all (the exception is if the poor man vomited from hunger).It is therapeutic fasting that will give the body a rest and recover as soon as possible. Offer your dog fresh water. To restore salt balance and prevent dehydration, Rehydron is prescribed. For medicinal and regenerative purposes, use the following foods: Flatazor Protect Obesite, Happy Dog VET Diet Renal, Royal Canin Gastro Intestinal Low Fat and others. The veterinarian will tell you the brand that suits your pet and will write down the number and amount of daily servings.

Remember to switch to regular food gradually, adding it to your diet.At the first meal, the ratio should be 1: 1. After that, observe the pet. If there is no more nausea, then you can mix ¾ regular food and ¼ special dietary food. If all is well, then after three days the pet will return to its normal diet.

Many owners prefer to feed the dog straight. In this case, you will need to give lighter food. A few tablespoons of low-fat, easily digestible food is offered to a furry friend after medical fasting.You need to stock up on low-fat cottage cheese, yogurt, boiled rice, steamed beef meatballs, boiled potatoes, oatmeal.

Do not give a lot of food at once. Start with small portions. Offer food every one to two hours. Carbohydrates and proteins must be mixed in equal proportions. There should be no seasoning or salt. It is allowed to switch to the usual diet only after three to four days. If you are giving dietary special food, and the situation does not change for the better, then immediately contact your veterinarian.

Preventive measures

To prevent any food deviation, you don’t need to do something special. It is important to observe the following simplest rules:

• do not overfeed the animal;

• the pet should not go hungry either – you need to keep an equal time interval between feedings;

• do not forget to vaccinate and treat the animal from parasites on time;

• buy your pet high quality food or fresh natural products;

• make sure that your four-legged friend does not pick up food on the street;

• the pet should not have access to the trash can;

• remember not to give pets tubular bones;

• when traveling in transport, you can use drugs for motion sickness;

• give medicines only as directed by your doctor;

• remove all hazardous substances away from the pet’s access;

• do not breed poisonous plants;

• do not allow the animal to come into contact with poisonous insects, snakes.

The best prevention is taking care of a furry friend – good owners rarely get sick animals.

The appearance of nausea in a pet should alert the owner. If vomiting is repeated repeatedly, then do not hesitate: contact an experienced veterinarian for qualified help.

This article is for informational purposes only.See your veterinarian!

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186

90,000 Gastric Allergy in Infants: Causes and Effects

An allergy is a reaction of the immune system to a substance (allergen).When it is inhaled, injected, eaten, or touched by a person, the immune system releases histamines and other chemicals that cause a series of symptoms.

Hiccups, stuffy nose or, conversely, “water” begins to flow from the nose, sore throat, rash, diarrhea and other phenomena may be a sign of allergy in a child. In some cases, allergic reactions are so mild that you may not even be aware that you are suffering from allergies at all. But allergies can, on the contrary, be extremely dangerous and even threaten the health of the child.

The spread of allergic reactions, primarily to food, did not pass by the newborn children, in whom allergies, unfortunately, often occur in a more severe form than in adults.

Food allergy symptoms

In the form of allergic skin lesions – various rashes on the body, redness of the skin, itching and peeling of the skin of the cheeks (sometimes such phenomena are called “diathesis”), persistent diaper rash, despite careful hygiene measures, profuse prickly heat with slight overheating, peeling on the scalp and eyebrows, urticaria, angioedema (a type of allergic reaction characterized by the sudden appearance of edema of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and mucous membranes).

In the form of lesions of the gastrointestinal tract (with swelling of the mucous membrane) – regurgitation, vomiting, frequent and loose stools with foam or greenery, constipation, colic, flatulence.

Diet: be sure to consult your doctor

The main emphasis in the treatment of food allergies is on diet, eliminating the cause of the allergy from the diet. But you should not try to overcome allergies on your own – you can aggravate it, in each case, the treatment tactics should be determined by a pediatrician, allergist or nutritionist.

Basic principles of dietary nutrition for an allergic infant

If a child is breastfed for up to a year, then first of all, the mother’s nutrition is corrected. Highly allergenic foods are excluded from the diet: fatty fish, honey, chicken eggs, nuts, chocolate, red or orange berries and fruits, pickles, pickles, fried and spicy foods, foods high in preservatives and stabilizers (mayonnaise, canned food, chips, cheeses, smoked meats, kvass, sausage, ham), spices.

Whole milk and sour cream (in meals) is also limited. Pasta and bakery products (semolina, premium flour products), confectionery and sugar. Food should not be salted.

Mom must stop smoking, alcohol and drugs.

The following products are permitted

• cereals: corn, buckwheat, low-grade rice, oatmeal
• fermented milk products: kefir, yogurt, low-fat cottage cheese, biokefir without additives and dyes
• green fruits and vegetables
• low-fat broth soups, cereals or vegetarian
• lean meats and fish.
• vegetable oils (olive, sunflower).
• bakery products from second grade flour.
• weak tea, still mineral waters, homemade and non-sweet compotes

If the child is artificially fed, then the mixtures are selected individually with the content of bifidobacteria. Correct introduction of complementary foods is important. Any new product must be introduced very carefully within two weeks.