Ruptured Ovarian Cyst: What Is It and How to Treat It

November 12, 2021

An ovarian cyst— a fluid-filled sac that develops on or within one of the ovaries— is a common occurrence, affecting roughly 10 percent of women in the United States.

Most of the time, an ovarian cyst is no cause for concern, as it usually clears up on its own without treatment. However, sometimes, it can rupture (burst), usually due to high-impact exercise or sexual intercourse.

While it may sound awful, a ruptured ovarian cyst isn’t automatically a life-threatening medical condition. In most cases, the fluid from the cyst just dissipates without any intervention. The only time when this can become a serious problem is if the ruptured ovarian cyst causes internal bleeding, symptoms of which include intense abdominal pain and excessive vaginal bleeding.

Let’s talk about the different interventions available for ovarian cyst rupture and where you can go in North Jersey for a medical evaluation and treatment if you’re experiencing abdominal pain and other symptoms of reproductive issues.

How Is a Ruptured Ovarian Cyst Treated?

If you have a burst ovarian cyst that is causing mild abdominal pain, your OB/GYN will likely just prescribe pain medications. However, if you’re experiencing intense lower abdominal pain and excessive vaginal bleeding, your OB/GYN will likely order a pelvic ultrasound and/or blood test to rule out other potential causes and determine the severity.

If you do have severe internal bleeding, your doctor may recommend that you go to the hospital, where you will likely be given intravenous pain medications and something to replace the fluids or blood you’ve lost. You will also be constantly monitored via repeated ultrasounds for signs of bleeding into your belly.

Surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the cyst and prevent further blood loss and other complications. Your OB/GYN may recommend either the minimally invasive approach (laparoscopic cystectomy) or traditional open surgery to remove the cyst and control the bleeding.

If a new cyst forms after the procedure, your OB/GYN may recommend that your entire ovary be removed (oophorectomy) to prevent the formation of new cysts and lower your risk of developing ovarian cancer. If your OB/GYN deems an oophorectomy necessary, keep in mind that you have the other ovary still intact, so you are still fertile if you have not yet had menopause.

Rarely, an ovarian cyst can become cancerous. In such case, your OB/GYN will likely recommend surgical removal of your entire womb (total hysterectomy), and possibly, radiation and chemotherapy to get rid of all remaining cancer cells in your body. You don’t want the cancer to spread (metastasize) to other areas of your body.

Experienced OB/GYNs in North Jersey

If you’re experiencing abdominal pain or other symptoms of gynecological problems, visit us here at NJ Best OB/GYN. Our board-certified OB/GYNs are committed to advancing the health and well-being of the women in our communities at all stages of their reproductive years and beyond.

To learn more about our services or to schedule an appointment with one of our outstanding OB/GYNs, contact us today by calling (973) 221-3122 or by filling out our appointment request form online now. We have offices throughout North Jersey, conveniently located in Montclair, Newark, Woodland Park, and Clifton. We look forward to being your healthcare partner!

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Ovarian Cysts | Boston Children’s Hospital

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Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that usually dissolve after ovulation and can cause pain, but most often go away on their own. Benign ovarian cysts, that do not regress spontaneously, may be cured by surgically removing or draining them, but new cysts may form in the future. They can affect infants, young girls, and adolescents. These cysts can appear on one or both ovaries, individually, or in clusters. Complications of cysts can include disruption of the blood flow to an ovary (torsion) or rupture.

Cysts are almost always benign but can develop into cancer. Ovarian tumors account for 1 percent of all malignant tumors found in children from birth to the time she’s 17. In girls younger than 8, four out of five ovarian tumors are benign (non-cancerous).

Types of ovarian cysts

There are several types of ovarian cysts, including:

• functional cysts (follicular cyst or corpus luteum cyst)
• polycystic ovaries
• endometriomas
• cystadenomas
• dermoid cysts

Ovarian Cysts | Symptoms & Causes

What are the symptoms of ovarian cysts?

Ovarian cysts may have no specific symptoms. Depend on the size, location and type of growth, your child may experience the following symptoms:

• feeling of pressure or fullness in the abdomen or pelvis
• firm, painless swelling in the lower abdomen
• frequent urination or retention of urine
• persistent abdominal pain
• nausea
• vomiting

Sometimes, ovarian cysts cause the ovary to twist and block blood flow from the ovary. In this situation, your child will likely experience severe abdominal pain and may vomit or pass out.

In children younger than 8, an ovarian cyst may cause secretions of estrogen, producing symptoms such as:

• breast enlargement
• pubic hair
• vaginal discharge or bleeding
• abnormal menstrual bleeding

What is the cause of ovarian cysts?

In adolescence, ovarian cysts can develop in response to fluctuating levels of female sex hormones during the menstrual cycle.

Ovarian Cysts | Diagnosis & Treatments

How are ovarian cysts diagnosed?

The first step in treating your daughter is forming an accurate and complete diagnosis. Because most ovarian cysts don’t cause symptoms and go away on their own, they may go completely unnoticed. If your child has pain or irregular periods, her doctor may recommend several tests which may include one or more of the following tests:

• Pelvic ultrasound: This imaging procedure uses sound waves to make a picture of your child’s ovaries, uterus and bladder. A full bladder may be necessary for the test. If the ultrasound detects a cyst, your child’s doctor will likely repeat the ultrasound in two to eight weeks to make sure it is shrinking. If the ultrasound shows a cyst filled with clear fluid it is unlikely a tumor; if it shows debris in the cyst fluid or solid parts, your child’s doctor will likely recommend further testing.
• Pregnancy test: In pregnancy, harmless cysts often form when the ruptured follicle releases the egg, reseals itself and fills with fluid.
• Biopsy: The mass is removed with great care not to spill the contents of the mass if there is a concern for malignancy.
• Urine and blood tests
• CT scan

What are the treatment options for an ovarian cyst?

Your child’s physician will determine a specific course of treatment based on several factors, including your child’s age, overall health, and medical history. If your daughter has been diagnosed with an ovarian cyst, her treatment may include:

• Watchful waiting: Most ovarian cysts go away without any treatment.
• Draining: If your daughter has a cyst bigger than two inches across, it may need to be drained with a needle to keep it from twisting and pinching off the ovary’s blood supply.
• Removal: Sometimes an ovarian cyst may not go away and needs to be removed. In this case, a surgeon would remove the cyst while leaving the rest of the ovary in place.

How we care for ovarian cysts

If your child has an ovarian mass, they will be treated by the Division of Gynecology at Boston Children’s Hospital. We have been caring for infants, children, and adolescents for more than three decades, and we are experts in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cysts.

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Rupture of an ovarian cyst – what symptoms you need to pay attention to

Rupture of an ovarian cyst is fraught with the development of acute peritonitis and sepsis, which poses a threat to the health and life of the patient. Therefore, every woman should know the symptoms in order to seek qualified medical help at the first clinical manifestations of the pathology.

Rupture of an ovarian cyst: causes

Rupture of an ovarian cyst (apoplexy) is an acute condition that threatens the health and life of a woman, provoked by the release of the internal contents of the cyst into the abdominal cavity.

If a woman has a diagnosed cyst, she does not need to immediately rush to the Internet to search for the query: “ovarian cyst rupture symptoms.” Often encountered in gynecological practice, functional cysts are very rarely prone to rupture, as they usually resolve on their own and do not grow to large sizes. Although even follicular cysts in rare cases, for inexplicable reasons, can grow and burst in a matter of weeks.

But there are types of ovarian cysts that are at high risk of rupture, such as endometriomas. A woman with a similar diagnosis should especially carefully monitor her health and well-being, so that if an ovarian cyst ruptures, she should urgently and purposefully seek help.

Causes of ovarian cyst rupture:

• Hormonal imbalance
• Inflammatory processes in the ovaries, making the walls of the cyst follicle thinner
• Congenital bleeding disorder
• Too frequent, intense and hard sexual intercourse
• Excessive power physical activity (weight lifting, especially sharp, jerky)
• Injuries

Patients at risk – women who have already been diagnosed with an ovarian cyst, should pay special attention to the above causes, trying to eliminate risk factors as much as possible in order to avoid rupture of the ovarian cyst.

Rupture of an ovarian cyst symptoms

Rupture of a cyst is usually accompanied by a clinical picture of the so-called “acute abdomen”.

Before the onset of the main symptoms of a ruptured ovarian cyst, nagging pain in the lower back, a feeling of heaviness in the lower abdomen, and discomfort in the pelvic organs are possible.

Symptoms:

• Increased body temperature (from 38 degrees and above), which is not controlled by antipyretic drugs
• Sharp pain in the lower abdomen, which is growing (doctors compare it with a dagger blow). The pain may radiate to other parts of the abdomen – the upper region, for example
• General weakness, semi-fainting state (fainting is also possible)
• Bleeding from uterus
• Atypical vaginal discharge (especially bloody)
• Nausea, vomiting
• Bowel disorders
• Blue or pale skin
• Decreased blood pressure, blood pressure spikes
• Palpitations that increase

The last two symptoms of a ruptured ovarian cyst are considered particularly alarming as they may indicate life-threatening internal bleeding.

However, this does not mean that the other symptoms of a ruptured ovarian cyst listed above can be ignored. All of them should be the reason for the immediate hospitalization of the patient and urgent surgery.

You should be aware that the symptoms of a ruptured ovarian cyst may vary in nature and intensity, depending on the type of cyst, the general health of the woman, and the day of the menstrual cycle when the rupture occurred.

Symptoms of ruptured ovarian cyst of the corpus luteum:

• Sharp, piercing pain in the lower abdomen, from which the patient literally doubles over
• Weakness
• Cold sweat
• Signs of intoxication
• Body temperature may remain normal

Symptoms of rupture of a follicular (functional) ovarian cyst:

• Dagger pain syndrome in the lower abdomen
• Signs of intoxication
• Body temperature may not rise
• Weakness, dizziness, pallor of the skin, palpitations, low blood pressure (with bleeding in the peritoneum)
• Bloody vaginal discharge

Symptoms of rupture of an endometrioid ovarian cyst:

• Pain in the lower abdomen comes in attacks
• Nausea, vomiting
• Loss of consciousness
• Bloating
• Constipation
• Body temperature may remain normal

Ovarian cyst rupture: diagnosis, treatment

To confirm the diagnosis of a ruptured ovarian cyst, different types of diagnostic tests can be used:

• Ultrasound
• Puncture
• Laparoscopy (examination can be combined immediately with removal surgery)

If there is a suspicion of rupture of the cyst, the patient is immediately hospitalized, already in the hospital establishing the final preoperative diagnosis.

Conservative treatment (medication) can only be used for mild pathology. But more often the rupture of an ovarian cyst is accompanied by complications, therefore, radical surgical intervention is recommended.

The modern method of laparoscopy allows the operation to be carried out in the most gentle way.

After the operation, the patient is prescribed anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapy (to avoid the formation of adhesions), hormone therapy. With a large blood loss, a blood transfusion is performed.

Rupture of an ovarian cyst during pregnancy

It is not uncommon for ovarian cysts to develop during pregnancy.

The consequences of a ruptured ovarian cyst during pregnancy can be dire, including miscarriage or premature birth.

Laparoscopy makes it possible to remove a cyst at 14-16 weeks of pregnancy in case of rapid growth of the neoplasm, which is confirmed by an ultrasound examination.

First of all, surgery is recommended to remove the ovarian cyst to avoid rupture of the ovarian cyst in pregnant women with cystadenoma (benign tumor) and endometrioma (“chocolate” cyst). The consequences of the rupture of these cysts are the most serious (up to hemorrhage in the peritoneum), so they are removed, despite the gestational age.

Rupture of an ovarian cyst: possible complications

The sooner medical assistance is provided for a ruptured ovarian cyst, the less the consequences for the female body.

In no case should you ignore the symptoms of a ruptured ovarian cyst, writing them off as a common ailment and hoping that they will go away on their own. So you can only aggravate the situation by earning infertility (at best).

Complications due to ruptured ovarian cyst:

• Peritonitis (purulent inflammation of the abdominal cavity)
• Sepsis (blood poisoning)
• Complete removal of affected ovary
• Occasionally fatal

Ovarian cyst rupture – consequences for the woman

As a result of complications, the patient may develop more far-reaching consequences that affect the quality of later life.

Among them:

• Anemia (anemia due to extensive blood loss during rupture)
• Disorders of the abdominal organs due to the consequences of purulent peritonitis, requiring repeated operations
• Adhesions that increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy or infertility
• Infertility or difficulty conceiving as a result of complete removal of one ovary

Is prevention possible?

Prevention is always better than curing an existing problem.

To prevent rupture of an ovarian cyst, gynecologists recommend following a few rules:

• Have a preventive examination by a gynecologist every six months (with a transvaginal ultrasound)
• Timely treat inflammatory processes of the genitourinary sphere, do not bring them to a chronic state
• Do not violate your doctor’s advice when it comes to physical or sexual activity
• Timely removal of ovarian cysts

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Symptoms, treatment and prevention of ovarian cyst rupture

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