How is dehydration diagnosed. What are the most effective treatments for dehydration. When should you seek medical attention for dehydration. What are the key symptoms of severe dehydration. How can dehydration be prevented in various situations.

Understanding Dehydration: Causes and Risk Factors

Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluids than it takes in, disrupting normal bodily functions. This condition can result from various factors, including excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, and inadequate fluid intake. Certain groups, such as young children, older adults, and individuals with chronic illnesses, are at higher risk of dehydration.

Do environmental factors contribute to dehydration. Yes, hot and humid weather conditions can significantly increase the risk of dehydration, especially for those engaging in outdoor activities or strenuous exercise. Additionally, high altitudes and air travel can lead to increased fluid loss through respiration and decreased thirst sensation, potentially resulting in dehydration.

Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration

Identifying dehydration early is crucial for prompt treatment. Common symptoms include:

• Thirst
• Dry mouth and lips
• Decreased urine output or dark-colored urine
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Headache

In severe cases, dehydration may manifest as:

• Rapid heartbeat
• Low blood pressure
• Sunken eyes
• Confusion or irritability
• Lack of sweating
• Shock

Can dehydration affect cognitive function. Indeed, even mild dehydration can impair cognitive performance, including attention, memory, and decision-making skills. This underscores the importance of maintaining proper hydration for both physical and mental well-being.

Diagnostic Approaches for Dehydration

Healthcare professionals employ various methods to diagnose dehydration:

Physical Examination

Doctors often begin with a thorough physical examination, checking for signs such as dry mouth, sunken eyes, and reduced skin elasticity. They may also assess vital signs, including blood pressure and heart rate, which can be indicative of dehydration when abnormal.

Blood Tests

Blood samples can reveal crucial information about electrolyte levels, particularly sodium and potassium, as well as kidney function. These tests help determine the severity of dehydration and guide treatment strategies.

Urinalysis

Urine tests provide valuable insights into hydration status. Dark-colored urine and high specific gravity are typical signs of dehydration. Additionally, urinalysis can detect potential complications such as bladder infections.

Is there a specific blood pressure test for dehydration. While there isn’t a standalone “dehydration blood pressure test,” changes in blood pressure, especially orthostatic hypotension (a drop in blood pressure upon standing), can be indicative of dehydration. This is typically assessed as part of a comprehensive evaluation.

Effective Treatment Strategies for Dehydration

The primary goal in treating dehydration is to replenish lost fluids and electrolytes. The approach varies based on the severity of dehydration and the patient’s age:

Mild to Moderate Dehydration

For most adults with mild to moderate dehydration, increasing fluid intake is often sufficient. Water is generally the best choice, but in cases of electrolyte imbalance, oral rehydration solutions may be recommended.

Treating Dehydration in Children

Children require special attention when dehydrated. Oral rehydration solutions designed for pediatric use are the go-to treatment. These solutions contain precise proportions of water and electrolytes to safely rehydrate young bodies.

How should oral rehydration solutions be administered to children. Start with small amounts, typically a teaspoon (5 milliliters) every one to five minutes, gradually increasing as tolerated. For infants, using a syringe may facilitate easier administration.

Severe Dehydration

Severe dehydration is a medical emergency requiring immediate hospitalization. Treatment typically involves intravenous (IV) fluid administration to quickly restore hydration and electrolyte balance.

Preventing Dehydration in Various Situations

Preventing dehydration is key to maintaining optimal health. Here are strategies for different scenarios:

During Exercise and Hot Weather

• Drink water before, during, and after physical activity
• Wear light, breathable clothing
• Avoid exercising during the hottest parts of the day
• Consider electrolyte-rich sports drinks for prolonged, intense activities

For Illness-Related Dehydration

• Increase fluid intake at the first sign of illness
• Use oral rehydration solutions to replace both fluids and electrolytes
• Avoid caffeine and alcohol, which can worsen dehydration
• Consume easily digestible foods high in water content

Can certain foods help prevent dehydration. Yes, many fruits and vegetables have high water content and can contribute to hydration. Examples include watermelon, cucumbers, strawberries, and lettuce. Additionally, soups and broths can be excellent sources of both fluids and electrolytes.

Special Considerations for At-Risk Groups

Some populations are more susceptible to dehydration and require extra attention:

Older Adults

Aging can diminish thirst sensation and kidney function, increasing dehydration risk. Caregivers should encourage regular fluid intake and monitor for signs of dehydration.

Infants and Young Children

Children lose a higher proportion of their body fluids through fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. Prompt rehydration is crucial, and parents should be vigilant for signs of dehydration.

Chronic Illness Patients

Individuals with conditions like diabetes or kidney disease may have altered fluid balance. They should work closely with healthcare providers to maintain proper hydration.

How does medication use impact hydration status. Certain medications, such as diuretics and some blood pressure medications, can increase fluid loss. Patients taking these medications should be particularly mindful of their fluid intake and consult their healthcare provider about optimal hydration strategies.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Dehydration

While mild dehydration can often be managed at home, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical care:

• Extreme thirst
• Confusion or altered mental state
• Dizziness that doesn’t resolve with hydration
• Rapid or weak pulse
• Lack of urination for 12 hours or more
• Persistent vomiting or diarrhea

Should you wait until severe symptoms appear before seeking help. No, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare provider if you’re concerned about dehydration, especially if home treatment isn’t improving symptoms or if the affected person is very young, elderly, or has underlying health conditions.

Innovative Approaches to Hydration Management

As our understanding of hydration science evolves, new strategies are emerging to prevent and manage dehydration:

Hydration Monitoring Technology

Wearable devices and smart water bottles that track fluid intake and hydration status are becoming increasingly popular. These tools can provide real-time feedback and reminders to maintain optimal hydration.

Personalized Hydration Plans

Recognizing that hydration needs vary based on factors like body composition, activity level, and climate, some healthcare providers and nutritionists now offer personalized hydration assessments and plans.

Novel Rehydration Solutions

Research into more effective oral rehydration solutions continues, with some newer formulations incorporating ingredients like zinc or specific probiotics to enhance absorption and support gut health.

How might future technologies impact dehydration management. Advances in nanotechnology and biosensors may lead to more accurate, non-invasive methods of assessing hydration status in real-time, potentially revolutionizing both diagnosis and treatment of dehydration.

In conclusion, understanding dehydration—its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment—is crucial for maintaining optimal health. By recognizing the signs early, implementing effective prevention strategies, and seeking appropriate medical care when necessary, individuals can significantly reduce the risks associated with this common yet potentially serious condition. As research continues and technology advances, our ability to manage and prevent dehydration will likely improve, leading to better health outcomes across all populations.

Dehydration – Diagnosis & treatment

Diagnosis

Your doctor can often diagnose dehydration on the basis of physical signs and symptoms. If you’re dehydrated, you’re also likely to have low blood pressure, especially when moving from a lying to a standing position, a faster than normal heart rate and reduced blood flow to your extremities.

To help confirm the diagnosis and pinpoint the degree of dehydration, you may have other tests, such as:

• Blood tests. Blood samples may be used to check for a number of factors, such as the levels of your electrolytes — especially sodium and potassium — and how well your kidneys are working.
• Urinalysis. Tests done on your urine can help show whether you’re dehydrated and to what degree. They also can check for signs of a bladder infection.

More Information

Treatment

The only effective treatment for dehydration is to replace lost fluids and lost electrolytes. The best approach to dehydration treatment depends on age, the severity of dehydration and its cause.

For infants and children who have become dehydrated from diarrhea, vomiting or fever, use an over-the-counter oral rehydration solution. These solutions contain water and salts in specific proportions to replenish both fluids and electrolytes.

Start with about a teaspoon (5 milliliters) every one to five minutes and increase as tolerated. It may be easier to use a syringe for very young children. Older children can be given diluted sports drinks. Use 1 part sports drink to 1 part water.

Most adults with mild to moderate dehydration from diarrhea, vomiting or fever can improve their condition by drinking more water or other liquids. Diarrhea may be worsened by full-strength fruit juice and soft drinks.

If you work or exercise outdoors during hot or humid weather, cool water is your best bet. Sports drinks containing electrolytes and a carbohydrate solution also may be helpful.

Children and adults who are severely dehydrated should be treated by emergency personnel arriving in an ambulance or in a hospital emergency room. Salts and fluids delivered through a vein (intravenously) are absorbed quickly and speed recovery.

Preparing for your appointment

You’re likely to start by seeing your or your child’s doctor. However, in some cases when you call to set up an appointment, the doctor may recommend urgent medical care. If you, your child or an adult who you care for is showing signs of severe dehydration, such as lethargy or reduced responsiveness, seek immediate care at a hospital.

If you have time to prepare for your appointment, here’s some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from the doctor.

What you can do

• Write down any symptoms you or the person you’re caring for is experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment. If you or the person you’re caring for has been vomiting or has had diarrhea, the doctor will want to know when it began and how frequently it’s been occurring.
• Write down key personal information, including any recent trips taken or foods recently eaten that might have caused illness. In addition, your doctor will want to know if you or the person you’re caring for has recently been exposed to anyone with diarrhea.
• Make a list of key medical information, including other conditions you or the person you’re caring for is being treated for and the names of the medications being taken. Include on your list prescription and over-the-counter drugs, as well as any vitamins and supplements.
• Write down questions to ask your doctor.

For dehydration, some basic questions to ask the doctor include:

• What’s causing these symptoms?
• What kinds of tests are needed?
• What treatment do you recommend?
• How soon after treatment will there be improvement?
• Are there any activity or dietary restrictions?
• Is there anything I can do to prevent a recurrence of dehydration?
• I have other health conditions. Do I need to change the treatments I’ve been using for them?
• What steps can I take to prevent dehydration from happening again?

What to expect from your doctor

Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as:

• When did the symptoms begin? What were you doing?
• Are you able to keep down any food or drink?
• How recently have you urinated? Are you experiencing any pain or urgency with urination?
• Do you also have other signs or symptoms, such as abdominal cramping, fever, headache or muscle aches? How severe are these signs and symptoms?
• Has there been blood in your stools?
• Have you recently eaten any food that you suspect was spoiled?
• Has anyone gotten sick after eating the same food that you did?
• Have you recently been exposed to someone who you know was experiencing diarrhea?
• Have you been coughing or had a runny nose?
• What medications are you currently taking?
• Have you recently traveled to another country?
• Do you know what your or your child’s weight was before symptoms started?

Can Dehydration Cause High Blood Pressure?

December 21, 2021

Can Dehydration Cause High Blood Pressure?

High blood pressure is a chronic condition where the force of your blood is higher than normal and pushes strongly against your blood vessel walls. When it’s not treated, high blood pressure can lead to other serious health problems including heart attack and stroke.

Many different factors can cause high blood pressure. It’s possible that dehydration may cause high blood pressure.

Here’s a closer look at the link between dehydration and high blood pressure, as well as signs when you should see a doctor right away.

Can Being Dehydrated Cause High Blood Pressure?

“Dehydration is a possible cause of high blood pressure,” says Dr. Jason Varghese, a family medicine physician with Healthcare Associates of Texas.

Nearly 60% of the human adult body is made up of water. Your body needs water to carry out important functions. For instance, it helps regulate body temperature and flush out waste.

Dehydration occurs when your body does not have enough fluids. It can happen after a period of heavy sweating or if you’re not drinking enough water. It can also happen if you are sick and cannot keep fluids in your body due to excessive vomiting and/or diarrhea.

How Does Dehydration Affect Blood Pressure?

Dehydration can make your blood pressure go up or down to cause high blood pressure (Hypertension) or low blood pressure (Hypotension).

Low Blood Pressure

Dehydration can cause your blood volume to decrease. Blood volume is the amount of fluid in your blood vessels. Having a normal blood volume is important because it allows your blood to reach all the tissues and organs in your body. However, a low blood volume can cause your blood pressure to drop.

If you’re dehydrated, your blood volume and blood pressure can drop too low. This can prevent your tissues and organs from getting the amount of oxygen and nutrients they need to stay healthy.

“When left untreated, low blood pressure can cause other issues, like heart and/or brain damage,” Dr. Varghese adds.

High Blood Pressure

When your body is dehydrated, it releases higher amounts of a chemical called vasopressin. Vasopressin helps your kidneys retain water, which can prevent you from losing more water through urination. At the same time, it causes your blood vessels to constrict, which then causes your blood pressure to increase. When this situation persists, you can develop high blood pressure.

What Are Other Symptoms of Dehydration?

“Dehydration has a lot of potential symptoms, including feeling extremely thirsty, dry mouth, darker-colored urine, and dizziness,” Dr. Varghese says.

Symptoms will usually occur before dehydration starts affecting your blood pressure.

Other symptoms of dehydration include:

• Less frequent urination
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Confusion
• Bad breath
• Dry skin
• Muscle cramps
• Cravings for junk foods

Drink some water if you are experiencing any of the above symptoms. Also, think about your recent water intake to determine whether you have been drinking enough. For example, are you having these symptoms after spending several hours in the sun? If so, it’s possible you have not been drinking enough water and may be dehydrated.

What Causes Dehydration?

Dehydration can happen for a variety of reasons. It can happen if you are sick and cannot keep fluids down for very long. It can also happen if you don’t have enough water on hand, such as during a road trip.

• Vomiting and having diarrhea, which can cause you to loose fluids
• Heavy sweating during strenuous exercising
• Fever
• Frequent urination
• Drinking beverages like coffee or alcohol, which increase urination
• Forgetting to drink water, such as when you are super busy
• Having kidney disease or uncontrolled diabetes
• Lack of access to clean drinking water

“I want to add that dehydration can occur even during cold winter months. Although you are not sweating profusely, you may become dehydrated if you don’t drink enough water which could lead to elevated or low blood pressure,” Dr. Varghese explains.

How Much Water Should You Drink Every Day?

Drinking lots of water throughout the day can prevent you from becoming dehydrated and reduce your risk of getting high blood pressure. Some doctors suggest drinking about eight glasses of water a day.

“The ‘correct’ amount of water you should be drinking every day can vary per person. It depends on numerous factors such as your weight, physical activity level, etc.,” Dr. Varghese explains.

Ask your doctor about how much water you should drink every day based on your personal health situation. Your doctor can review your medical history, talk to you about your lifestyle, and make the best recommendation based on this information.

What Are Other Causes of High Blood Pressure?

Dehydration is just one possible cause of high blood pressure. High blood pressure can also be caused by certain lifestyle behaviors or by other medical conditions.

Common causes and risk factors of high blood pressure include:

• Being overweight or obese
• Lack of exercise
• Smoking
• Eating high amounts of salt
• Lack of potassium in the diet
• Heavy alcohol use
• Stress
• Thyroid disorders
• Sleep apnea
• Diabetes
• Kidney disease
• Tumors in the adrenal gland
• Using illicit drugs, such as cocaine and methamphetamine
• Using certain medications, such as birth control pills, antidepressants, and corticosteroids

“Most people don’t know when they have high blood pressure because high blood pressure doesn’t usually show any symptoms,” Dr. Varghese says.

However, some people with high blood pressure may experience headaches, shortness of breath, or bloody noses.

Doctors usually check your blood pressure during routine appointments, such as annual physicals or well-check visits. Make an appointment with your doctor if you think you may be at risk for high blood pressure. Getting your blood pressure under control can reduce your risk for heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and dementia.

When It’s Time to See a Doctor

Visit your doctor right away if you are experiencing the following symptoms:

• Diarrhea or vomiting that has lasted longer than 24 hours
• Rapid heart rate
• Extreme confusion
• Extreme exhaustion or fatigue
• Black or bloody stool
• Blurred vision
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Loss of conscious or passing out
• Cold, clammy skin
• Rapid, shallow breathing
• Weak and rapid pulse

The above symptoms may indicate that you are either severely dehydrated or have low blood pressure. Your doctor can perform an evaluation and talk to you about possible treatment options.

Treating High Blood Pressure with Healthcare Associates of Texas

Healthcare Associates of Texas is home to a large team of board-certified medical professionals who can work with you to treat high blood pressure. Our doctors can talk to you in more detail about the link between dehydration and blood pressure, and what you can start doing today to improve your overall health. Click here to find your nearest location and request an appointment.

Reviewed for medical accuracy by

December 21, 2021

Dr. Jason Varghese

Dr. Varghese’s care philosophy is built around preventative medicine, patient education, and establishing a lasting relationship with his patients. He believes that every patient is special and should feel important. He wants everyone to feel part of a big family.

Dr. Varghese is a family medicine doctor in Midlothian, TX and is currently accepting new patients.

Posted in: Cardiovascular Health, Health Education

Renin direct (EDTA plasma) – to be tested in St. Petersburg and other regions

Medical center at Bogatyrsky pr., 4Laboratory terminal at Aleksandrovskaya Fermy avenue, 8Laboratory terminal at Nastavnikov avenue, 36k2Laboratory terminal at ul. Budapestskaya, 6Medical center on Pulkovskoye shosse, 28A Medical center on Kondratievsky prospect, 62k3Medical center on Prosveshcheniya avenue, 14k4Medical center on Moiseenko, 5Laboratory terminal on the street. Oleko Dundicha, 8, room 2Laboratory terminal on the street. Pestelya, 25AMedical center on Leninsky prospect, 88Medical center on Okhtinskaya alley, 4 (Murino, Leningrad region)Laboratory terminal on the street. Turku, 5/13 St. Petersburg, Exit serviceMedical center on the street. Savushkina, 14

Price:

1 315 ₽

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Renin is an enzyme that regulates blood pressure. It is secreted by the arterioles of the renal glomeruli in response to a drop in blood pressure. The kidneys respond to changes in the concentration of sodium and potassium. Renin acts on angiotensinogens (oligopeptide hormones), converting them to type I angiotensin, which is then converted to type II. Hormones of the second type have a strong vasoconstrictive effect. As a result, renin increases blood pressure, helps maintain potassium and sodium levels within the normal range.

Testing is prescribed for the medical diagnosis of diseases associated with drops, a decrease or increase in blood pressure:

• hypertensive conditions;

• renal vascular pathology;

• primary aldosteronism and hyperaldosteronism.

Assign a renin test to identify the causes of low potassium levels or high blood pressure. It is also carried out in conjunction with a study on aldosterone, when drug therapy for hypertension does not bring a positive result.

A referral for the test can be obtained from a general practitioner, family doctor, cardiologist, endocrinologist, oncologist, nephrologist and gynecologist. Important! Correctly interpreting the results of the analysis for renin is possible only with test data on the level of cortisol and aldosterone.

Therefore, testing is carried out in a complex way, calculating the results of studies on aldosterone, cortisol, and sometimes drenocorticotropic hormone.

1. Low renin – high aldosterone.

This may indicate primary hyperaldosteronism, a tumor of the adrenal gland. This condition is also accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of potassium, which is expressed in muscle weakness.

2. High levels of renin and aldosterone.

These indicators may indicate the presence of secondary aldosteronism caused by a decrease in blood pressure and a drop in sodium concentration. In this condition, blood vessels constrict, reducing blood flow to the kidneys. The response of the body is an uncontrolled increase in pressure. Symptoms can occur against the background of heart failure, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, cirrhosis.

3. High renin – low aldosterone.

It indicates chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex (hypocorticism), which in turn causes autoimmune aggression, hypoplasia, tumors and metastases in the adrenal glands and other conditions. Symptoms include low blood pressure, weight loss, dehydration, lack of sodium and potassium, chronic fatigue, and depression.

How to prepare for analysis

Influence of diet. Renin levels change with excessive salt intake, so salty foods should be limited.

Medicines. Some medications have an effect: aspirin, corticosteroids, estrogenic and diuretic drugs. Therefore, after agreeing with the doctor, stop taking medication for a day, and taking inhibitors for a week.

Body position. Before donating blood, you need to sit or lie down, staying in this position for about 2 hours. Stress and physical exertion change the concentration of the enzyme. The rate is higher in the morning. Therefore, the analysis for renin is carried out in the morning in a calm state, they give up alcohol in a day, do not smoke at 2-3 hours.

Synonyms: blood test for renin / Renin

Equipment: LiasonXL / DiaSorin

8 (812) 600-42-00

It is recommended to donate blood on an empty stomach (at least 8 hours and not more than 12 hours of fasting). Drinking – water, as usual. On the eve of the study, exclude: food, physical and emotional overload, alcohol and energy drinks. Stop smoking 1 hour before the study. For 2-4 weeks, in agreement with the attending physician, you should stop taking drugs that may affect the results of the study (diuretics, antihypertensive drugs, oral contraceptives, licorice preparations). It is recommended to take blood from the patient in the “sitting” position – after 30 minutes. standing and in the “lying” position – after 30 minutes. lying.

Similar tests

Aldosterone-renin ratio

5 days

from 1,670 ₽

Add to cart 5 days

from 1 315 ₽

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Aldosterone

up to 5 days

from 755 ₽

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Analysis available in these centers:

Medical center on Bogatyrsky pr., 4

Medical center on the street. Moiseenko, 5

Medical center on Prosveshcheniya avenue, 14k4

Medical center on the street. Savushkina, 14

Laboratory terminal on the street. Turku, 5/13

Medical center on Okhtinskaya alley, 4 (Murino, Leningrad region)

Laboratory terminal on the street. Pestelya, 25A

Laboratory terminal on the street. Oleko Dundicha, 8, building 2

Laboratory terminal on the street. Budapestskaya, 6

Medical center at Pulkovskoe shosse, 28A

Laboratory terminal at Nastavnikov Ave., 36k2

Laboratory terminal at Aleksandrovskaya Ferma avenue, 8

Medical center on Leninsky pr., 88

Medical center on Kondratievsky prospect, 62k3

ORTOKROSS clinic on the 5th line of V. O., 8A (official partner)

Laboratory terminal at Kronverksky pr., 31 (official partner)

Clinic “PulkovoStom” on Pulkovskoye shosse, 26, building 6. (official partner)

Laboratory terminal on the street. Savushkina, 124 (official partner)

Laboratory terminal on Bolshoy pr. V.O., 5 (official partner)

Functional diagnostics doctor

Functional diagnostics – examination of the respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous systems using specialized medical equipment. A functional diagnostician (FD) doctor studies pathologies in the functioning of organs. The FD doctor also interprets the data obtained, controls the success of the therapy prescribed by the attending physician.

As a rule, the study by FD methods is prescribed by general practitioners, neurologists, cardiologists and vascular surgeons. Also, functional diagnostics is prescribed during the passage to undertake the treatment of heart, vascular diseases, respiratory disorders and neurological problems to doctors of narrow specialties.

Blood pressure measurement (BP monitoring)

Measurement of blood pressure for some patients is a daily routine. Often, devices for measuring blood pressure are stored at home. What is the difference between single measurement and daily monitoring? Carried out on a wearable monitor, blood pressure measurement gives a chance to perform the procedure during active physical activity, while sleeping, while taking medication, etc. The device itself will build a daily schedule that reflects not only the increase and decrease in pressure, but also the body’s reaction to changing weather conditions, stress, stress, and will also give a forecast of damage to organs that are more affected by high blood pressure (heart, brain). During therapy, monitoring of blood pressure will allow taking into account the favorable hours of taking drugs, based on the features of the identified circadian rhythm of blood pressure. Most of all, BP monitoring is aimed at predicting, i.e. it is an essential part of health screening and an important preventive measure.

Electrocardiography (ECG)

Electrocardiography is a method for diagnosing disorders of the heart and obtaining information about the conduction of the heart rhythm. 24-hour ECG monitoring shows the effectiveness of drug therapy, helps the doctor adjust the dosage and frequency of medication. It is carried out during sleep and wakefulness. In athletes, the use of an EEG monitor serves to determine the resource and exercise tolerance. Detects pathologies of the cardiovascular system that are not determined by single EEG. EEG monitoring is justified to detect latent myocardial ischemia, without complaints of malaise on the part of the patient, in the conditions of a habitual lifestyle.

Bicycle ergometry (VEM)

Bicycle ergometry is a common and affordable way to diagnose IHD (coronary heart disease). It consists in simulating cycling (bicycle ergometer). There is an increase in coronary blood flow, and the load on the heart increases. Measurement electrodes are attached to the chest. At rest, readings of blood pressure and electrocardiography are taken, then the stress test begins. During the test, there is a gradual increase in the load, and the recording of ECG and blood pressure data. Bicycle ergometry reveals violations (including hidden ones) in the work of the cardiovascular system.

Electroencephalography

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method of studying the brain, which is based on the registration of electrical activity.