What is pneumonia and how does it affect the lungs. How can dehydration complicate pneumonia cases. What are the common causes and symptoms of pneumonia. How is pneumonia spread and who is most at risk.

What is Pneumonia and How Does It Affect the Lungs?

Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that causes inflammation in the lungs, specifically in the alveoli – the tiny air sacs responsible for oxygen exchange. When these air sacs become infected, they can fill with fluid or mucus, making it difficult and painful to breathe. This condition can range from mild to severe, depending on the cause and the individual affected.

The impact of pneumonia on the lungs can be significant. The inflammation and fluid buildup can:

• Reduce oxygen intake
• Cause chest pain
• Lead to difficulty breathing
• Result in a persistent cough

Common Causes of Pneumonia: Bacteria, Viruses, and Fungi

Pneumonia can be caused by various pathogens, with the most common being bacteria and viruses. In some cases, fungi can also lead to pneumonia. Understanding the different causes is crucial for proper treatment and prevention.

Bacterial Pneumonia

Bacterial pneumonia is often caused by:

• Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
• Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

These bacteria can lead to severe infections, but vaccines are available to protect against them.

Viral Pneumonia

Common viral causes of pneumonia include:

• Influenza viruses
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Viral pneumonia can be particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.

Fungal Pneumonia

While less common, fungal pneumonia can occur, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems. It’s often caused by fungi found in soil or bird droppings.

Recognizing the Symptoms: Key Signs of Pneumonia

Identifying pneumonia early is crucial for effective treatment. The American Lung Association lists several telltale signs of pneumonia:

• Cough (may produce greenish, yellow, or bloody mucus)
• Fever (ranging from mild to high)
• Shaking chills
• Shortness of breath (may worsen with activity)

Less common symptoms can include:

• Sharp or stabbing chest pain
• Headache
• Excessive sweating and clammy skin
• Loss of appetite and fatigue
• Confusion (especially in older adults)

Are there any symptoms specific to certain types of pneumonia? Yes, some forms of pneumonia may present unique symptoms. For instance, atypical pneumonia, often called “walking pneumonia,” may have milder symptoms that develop more gradually.

The Dehydration Factor: How Pneumonia Increases Fluid Loss

Dehydration is a significant concern for individuals with pneumonia. The condition can lead to increased fluid loss through various mechanisms:

• Fever-induced sweating
• Rapid breathing
• Reduced fluid intake due to fatigue or loss of appetite

Dr. Eric De Jonge, director of Total Elder Care at Medstar Health, emphasizes the importance of staying hydrated when battling pneumonia. He notes that the combination of fever and lung inflammation can quickly lead to dehydration, potentially causing weakness, dizziness, or even fainting spells.

How can pneumonia patients prevent dehydration? Increasing fluid intake is crucial. Patients should aim to consume more liquids than usual, even if they don’t feel thirsty. Water, herbal teas, and clear broths are excellent choices for maintaining hydration.

Transmission Routes: How Pneumonia Spreads

Understanding how pneumonia spreads is essential for prevention. The infection can be transmitted through various routes:

• Airborne droplets (from coughs and sneezes)
• Blood
• Person-to-person contact
• Inhalation of food, drink, or harmful substances (aspiration pneumonia)

Can pneumonia be contracted in healthcare settings? Yes, hospital-acquired pneumonia is a concern, especially for patients with weakened immune systems or those on ventilators.

At-Risk Populations: Who’s Most Vulnerable to Pneumonia?

While anyone can develop pneumonia, certain groups are at higher risk:

• Children under 5 years old
• Adults over 65
• Individuals with weakened immune systems
• People with chronic diseases (e.g., COPD, diabetes)
• Smokers

Why are children particularly vulnerable to pneumonia? Children’s immune systems are still developing, making them more susceptible to infections. Additionally, their smaller airways can become blocked more easily by inflammation and mucus.

Prevention Strategies: Vaccines and Lifestyle Choices

Preventing pneumonia involves a combination of vaccination and healthy lifestyle choices:

Vaccines

Several vaccines can help protect against pneumonia-causing pathogens:

• Pneumococcal vaccine
• Hib vaccine
• Influenza vaccine

These vaccines are particularly important for high-risk groups and are often recommended as part of routine immunization schedules.

Lifestyle Choices

Adopting healthy habits can reduce the risk of pneumonia:

• Practicing good hand hygiene
• Quitting smoking
• Maintaining a balanced diet
• Getting regular exercise
• Managing chronic conditions effectively

How effective are these prevention strategies? While no method is 100% foolproof, combining vaccination with healthy lifestyle choices significantly reduces the risk of developing pneumonia.

Treatment Approaches: Managing Pneumonia Effectively

The treatment of pneumonia depends on its cause, severity, and the patient’s overall health. Common approaches include:

Antibiotics

For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics are the primary treatment. The specific antibiotic prescribed will depend on the type of bacteria causing the infection.

Antiviral Medications

In cases of viral pneumonia, antiviral drugs may be prescribed, especially for influenza-related pneumonia.

Supportive Care

Regardless of the cause, supportive care is crucial:

• Rest
• Adequate hydration
• Over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers
• Oxygen therapy (in severe cases)

When should someone with pneumonia seek medical attention? Individuals experiencing severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, or high fever, should seek immediate medical care. Those in high-risk groups should consult a healthcare provider even for milder symptoms.

Long-Term Impact: Complications and Recovery from Pneumonia

While many people recover fully from pneumonia, the infection can lead to complications, especially in severe cases or among vulnerable populations:

Potential Complications

• Respiratory failure
• Sepsis
• Lung abscesses
• Pleural effusion (fluid buildup around the lungs)

Recovery Process

Recovery from pneumonia can take time, even after the infection has cleared:

• Fatigue may persist for weeks or months
• Cough might linger for an extended period
• Gradual return to normal activities is recommended

How long does it typically take to recover from pneumonia? Recovery time varies depending on the severity of the infection and the individual’s overall health. Mild cases may resolve in a few weeks, while more severe cases can take months for full recovery.

Understanding pneumonia, its causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies is crucial for maintaining respiratory health. By recognizing the signs early and seeking appropriate medical care, individuals can significantly improve their outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. Remember, staying hydrated, getting vaccinated, and adopting healthy lifestyle habits are key steps in preventing and managing pneumonia effectively.

What is pneumonia? | CNN

Story highlights

Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that results in inflammation in the lungs

There are many types of pneumonia, caused by different forms of infection

CNN
 — 

Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that affects the lungs, resulting in inflammation of the alveoli, the air sacs that make up the bulk of the lungs and help us breathe.

Infection causes alveoli to fill with fluid or mucus, limiting the amount of oxygen entering the sacs and making it painful to breathe.

There are many types of pneumonia, caused by different forms of infection, and the effects on the body range from mild to severe. Children are vulnerable, with pneumonia being the single biggest cause of infectious death in children worldwide, according to the World Health Organization.

Pneumonia is most commonly caused by bacteria or viruses, but it can also be caused by fungi.

Flu shots sign in pharmacy

Terry Vine/Blend Images/Getty Images

Flu season is here, and experts are already concerned

In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention say common causes of viral pneumonia are “influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and a common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). ”

Another common bacterial cause of pneumonia is infection with bacteria Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), which also causes meningitis. Vaccines are available against the bacterial forms of infection, as well as influenza, and can help protect individuals from infections that could lead to pneumonia.

According to the American Lung Association there are several telltale signs of pneumonia:

• Cough, which might be accompanied by greenish, yellow or bloody mucus
• Fever, ranging from mild to high
• Shaking chills
• Shortness of breath, which might only occur when you climbs stairs

cms.cnn.com/_components/paragraph/instances/paragraph_A7A28DAD-63C4-1F98-3407-1DC9C1F3F931@published” data-editable=”text” data-component-name=”paragraph”>
Less common pneumonia symptoms include:

• Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough
• Headache
• Excessive sweating and clammy skin
• Loss of appetite, low energy and fatigue
• Confusion, especially in older people

Other less common symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, wheezing and joint and muscle pain, according to the UK’s National Health Service.

It’s easy to get dehydrated when you have pneumonia, because you’re losing fluids when you sweat from the fever, and you’re losing fluid because your lungs are inflamed, according to Dr. Eric De Jonge, director of Total Elder Care at Medstar Health and associate professor of medicine at Georgetown University Hospital.

This scanning electron micrograph, SEM, revealed some of the ultra structural morphologic features of a Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterium. K. pneumoniae is a non-motile, Gram-negative rod, and a facultative anaerobe, which means that it is able to adapt to

Media for Medical/Universal Images Group Editorial/UIG via Getty Images

Pneumonia: 5 things to know

“I can easily see how someone can be weakened by a mild pneumonia to the point where they’re overheated and get presyncope, or a mild fainting spell, or even a full fainting spell from the dehydration,” he said.

He tells his patients with mild pneumonia to stay home and not exert themselves because of how easy it is to get dehydrated. De Jonge advises patients with pneumonia to make an extra effort to consume more fluids than they do when they are well.

“I think if people are proud and try to maintain their daily work, or in this case the heavy exertion of a campaign, that it’s likely to stress their system. They may not be aware how much pneumonia is taking out of them in terms of dehydration.”

Pneumonia can be spread in multiple ways. The viruses and bacteria are typically contracted by people breathing them into their lungs and then spread through airborne droplets when people sneeze or cough. It can also spread through blood, according to the WHO.

Atypical pneumonia can be caused by several types of bacteria, including Legionella pneumophila, mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and can be passed from person to person.

Aspiration pneumonia infections can occur if you inhale food, drink, vomit or harmful substances, such as smoke or chemicals, into your lungs.

Pneumonia can spread in hospital or other health care environments.

cnn.com/_components/paragraph/instances/paragraph_FD038403-24F9-7EEF-B30A-1DD461E9F753@published” data-editable=”text” data-component-name=”paragraph”>
Older adults, children and people with chronic disease are at risk. A weakened immune system, particularly in children (often the result of malnutrition, undernourishment or other pre-existing illnesses), can increase the risk of infection.

Ron Schwarz, 79, says he has hardly been able to eat since being admitted to the hospital. (Heidi de Marco/KHN)

Heidi de Marco/Kaiser Health News

‘The older you are, the worse the hospital is for you’

In the United States, about 50,000 people die from pneumonia every year, according to the CDC, although many deaths could be prevented with vaccines or treatment.

Globally, pneumonia makes up 15% of all deaths among children under 5 years of age, with more than 920,000 deaths reported in 2015, according to WHO.

But adult and child deaths from pneumonia vary greatly by country. In the United States, there were 101 deaths from pneumonia for every million deaths between 2001 to 2010 and 214 deaths per million in the UK, according to the British Lung Foundation. In the same time period in South Africa, there were 1,168 pneumonia deaths per million.

Treatment depends on the type of infection and its severity. Mild infections can be treated at home with plenty of fluids, rest and by controlling fevers with medication, according to the American Lung Association.

Bacterial infections can be treated with a range of antibiotics, including azithromycin, amoxicillin and erythromycin. For viral infections, antivirals are sometimes prescribed. Clinton’s physician announced that she is currently on antibiotics, meaning she must have a bacterial form of infection.

Follow CNN Health on Facebook and Twitter

There are several vaccines that can be helpful in preventing diseases that cause pneumonia, including whooping cough, influenza, measles and pneumococcal disease. Improving respiratory health by quitting smoking will help lungs stave off infection.

Other ways lessen the risk of contracting the disease? Washing your hands after you use the bathroom, change a baby’s diaper or blow your nose, and before and after handling or preparing food, along with generally maintaining good hygiene.

CNN’s Elizabeth Cohen contributed to this report.

Gale Apps – Technical Difficulties

The app you are trying to access is currently unavailable. We apologize for the inconvenience. Please try again in a few seconds.

If access problems persist, please contact our Technical Service department at 1-800-877-4253 for assistance. Thanks again for choosing Gale, a Cengage Learning Company.

org.springframework.remoting.RemoteAccessException: Cannot access remote service [authorizationService@theBLISAuthorizationService]; nested exception is com.zeroc.Ice.UnknownException
unknown = “java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 0 out of bounds for length 0
at java.base/jdk.internal.util.Preconditions.outOfBounds(Preconditions.java:64)
at java.base/jdk.internal.util.Preconditions.outOfBoundsCheckIndex(Preconditions.java:70)
at java.base/jdk.internal.util.Preconditions.checkIndex(Preconditions.java:266)
at java.base/java.util.Objects.checkIndex(Objects.java:359)
at java.base/java.util.ArrayList.get(ArrayList.java:427)
at com.gale.blis.data.subscription.dao.LazyUserSessionDataLoaderStoredProcedure.populateSessionProperties(LazyUserSessionDataLoaderStoredProcedure.java:60)
at com.gale.blis.data.subscription. dao.LazyUserSessionDataLoaderStoredProcedure.reQuery(LazyUserSessionDataLoaderStoredProcedure.java:53)
at com.gale.blis.data.model.session.UserGroupEntitlementsManager.reinitializeUserGroupEntitlements(UserGroupEntitlementsManager.java:30)
at com.gale.blis.data.model.session.UserGroupSessionManager.getUserGroupEntitlements(UserGroupSessionManager.java:17)
at com.gale.blis.api.authorize.contentmodulefetchers.CrossSearchProductContentModuleFetcher.getProductSubscriptionCriteria(CrossSearchProductContentModuleFetcher.java:246)
at com.gale.blis.api.authorize.contentmodulefetchers.CrossSearchProductContentModuleFetcher.getSubscribedCrossSearchProductsForUser(CrossSearchProductContentModuleFetcher.java:70)
at com.gale.blis.api.authorize.contentmodulefetchers.CrossSearchProductContentModuleFetcher.getAvailableContentModulesForProduct(CrossSearchProductContentModuleFetcher.java:51)
at com.gale.blis.api. authorize.strategy.productentry.strategy.AbstractProductEntryAuthorizer.getContentModules(AbstractProductEntryAuthorizer.java:131)
at com.gale.blis.api.authorize.strategy.productentry.strategy.CrossSearchProductEntryAuthorizer.isAuthorized(CrossSearchProductEntryAuthorizer.java:83)
at com.gale.blis.api.authorize.strategy.productentry.strategy.CrossSearchProductEntryAuthorizer.authorizeProductEntry(CrossSearchProductEntryAuthorizer.java:45)
at com.gale.blis.api.authorize.strategy.ProductEntryAuthorizer.authorize(ProductEntryAuthorizer.java:31)
at com.gale.blis.api.BLISAuthorizationServiceImpl.authorize_aroundBody0(BLISAuthorizationServiceImpl.java:57)
at com.gale.blis.api.BLISAuthorizationServiceImpl.authorize_aroundBody1$advice(BLISAuthorizationServiceImpl.java:61)
at com.gale.blis.api.BLISAuthorizationServiceImpl.authorize(BLISAuthorizationServiceImpl.java:1)
at com.gale.blis. auth.AuthorizationService._iceD_authorize(AuthorizationService.java:97)
at com.gale.blis.auth.AuthorizationService._iceDispatch(AuthorizationService.java:406)
at com.zeroc.IceInternal.Incoming.invoke(Incoming.java:221)
at com.zeroc.Ice.ConnectionI.invokeAll(ConnectionI.java:2706)
at com.zeroc.Ice.ConnectionI.dispatch(ConnectionI.java:1292)
at com.zeroc.Ice.ConnectionI.message(ConnectionI.java:1203)
at com.zeroc.IceInternal.ThreadPool.run(ThreadPool.java:412)
at com.zeroc.IceInternal.ThreadPool.access$500(ThreadPool.java:7)
at com.zeroc.IceInternal.ThreadPool$EventHandlerThread.run(ThreadPool.java:781)
at java.base/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:833)
”

org.springframework.remoting.ice.IceClientInterceptor.convertIceAccessException(IceClientInterceptor. java:348)

org.springframework.remoting.ice.IceClientInterceptor.invoke(IceClientInterceptor.java:310)

org.springframework.remoting.ice.MonitoringIceProxyFactoryBean.invoke(MonitoringIceProxyFactoryBean.java:71)

org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186)

org.springframework.aop.framework.JdkDynamicAopProxy.invoke(JdkDynamicAopProxy.java:215)

com.sun.proxy.$Proxy156.authorize(Unknown Source)

com.gale.auth.service.BlisService.getAuthorizationResponse(BlisService. java:61)

com.gale.apps.service.impl.MetadataResolverService.resolveMetadata(MetadataResolverService.java:65)

com.gale.apps.controllers.DiscoveryController.resolveDocument(DiscoveryController.java:57)

com.gale.apps.controllers.DocumentController.redirectToDocument(DocumentController.java:24)

com.gale.apps.controllers.DocumentController$$FastClassBySpringCGLIB$$7de825c.invoke(<generated>)

org.springframework.cglib.proxy.MethodProxy.invoke(MethodProxy.java:218)

org.springframework.aop. framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.invokeJoinpoint(CglibAopProxy.java:783)

org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:163)

org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.proceed(CglibAopProxy.java:753)

org.springframework.aop.framework.adapter.MethodBeforeAdviceInterceptor.invoke(MethodBeforeAdviceInterceptor.java:58)

org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:175)

org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation. proceed(CglibAopProxy.java:753)

org.springframework.aop.interceptor.ExposeInvocationInterceptor.invoke(ExposeInvocationInterceptor.java:97)

org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186)

org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.proceed(CglibAopProxy.java:753)

org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$DynamicAdvisedInterceptor.intercept(CglibAopProxy.java:698)

com.gale.apps.controllers.DocumentController$$EnhancerBySpringCGLIB$$a83841c9.redirectToDocument(<generated>)

jdk. internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor311.invoke(Unknown Source)

java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)

java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566)

org.springframework.web.method.support.InvocableHandlerMethod.doInvoke(InvocableHandlerMethod.java:205)

org.springframework.web.method.support.InvocableHandlerMethod.invokeForRequest(InvocableHandlerMethod.java:150)

org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.ServletInvocableHandlerMethod.invokeAndHandle(ServletInvocableHandlerMethod. java:117)

org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.invokeHandlerMethod(RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.java:895)

org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.handleInternal(RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.java:808)

org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.AbstractHandlerMethodAdapter.handle(AbstractHandlerMethodAdapter.java:87)

org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:1067)

org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:963)

org. springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:1006)

org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doGet(FrameworkServlet.java:898)

javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:626)

org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:883)

javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:733)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:227)

org.apache.catalina. core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162)

org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162)

org.apache.catalina.filters.HttpHeaderSecurityFilter.doFilter(HttpHeaderSecurityFilter.java:126)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189)

org. apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162)

org.springframework.web.servlet.resource.ResourceUrlEncodingFilter.doFilter(ResourceUrlEncodingFilter.java:67)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162)

org.springframework.web.filter.RequestContextFilter.doFilterInternal(RequestContextFilter.java:100)

org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:117)

org. apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162)

org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:102)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162)

com.gale.common.http.filter.SecurityHeaderFilter.doFilterInternal(SecurityHeaderFilter.java:29)

org. springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:117)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162)

org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:102)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162)

org. owasp.validation.GaleParameterValidationFilter.doFilterInternal(GaleParameterValidationFilter.java:97)

org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:117)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162)

org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.support.ErrorPageFilter.doFilter(ErrorPageFilter.java:126)

org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.support.ErrorPageFilter.access$000(ErrorPageFilter.java:64)

org. springframework.boot.web.servlet.support.ErrorPageFilter$1.doFilterInternal(ErrorPageFilter.java:101)

org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:117)

org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.support.ErrorPageFilter.doFilter(ErrorPageFilter.java:119)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162)

org.springframework.web.filter.FormContentFilter.doFilterInternal(FormContentFilter.java:93)

org. springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:117)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162)

org.springframework.boot.actuate.metrics.web.servlet.WebMvcMetricsFilter.doFilterInternal(WebMvcMetricsFilter.java:96)

org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:117)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189)

org. apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162)

org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:201)

org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:117)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189)

org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162)

org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:202)

org. apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:97)

org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:542)

org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:143)

org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:92)

org.apache.catalina.valves.AbstractAccessLogValve.invoke(AbstractAccessLogValve.java:687)

org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:78)

org. apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:357)

org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Processor.service(Http11Processor.java:374)

org.apache.coyote.AbstractProcessorLight.process(AbstractProcessorLight.java:65)

org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$ConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:893)

org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1707)

org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SocketProcessorBase.run(SocketProcessorBase.java:49)

java.base/java. util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1128)

java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:628)

org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61)

java.base/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:834)

Intrauterine pneumonia. What is Intrauterine Pneumonia?

IMPORTANT
The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.

Intrauterine pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue that occurs antenatally, accompanied by the development of clinical manifestations in the first 72 hours of a child’s life. Manifested by severe respiratory failure, symptoms of respiratory distress syndrome, intoxication, neurological disorders due to cerebral edema, etc. Intrauterine pneumonia is diagnosed radiographically, laboratory tests can identify a specific infectious agent. Shown etiotropic therapy (antibiotics, antiviral drugs, etc.), oxygen therapy, correction of symptoms of multiple organ failure.

• Causes of intrauterine pneumonia
• Classification of intrauterine pneumonias
• Symptoms of intrauterine pneumonia
• Diagnosis of intrauterine pneumonia
• Treatment of intrauterine pneumonia
  • Prognosis and prevention of intrauterine pneumonia
• Prices for treatment

General

Intrauterine pneumonia is one of the most common pathologies in the structure of intrauterine infections. Approximately 30% of all intrauterine pneumonia occurs in the form of localized forms, in other cases, pneumonia in newborns occurs as part of a generalized intrauterine infection. Currently, intrauterine pneumonia continues to pose a danger. The average incidence rate is about 2 cases per 1000 newborns, and the disease also accounts for up to 80-90% infant mortality. A separate emphasis is placed on intrauterine pneumonia caused by opportunistic flora. First, opportunistic microorganisms tend to be neglected. Secondly, they often remain resistant to therapy.

Intrauterine pneumonia remains an urgent problem of modern pediatrics. Even when successfully treated, the disease deals a serious blow to children’s immunity. Subsequently, any cold can easily be complicated by pneumonia. If the diagnosis was belated, the risk of life-threatening complications (pleurisy, sepsis, etc.) is high. Often, children who have had intrauterine pneumonia develop an adhesive process in the pleura, which leads to chronic respiratory failure with inevitable disability.

Intrauterine pneumonia

Causes of intrauterine pneumonia

Intrauterine pneumonia is equally often caused by bacteria and viruses, less often by bacterial-viral associations and fungi. The bacteria that are the most common causes of infection are streptococcus, staphylococcus, enterococcus, E. coli, mycoplasma, etc. Viral intrauterine pneumonia develops, as a rule, with the participation of viruses of the TORCH group, influenza viruses, etc. Fungal etiology is associated with fungi of the genus Candida. A special role is played by STIs, which can also be the cause of the disease. There is also congenital syphilitic pneumonia.

In addition to the causes of the disease, there are many risk factors that contribute to the development of intrauterine pneumonia. Separately allocate risk factors from the side of the mother and from the side of the fetus. Obstetric and gynecological pathologies that increase the likelihood of developing the disease include abortions and miscarriages in a woman’s history, pathologies of childbirth, preeclampsia and chronic diseases of the small pelvis, including due to the widespread use of intrauterine contraceptives. Fetal risk factors include prematurity and low birth weight, inflammation of the placenta, and placental insufficiency.

There are two ways of infection of the fetus – ascending and hematogenous. The first of these implies that the mother has an infection of the internal genital organs, more often of a bacterial nature. The hematogenous route of infection is the transplacental penetration of the pathogen through the umbilical vein into the blood of the fetus, which is more characteristic of intrauterine pneumonia of viral etiology. Regardless of the gate of infection, the microorganism enters the blood of the fetus and from there reaches the lung tissue. Since the child does not breathe air in the womb, the infectious agent remains asymptomatic in the tissues until the time of birth. With the first breath, the blood supply to the lungs increases dramatically. It is this moment that is the starting point, and intrauterine pneumonia begins to manifest itself clinically.

Classification of intrauterine pneumonia

Etiologically isolated bacterial, viral and fungal intrauterine pneumonia, sometimes there are bacterial-viral infections. According to the severity of the disease is divided into mild, moderate and severe forms. Depending on the moment of infection, intrauterine pneumonia is congenital and intranatal, when infection occurs at the time of passage of the fetus through the birth canal. The course of the disease can be acute and protracted, with or without complications. There are pulmonary complications in the form of pneumothorax, atelectasis, lung abscess formation, as well as extrapulmonary complications, the main of which are meningitis, damage to the membranes of the heart and sepsis. Separately, 3 degrees of respiratory failure are distinguished.

Symptoms of intrauterine pneumonia

The leading symptom in the clinic of the disease is severe respiratory failure, requiring oxygen support for the newborn (oxygen mask, mechanical ventilation). Develops from the first hours of life. Visually, intrauterine pneumonia is manifested by the lethargy of the child due to intoxication, diffuse cyanosis, “marble” skin. There is a noticeable retraction of the sternum, during a physical examination, the pediatrician diagnoses tachycardia, weakened breathing and wheezing in the lungs. Sleep apnea is characteristic. The level of hyperthermia depends on the severity; premature babies may experience a low body temperature.

Complications from the lungs often develop, such as pneumothorax, lung atelectasis, respiratory distress syndrome, lung abscesses, sepsis. Intrauterine pneumonia rarely occurs as a localized disease. In this regard, there are always other, extrapulmonary symptoms of intrauterine infections: from the nervous, cardiovascular, digestive systems, hearing and vision. In premature babies, the disease is more severe, the likelihood of complications is always higher.

Neurological symptoms are represented by tilting the head back, an increase or decrease in muscle tone. Among the complications is meningitis, which is especially common in mycoplasmal intrauterine pneumonia. Neurological disorders are associated primarily with swelling of the meninges, the cause of which is respiratory failure. Approximately half of the sick children are diagnosed with gastrointestinal disorders, in particular, vomiting and vomiting, flatulence, and intestinal paresis. Thus, with intrauterine pneumonia, we are often talking about multiple organ failure, the main causes of which are generalization of infection and general circulatory disorders.

Diagnosis of intrauterine pneumonia

Respiratory failure is easily detected on physical examination of the child. On the radiograph of the lungs, an increase in the pulmonary pattern, peribronchial changes, and numerous foci of infiltration of the lung tissue are noticeable. Changes on the radiograph persist up to a month from the onset of the acute phase of intrauterine pneumonia. In severe cases of infection, there may be no signs of disease on lung x-ray for the first three days.

Laboratory diagnosis of intrauterine pneumonia includes a general and biochemical blood test, a throat swab for flora, a microbiological study of tracheobronchial aspirate, and an analysis of discharge from the nasal cavity. A blood test reveals signs of an inflammatory process, anemia of varying degrees, hyperbilirubinemia, etc. Serological studies (ELISA diagnostics) are required to detect various classes of antibodies to specific pathogens. With regard to the diagnosis of viral etiology of intrauterine pneumonia, the PCR method is effective. It is necessary to identify the primary focus of infection in the mother.

Treatment of intrauterine pneumonia

Treatment is carried out in the intensive care unit or resuscitation of newborns. Depending on the severity of respiratory failure, various methods of oxygen support are used: an oxygen mask, mechanical ventilation. Etiotropic therapy of intrauterine pneumonia – antibiotics, antiviral, antifungal drugs – can be prescribed empirically, or selected based on other signs that are pathognomonic for specific intrauterine infections (rubella, toxoplasmosis, chlamydia, etc. ). The list of antibiotics is limited by age, the use of aminoglycoside drugs is contraindicated.

Premature babies are required to prescribe surfactants that promote the development of lung tissue and straighten collapsed alveoli. Sanitation of the tracheobronchial tree is carried out in almost all children, the frequency is regulated by the severity of the condition. Dehydration measures, detoxification with saline solutions, correction of acidosis, anemia, bleeding disorders, symptomatic therapy are carried out. The transfusion of erythrocyte mass is carried out according to indications. At the end of the acute phase of intrauterine pneumonia, physiotherapy is indicated.

Prognosis and prevention of intrauterine pneumonia

The prognosis of intrauterine pneumonia is determined by the specific nosology and severity of the condition. The disease has been and remains one of the main causes of infant mortality. A more favorable course is observed with intrauterine pneumonia of staphylococcal etiology (except for Staphylococcus aureus) and viral genesis. The death rate is higher in case of infection with enterococci, Escherichia coli, Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus aureus; bacterial-viral associations are especially dangerous. Also, the mortality rate increases in case of complications, in particular, sepsis.

Primary prevention of intrauterine pneumonia is reduced to the identification of possible risk factors for the disease in a pregnant woman. This will ensure high alertness and readiness of medical personnel for resuscitation directly in the delivery room. Timely diagnosis of intrauterine infections is also necessary, since the clinic of many of them includes lung damage in the form of intrauterine pneumonia. All children who have had the disease in the neonatal period are prevented from recurrent pneumonia: vitamin therapy, massage, gymnastics, etc.

You can share your medical history, what helped you in the treatment of intrauterine pneumonia.

Sources

1. self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.

   Segmental pneumonia in children: causes, symptoms, treatment and consequences

   Contents

   • 1 Segmental pneumonia in children: causes, symptoms, treatment and consequences – everything you need to know
     • 1.1 What is segmental pneumonia?
     • 1.2 Causes of segmental pneumonia in children
     • 1.3 How does segmental pneumonia manifest itself in children?
     • 1.4 Diagnosis of segmental pneumonia in children
     • 1.5 Management of segmental pneumonia in children: main approaches
     • 1.6 Features of the treatment of segmental pneumonia in children of different ages
     • 1.7 Prevention of segmental pneumonia in children
     • 1.8 What can be a complication of segmental pneumonia in children?
     • 1.9 What is the role of early diagnosis and treatment of segmental pneumonia in children?
     • 1. 10 Home care for a child with segmental pneumonia
     • 1.11 Prognosis and consequences of segmental pneumonia in children
     • 1.12 Related videos:

   An article about segmental pneumonia in children: causes, main symptoms, treatment methods and possible health consequences. Expert advice and additional measures to prevent this disease.

   Segmental pneumonia is an acute inflammatory lung disease that is common in children. It got its name due to its ability to affect individual segments of the lungs. The disease causes high fever, cough and chest pain.

   Segmental pneumonia in children is usually caused by bacteria such as staphylococcus, streptococcus or pneumococcus. It can also be caused by viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms. Symptoms may vary depending on the age and immunity of the child.

   In this guide, we will discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatment of segmental pneumonia in children. We will also consider the possible consequences if the disease is not detected and treated in time. You must remember that segmental pneumonia is a serious disease, and parents must be prepared for the fact that their child may carry a significant and long-term negative burden.

   What is segmental pneumonia?

   Segmental pneumonia is a type of inflammatory lung disease that can occur in children at any age. This condition is caused by an infection that affects certain parts of the lung, called segments. The lungs are divided into sections called pulmonary segments, each of which is responsible for a specific area of ​​the lung. Segmental pneumonia affects only part of the lung tissue, which distinguishes it from other types of pneumonia, which can affect all of the lungs.

   Segmental pneumonia in children can be caused by a variety of infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This form of pneumonia is especially common in children of older preschool and primary school age.

   Symptoms of segmental pneumonia in children may include fever, cough with sputum production, chest pain, loss of appetite, weakness and fatigue. If your child exhibits these symptoms, see a doctor for evaluation and treatment.

   Causes of segmental pneumonia in children

   Pneumococcal infection. Segmental pneumonia is most often caused by pneumococcus, a common causative agent of pneumonia in children. Pneumococci can enter the child’s body through the respiratory tract and begin to multiply in the lungs, causing pneumonia in various parts of the lung, including segments.

   Viral infections. Viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza can sometimes cause segmental pneumonia. Viruses make it difficult to remove secretions from the lungs, block the airways and create conditions for increased bacterial growth.

   Hygiene violation. Poor hygiene is one of the main causes of respiratory tract infections in children. Viruses and bacteria can be found on hands, toys, eating utensils and passed from hand to hand. Children who do not follow hygiene are at greater risk of getting sick.

   Weakening of the immune system. Children with weakened immune systems are more likely to become victims of infections. The immune system is the body’s system that protects it from pathogenic microbes. When the immune system is weakened, the body becomes more vulnerable to viruses and bacteria.

   How does segmental pneumonia manifest itself in children?

   Segmental pneumonia in children presents with symptoms that may be similar to colds. However, every day the symptoms worsen, and the cough with copious sputum increases, the discharge may contain blood impurities.

   Young children may show other signs of segmental pneumonia, such as decreased appetite, refusal to eat, drowsiness and fatigue, sleep and wake disturbances. The child may have a fever, including super high, up to 39-40 degrees, which indicates an inflammatory process in the lungs.

   Some children may complain of chest pain, which is associated with the development of an inflammatory process and swelling of the lung tissue. Children may also experience dyspnea and shortness of breath, which may be aggravated by exertion.

   If a child develops a dry or wet cough that lasts more than two weeks, or has any of the above symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for diagnosis and treatment.

   Diagnosis of segmental pneumonia in children

   For the correct diagnosis of segmental pneumonia in children, it is necessary to conduct an extensive examination using various methods and tools.

   The doctor must necessarily examine the patient, palpate the chest and auscultate the lungs. This information can be used to determine the area of ​​the lesion and identify the characteristic symptoms of the disease.

   Additional tests that may be used in the diagnosis of segmental pneumonia in children include:

   • Chest X-ray – to confirm the diagnosis and determine the mass of the lesion;
   • Blood test – may be useful to identify the body’s inflammatory response and infectious agent;
   • Computed tomography – to obtain more detailed images of affected areas;
   • Bronchoscopy – to examine the upper airways for infection and mucosal changes, which may help diagnose segmental pneumonia;
   • Ultrasound – can be used for additional research if the radiograph is not sufficiently informative.

   For a correct diagnosis, it is important to conduct all the necessary studies and obtain complete information about the patient’s condition and the degree of lung damage.

   Treatment of segmental pneumonia in children: main approaches

   Antibiotics are the main treatment for segmental pneumonia in children. If a bacterial infection is suspected, broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as amoxicillin or azithromycin, are started. If specific pathogens are found, then antibiotics are selected that specifically act against these bacteria.

   External oxygen breathing is used when the patient has difficulty breathing. Oxygen is delivered through a mask or other specialized equipment and helps reduce lung strain and improve blood oxygen saturation.

   Primary therapy for includes anti-inflammatory and antipyretic drugs such as ibuprofen or paracetamol. They help reduce swelling and inflammation in the lungs, as well as lighten the load on the body and improve the well-being of the child.

   Physiotherapy and massage can be used in conjunction with other treatments. They help to improve blood circulation, strengthen the muscles of the respiratory system and increase the efficiency of breathing.

   Diet and rest also plays an important role in the successful treatment of segmental pneumonia in children. The child should receive enough nutrients and fluids, as well as adequate rest and avoid physical activity until recovery.

   Features of treatment of segmental pneumonia in children of different ages

   Treatment of segmental pneumonia in children of different ages has its own characteristics. For example, in children under one year of age, an atypical infection may be the provoking cause, so treatment may require the use of antibiotics.

   In older children, more aggressive treatment may be prescribed, including a combination of medications, physical therapy and additional methods of rehabilitation of the body. Also, older children need to undergo rehabilitation after pneumonia to prevent relapses and health consequences.

   One of the main principles of treatment of segmental pneumonia in children of any age is the appointment of adequate antibacterial treatment. It is also important to regularly monitor the state of the child’s body and adjust the treatment depending on the dynamics of the disease.

   • It is important to note that younger children may require longer therapy.
   • Older children can be given light physical activity to speed recovery.
   • Violation of the schedule of taking medications can adversely affect the effectiveness of treatment, so it is important to strictly follow the doctor’s instructions.

   In general, treatment of segmental pneumonia in children should only be done under the supervision of an experienced pediatric pulmonologist.

   Prevention of segmental pneumonia in children

   Segmental pneumonia is a serious lung disease that can lead to complications and even death in children. To prevent this disease, measures must be taken to protect children from possible risk factors.

   Proper nutrition – the immune system of children is more vulnerable than adults. Nutrition should be rich in vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin C. It is necessary to provide the child with a sufficient amount of fruits and vegetables that strengthen the body’s immunity.

   Continuous vaccination – vaccination is the most effective way to prevent many diseases, including pneumococcal disease. To prevent segmental pneumonia, the vaccination schedule set by the Ministry of Health must be followed.

   Hygiene – Regular hand washing and brushing your teeth can help prevent many types of infections, including pneumonia. It is necessary to teach the child hygiene skills and make sure that he follows them.

   Protective measures – Precautionary measures should be taken when in contact with sick patients or people whose symptoms are suspected of being ill. This may include the use of masks or gloves to protect against possible infection.

   Lung diseases, including segmental pneumonia, can lead to serious consequences, so every effort must be made to protect children from this disease. If any symptoms appear, you should immediately consult a doctor.

   What can be a complication of segmental pneumonia in children?

   Segmental pneumonia in children can lead to complications that threaten the health and life of the child. The most common complications are:

   • Lung empyema. This is a purulent inflammation of the pleural cavity attributable to the affected segment of the lung. Symptoms: high fever, severe chest pain, cough with purulent sputum expectoration, shortness of breath.
   • Pneumothorax. This is a violation of the integrity of the lung tissue and damage to the pleura, which leads to the release of air into the interpulmonary space. Symptoms: sharp pain in the chest, starting on one side, which worsens with breathing or movement, shortness of breath, decreased air capacity of the lung.
   • Sepsis. This is a severe infectious disease in which the infection traps the blood and causes various complications. Symptoms: high fever, severe weakness, bouts of nausea and vomiting, impaired consciousness, decreased pain threshold.

   If you do not pay attention to the symptoms and do not promptly treat segmental pneumonia in children, these complications can lead to serious consequences.

   What is the role of early diagnosis and treatment of segmental pneumonia in children?

   Segmental pneumonia in children is a serious disease that can lead to complications if not detected and treated on time. Early diagnosis is a critical link in the fight against this disease.

   One of the main symptoms of segmental pneumonia in children is a cough that may develop into a loose cough with sputum. If a child has a cough, an increase in body temperature and swelling of the chest, then you need to see a doctor as soon as possible.

   Early treatment of segmental pneumonia in children can lead to a significant improvement in the child’s condition and prevent complications. Treatment may include antibiotics and lung drainage. If you experience symptoms of segmental pneumonia, you should immediately consult a doctor.

   It is important to understand that self-medication and ignoring the symptoms of segmental pneumonia can lead to complications and worsening of the child’s condition. Therefore, early access to a doctor and timely treatment are key factors in the fight against this disease.

   Home Care for a Child with Segmental Pneumonia

   There are a few simple steps to follow to treat segmental pneumonia in children at home.

   • Rest: Let your child rest and do only easy things. It is recommended to reduce the amount of physical activity and allow him to sleep more.
   • Drinking regimen: Segmental pneumonia can cause dehydration, so drink plenty of fluids regularly. Water, fruit juices, and non-lemonade soft drinks are great choices.
   • Medicines: Your doctor will prescribe antibiotics or other medicines depending on the type and cause of your pneumonia. It is important to strictly follow the doctor’s recommendations for taking medications.
   • Nutrition: It is recommended that you monitor your child’s diet and provide healthy and nutritious foods. Vegetables, fruits, hot meals and protein foods are very useful.
   • Support: Emotional and psychological support is essential in the treatment of segmental pneumonia. Support your child and make sure they feel secure.

   Successful home care for a child with segmental pneumonia is critical to their recovery. It is important to follow the doctor’s recommendations and be prepared for the fact that the healing process may take some time.

   Prognosis and consequences of segmental pneumonia in children

   Segmental pneumonia is a serious disease that can lead to various consequences in children. The prognosis of the disease depends on how quickly treatment was started and what the nature of the disease was.

   With early and timely treatment of segmental pneumonia in children, the prognosis is usually good. However, if the disease was not detected or treatment was not started on time, it can provoke serious consequences.

   One of the possible dangerous consequences is the development of complications with the respiratory organs, such as pneumothorax, empyema, carbonic acid, which can occur with inadequate therapy or high toxicity of the bacteria that caused the disease.

   The consequences of segmental pneumonia in children can also impair the quality and duration of life. In some cases, the disease can cause chronic breathing problems that can take a lot of time and effort to treat.

   In order to avoid the development of these consequences, it is important not only to detect the disease in time, but also to prescribe the right treatment, consisting of antibacterial drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, respiratory and immunomodulatory agents.