What are the clinical signs of gastroenteritis in dogs? What causes gastroenteritis in dogs? How is gastroenteritis diagnosed and treated in dogs?

Symptoms of Gastroenteritis in Dogs

Dogs with gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, commonly experience vomiting and diarrhea. The vomit may contain foamy, yellowish bile, especially after the dog has emptied their stomach. Many owners observe their dog dry heaving or gagging after eating or drinking. The diarrhea is often described as having a soft-serve ice cream consistency and occurring several times a day in large volumes. Dogs with gastroenteritis may be tender when picked up around the abdomen or resist handling of the stomach and hindquarters. Lethargy and decreased appetite are also typical symptoms. A low-grade fever is common, and dehydration can occur quickly if the vomiting and diarrhea persist for more than 24 hours.

Causes of Gastroenteritis in Dogs

Gastroenteritis in dogs can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections, ingestion of foreign objects or toxins, endocrine diseases like diabetes or hyperthyroidism, and conditions affecting the pancreas, liver, or kidneys. Some of the more common causes that veterinarians will investigate include:

• Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic)
• Foreign bodies or other ingested objects
• Intussusception (telescoping of the intestine)
• Tumors or cancer
• Poisoning or toxin exposure
• Endocrine diseases like diabetes or hyperthyroidism
• Pancreatic, liver, or kidney disease

Diagnosing Gastroenteritis in Dogs

How does a veterinarian diagnose gastroenteritis in a dog? Gastroenteritis is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning that the veterinarian will first rule out other more serious conditions that could be causing the dog’s symptoms. The diagnostic process typically begins with obtaining a thorough medical history, including information about the dog’s diet, any recent exposure to new foods or materials, and any previous episodes of vomiting and diarrhea. The veterinarian will also perform a physical examination, looking for signs of dehydration, abdominal pain or abnormalities, and other physical indicators.

Diagnostic tests that may be recommended include bloodwork (complete blood count, serum chemistries, and electrolytes), urinalysis, abdominal radiographs, and abdominal ultrasound. These tests can help identify underlying conditions, detect electrolyte imbalances, and rule out other potential causes of the symptoms.

Treating Gastroenteritis in Dogs

The primary focus of treating gastroenteritis in dogs is rehydration and restoring the balance of electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and chloride. Depending on the degree of dehydration, this fluid replacement may be given orally, subcutaneously (under the skin), or intravenously. Additional medical treatments may include:

• Antibiotics (e.g., metronidazole, ampicillin) if a bacterial infection is suspected
• Anti-diarrheal drugs to help regulate intestinal motility after obstruction or other anatomical issues
• Medications to control vomiting or nausea
• A bland, easily digestible diet to help soothe the gastrointestinal tract

The specific treatment plan will be tailored to the underlying cause and severity of the dog’s condition, as determined by the veterinarian during the diagnostic process.

Preventing Gastroenteritis in Dogs

To help prevent gastroenteritis in dogs, it’s important to feed a high-quality, balanced diet and avoid sudden changes in food. Keeping dogs away from potential toxins, foreign objects, and unsanitary environments can also reduce the risk of gastrointestinal issues. Regular veterinary check-ups and preventive care, such as deworming, can help maintain a dog’s overall digestive health and catch any underlying conditions early.

Recognizing Severe Gastroenteritis in Dogs

While mild cases of gastroenteritis may resolve with supportive care, it’s important to seek veterinary attention if a dog’s symptoms are severe or persist for more than 24 hours. Severe dehydration, persistent vomiting or diarrhea, fever, and signs of abdominal pain may indicate a more serious underlying condition that requires prompt medical treatment.

When to See a Veterinarian for Gastroenteritis

If a dog is exhibiting symptoms of gastroenteritis, such as vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, or decreased appetite, it’s best to consult a veterinarian, especially if the symptoms are severe or last for more than a day. Timely veterinary care can help prevent complications and ensure the dog receives the appropriate treatment for their condition.