What are the main symptoms of gastroenteritis. How long does stomach flu typically last. What are the potential long-term effects of gastroenteritis. What are the primary causes of stomach flu. How can gastroenteritis be prevented and treated.

Understanding Gastroenteritis: More Than Just a ‘Stomach Flu’

Gastroenteritis, often mistakenly called the ‘stomach flu’, is a condition characterized by inflammation of the stomach and/or intestines. This inflammation leads to a range of uncomfortable symptoms, primarily diarrhea and vomiting. Despite its colloquial name, gastroenteritis is not related to influenza, which is a respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus.

The condition is particularly common in children but can affect individuals of all ages. Its causes are diverse, ranging from viral and bacterial infections to parasitic infestations. Understanding the nature of gastroenteritis, its symptoms, causes, and potential long-term effects is crucial for effective management and prevention.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Gastroenteritis

The onset of gastroenteritis is often sudden, with symptoms typically lasting one to three days in healthy adults. However, the duration can be longer in vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and individuals with compromised immune systems.

Common Symptoms of Gastroenteritis

• Diarrhea (often very watery)
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Stomach cramps
• Loss of appetite
• Dehydration

In cases of viral gastroenteritis, additional symptoms may include:

• Fever
• Headache
• Body aches
• Chills
• Fatigue

Is bloody diarrhea a symptom of gastroenteritis? While not common in all cases, bloody diarrhea can occur in bacterial gastroenteritis. This symptom warrants immediate medical attention as it may indicate a more severe infection.

The Dangers of Dehydration in Gastroenteritis

One of the most significant risks associated with gastroenteritis, especially in young children and the elderly, is dehydration. Persistent diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid fluid loss, potentially causing an electrolyte imbalance.

Why is dehydration particularly dangerous in young children with gastroenteritis? In young children, the rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes can quickly lead to a severe imbalance, which can be life-threatening if left untreated. This is why prompt medical attention is crucial when a child shows signs of severe gastroenteritis.

Signs of Dehydration to Watch For

• Excessive thirst
• Dry mouth and skin
• Decreased urination or dark-colored urine
• Sunken eyes
• Lethargy or irritability
• In infants, a sunken fontanelle (soft spot on the head)

Long-Term Effects of Gastroenteritis: Beyond the Acute Phase

While gastroenteritis is typically a short-term illness, it can have lasting effects on some individuals. These long-term consequences are often related to changes in the gut microbiome or the development of post-infectious conditions.

Microbiome Alterations

How does gastroenteritis affect the gut microbiome? Gastroenteritis can significantly modify the balance of microorganisms in the gut, leading to a decrease in the diversity and quantity of beneficial bacteria. This alteration can potentially cause health complications in the long term.

A study found that approximately one in five individuals affected by norovirus experienced significant microbiota alterations. However, it’s important to note that the long-term implications of these changes are not yet fully understood and may vary among individuals.

Post-Infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome (PI-IBS)

One of the more common long-term effects of gastroenteritis is the development of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). This condition affects between 5-32% of those who experience gastroenteritis.

What is the prognosis for post-infectious IBS? Fortunately, the prognosis for PI-IBS is generally good. In most cases, symptoms resolve on their own without the need for specific treatment. The duration of symptoms can vary:

• For bacterial gastroenteritis: Symptoms may take a few years to resolve completely
• For viral gastroenteritis: Symptoms typically disappear within a few months

It’s important to note that while PI-IBS can be uncomfortable, it does not lead to other adverse effects and doesn’t increase the risk of other diseases or disorders after symptom resolution.

Rare Long-Term Complications

In rare cases, gastroenteritis can lead to the development of other conditions in the months following the infection. These may include:

• Ulcerative colitis
• Aortic aneurysm
• Reactive arthritis

However, it’s crucial to emphasize that these complications are extremely rare and should not be a cause for undue concern for most individuals recovering from gastroenteritis.

Causes of Gastroenteritis: A Diverse Array of Pathogens

Gastroenteritis can be caused by a variety of infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Understanding these causes is crucial for proper treatment and prevention strategies.

Viral Gastroenteritis

Viruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis. The primary viral culprits include:

• Norovirus: The most common cause of gastroenteritis worldwide
• Rotavirus: Previously the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children, now less common due to effective vaccines
• Adenovirus
• Astrovirus

Why is norovirus so prevalent in gastroenteritis cases? Norovirus is highly contagious and can survive on surfaces for extended periods. It’s often responsible for outbreaks in enclosed spaces such as cruise ships, nursing homes, and schools. Symptoms typically last only a day or two, but the virus can spread rapidly through a population.

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial infections are another significant cause of gastroenteritis, often resulting in foodborne illness. Common bacterial culprits include:

• Escherichia coli (E. coli)
• Salmonella species
• Campylobacter species
• Shigella species
• Staphylococcus species
• Yersinia species

How do bacteria cause gastroenteritis? In some cases, the bacteria themselves directly cause inflammation and symptoms. In others, the bacteria produce toxins that damage the digestive tract, leading to gastroenteritis.

Parasitic Gastroenteritis

While less common in developed countries, parasitic infections can also cause gastroenteritis. These are more frequently encountered in developing nations or among travelers. Common parasites include:

• Giardia lamblia
• Cryptosporidium parvum
• Entamoeba histolytica

Transmission and Risk Factors for Gastroenteritis

Understanding how gastroenteritis spreads is crucial for prevention. The condition is highly communicable and can be transmitted through various routes.

Common Transmission Routes

• Person-to-person contact with an infected individual
• Contact with contaminated surfaces or objects
• Consumption of contaminated food or water

Why is gastroenteritis so common among travelers? Many individuals develop gastroenteritis while traveling, especially in developing countries. This is often due to exposure to unfamiliar pathogens, consumption of contaminated food or water, and changes in hygiene practices.

High-Risk Environments

Certain environments and situations can increase the risk of gastroenteritis outbreaks:

• Cruise ships: Close quarters and shared facilities can facilitate rapid spread
• Nursing homes: Elderly residents may have weakened immune systems
• Schools and daycare centers: Children may have less developed hygiene practices
• Restaurants and food service establishments: Improper food handling can lead to contamination

Prevention and Management of Gastroenteritis

While gastroenteritis can be a challenging condition to prevent entirely, there are several strategies that can reduce the risk of infection and manage symptoms effectively.

Preventive Measures

• Practice good hand hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water
• Avoid contaminated food and water: Be cautious when traveling to areas with poor sanitation
• Properly handle and prepare food: Cook foods thoroughly and avoid cross-contamination
• Vaccination: For certain types of gastroenteritis, such as rotavirus in children
• Clean and disinfect surfaces: Especially in shared spaces or after someone has been ill

How effective is hand washing in preventing gastroenteritis? Proper hand washing is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of gastroenteritis. It can significantly reduce the risk of both contracting and transmitting the infection.

Management and Treatment

The primary goals in managing gastroenteritis are to prevent dehydration and alleviate symptoms. Treatment strategies include:

• Fluid replacement: Oral rehydration solutions to replace lost fluids and electrolytes
• Rest: Allow the body time to fight off the infection
• Gradual reintroduction of food: Start with easily digestible foods as symptoms improve
• Medication: In some cases, anti-diarrheal medications or antibiotics may be prescribed
• Probiotics: May help restore the balance of gut bacteria

When should you seek medical attention for gastroenteritis? While many cases of gastroenteritis can be managed at home, medical attention should be sought if symptoms are severe, persist for more than a few days, or if there are signs of dehydration, especially in young children and the elderly.

The Impact of Vaccines on Gastroenteritis Prevention

Vaccines have played a significant role in reducing the incidence of certain types of gastroenteritis, particularly in children. The development and widespread use of rotavirus vaccines have been a game-changer in pediatric health.

Rotavirus Vaccine Success

Prior to 2006, rotavirus was the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children under five years old. The introduction of effective rotavirus vaccines has dramatically changed this landscape.

How effective have rotavirus vaccines been in reducing gastroenteritis cases? Since the introduction of rotavirus vaccines in 2006, there has been a drastic reduction in the number of children hospitalized with rotavirus infection and gastroenteritis in Canada and many other countries. This success story demonstrates the potential of vaccination in preventing certain forms of gastroenteritis.

Future Vaccine Developments

While rotavirus vaccines have been a significant success, research continues into developing vaccines for other common causes of gastroenteritis, such as norovirus. These efforts hold promise for further reducing the global burden of gastroenteritis in the future.

As our understanding of gastroenteritis continues to evolve, so too do our strategies for prevention, management, and treatment. By staying informed about the causes, symptoms, and preventive measures, individuals can better protect themselves and their families from this common but potentially serious condition.

Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu) – Gastrointestinal Society

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Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu)GIS2021-12-14T09:33:37-08:00

Often incorrectly referred to as the ‘stomach flu’, gastroenteritis is a condition in which a person experiences temporary inflammation of the stomach and/or intestines. This inflammation leads to diarrhea and/or vomiting, as well as complications from these symptoms, such as abdominal pain, dehydration, and fatigue. Gastroenteritis is common, especially in children, but there are many different causes of this condition.

Symptoms

Gastroenteritis symptoms often begin suddenly and, in most types, last for one to three days in healthy adults, but can last longer in young children, the elderly, and those who have suppressed immune systems.

Most individuals with gastroenteritis will experience both diarrhea and vomiting, but some experience only one of these symptoms. Diarrhea is often very watery (type 7 on the Bristol stool chart), and can be bloody if the source of gastroenteritis is bacterial. Persistent diarrhea and vomiting can lead to abdominal pain, stomach cramps, loss of appetite, and dehydration. In young children, diarrhea and vomiting can cause an electrolyte imbalance, which is very dangerous and can lead to death if untreated.

In viral gastroenteritis, other symptoms such as fever, headache, body aches, chills, and fatigue can occur, leading to much of the confusion between the flu and gastroenteritis. The flu is a respiratory illness caused by infection with the influenza virus, and although many other symptoms are similar between the flu and gastroenteritis, the flu rarely causes vomiting and diarrhea.

Long-Term Effects

While the body typically clears an infection within a few days, sometimes there can be lasting effects. Gastroenteritis can modify the microbiome balance, leading to a decrease in the diversity and quantity of good bacteria in the gut, which can cause health complications in the long-term.¹ One study found that approximately one in five of those affected with norovirus experienced significant microbiota alterations, although it is unclear how many of them will develop complications from this imbalance. ²

One potential outcome of gastroenteritis is a type of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) known as post-infectious IBS. Studies have found that post-infectious IBS affects between 5-32% of those who experience gastroenteritis.³ However, the prognosis is good for this type of IBS, with symptoms typically gone soon after developing, without need for treatment. In cases of bacterial gastroenteritis, it can take a few years to resolve, but if it’s caused by viral infection, then symptoms are usually gone within a few months.³ Although this type of IBS is uncomfortable, it does not lead to any other adverse affects, and doesn’t increase the risk of other diseases or disorders after symptom resolution.

Some other potential, but rare, complications from gastroenteritis include developing ulcerative colitis, aortic aneurysm, or reactive arthritis in the months after the infection.⁴

Causes

Viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections cause most cases of gastroenteritis. These are communicable infections, which can be spread through contact with another person who is sick, contact with an item recently touched by someone with infectious gastroenteritis, or the consumption of contaminated food or water. Many individuals develop gastroenteritis while travelling, especially in developing countries.

The most common cause of gastroenteritis is norovirus. When someone gets the ‘stomach flu’, it is typically an infection with one of the viruses in the norovirus family. Norovirus is highly contagious, and is often responsible for sickness outbreaks on cruise ships, in nursing homes, and in schools. Symptoms typically last only a day or two.⁵

Until recently, infection with rotavirus was the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms last for up to a week, and can be very severe. In young children, particularly those under five years-of-age, gastroenteritis from rotavirus can lead to serious complications from dehydration if untreated, and can even be fatal. However, since 2006, there have been effective vaccines for this virus, which have drastically reduced the incidence of children with rotavirus infection and gastroenteritis hospitalized in Canada. For more information on the rotavirus vaccine, see the article Rotavirus Vaccine Success.

Bacteria cause many cases of foodborne gastroenteritis. These include infections with E. coli and various species within the salmonella, campylobacter, shigella, staphylococcus, and yersinia genera. For some of these, the bacteria themselves cause gastroenteritis, but in others, the bacteria produce toxins that damage the digestive tract and cause gastroenteritis. Food products purchased from stores could be tainted with harmful bacteria, and food prepared at home or at a restaurant with inadequate sanitation protocols could become contaminated. These bacteria can also spread from person-to-person.

Protozoa such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum can also cause gastroenteritis. Most individuals who become infected with these parasites do so from consuming contaminated water. They also spread from contact with an infected individual. These types of infections are more common when travelling in developing countries.

Antibiotics might increase the risk of gastroenteritis in susceptible populations by disturbing the balance of gut microbiota.

Prevalence

Gastroenteritis affects millions of Canadians each year. While it is difficult to accurately count the number affected, approximately four million Canadians, or about one in eight, get food-borne gastroenteritis each year. Of these, 11,600 are hospitalized and 238 cases result in death from complications.⁶

Diagnosis

Your physician will likely make a diagnosis of gastroenteritis based off symptoms alone. They might request a stool test to check for the presence of certain viruses, bacteria, and protozoa in order to determine the source of the gastroenteritis.

Prevention and Management

Treatment will vary depending on the source of gastroenteritis. However, since some form of highly contagious agent usually causes gastroenteritis, maintaining a healthy hand-washing routine, and staying home when sick, can help avoid the spread of the illness and prevent community outbreaks.

There are no medications available to treat viral gastroenteritis. Instead, treatment focuses on symptom management and preventing complications. In the rare cases of bacterial gastroenteritis, an antibiotic might be useful.

While travelling, drink bottled water and beverages if possible – and make sure they are sealed before you open them – and only consume local water after boiling it for three minutes. Brush your teeth with bottled water and keep your mouth closed while showering. Avoid raw fruits and vegetables unless they have a skin you can peel (bananas, citrus, avocado, etc.). Stick to well cooked foods while eating out, and don’t consume any ice or undercooked meat or fish. Try to avoid street vendors, which are more likely to be contaminated than restaurants. As with gastroenteritis at home, regular hand-washing is important.

The rotavirus vaccine is an effective means of preventing children from developing this dangerous form of gastroenteritis. The National Advisory Committee on Immunization recommends that infants receive their first dose of rotavirus vaccine between 6 weeks and 15 weeks-of-age, and their final dose before 32 weeks-of-age.⁷ Depending on the brand, they will need 2-3 doses of vaccine, which need to be at least 4 weeks apart.⁷

Stop the Spread of Gastroenteritis

• wash your hands
• stay home
• don’t bring ill children to school or daycare
• vaccinate infants against rotavirus

Managing Gastroenteritis

• stay hydrated
• get plenty of rest
• eat small amounts of nutritious foods as tolerated
• avoid foods that are spicy, sugary, or fatty
• get medical help if symptoms are severe

Treating Symptoms

For most cases of gastroenteritis, home treatment is adequate. It is important to drink plenty of fluids, but sip slowly rather than chug large amounts to ensure consistent hydration and avoid increased vomiting.

If your infant is sick, continue their normal feeding routine, whether it is breast milk or formula. It is useful for children who experience vomiting and diarrhea, and adults who have had these symptoms for 24 hours or longer, to consume electrolyte preparations. Electrolytes are the salts and minerals that the body uses to conduct electrical impulses that allow the muscles and nervous system to function correctly. Excessive diarrhea and vomiting, and the resulting severe dehydration, can cause an imbalance in these electrolytes, which is potentially dangerous if left untreated. However, there are many commercial products focused on providing electrolytes for children and adults during illness, such as Pedialyte® and Hydralyte®. Avoid sports drinks, which tend to be higher in sugar and lower in electrolytes. For mild gastroenteritis, coconut water can be effective. ⁸

There are also many recipes for homemade electrolyte drinks available. It is important to be careful following recipes for homemade electrolyte drinks and to use recipes from health professionals. Recipes made with the wrong ratios can be ineffective at replenishing electrolytes adequately, and liquids with too much salt can increase diarrhea. These also might not taste as good as commercial varieties, and could be off-putting for some children, especially when they are already ill and having trouble consuming anything. One simple version is to combine 360 ml of unsweetened orange juice, 600 ml of cooled, previously-boiled water, and 2.5 ml of salt.⁹

During an episode of gastroenteritis, it is important to eat when you are able to, but avoid high-fat foods, high sugar foods, very high-fibre foods, spicy foods, dairy products such as milk and cheese, coffee, and alcohol, as these can irritate the gastrointestinal tract and increase symptoms. Start with very small portions, and gradually increase to the level your digestive tract can handle without becoming ill. In the past, physicians advised patients to consume simple foods such as dry toast, crackers, and applesauce, but now they recommend eating more nutritious foods to help provide the body with the sustenance it needs to heal. Foods that are both beneficial and easy to tolerate include fresh fruits, cooked vegetables, lean meats and fish, eggs, rice, pasta, bread, and low-fat yogurt (if you are not lactose intolerant).¹⁰

Make sure to get plenty of rest and stay at home. This goes for every member of the family, any children who are sick should stay home from school or daycare to prevent spreading gastroenteritis to their classmates. Always wash your hands after going to the bathroom or changing a diaper, and before preparing any food.

Avoid using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Advil®), acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin®), or naproxen (Aleve®) to control pain, because these can further irritate the digestive tract. Speak with a physician before taking any medications to stop vomiting (antiemetic) or diarrhea (antidiarrheal).

Taking a probiotic supplement during and after infection with gastroenteritis might help reduce some of the potential damage to the gut microbiome balance,¹¹ but you should speak with your physician or pharmacist to help decide which product would be best for you.

When to Seek Medical Help

If you, or the person you are caring for, experience fever or persistent vomiting/diarrhea that lasts more than a couple days, or stools that are black and tarry or contain visible blood, especially in young children, then you should consult your physician.

Some symptoms, such as producing no urine or only very small amounts of urine, having a very dry mouth or sunken eyes, experiencing a fast or irregular heartbeat or quickened breathing, feeling dizzy and light-headed, and not being alert can point to severe dehydration. Blurred or double vision, trouble swallowing, trouble breathing, or muscle weakness after eating canned food could be signs of botulism. In either of these cases, call 911 or visit the hospital immediately. ¹²

Outlook

Most healthy adults will recover from a bout of gastroenteritis within a few days with no lasting complications. However, young children, elderly individuals, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems are more likely to experience severe dehydration or an electrolyte imbalance without proper care. In addition, gastroenteritis can put some individuals at an increased risk of developing other diseases and disorders. Proper handwashing techniques and staying home while ill can help prevent the spread of the contagion that is causing your gastroenteritis. If you are concerned for yourself or someone you are caring for, make sure to consult a medical professional.

First published in the

Inside Tract® newsletter issue 202 – 2017

Image Credit: © bigstockphoto.com/spass

1. Chen SY

et al. Intestinal microbiome in children with severe and complicated acute viral gastroenteritis. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:46130
2. Nelson AM et al. Disruption of the human gut microbiota following Norovirus infection. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e48224.
3. Thabane M et al. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009;15(29):3591-6.
4. Ternhag A et al. Short- and Long-term Effects of Bacterial Gastrointestinal Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(1):143-148.
5. Noroviruses. Health Canada. Available at:  http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/iyh-vsv/diseases-maladies/norovirus-eng.php. Accessed 2017-06-09.
6. Yearly food-borne illness estimates for Canada. Government of Canada. Available at:  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/food-borne-illness-canada/yearly-food-borne-illness-estimates-canada.html. Accessed 2017-06-09.
7. Rotavirus Vaccine. Caring for Kids. Available at: http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/rotavirus_vaccine Accessed 2017-06-09.
8. Adams W et al. Young coconut water for home rehydration in children with mild gastroenteritis. Tropical and Geographical Medicine. 1992;44(1-2):149-53.
9. Hydrating and Rehydrating When You Have Gastroenteritis. Government of Quebec. Available at: http://sante.gouv.qc.ca/en/conseils-et-prevention/se-rehydrater-pendant-une-gastro-enterite/. Accessed 2017-06-09.
10. Foods to Eat When You Have Gastroenteritis. Government of Quebec. Available at: http://sante.gouv.qc.ca/en/conseils-et-prevention/s-alimenter-pendant-une-gastro-enterite/ Accessed 2017-06-09.
11. Szajewska H et al. Use of probiotics for management of acute gastroenteritis: a position paper by the ESPGHAN Working Group for Probiotics and Prebiotics. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2014;58(4):531-9.
12. Gastroenteritis in Adults and Older Children. HealthlinkBC. Available at: https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/zx1806. Accessed 2017-06-09.

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7 causes, symptoms, and treatments

Share on PinterestIt is not uncommon for body aches and diarrhea to occur together.

Body aches and diarrhea are symptoms of a condition, rather than conditions in themselves.

Body aches

Body aches may affect a specific area of the body or the entire body. The pain and discomfort from these aches can range from mild to severe.

Depending on the cause, body aches may be either sudden and temporary or long lasting. Doctors refer to these as acute and chronic, respectively.

Diarrhea

The term diarrhea refers to the passing of loose, watery stools three or more times per day.

Other symptoms may accompany diarrhea, including:

• an urgent need to use the bathroom
• an inability to control bowel movements
• stomach pain and cramping
• nausea

If diarrhea results from an infection, people may also experience:

• vomiting
• bloody stools
• fever and chills
• dizziness or lightheadedness

Below are some of the possible causes of body aches with diarrhea.

1. Food poisoning

Food poisoning can occur when a person consumes food or drink that contains harmful pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses. Many different pathogens can cause food poisoning, including:

• Staphylococcus aureus bacteria
• Salmonella bacteria
• Escherichia coli bacteria
• norovirus

The pathogens responsible for food poisoning can come from the following sources:

• undercooked meats
• unpasteurized milk
• improperly washed fruits or vegetables

The symptoms of food poisoning can differ depending on the pathogen responsible. However, some general symptoms include:

• stomach cramps
• diarrhea
• nausea and vomiting
• fever
• muscle aches

The symptoms may develop 30 minutes to 4 weeks after consuming contaminated food or drink. The length of time it takes to develop symptoms depends on the pathogen responsible.

Treatment

The symptoms of food poisoning typically go away without the need for medical treatment. In the meantime, people can try the following:

• drinking plenty of fluids to replace water and electrolytes lost during bouts of vomiting or diarrhea
• taking over-the-counter (OTC) medications, such as loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), to help alleviate diarrhea in adults
• eating plain foods, such as crackers
• using oral rehydration solutions, for people with a weakened immune system and children (only after checking with a doctor)

If a person needs medical treatment, a doctor will first have to establish whether the food poisoning is due to a bacterium, parasite, or virus. If bacteria or parasites are responsible, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics.

A doctor may also prescribe or recommend OTC probiotics to help reduce the duration of diarrhea.

2. Viral gastroenteritis

Viral gastroenteritis (VG) is the medical term for a viral infection of the intestines. People can catch such viruses as a result of coming into contact with the stool or vomit of a person who has the infection.

Symptoms of VG include:

• watery diarrhea
• pain and cramping in the abdomen
• nausea and vomiting
• fever
• body aches

Treatment

People who have VG can use OTC medications, such as Imodium and Pepto-Bismol, to treat diarrhea. They should also make sure that they replace any lost fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration.

3. Influenza

Influenza, or flu, viruses are a group of viruses that can cause seasonal flu. They are highly contagious. People can contract them by inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of a person with the virus. They can also get the virus if they come into contact with infected droplets on inanimate objects, such as doorknobs or computer keyboards, and then touch their eyes, nose, or mouth.

Some symptoms of the flu include:

• cough
• sore throat
• runny or stuffy nose
• fever
• body aches and headaches
• occasionally, diarrhea and vomiting (more common in children)

Treatment

In most cases, the flu will go away on its own without the need for medical treatment. However, people can take OTC nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen to help alleviate some of the symptoms.

If a person is experiencing severe flu symptoms, a doctor may prescribe antiviral medication.

Doctors also recommend that people get a flu vaccination before the start of the flu season each year to reduce the chance of developing the flu.

4. Lactose intolerance

Lactose intolerance is a digestive disorder in which the body is unable to break down and digest lactose. Lactose is a naturally occurring sugar present in milk and dairy products.

The symptoms of lactose intolerance include:

• bloating
• gas or flatulence
• diarrhea
• nausea and vomiting
• stomach cramping and discomfort
• painful or aching muscles or joints

Treatment

The main treatment for lactose intolerance is to limit or avoid foods and drinks that contain lactose. Some people may be able to consume small amounts of these foods, whereas others will not be able to consume any.

People can also try taking lactase tablets or drops immediately before consuming foods or drinks containing lactose. Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose, thereby preventing the symptoms of lactose intolerance. However, lactase products are not suitable for young children or people who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

5. Gluten sensitivity

Gluten sensitivity is a condition in which a person experiences symptoms in response to eating foods containing gluten. Examples of such foods include:

• wheat
• barley
• rye

Common symptoms of gluten sensitivity include:

• bloating or gas
• diarrhea or constipation
• stomach pain
• nausea
• headaches
• joint pain
• numbness in the legs, arms, or fingers
• brain fog
• fatigue

Treatment

A person who experiences symptoms after eating foods containing gluten should see their doctor, who will need to rule out more serious conditions, such as celiac disease.

A person should not try a gluten-free diet until they have had a blood test for celiac disease. Following such a diet could reduce the accuracy of the test.

If tests confirm that a person does have gluten sensitivity, their doctor will recommend cutting gluten out of the diet to prevent symptom flare-ups.

6. Celiac disease

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body cannot process gluten. It is similar to gluten sensitivity but more severe. In people with celiac disease, the consumption of gluten causes the immune system to attack and destroy healthy cells in the small intestine.

The symptoms of celiac disease include:

• bloating and gas
• stomach aches and pain
• nausea and vomiting
• diarrhea or constipation
• pale, foul-smelling stools that float

Treatment

The main treatment for celiac disease is to eat a gluten-free diet. A doctor may refer a person to a dietitian who specializes in devising nutritious, gluten-free meal plans.

People with celiac disease should also take steps to limit their exposure to gluten in other ways. For instance, they can check with a pharmacist whether medications or supplements contain gluten before taking them. They can also read labels on cosmetics and household items to ensure that they do not contain gluten.

7. Irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the collective term for a group of symptoms that affect the digestive system. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, IBS is a functional gastrointestinal disorder. This definition means that it is the result of the brain and gut not working together as they should.

There are three different types of IBS:

• IBS with constipation
• IBS with diarrhea
• IBS with mixed bowel habits

Symptoms of IBS include:

• stomach pain and aches
• bloating
• diarrhea, constipation, or both
• white mucus in stools

Treatment

People may be able to reduce the symptoms of IBS by making the following changes to their diet:

• including more fiber
• avoiding or minimizing gluten
• consuming fewer gas-producing foods

Using techniques to manage stress, such as meditation, mindfulness, and yoga, can also be beneficial.

If a person has IBS with diarrhea, a doctor may prescribe medications such as Imodium or rifaximin (Xifaxan) to treat the diarrhea.

Doctors may also prescribe antispasmodics to help treat stomach pain and cramping.

Most conditions that cause body aches and diarrhea do not require medical attention. However, a person should see a doctor if their symptoms become severe or persistent or start to interfere with their daily activities. The doctor will work to diagnose the cause of the symptoms and provide appropriate treatments.

Anyone who experiences any of the following symptoms should seek immediate medical attention:

• frequent watery diarrhea lasting for more than 2 days, especially if vomiting occurs alongside it
• black and tarry stools or stools that contain blood
• severe pain in the abdomen or rectum
• frequent vomiting
• a fever of 102°F (38.89°C) or higher
• lightheadedness
• diarrhea lasting more than a week

Several conditions can cause both body aches and diarrhea. Most conditions that cause these symptoms go away by themselves without any need for medical treatment.

However, severe, persistent, or recurrent episodes of body aches and diarrhea may signal an underlying medical condition that requires management. Examples of such conditions include food intolerances and sensitivities and other types of digestive issues.

Receiving a diagnosis can help a person gain access to appropriate treatments. These treatments should alleviate the symptoms and allow the individual to carry on with their normal daily activities.

Diarrhea and chills without fever: causes and treatment

Diarrhea and chills without fever can be signs of various illnesses, including food poisoning, intestinal infection, or stress reactions. Learn about possible causes and symptoms, and when to see a doctor.

Diarrhea and chills without fever is a condition where a person has loose stools and feels cold, but the body temperature remains normal. Such symptoms can be signs of various diseases and require careful examination and treatment.

One possible cause of diarrhea and chills without fever is an infectious disease. Some viruses and bacteria can cause these symptoms, leading to inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract or other parts of the digestive system. In such cases, in addition to diarrhea and chills, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and other symptoms may occur.

Another possible cause of diarrhea and chills without fever may be a stressful state of the body. With severe stress, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract can occur, which leads to the appearance of loose stools and a feeling of cold. In such cases, in addition to treating the symptoms, it is necessary to pay attention to the psychological state of the person and take measures to remove it.

It is important to note that diarrhea and chills without fever can also be signs of other diseases, such as chronic colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, or even cancer. Therefore, when such symptoms appear, it is necessary to consult a doctor for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Treatment for diarrhea and chills without fever depends on the cause and may include antidiarrheals, probiotics, antibiotics, or other drugs. It is also important to follow a diet that eliminates foods that can aggravate symptoms. In case of a stressful condition, in addition to drug treatment, it is recommended to use relaxation methods, psychotherapeutic techniques and seek help from a specialist.

Viral infections and their consequences

Viral infections are diseases caused by viruses, micro-organisms that can enter and multiply in the cells of the body. These infections can affect various organs and systems, causing a variety of symptoms and complications.

One of the most common symptoms of viral infections is diarrhea, characterized by frequent and loose stools. In this case, the body loses a lot of water and electrolytes, which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.

Chills without fever can also be one of the signs of a viral infection. Chills are a feeling of cold, trembling, which may be accompanied by a feeling of weakness and discomfort. Chills are caused by the effect of viruses on the immune system, which leads to the activation of immune cells and the release of substances that cause a feeling of cold.

Viral infections can have serious consequences for the body. Some viruses can cause various complications such as pneumonia, hepatitis, meningitis and others. Complications of viral infections can be dangerous and require timely treatment and medical supervision.

Treatment of viral infections is aimed at relieving symptoms and strengthening the immune system. Your doctor may prescribe antivirals, antipyretics, antidiarrheals, fluids, and bed rest. It is also important to see a doctor if symptoms become severe or prolonged to rule out complications and get appropriate treatment.

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Bacterial infections and their effects on the body

Bacterial infections are diseases caused by the action of pathogenic bacteria on the human body. They can affect various organs and systems, causing a variety of symptoms and complications. Bacteria can enter the body through the respiratory tract, digestive system, skin, or genital tract.

The effects of bacterial infections on the body can be varied. Some bacteria can cause inflammation that leads to fever, pain, and swelling. Others can affect the mucous membranes of organs, causing symptoms such as coughing, nasal congestion, or abdominal pain.

Some bacterial infections can lead to complications, such as sepsis, a serious infection in which bacteria spread throughout the body through the blood. Sepsis can lead to organ failure and even death.

Treatment of bacterial infections usually involves taking antibiotics, which kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. However, in some cases, some bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics, making treatment difficult. Therefore, it is important to practice good hygiene to prevent infection with bacteria, and to consult a doctor at the first sign of infection.

Food poisoning and its symptoms

Food poisoning is a disease caused by eating food containing bacteria, viruses, parasites or their toxins. They can present with a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea and chills without fever.

One of the most common symptoms of food poisoning is diarrhea. This unpleasant condition is characterized by frequent and loose stools. With food poisoning, diarrhea can be accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.

Chills without fever is also one of the symptoms of food poisoning. Chills are a feeling of coldness and shivering that can occur without overt signs of a cold or flu.

Other symptoms of food poisoning may include headache, weakness, loss of appetite, and general malaise. In some cases, skin rashes and swelling may also occur.

If you have symptoms of food poisoning, it is important to see a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. In most cases, food poisoning goes away on its own without any special consequences, however, in some cases, hospitalization and treatment in a hospital may be required.

Malnutrition and its effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract

Improper nutrition can have a significant impact on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. Regular consumption of fatty, fried and spicy foods can lead to indigestion and various problems, including diarrhea and chills without fever.

One of the main causes of diarrhea due to malnutrition is the consumption of foods rich in fiber. Fiber is not absorbed by the body and passes through the gastrointestinal tract unchanged. This leads to an increase in the volume of intestinal contents and the acceleration of its passage, which can cause diarrhea.

In addition, malnutrition can cause dysbacteriosis – a violation of the intestinal microflora. Eating a lot of sugary foods, starchy foods, and drinks that are high in sugar promotes the growth of bad bacteria in your gut, which can lead to diarrhea.

One way to prevent gastrointestinal problems associated with poor nutrition is to choose the right foods. It is recommended to consume more fresh fruits and vegetables, which contain a lot of fiber and help to normalize bowel function. You should also limit the consumption of fatty and fried foods, alcohol, sweets and carbonated drinks.

It is important to remember that poor nutrition can be one of the causes of diarrhea and chills without fever. If these symptoms appear, it is recommended to consult a doctor for diagnosis and prescribing the necessary treatment.

Stress and its effects on the body

Stress is a physiological and psychological reaction of the body to external negative influences or internal conflicts. It can occur as a result of various situations, such as exams, conflicts at work, financial problems, and others.

The effects of stress on the body can be varied. First, stress activates the fight-or-flight system in the body, which leads to the release of large amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones increase heart rate, raise blood pressure, and speed up breathing.

In addition, stress can have a negative effect on the digestive system. It can cause diarrhea, heartburn, constipation, and other stomach and intestinal problems. Also, stress can increase inflammation in the body, which can lead to poor health and the development of various diseases.

To cope with the effects of stress on the body, it is recommended to use relaxation methods such as meditation, deep breathing, yoga. It is also helpful to engage in physical activity to release excess energy that accumulates in the body during times of stress.

It is important to remember that each person is different, so effective stress management methods may vary. It is best to contact a specialist who will help you choose the most appropriate and effective methods of coping with stress in a particular situation.

Medicines and their side effects

Medicines, like any other medicine, can have side effects. They can manifest as a variety of symptoms, including nausea, headache, drowsiness, allergic reactions, and others. When taking medications, you should always pay attention to possible side effects in order to take timely action if they occur.

One of the most common side effects of medications is nausea. It can occur as a reaction to the drug itself, and to its ingredients. In the event of nausea, a doctor should be consulted so that he can suggest an alternative or recommend ways to cope with this symptom.

Headache can also be a side effect of certain medications. It can be either mild or severe, and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as dizziness or mental confusion. If the headache becomes too intense or prolonged, a doctor should be consulted for advice and possibly a change of medication.

Allergic reactions to drugs are also not uncommon. They can manifest as a skin rash, itching, swelling, or even anaphylactic shock. In the event of an allergic reaction, urgent medical attention should be sought. Your doctor may be able to suggest alternative medications or prescribe treatment to address the allergic reaction.

It is important to remember that the side effects of drugs can vary and depend on the specific drug, dosage, patient and other factors. Therefore, you should always contact your doctor or pharmacist for specific information about the possible side effects of the drug and how to manage them.

Chronic diseases and their manifestations

Chronic diseases are diseases that occur for a long time with periods of exacerbations and remissions. They can have a significant impact on a patient’s quality of life and require ongoing monitoring and treatment.

One of the common chronic diseases is diabetes mellitus . Patients with this disease have elevated blood sugar levels, which can lead to various complications. Characteristic manifestations of diabetes can be constant thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision and slow wound healing.

Arthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint disease. Patients with arthritis experience pain, swelling, and limited range of motion in the joints. These symptoms can significantly limit the patient’s capabilities and require ongoing treatment and rehabilitation.

Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by attacks of shortness of breath, difficulty breathing and wheezing in the chest. Patients with asthma often have attacks triggered by irritants such as dust, pollen, smoke, or cold air.

Chronic bronchitis is a disease in which inflammation of the bronchi occurs. It is accompanied by a cough with expectoration of sputum, which may be mucous or purulent. Patients with chronic bronchitis often experience exacerbations, especially during the cold season.

Chronic renal failure is a condition in which kidney function gradually deteriorates. Patients with chronic renal failure have symptoms such as frequent urination, swelling, fatigue, and decreased appetite. Treatment for this disease includes diet, medication, and dialysis.

All these chronic diseases require constant monitoring and treatment. Regular visits to the doctor, adherence to treatment recommendations and support from loved ones will help patients cope with these diseases and improve their quality of life.

Treatment and prevention of diarrhea and chills without fever

Diarrhea and chills without fever can be caused by a variety of causes, including infectious diseases, food poisoning, stress, and other factors. There are various methods for the treatment and prevention of these conditions.

One of the main treatments for diarrhea and chills without fever is diet. It is necessary to exclude from the diet foods that can cause intestinal irritation, such as spicy and fatty foods, alcohol and carbonated drinks. It is recommended to eat easily digestible food rich in nutrients, such as chicken or beef meat, rice, boiled vegetables.

It is also important to keep the body hydrated enough to prevent dehydration. It is recommended to drink clean water, low-fat decoctions, natural juices without added sugar. It is important to avoid coffee and alcohol, as they can aggravate the symptoms of diarrhea and chills.

Warm showers or warm clothes can be used to relieve chills, but warming the body with hot drinks or heaters is not recommended as this may aggravate symptoms. It is also important to provide comfortable conditions for rest and sleep so that the body can recover and cope with the infection.

If diarrhea and chills occur without fever, it is recommended to consult a doctor to determine the exact cause and prescribe the appropriate treatment. Self-medication can be dangerous and lead to complications. A doctor may prescribe medications, such as antibiotics or probiotics, depending on the cause of the symptoms.

Q&A:

What causes diarrhea and chills without fever?

Diarrhea and chills without fever can be caused by infectious diseases such as intestinal infections or flu, as well as stress, nervous tension, allergic reactions, food poisoning, gastrointestinal tract pathologies and other factors.

What symptoms accompany diarrhea and chills without fever?

In case of diarrhea and chills without fever, symptoms may also occur, such as frequent changes from normal stools to loose, yellowish or greenish stools, frequent urination, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, general weakness, headache, sweating and trembling.

How is diarrhea and chills diagnosed without fever?

To check for diarrhea and chills without fever, your doctor may order a complete blood count, urine test, fecal infection test, culture, endoscopy of the stomach and intestines, abdominal ultrasound, and other tests.

What are the recommended treatments for diarrhea and chills without fever?

Treatment of diarrhea and chills without fever depends on the cause of these symptoms. Your doctor may prescribe antidiarrheals, probiotics, antibiotics, antihistamines, immune boosters, rehydration, diet, and other treatments.

What precautions should be taken for diarrhea and chills without fever?

For diarrhea and chills without fever, it is recommended to practice good hand hygiene, especially before eating, drink plenty of fluids, avoid foods that can irritate the gastrointestinal tract, rest, avoid stressful situations, and consult a doctor for qualified help.

Diarrhea in adults – causes, examination and treatment | Symptoms

Gastroenteritis caused by viruses, bacteria or parasites
Signs: Often vomiting. Rarely, fever or blood in the stool. No pain or minimal abdominal pain (except for vomiting).

Food poisoning
Signs: Diarrhea that starts suddenly, often with vomiting, within 4 to 8 hours of eating contaminated food. Often present in other people. Usually lasts 12-24 hours.

Side effects of drugs
Signs: Recent use of a drug that causes diarrhea.
Often there are no other symptoms.

Nutritional factors

• Cow’s milk intolerance
• Excess consumption of certain fruits or juices (such as pears, apples, or plums)

Symptoms: Diarrhea only after consumption of a substance that can cause diarrhea. Bloating and gas (flatulence). Paroxysmal diarrhea.

Irritable bowel syndrome
Symptoms: Intermittent diarrhea associated with abdominal pain. Often diarrhoea, alternating with constipation. No bleeding, weight loss, or fever. Symptoms are usually present for more than 12 weeks. Changes in frequency of bowel movements or stool consistency.

Inflammatory bowel disease

• Crohn’s disease
• Ulcerative colitis

Signs: Blood in the stool, crampy abdominal pain, loss of body weight and appetite.
Sometimes arthritis, rash, mouth ulcers, and rectal tears.

Malabsorption

• Celiac disease
• Tropical sprue
• Pancreatic insufficiency
• Syndrome of excessive development of microflora

Signs: Light, soft, large, and unusually foul-smelling stools that may be oily in appearance. Bloating and flatulence, weight loss.

Certain tumors

• Colon cancer or villous adenoma
• Endocrine tumors (such as vipoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid, mastocytosis, or medullary thyroid cancer)
• Lymphoma

Signs: Sometimes blood in the stool, reduced stool diameter and weight loss, abdominal pain or cramps, flushing, and profuse watery diarrhea.