Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

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Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

Was this helpful?

In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Here’s our process.

Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:

• Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
• Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
• Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

Was this helpful?

In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Intestinal infections | H-Clinic

06/13/2022

Intestinal infections are a group of diseases that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. They are often called gastroenteritis because both the stomach and intestines are affected.

They are ubiquitous and do not have seasonality (such as influenza or tick-borne infections), but the maximum number of cases is still recorded in the spring-summer period, when hands begin to reach for fruits and vegetables from the beds, “and it is not necessary to wash – we have everything everything is clean!”

In fact, this is not the only way to get sick – you can also swim in a pond and take a sip of water from there … but seriously, there are two main ways to get infected:

1. Eating contaminated food, drinking contaminated water
2. Contact with a sick person and objects contaminated with his secretions (this includes both non-compliance with the rules of hygiene, patient care, and oral sex, including rimming)

Intestinal infections are mainly manifested by symptoms such as:

• diarrhea (it is important to pay attention to the consistency, color of feces, the presence of pathological impurities, blood, mucus)

• nausea

• vomit

• discomfort/abdominal pain

• fever

• headache

Most of these infections go away on their own after symptomatic treatment. Symptomatic treatment is drugs for nausea if you feel sick, for pain in the abdomen if your stomach hurts, for headaches if your head hurts, etc. But some diseases pose a real threat, can lead to complications and even death.

The main thing to be afraid of is dehydration. Dehydration is especially dangerous for children and the elderly, as well as for people with chronic kidney and heart diseases. Therefore, it is important to constantly replenish the volume of fluid lost by the body during vomiting and diarrhea, with sweat during fever, and even with breathing, we lose water – and it needs to be replenished! For this, there are many special solutions (Regidron, Acesol, Hydrovit) that you can drink, but if a person cannot even take a sip (for example, he constantly vomits), then it is better to administer saline solutions intravenously – this is more reliable.

It is important to know when to seek medical attention.

• severe symptoms such as persistent vomiting and diarrhea

• diarrhea lasting more than 3 days

• high fever

• an admixture of blood and mucus in the stool

• signs of dehydration (severe thirst, decreased diuresis*, decreased blood pressure, loss of consciousness)

* diuresis is the volume of urine formed over a certain period of time, most often per day; it is also the ratio of fluid drunk and excreted in the urine

When it comes to children, you should always pay attention to:

• signs of dehydration (lack of urine, sunken eyes, dry mouth, pallor, cold extremities)

• persistent nausea/vomiting, severe abdominal pain

• lethargy, hypodynamia, delayed reaction

What are the most common causes of intestinal infections?

For parasites, you need to highlight a whole separate article, so today we will briefly go over viruses and bacteria – the main causative agents of gastroenteritis. So.

Viruses (rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus)

You can become infected through food, contaminated water, household items contaminated with secretions of a sick person. As a rule, the disease has a “family” character – everyone gets sick in turn or at the same time. Usually, if most family members with similar symptoms are sick, a viral infection is suspected.

The symptoms for all of these viruses are similar: high body temperature, abdominal discomfort or pain, nausea, vomiting, and clear watery stools. True, with an adenoviral infection, high fever can persist for quite a long time, there may be a sore throat, lymph nodes may increase, a rash and conjunctivitis may appear. By and large, it doesn’t matter to know what kind of virus has now crippled your health, because the knowledge of this tactic does not change – symptomatic therapy + fluid replenishment. There are no antiviral drugs to treat intestinal infections.

Replenishing lost fluid and electrolytes is the main goal of treating viral gastroenteritis. Insufficient rehydration leads to very serious consequences up to death, especially in young children. For example, rotavirus infection in young children causes several hundred thousand deaths each year due to dehydration. However, there is prevention – we will talk about it later.

Bacteria

– Campylobacter is one of the four leading causes of diarrheal disease worldwide. This bacterium is considered the world’s most common bacterial cause of intestinal infections in humans. Most cases are mild, but children, the elderly, and immunocompromised people are at risk for severe disease. It is transmitted through consumption of undercooked meat, poultry, or milk. The clinical picture is very similar to many acute intestinal infections, and diagnosis is only possible using laboratory stool tests such as PCR or culture. Antibacterial therapy is carried out only in the case of an invasive form of the disease or for the sanitation of asymptomatic excretory carriers.

– E. coli (Escherichia coli) is the leading cause of traveler’s diarrhea and the leading cause of diarrheal disease in developing countries, especially among children. Most strains of E. coli are harmless, but some strains can cause severe food poisoning, such as Shigatoxin producing E. coli (STEC). The main sources of STEC outbreaks are uncooked or undercooked minced meat products, raw milk, and vegetables contaminated with faeces. In most cases, the disease resolves on its own, but life-threatening conditions can develop.

* Traveler’s diarrhea is the most common travel-related illness. People who travel to places where there are pathogens other than those they are used to become infected, especially in regions where food/water contamination is more common. It is most often transmitted through food or water contaminated with faeces. Most cases are caused by bacteria, including E. coli, Salmonella, and Shigella.

– Salmonellosis is one of the most common intestinal infections. Infection occurs when eating food, usually raw meat, fish, seafood, eggs (including quail). Accompanied by high body temperature, headache, cramping abdominal pain, repeated watery stools with a characteristic dark green color, sometimes with nausea and vomiting. There is no salmonella in fresh chicken eggs, but in chicken manure, which is on the shell, there may be plenty of it. It can remain on the shell (therefore, it is necessary to wash chicken eggs before cooking), or it can penetrate inside (therefore, the heat treatment must be complete). The most dangerous type of salmonella is Salmonella Typhi, which causes typhoid fever. The infection affects the lymphatic system and digestive tract, spreads throughout the body with blood and lymph, causing severe intoxication. Symptoms include persistent fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation or diarrhea. Some patients may develop a rash. Severe cases of the disease can lead to serious complications (such as intestinal perforation, intestinal bleeding, peritonitis) and even death. Antibacterial therapy is indispensable here, the main thing is to complete the course of treatment under the supervision of a doctor and be sure to pass control tests of feces for Salmonella typhi to confirm the cure.

– Shigellosis (or dysentery) is as common as salmonellosis. Unlike salmonellosis, to get sick with dysentery, you need a very small infectious dose (few bacteria). A sick person, his feces is the only source of the pathogen that can be transmitted through water, food, objects, or carried by flies. The nature of the stool with shigellosis is already different, most often with mucus, blood, or even pus. The pain in the abdomen has a cramping character, false urge to defecate, and the volume of stool is smaller and smaller each time. In moderate and severe cases, antibiotics are used.

– Yersinia , caused by Yersinia enterocolitica, is a relatively rare cause of diarrhea and abdominal pain. Infection most often occurs through the consumption of contaminated foods, vegetables, especially raw or undercooked pork products, as well as ice cream and milk. Mice are the most common carriers. Common symptoms are fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, which is often bloody, bothersome muscle and joint pain, and sometimes a rash. The danger of this disease is that a chronic form of the disease develops with joint damage, reactive arthritis, the appearance of erythema nodosum, chronic colitis, and the development of myocarditis. Antibacterial therapy is required.

In many cases, even with a bacterial infection, symptomatic treatment is sufficient. However, if there is a prolonged high temperature, the presence of mucus, pus or blood in the stool, inflammatory changes in the general blood test, an increase in the level of C-reactive protein, then it is necessary for the doctor to prescribe adequate antibiotic therapy.

But here it is important to know that every antibiotic intake carries the risk of developing antibiotic-associated colitis. The most common causative agent is the opportunistic bacterium Clostridium Difficile, which produces a large amount of toxins. It is characterized by a violation of the stool, the appearance of mucus in the feces, an increase in body temperature, and a general deterioration in the condition. The danger lies in the violation of protein absorption, leading to severe edema. The most dangerous, life-threatening condition is toxic dilatation (expansion) of the colon, requiring surgical intervention. It sounds strange, but colitis due to antibiotics is also treated with antibiotics, only with different ones. Treatment and recovery takes a long time and there are frequent relapses of the disease. Therefore, any appointment of antibiotic therapy should be made by a doctor strictly according to indications and taking into account many additional factors.

– Another Clostridium ( Clostridium Botulinum ) can cause botulism, a dangerous, potentially fatal disease that often masquerades as common intestinal infections. A person becomes infected with botulism when eating home canned products (mushrooms, fish, meat). Products canned under industrial conditions rarely become a source of infection. Wound botulism develops as a result of wound contamination (ingress of bacterial spores into the wound surface). Infant botulism develops when spores of the pathogen enter the gastrointestinal tract. This type of botulism is observed mainly in children of the first 6 months of life. If visual impairment begins: double vision, “fog” before the eyes, a feeling of a grid – this is a reason for urgent hospitalization, and the treatment of the disease itself is strictly in the hospital. The toxin causes paralysis. Paralysis begins in the muscles of the face and spreads to the limbs. If it reaches the respiratory muscles, respiratory failure can occur, which can be fatal.

– Bacterial food poisoning is one of the most common diagnoses. Symptoms are identical to viral gastroenteritis and are close even to bacterial infections. The only common difference is that the temperature is not as high, usually no higher than 38. 0°C. The reason is bacterial toxins in food. Often occurs when using expired products, improperly stored confectionery.

Intestinal infections can be prevented by taking care of what you eat and drink and by practicing good hygiene.

• cook food thoroughly (there must be a good heat treatment, a separate cutting board for meat, and it must be washed thoroughly with soap)

• wash your hands regularly (after going to the toilet, before eating, after caring for a sick relative, after changing diapers, after cutting raw meat, etc.)

• when traveling to developing countries, use only bottled water, avoid ice and raw foods

• and, of course, we must try to avoid contact with patients with intestinal infections

And, as always, we cannot ignore the rubric “specific prophylaxis – vaccination”

• You can vaccinate against dysentery with the Shigellvac vaccine. Annual vaccination is mandatory for food workers.

• There is also a vaccine against typhoid fever – Vianvak, done once, and then revaccinated every 3 years.

• A child can be protected from rotavirus infection by vaccinations against rotavirus (Rotatec) – 3 doses at 2, 4 and 6 months, one at a time;

In general, wash your hands, cook meat and eggs well, vaccinate yourself and your children (there is even a vaccine against cholera) – and don’t get sick. And if you do get sick, then remember – the best treatment is symptomatic. No self-activity. And if the symptoms progress or persist for a long time, it is better to seek help from those who understand this 🙂

Author:
Infectious disease doctor Yaroslav Makhmutov

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causes, symptoms, treatment and preventive measures

Contents

• 1 Diarrhea: causes, symptoms and effective treatment of diarrhea
  • 1. 2 Diarrhea: definition and causes
  • 1.3 Causes of diarrhea
  • 1.4 Symptoms associated with diarrhea
  • 1.5 What is the duration and frequency of diarrhea?
  • 1.6 Which diet helps with diarrhea?
  • 1.7 Folk remedies for diarrhea
  • 1.8 Medicines for diarrhea
    • 1.8.1 Probiotics
    • 1.8.2 Antibiotics
    • 1.8.3 Immodulators

    9004 9

    • 1.9 What precautions should be taken in case of diarrhoea?
    • 1.10 When should I see a doctor for diarrhea?
    • 1.11 Complications of diarrhea
    • 1.12 How to prevent diarrhea?
    • 1.13 Related videos:
    • 1.14 Q&A:
      • • 1.14.0.1 What are the causes of diarrhea?
        • 1.14.0.2 What are the symptoms associated with diarrhea?
        • 1.14.0.3 How to treat diarrhea?
        • 1.14.0.4 What diet should be followed for diarrhea?
        • 1.14.0.5 Can children get diarrhea?
        • 1.14.0.6 When should I see a doctor?

  Find out about the main causes and symptoms of diarrhea, as well as methods for its treatment and prevention of diarrhea on our portal.

  Diarrhea, or diarrhoea, is a disorder of the digestive system, accompanied by frequent stools and a change in their consistency. The causes of diarrhea can range from infections to malnutrition. As a rule, diarrhea is a symptom of a more serious illness and can lead to dehydration and weakening of the body.

  One of the symptoms of diarrhea is frequent and watery stools, which may be accompanied by pain in the abdomen, nausea and vomiting. People with weakened immune systems may have more severe symptoms. At the first sign of diarrhea, you should consult a doctor to determine the cause and prescribe an effective treatment.

  The treatment of diarrhea is aimed at eliminating the cause of its occurrence. In the case of an infectious disease, antibiotics are prescribed, and antidiarrheal drugs and probiotics are prescribed to relieve symptoms. In addition, it is important to provide the body with sufficient fluid and electrolytes, especially with frequent and profuse diarrhea.

  In general, the dangerous consequences of diarrhea include dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, and the development of chronic diseases if not treated promptly. Therefore, it is important not to ignore this symptom and consult a doctor at the first sign of diarrhea.

  Diarrhea: causes, symptoms, treatment of diarrhea

  Diarrhea is a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by a sharp increase in bowel movements and loose stools. It can appear for many reasons and cause discomfort and inconvenience in people of all ages. Symptoms of diarrhea, depending on the cause, can be varied. However, despite the difference in manifestations, it is important to know about ways to treat diarrhea.

  Causes of diarrhea: Diarrhea can be caused by infectious diseases, viruses, allergens, stress, dietary changes, drugs and other factors. In some cases, the cause of diarrhea may be difficult to determine, requiring diagnostic testing.

  Diarrhea symptoms: The most common symptom of diarrhea is loose stools. In addition, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, general weakness and dehydration may occur.

  Treatment of diarrhea: Treatment of diarrhea depends on its cause. In the case of an infectious disease or virus, antibiotics or antiviral drugs may be needed. To improve the patient’s condition, rehydration solutions and drugs that relieve diarrhea are prescribed. It is important to follow the doctor’s recommendations and not self-medicate.

  Diarrhea is a disorder that can have many causes. No matter what symptoms you have, it is important to see a doctor on time and get competent help. Proper treatment of diarrhea will allow you to get rid of it faster and reduce the risk of complications.

  Diarrhea: definition and causes

  Diarrhea is loose or watery stools that may be accompanied by an increased frequency of bowel movements. Diarrhea is usually a symptom, not an independent disease. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as infection, digestive problems, stress, or certain medications.

  Infectious diarrhea can be caused by viruses, bacteria or protozoa and is often accompanied by other symptoms such as vomiting, headache and fever. Digestive disorders can be caused by a variety of reasons, from allergies to certain foods to changes in the bacterial flora in the intestines. Some medications, such as antibiotics and laxatives, can also cause diarrhea as a side effect.

  • Infection — viruses, bacteria, protozoa
  • Digestive problems – allergies, changes in the bacterial flora
  • Medications – antibiotics, laxatives and others used in the course of treatment

  Diarrhea can be detrimental to health, especially in children and older people. Dehydration caused by frequent stools can be a serious problem if not treated promptly. In some cases, diarrhea can be associated with more serious conditions, such as stomach ulcers or ulcerative colitis, so it’s important to see a doctor if your stools remain loose and watery for a long time.

  Causes of diarrhea

  Diarrhea is loose, loose stools that can have many causes. One of the main reasons is infection with viruses and bacteria. Infectious diarrhea can lead to serious complications, especially in children and the elderly.

  In addition, some diseases such as stomach ulcers, colitis, Crohn’s disease, and chronic kidney failure can cause diarrhea.

  1. Infectious causes: viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi.
  2. Functional causes: violation of intestinal motility, irritable bowel syndrome.
  3. Food causes: allergies, lactose intolerance, poor quality food.
  4. Medicinal causes: use of antibiotics, cancer treatments.

  Symptoms associated with diarrhea

  Diarrhea is a bowel disease that is manifested by frequent, irregular stools. However, along with this main symptom, other signs of the disease may appear.

  • Loose stools: The main symptom of diarrhea causing discomfort and discomfort. The reason for this is the large amount of water that passes through the intestines instead of being absorbed.
  • Abdominal pain: Another typical symptom of diarrhoea. It usually occurs in the abdomen and can range from mild discomfort to acute pain.
  • Vomiting: With prolonged diarrhea, vomiting may occur as a result of dehydration and imbalance of fluids in the body.
  • Fever: In some cases, diarrhea causes an increase in body temperature, which is a sign of infection and developing inflammation.
  • General malaise: Diarrhea can make you feel tired, exhausted and weak.

  It is important to remember that prolonged diarrhea can lead to serious health consequences, so it is best not to delay the visit to the doctor and start treatment as soon as possible.

  What is the duration and frequency of diarrhea?

  Diarrhea is a condition in which the stool becomes more liquid and frequent than usual. It can have a different duration and frequency, depending on the reasons for its occurrence.

  Active diarrhea is a condition in which a person experiences diarrhea more than 3-4 times a day for several days. The frequency of diarrhea can increase up to 10-15 times a day, depending on the severity of the disease.

  If diarrhea persists for more than two days and is accompanied by a sudden deterioration in health, a doctor should be consulted. It will help determine the causes of diarrhea and choose the appropriate treatment.

  Which diet helps with diarrhea?

  Diarrhea is a disorder of the digestive system that causes frequent and loose stools. In this case, the body loses a lot of fluid and essential nutrients that can be replenished with proper nutrition.

  It is recommended to eat foods rich in vegetable fibers, such as fresh vegetables and fruits, low-fat dairy products, lean meat, fish, eggs. It is not recommended to consume fatty, fried, smoked and laxative foods, sweets and alcohol.

  If you have diarrhea, you need to drink more fluids – plain and mineral water, low-fat broths, juices without added sugar, non-carbonated drinks. It is also helpful to consume fermented milk products, including yogurt, kefir and cottage cheese, to restore the balance of the intestinal microflora.

  In case of profuse diarrhea, avoid foods that contribute to a long digestion time, such as flour products, hard vegetables and fruits, salty foods. It is necessary to monitor the state of health, eat the right food and be sure to follow the doctor’s recommendations.

  Table 1: Recommended foods for diarrhea:
  • Fresh fruits and vegetables
  • Dairy products – yogurt, kefir, cottage cheese
  • Lean meat, fish and eggs
  • Plain water and low-fat broths

  9002 4 Table 2: Not recommended products for diarrhea:

• Fatty, fried, smoked foods
• Sweets and alcohol
• Flour products, salty foods

Folk remedies for diarrhea

Diarrhea is not a pleasant phenomenon for every person. It is possible to use folk methods that will help to quickly overcome the symptoms of this unpleasant disease.

• Ginger. Ginger is known to have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. It can be used as a ginger tea or tincture. To prepare the tincture, pour grated ginger root with water and add a little honey. Such a tool will help pass the duration of diarrhea and competently make amends for intoxication.
• Rice water. Although rice water is not a folk medicine, it is a very tasty drink and a good remedy for diarrhea. To prepare it, simply boil rice starch in water. Pour the tincture into a glass and add some honey to improve your appetite.
• Pumpkin. Pumpkin is an absolutely folk remedy for diarrhea. It not only contains a large amount of vitamins and minerals, but is also able to fight bacteria. Pumpkin juice improves digestion, has an anti-inflammatory effect and helps get rid of diarrhea.
• Blackcurrant. Blackcurrant is a real savior in the fight against diarrhea. It can be taken in the form of compote, tea, tincture or fresh juice. Currant has a tonic and anti-inflammatory effect, which helps to cope with intoxication and indigestion.

Medicines for diarrhea

Various medicines are used to treat diarrhea, including probiotics, antibiotics, and immodulators. Find out what medicines you can take for diarrhea.

Probiotics

Probiotics are live micro-organisms that help restore normal gut flora and speed up the healing process. Probiotic bacteria can be obtained from natural foods such as yogurt and kefir, as well as from special medications.

• Linex is a preparation containing beneficial bacteria that contribute to the restoration of intestinal microflora.
• Bifidobacterin is an effective remedy for disorders of the intestinal microflora and diarrhea of ​​various origins.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are used only if the diarrhea is caused by a bacterial infection. Antibiotics destroy the pathogenic microflora in the intestine and prevent further development of the infection. However, antibiotics should not be abused, as they can lead to disruption of the normal microflora in the intestine.

• Ciprofloxacin is an effective antibacterial drug used to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
• Metronidazole is a drug used to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria.

Immodulators

Immodulators help activate the immune system and increase its protective functions. The immune system plays an important role in fighting infections in the gut, so immodulators may be helpful in speeding up recovery from diarrhea.

• Immunal is a preparation containing echinacea extract that strengthens the immune system and increases its protective functions.
• Interferon is a drug that is used to treat viral infections and activates the immune system to fight infections.

What precautions should be taken in case of diarrhea?

Diarrhea is a common condition that can lead to serious consequences such as dehydration. To prevent possible complications, some precautions must be taken:

• Practice good hand hygiene. Diarrhea is usually caused by bacteria and viruses that can be transmitted through dirty hands. Remember that hand washing is the simplest but most important way to prevent infections;
• Do not eat questionable food. Harmful microorganisms can be found in food that has not been prepared or stored properly. Therefore, the use of stale and undercooked foods should be avoided;
• Drink plenty of fluids. Diarrhea can cause dehydration. To avoid this, it is necessary to drink plenty of fluids to replace fluid loss. Water, herbal tinctures, or special oral rehydration solutions will do;
• Avoid chocolate, fatty and spicy foods. These foods may stimulate the bowels and worsen diarrhea symptoms;
• Be mindful of your medications. Some medicines may cause diarrhea as a side effect. If you notice a similar effect, contact your doctor to prescribe a different drug for you;
• Go on a diet. During diarrhea, your intestines don’t work properly and can’t always absorb food. Try to eat easily digestible foods, such as broths, cereals and fruits, and also follow a diet.

When should I see a doctor for diarrhea?

Diarrhea is a fairly common condition that is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Usually, its symptoms resolve within a few days and do not require medical intervention. However, there are a few cases where you should see a doctor.

• If diarrhea lasts more than two days and is accompanied by severe pain in the abdomen, a doctor should be consulted;
• If diarrhea is accompanied by vomiting and nausea, this may be a sign of a serious illness and may require medical attention;
• If you have a high fever, you may have a serious illness and it is highly recommended that you see a doctor;
• If you notice blood in your diarrhea, contact your doctor immediately as this may be a sign of a serious illness;
• If you think you or your child is dry or shows signs of dehydration, see a doctor.

In all these cases, it is better not to delay the visit to the doctor and not to try to get rid of the symptoms yourself. Diarrhea can be dangerous, so don’t hesitate to seek medical advice.

Complications of diarrhea

Diarrhea is a disorder of the digestive system that is accompanied by frequent diarrhea and fluid loss from the body. However, if diarrhea is left untreated or continues for a long time, it can lead to various complications.

Dehydration. Fluid loss from the body can lead to dehydration, which in turn can lead to other complications: temperature changes, kidney and heart problems.

Electrolyte disturbances. During diarrhea and vomiting, electrolytes come with the liquid, which are necessary for the normal functioning of the body. The lack of electrolytes can lead to suffering of the heart, muscles and nervous system.

Infections. Diarrhea may be associated with infection, and some types may cause complications such as sepsis and Waldeyer Islands.

Metabolic disorders. Some complications may be associated with the transfer of metabolic disorders. For example, if the digestive system cannot absorb nutrients properly, it can lead to vitamin and mineral deficiencies.

How to prevent diarrhea?

Diarrhea is a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that manifests itself in the form of increased frequency and dilution of feces. To prevent diarrhea, you must follow a number of rules.

• Personal hygiene . Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, especially after going to the toilet, before eating, before preparing food, and after handling animals.
• Drink only bottled water . Water from untested sources may contain bacteria or viruses that cause diarrhea.
• Avoid contact with infectious patients , especially those who have signs of diarrhoea.
• Avoid eating raw foods such as meat, fish, dairy products, vegetables and fruits.
• Observe hygiene rules when preparing food . Avoid cross-contamination when working with different products and use different boards and knives.

If you have a tendency to diarrhea, you can take probiotics, which improve the health of the colon microbiota and help fight infections. If you have diarrhea, be sure to seek medical attention.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What causes diarrhea?

Diarrhea can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, food allergies, medications, stress, dietary changes, lactose intolerance, and many other factors.

What are the symptoms associated with diarrhea?

Symptoms of diarrhea may include loose stools, frequent visits to the toilet, abdominal pain, feelings of dissatisfaction after a bowel movement, nausea, vomiting, headache, weakness, loss of appetite, etc.

How to treat diarrhea?

Treatment of diarrhea depends on its cause. In the case of bacterial, viral or parasitic infections, antibiotics or other possible medications will be required. It is also important to regulate the drinking regimen, avoid spicy, fatty and sweet foods, monitor hygiene and apply additional measures depending on the circumstances.

What diet should I follow for diarrhea?

The diarrhea diet should include easily digestible foods such as broths, water cereals, toast, protein, natural yoghurts, and fruits such as banana. It is also important to drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration. It is important to avoid spicy, fatty and sugary foods, as well as alcohol and coffee.

Can children get diarrhea?

Yes, diarrhea can occur in children, most commonly due to infection or poor diet. It is especially important to monitor the level of hydration when it comes to children.

When should I see a doctor?

Seek medical attention if diarrhea lasts more than two days, is accompanied by vomiting, severe abdominal pain, headache, weakness and dehydration.