What are the early warning signs of meningitis. How is meningitis spread and can it be prevented. What are the available treatments for meningitis and what is the outlook for patients.

Understanding Meningitis: Definition and Overview

Meningitis is a serious medical condition characterized by inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This potentially life-threatening infection can affect individuals of any age, but it is most commonly observed in infants, young children, teenagers, and young adults. The severity of meningitis necessitates prompt medical attention, as delayed treatment can lead to severe complications, including septicemia (blood poisoning) and permanent neurological damage.

Types of Meningitis

There are two primary types of meningitis:

• Bacterial meningitis: Less common but more severe
• Viral meningitis: More frequent but generally less serious

Understanding the distinction between these types is crucial for appropriate treatment and management of the condition.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Meningitis

The symptoms of meningitis can develop rapidly and may vary in presentation. Common signs include:

• High fever (above 37.5°C or 99.5°F)
• Severe headache
• Stiff neck
• Nausea and vomiting
• Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
• Confusion or altered mental state
• Skin rash (not always present)
• Seizures

Is fever always present in meningitis cases. While fever is a common symptom, it’s important to note that not all patients with meningitis will experience a high temperature. Some individuals, particularly infants, elderly people, or those with compromised immune systems, may not develop a fever. Therefore, the absence of fever does not rule out meningitis.

The Meningitis Rash

A characteristic rash associated with meningococcal septicemia, a severe form of bacterial meningitis, is worth special mention. This rash:

• Appears as small, red or purple spots
• Does not fade when pressure is applied (use the “glass test”)
• Can spread rapidly across the body

However, it’s crucial to understand that the rash may not appear in all cases or may appear late in the disease progression. Waiting for a rash to develop before seeking medical attention can be dangerous.

Causes and Transmission of Meningitis

Meningitis is primarily caused by bacterial or viral infections. These pathogens can be transmitted through various routes, including:

• Respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing
• Close physical contact, such as kissing
• Sharing personal items like utensils, toothbrushes, or water bottles

Interestingly, many people carry meningitis-causing bacteria in their nose or throat without becoming ill themselves. These carriers can unknowingly spread the infection to others who may be more susceptible to developing the disease.

Risk Factors for Meningitis

Certain factors can increase an individual’s risk of contracting meningitis:

• Age: Infants, young children, and young adults are at higher risk
• Living in close quarters: College dormitories or military barracks
• Compromised immune system: Due to conditions like HIV/AIDS or certain medications
• Travel to regions where meningitis is more common
• Skipping vaccinations: Particularly those that protect against meningitis-causing pathogens

Diagnosing Meningitis: Medical Tests and Procedures

When meningitis is suspected, prompt diagnosis is crucial. Healthcare providers typically employ a combination of clinical examination and laboratory tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine the underlying cause.

Physical Examination

The initial assessment often includes:

• Checking for fever and other vital signs
• Evaluating neck stiffness and other neurological symptoms
• Examining for the presence of a rash

Diagnostic Tests

To confirm meningitis and identify its cause, several tests may be performed:

1. Lumbar puncture (spinal tap): This procedure involves collecting a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for analysis
2. Blood tests: To check for signs of infection and identify the causative organism
3. Imaging studies: CT or MRI scans may be used to detect brain swelling or other complications

How long does it take to diagnose meningitis. While some rapid tests can provide results within hours, a definitive diagnosis may take 24-48 hours, depending on the specific tests performed and the laboratory’s capabilities. However, treatment is often initiated before final test results are available, based on clinical suspicion.

Treatment Approaches for Meningitis

The treatment of meningitis varies depending on whether it is caused by a bacterial or viral infection.

Bacterial Meningitis Treatment

Bacterial meningitis requires immediate hospitalization and aggressive treatment, typically including:

• Intravenous antibiotics: Started as soon as bacterial meningitis is suspected
• Corticosteroids: To reduce inflammation and prevent complications
• Intravenous fluids: To prevent dehydration and maintain electrolyte balance
• Oxygen therapy: If breathing is compromised
• Anticonvulsant medications: If seizures occur

The duration of hospital stay for bacterial meningitis is usually at least one week, but may be longer depending on the patient’s response to treatment and any complications that arise.

Viral Meningitis Treatment

Viral meningitis often resolves on its own within 7-10 days. Treatment is primarily supportive and may include:

• Rest and hydration
• Over-the-counter pain relievers for headache and fever
• Anti-nausea medications

In most cases, viral meningitis can be managed at home, but severe cases may require hospitalization for closer monitoring and supportive care.

Prevention Strategies: Vaccines and Hygiene Practices

Preventing meningitis involves a combination of vaccination and good hygiene practices.

Vaccination

Several vaccines are available that offer protection against common causes of bacterial meningitis:

• Meningococcal vaccines: Protect against Neisseria meningitidis
• Pneumococcal vaccines: Guard against Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine: Prevents infection by H. influenzae type b

These vaccines are typically included in routine childhood immunization schedules, with some requiring booster doses in adolescence or adulthood.

Hygiene Practices

To reduce the risk of meningitis transmission:

• Practice good hand hygiene
• Avoid sharing personal items like utensils, toothbrushes, or drinking glasses
• Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle to support your immune system

Long-term Outlook and Potential Complications

The prognosis for meningitis varies depending on the type of infection and how quickly treatment is initiated.

Viral Meningitis

Most cases of viral meningitis resolve completely within a few weeks, with no long-term effects. However, some patients may experience lingering fatigue or headaches for a short period after recovery.

Bacterial Meningitis

The outlook for bacterial meningitis is more variable. With prompt treatment, many patients recover fully. However, some may experience long-term complications, including:

• Hearing loss
• Vision problems
• Memory or concentration difficulties
• Balance or coordination problems
• Seizures
• Learning disabilities (particularly in children)

What factors influence the long-term prognosis of meningitis. The likelihood of complications depends on several factors, including the causative organism, the patient’s age and overall health, and how quickly treatment was initiated. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve the chances of a full recovery.

Special Considerations: Meningitis in Different Age Groups

While meningitis can affect individuals of any age, its presentation and management may vary across different age groups.

Meningitis in Infants and Young Children

Recognizing meningitis in infants can be challenging as they may not exhibit classic symptoms. Parents and caregivers should be alert for:

• Irritability and excessive crying
• Refusal to feed
• Unusual sleepiness or difficulty waking
• Bulging fontanelle (soft spot on the head)
• Stiff body or jerking movements

Infants and young children are at higher risk for complications and require close monitoring during treatment.

Meningitis in Adolescents and Young Adults

This age group is particularly susceptible to certain types of bacterial meningitis, especially in settings like college dormitories. Symptoms may develop rapidly, and early medical intervention is crucial.

Meningitis in Older Adults

In older individuals, the classic symptoms of meningitis may be less pronounced. They might experience:

• Subtle changes in mental status
• Low-grade fever or no fever at all
• Generalized weakness

Healthcare providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for meningitis in older patients presenting with nonspecific symptoms.

Understanding these age-specific considerations is crucial for early recognition and appropriate management of meningitis across different life stages. Regular medical check-ups and staying up-to-date with recommended vaccinations can help protect individuals of all ages against this potentially serious condition.

Meningitis – Illnesses & conditions

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About meningitis

Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (meninges).

It can affect anyone, but is most common in babies, young children, teenagers and young adults.

Meningitis can be very serious if not treated quickly. It can cause life-threatening blood poisoning (septicaemia) and result in permanent damage to the brain or nerves.

A number of vaccinations are available that offer some protection against meningitis.

Symptoms of meningitis

Symptoms of meningitis develop suddenly and can include:

• a high temperature (fever) over 37. 5C (99.5F)
• being sick
• a headache
• a blotchy rash that doesn’t fade when a glass is rolled over it (this won’t always develop)
• a stiff neck
• a dislike of bright lights
• drowsiness or unresponsiveness
• seizures (fits)

These symptoms can appear in any order and some may not appear.

Read more about the symptoms of meningitis

When to get medical help

You should get medical advice as soon as possible if you’re concerned that you or your child could have meningitis.

Trust your instincts and don’t wait until a rash develops.

Call 999 for an ambulance or go to your nearest accident and emergency (A&E) department immediately if you think you or your child might be seriously ill.

Call the 111 service or your GP surgery for advice if you’re not sure if it’s anything serious or you think you may have been exposed to someone with meningitis.

How meningitis is spread

Meningitis is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Bacterial meningitis is rarer but more serious than viral meningitis.

Infections that cause meningitis can be spread through:

• sneezing
• coughing
• kissing
• sharing utensils, cutlery and toothbrushes

Meningitis is usually caught from people who carry these viruses or bacteria in their nose or throat but aren’t ill themselves.

It can also be caught from someone with meningitis, but this is less common.

Read more about the causes of meningitis

Vaccinations against meningitis

Vaccinations offer some protection against certain causes of meningitis.

These include the:

• meningitis B vaccine – offered to babies aged 8 weeks, followed by a second dose at 16 weeks, and a booster at 1 year
• 6-in-1 vaccine – offered to babies at 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age
• pneumococcal vaccine – offered to babies at 12 weeks and between 12 and 13 months old
• meningitis C vaccine – offered at 12 weeks of age, 1 year
• MMR vaccine – offered to babies at 1 year and a second dose at 3 years and 4 months
• meningitis ACWY vaccine – offered to teenagers who are in S3 (around 14 years of age) at school. Young people who are in S4-S6 and missed the opportunity to get immunised last year, may also get the vaccine at school this year

Read more about the meningitis vaccinations

Treatments for meningitis

People with suspected meningitis will usually have tests in hospital to confirm the diagnosis and check whether the condition is the result of a viral or bacterial infection.

Bacterial meningitis usually needs to be treated in hospital for at least a week. Treatments include:

• antibiotics given directly into a vein
• fluids given directly into a vein
• oxygen through a face mask

Viral meningitis tends to get better on its own within 7 to 10 days and can often be treated at home. Getting plenty of rest and taking painkillers and anti-sickness medication can help relieve the symptoms in the meantime.

Read more about how meningitis is treated

Outlook for meningitis

Viral meningitis will usually get better on its own and rarely causes any long-term problems.

Most people with bacterial meningitis who are treated quickly will also make a full recovery, although some are left with serious, long-term problems. These can include:

• hearing loss or vision loss, which may be partial or total
• problems with memory and concentration
• recurrent seizures (epilepsy)
• co-ordination, movement and balance problems
• loss of limbs – amputation of affected limbs is sometimes necessary

Overall, it’s estimated that up to 1 in every 10 cases of bacterial meningitis is fatal.

Read more about the complications of meningitis

Causes of meningitis

Meningitis is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

Viral meningitis is the most common and least serious type. Bacterial meningitis is rare but can be very serious if not treated.

Several different viruses and bacteria can cause meningitis, including:

• meningococcal bacteria – there are several different types, called A, B, C, W, X, Y and Z
• pneumococcal bacteria
• Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacteria
• enteroviruses – viruses that usually only cause a mild stomach infection
• the mumps virus
• the herpes simplex virus – a virus that usually causes cold sores or genital herpes

A number of meningitis vaccinations provide protection against many of the infections that can cause meningitis.

How meningitis is spread

The viruses and bacteria that cause meningitis can be spread through:

• sneezing
• coughing 
• kissing
• sharing utensils, cutlery and toothbrushes

The infection is usually spread by people who carry these viruses or bacteria in their nose or throat, but aren’t ill themselves.

The infection can also be spread by someone with meningitis, although this is less common.

It is possible to get meningitis more than once.

Who’s most at risk?

Anyone can potentially get meningitis, but it’s more common in:

• babies and young children
• teenagers and young adults
• elderly people
• people with a weak immune system – for example, those with HIV and those having chemotherapy

You can reduce the risk of getting meningitis by ensuring all your vaccinations are up-to-date.

Read more about meningitis vaccinations

Treating meningitis

People with suspected meningitis will usually need to have tests in hospital and may need to stay in hospital for treatment.

Tests in hospital

Several tests may be carried out to confirm the diagnosis and check whether the condition is the result of a viral or bacterial infection.

These tests may include:

• a physical examination to look for symptoms of meningitis
• a blood test to check for bacteria or viruses
• a lumbar puncture – where a sample of fluid is taken from the spine and checked for bacteria or viruses
• a computerised tomography (CT) scan to check for any problems with the brain, such as swelling

As bacterial meningitis can be very serious, treatment with antibiotics will usually start before the diagnosis is confirmed and will be stopped later on if tests show the condition is being caused by a virus.

Treatment in hospital

Treatment in hospital is recommended in all cases of bacterial meningitis, as the condition can cause serious problems and requires close monitoring.

Severe viral meningitis may also be treated in hospital.

Treatments include:

• antibiotics given directly into a vein
• fluids given directly into a vein to prevent dehydration
• oxygen through a face mask if there are any breathing difficulties
• steroid medication to help reduce any swelling around the brain, in some cases

People with meningitis may need to stay in hospital for a few days, and in certain cases, treatment may be needed for several weeks.

Even after going home, it may be a while before you feel completely back to normal.

Additional treatment and long-term support may also be required if any complications of meningitis occur, such as hearing loss.

Treatment at home

You’ll usually be able to go home from hospital if you or your child has mild meningitis and tests show it’s being caused by a viral infection.

This type of meningitis will normally get better on its own without causing any serious problems. Most people feel better within 7-10 days.

In the meantime, it can help to:

• get plenty of rest
• take painkillers for a headache or general aches
• take anti-emetic (anti-sickness) medicine for any vomiting

Preventing the spread of infection

The risk of someone with meningitis spreading the infection to others is generally low. But if someone is thought to be at high risk of infection, they may be given a dose of antibiotics as a precautionary measure.

This may include anyone who has been in prolonged close contact with someone who developed meningitis, such as:

• people living in the same house
• pupils sharing a dormitory
• a boyfriend or girlfriend

People who have only had brief contact with someone who developed meningitis won’t usually need to take antibiotics.

Complications of meningitis

Most people make a full recovery from meningitis, but it can sometimes cause serious, long-term problems and can be life threatening.

This is why it’s so important to get medical help as soon as possible if you think you or your child has symptoms of meningitis, and why meningitis vaccinations are offered to certain groups.

It’s estimated up to one person in every two or three who survives bacterial meningitis is left with one or more permanent problems.

Complications are much rarer after viral meningitis.

Main complications

Some of the most common complications associated with meningitis are:

• hearing loss, which may be partial or total – people who have had meningitis will usually have a hearing test after a few weeks to check for any problems
• recurrent seizures (epilepsy)
• problems with memory and concentration
• co-ordination, movement and balance problems
• learning difficulties and behavioural problems
• vision loss, which may be partial or total
• loss of limbs – amputation is sometimes necessary to stop the infection spreading through the body and remove damaged tissue
• bone and joint problems, such as arthritis
• kidney problems

Overall, it’s estimated up to 1 in every 10 cases of bacterial meningitis is fatal.

Treatment and support

Additional treatment and long-term support may be required if you or your child experience complications of meningitis.

For example:

• cochlear implants, which are small devices that are inserted into the ears to improve hearing, may be needed in cases of severe hearing loss – read more about treatment for hearing loss
• prosthetic limbs and rehabilitation support may help if it was necessary to amputate any limbs – read more about recovering after an amputation
• counselling and psychological support may help if the trauma of having meningitis causes problems such as disturbed sleep, bedwetting, or fear of doctors and hospitals

You may also find it useful to get in touch with organisations such as the Meningitis Research Foundation or Meningitis Now for support and advice about life after meningitis.

The Meningitis Research Foundation’s guide to recovering from childhood bacterial meningitis and septicaemia (PDF, 6.73Mb) has more information about meningitis after effects and aftercare.

Preventing meningitis

Meningitis can be caused by a number of different infections, so several vaccinations offer some protection against it.

Children should receive most of these as part of the NHS vaccination schedule. Speak to your GP if you’re not sure whether your or your child’s vaccinations are up-to-date.

Meningitis B vaccine

The meningitis B vaccine offers protection against meningococcal group B bacteria, which are a common cause of meningitis in young children in the UK.

The vaccine is recommended for babies aged 8 weeks, followed by a second dose at 16 weeks, and a booster at one year.

6-in-1 vaccine

The 6-in-1 vaccine, also known as the DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB vaccine, offers protection against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and hepatitis B.

Hib are a type of bacteria that can cause meningitis.

The vaccine is given on three separate occasions when babies are 8, 12 and 16 weeks old.

More about the 6-in-1 vaccine

Pneumococcal vaccine

The pneumococcal vaccine offers protection against serious infections caused by pneumococcal bacteria, including meningitis.

Babies receive the pneumococcal vaccine as two separate injections, at 12 weeks and between 12 and 13 months old.

More about the pneumococcal vaccine

Hib/Men C vaccine

The meningitis C vaccine offers protection against a type of bacteria – meningococcal group C bacteria – that can cause meningitis.

Babies are offered a combined Hib/Men C vaccine at one year of age.

Teenagers and first-time university students are also offered vaccination against meningococcal group C bacteria as part of the combined meningitis ACWY vaccine (see below).

More about the Hib/Men C vaccine

MMR vaccine

The MMR vaccine offers protection against measles, mumps and rubella. Meningitis can sometimes occur as a complication of these infections.

The vaccine is usually given to babies at one year of age. They’ll then have a second dose when they’re three years and four months old.

More about the MMR vaccine

Meningitis ACWY vaccine

The meningitis ACWY vaccines offers protection against four types of bacteria that can cause meningitis – meningococcal groups A, C, W and Y.

Young people who are in S3 (around 14 years of age) at school are advised to have the vaccination. Young people who are in S4-S6 and missed the opportunity to get immunised last year, may also get the vaccine at school this year.

More about the meningitis ACWY vaccine

Meningitis (for Parents) – Nemours KidsHealth

What Is Meningitis?

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges (meh-NIN-jeez), the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Some types of meningitis (meh-nen-JYE-tis) can be dangerous and even life-threatening. Routine vaccinations can help prevent it.

Quick treatment of meningitis usually is successful. So it’s important to know what symptoms it can cause and to get medical care right away if your child might have the illness.

What Causes Meningitis?

Meningitis is most often caused by a virus (viral meningitis), but sometimes is caused by bacteria (bacterial meningitis). Rarely it can be due to other infections, some medicines, or illnesses (like cancer).

Meningitis caused by germs like bacteria or viruses often starts in another part of the body. The germs then spread through the bloodstream to the meninges.

Both kinds of meningitis spread to other people like most other common infections do — someone who’s infected touches, kisses, or coughs or sneezes on someone who isn’t infected. And both kinds are more common in people with weak immune systems.

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is rare, but is usually serious and can be life-threatening if not treated right away.

 Many different types of bacteria can cause it. Besides coming from the bloodstream, the bacteria also can spread to the meninges from nearby areas in the body when someone has had:

• a skull fracture
• brain surgery
• a cochlear implant
• a serious infection in the ear or the sinuses

People of any age can get bacterial meningitis, but it spreads easily among those living in close quarters, so teens, college students, and boarding-school students are at higher risk for infection.

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis (also called aseptic meningitis) is more common than bacterial meningitis and usually less serious. Many of the viruses that cause it are common, such as those that cause colds, diarrhea, cold sores, and the flu.

What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Meningitis?

Meningitis symptoms vary, depending on the person’s age and its cause. But both kinds of meningitis often cause the same symptoms. The first symptoms can start quickly or several days after someone had a cold, diarrhea, vomiting, or other signs of an infection.

Common symptoms include:

• fever
• headache
• stiff neck
• sensitivity to light (bright light bothers the eyes)
• nausea or vomiting
• poor appetite
• irritability
• lack of energy or drowsiness

Meningitis in Infants

Infants with meningitis might have different symptoms. Babies might be cranky, feed poorly, and be sleepy or hard to wake up. It may be hard to comfort them, even when they’re picked up and rocked, and their cry might be more high-pitched than usual. They also may have a fever or a lower-than-normal temperature. Sometimes they can have a stiff neck or a bulging fontanelle (soft spot on head).

How Is Meningitis Diagnosed?

Bacterial meningitis can be very serious. So if you see symptoms or think that your child could have meningitis, it’s important to see the doctor right away.

If the doctor thinks it might be meningitis, they’ll likely order a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to collect a sample of spinal fluid. This test will show any signs of inflammation and whether the infection is due to a virus or bacteria. The doctor will also order blood tests and other tests to try to find the source of the infection.

How Is Meningitis Treated?

If someone has — or might have — bacterial meningitis, doctors will start intravenous (IV) antibiotics as soon as possible. They also might give steroids to ease inflammation in the brain and IV fluids to replace those lost due to fever, sweating, vomiting, and poor appetite.

No antibiotics are needed when meningitis is caused by a virus (not bacteria). Rarely, doctors give antiviral medicine for specific viruses.

Most children with viral meningitis feel better in 7–10 days and usually can recover at home if they’re not too ill. Treatment to ease symptoms includes rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain medicine. Some people might need treatment in the hospital.

What Problems Can Happen?

Bacterial meningitis can cause serious problems that might need extra treatment, possibly in the hospital ICU. Someone with very low blood pressure might get more IV fluids and medicines to increase blood pressure. Someone might need extra oxygen or mechanical ventilation (breathing machine) if they have trouble breathing.

Problems from bacterial meningitis can be severe and include neurological problems, such as hearing loss, vision problems, seizures, and learning disabilities. Anyone who has had bacterial meningitis should get a hearing test after they recover.

The heart, kidneys, and adrenal glands also might be affected, depending on the cause of the infection. Although some kids develop long-lasting neurological problems, most who get a quick diagnosis and treatment recover fully.

Can Meningitis Be Prevented?

Vaccinations

Routine immunization can go a long way toward preventing meningitis. The Hib, measles, mumps, polio, and pneumococcal vaccines can protect against meningitis caused by those germs.

Kids also should get vaccines to protect against a bacterium called meningococcus. Kids get the meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY) when they’re 11 or 12 years old, with a booster shot at age 16. Kids older than 11 who haven’t been vaccinated also should be immunized, particularly if they’re going to college, boarding school, camp, or other places where they’ll live in close quarters with others.

Kids 2 months to 11 years old who are at higher risk for infection also should get MenACWY. This includes kids who:

• live in or travel to countries where infection is common
• have some types of immune disorders
• are present during an outbreak

A newer type of meningococcal vaccine called MenB protects against a type of meningococcal bacterium not covered by the older vaccine. Kids 10 years and older who have a higher risk for infection should get this vaccine. Others who are not at increased risk may also get it when they’re 16–23 years old (preferably when they’re 16–18, which is when the risk of getting infected is highest). The decision to get the MenB vaccine should be made together with their parents and the doctor.

Avoiding Germs

Kids and adults should wash their hands well and often, especially before eating and after using the bathroom, and if they work closely with kids (as in a daycare). Avoid close contact with someone who looks ill and don’t share food, drinks, or eating utensils.

Preventive Antibiotics

In some cases, doctors may give antibiotics to anyone who has had close contact with a person who has bacterial meningitis to help prevent infection.

When Should I Call the Doctor?

Get medical care right away if you think that your child has meningitis or you see symptoms such as:

• vomiting
• headache
• tiredness or confusion
• neck stiffness
• fever

A baby who has a fever, is cranky, and isn’t feeding well should be seen right away by a doctor.

If your child has been near someone who has meningitis, call your doctor to ask about preventive medicine.

How to recognize and treat meningitis

It is common to fear meningitis in winter, and indeed, it often occurs as a complication of respiratory diseases. However, meningitis can also begin as an independent disease. The main peak of incidence occurs in the winter-spring period. Factors affecting seasonal morbidity are climatic conditions (sharp fluctuations in temperature, high humidity) and changes in the nature of communication between people in winter (long stay indoors, insufficient ventilation, etc.).

Meningitis is a pathological process in which the membranes of the brain become inflamed.

Meningitis is divided mainly into serous and purulent. With serous, lymphocytes predominate in the cerebrospinal fluid, with purulent ones, the number of neutrophils, one of the types of leukocytes, increases. Purulent meningitis is primary or secondary, when the infection enters the meninges from the foci of infection in the body itself or when the skull is injured. There are also tuberculous, syphilitic, hemorrhagic meningitis and meningitis caused by individual pathogens – listrella, fungi, etc.

Despite the abundance of pathogens and other causes of meningitis, its general symptoms are similar. Headache is the most common symptom observed in almost all patients. It is associated with irritation of the sensitive endings of the trigeminal nerve and nerve endings of the autonomic nervous system.

Rigidity (hardness) of the neck muscles is also common, along with fever, altered state of consciousness, and sensitivity to light or sound. For accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to take cerebrospinal fluid for analysis.

Clinical presentation may vary.

So, with meningococcal meningitis, the disease begins acutely – with high fever and chills. Already on the 1-2 day, the main symptoms of meningitis appear, a hemorrhagic rash may form on the body.

Pneumococcal meningitis is preceded by otitis media, sinusitis, or pneumonia in about half of cases. Symptoms appear somewhat later than with meningococcal meningitis, but even with early hospitalization, the disease progresses rapidly, disorders of consciousness and convulsions appear.

Meningitis is often difficult to diagnose if it occurs while taking antibiotics. The patient’s temperature stays within 37.5-38.5°C, the headache becomes less intense. However, as the infection spreads, a sharp deterioration occurs, neurological symptoms appear. Such patients are at risk — lethal outcomes among them are the highest.

Viral meningitis may begin with symptoms consistent with the underlying infection. The picture of meningitis develops later. Unlike bacterial meningitis, with viral meningitis, the fever is moderate, and symptoms may appear on days 3-4 or even 5-7 of the disease. With the exception of a severe headache and feeling unwell, other symptoms are practically not expressed.

Tuberculous meningitis begins with fever, followed by headache and vomiting after a few days. By the end of the second week, symptoms of general brain damage develop. In the absence of treatment, the patient dies by the end of the month.

The diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical picture and the results of additional studies.

The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid is of the utmost importance – it is it that allows you to identify the causative agent of the disease and select therapy.

Meningitis is treated with antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals, depending on the pathogen. Sometimes steroids are used to prevent complications from severe inflammation.

Late initiation of treatment can lead to a protracted and recurrent course of the disease, since the pathogen, being in compacted areas of pus, is little accessible to the action of antibiotics. Recurrent cases of meningitis are accompanied by complications and persistent residual effects.

Meningitis, especially if delayed, can cause serious complications such as deafness, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, and mental development problems in children. Possible death. Some forms of meningitis (caused by meningococci, Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococci, or mumps) can be prevented by vaccination.

It is extremely important to recognize the disease in time – in 2014, a young American died from meningitis, the symptoms of which doctors confused with a panic attack.

The girl went to the hospital with complaints of numbness in her body on one side and confusion of speech, but the doctors mistook these symptoms for a panic attack and sent the girl home. The next day, a friend found her unconscious on the bathroom floor. During a new examination, the doctors revealed a stroke and meningitis, but it was too late. She spent the rest of her days hooked up to artificial life support. Realizing that no improvement was expected, the parents agreed to turn it off.

Spanish resident survived after a misdiagnosis, but was left without arms and legs.

A man came to the doctor after feeling fever and pain in his jaw. However, the doctor, not finding any deviations in the patient’s tests, decided that it was a common cold. Soon, the patient began to vomit, the temperature rose sharply, and the whole body was covered with brown spots. It turned out that he did not have a cold, but meningitis. Due to the fact that the infection spread throughout the body, doctors were forced to amputate the Spaniard’s arms and legs.

And in San Diego, 26-year-old TV presenter died from meningitis caused by swine flu. The unconscious woman was found by her friend. The woman was quickly taken to the hospital, but it was not possible to save her. Doctors noted that at that time there was an outbreak of swine flu in San Diego. Adults become infected with it more often than the elderly and children – adults have the lowest vaccination rates.

Meningitis: symptoms, causes and treatment

Contents

• 1 Meningitis: symptoms, causes and treatment
  • 1.1 Meningitis: symptoms, causes and treatment
    • 1. 1.1 What is meningitis?
  • 1.2 Causes of meningitis
  • 1.3 Symptoms of meningitis
  • 1.4 Diagnosis of meningitis
  • 1.5 Treatment of meningitis
    • 1.5.1 Antibiotics
    • 1.5.2 Antivirals
    • 1.5.3 Anticonvulsants
    • 1.5.4 Analgesics
    • 1.5.5 Hospitalization
  • 1.6 Antibiotics are a key element in the treatment of meningitis
  • 1.7 Prevention of meningitis
    • 1.7.1 Vaccination
    • 1.7.2 Avoiding contact with infected people
    • 1.7. 3 Personal hygiene
  • 1.8 Complications of meningitis
  • 1.9 Meningitis
  • 1.10 How to prevent meningitis
    • 1.10.1 Vaccination
    • 1.10.2 Hygiene measures
    • 1.10.3 Strong immunity
    • 1.10.4 Chronic disease management
  • 1.11 Related videos:
  • 1.12 Q&A:
    • • can be determined?
      • 1.12.0.2 What are the causes of meningitis?
      • 1. 12.0.3 How is meningitis treated?
      • 1.12.0.4 Can meningitis be contagious?
      • 1.12.0.5 How can meningitis be prevented?
      • 1.12.0.6 What are the possible complications after cured meningitis?

Meningitis is a dangerous disease characterized by inflammation of the meninges. The article contains information about the symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment of meningitis.

Meningitis is an inflammation of the soft membranes of the brain and spinal cord that can have serious health consequences. The disease can result from various causes such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and other infectious agents. Symptoms of meningitis can come on suddenly and include headache, fever, nausea and vomiting, jaundice, and other signs.

With timely detection and proper treatment of meningitis, possible complications such as brain damage, organ dysfunction and even death can be prevented. Diagnosis of meningitis is carried out using a neurological examination, laboratory tests of blood and cerebrospinal fluid, computed tomography and other methods.

Treatment for meningitis may include antibiotics, antivirals, and other drugs, and a strict regimen and diet. In more severe cases, hospitalization of the patient and surgical intervention may be required.

Meningitis: symptoms, causes and treatment

What is meningitis?

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can be caused by various causes. Usually the disease is manifested by a sharp pain in the head and a feverish state. In addition, the patient may experience nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, and even become unconscious.

Treatment of meningitis depends on its cause and severity. Sometimes symptomatic treatment is enough, but in more severe cases, antibiotics and hospitalization are necessary. Therefore, it is important to seek medical help at the first symptoms.

Causes of meningitis

Meningitis is an inflammatory process of the meninges, which can be caused by infectious and non-infectious causes.

Infectious causes of meningitis include viral, bacterial and fungal infections. Most often, meningitis is caused by viruses (about 80% of cases), less often by bacteria (about 15-20% of cases). Fungal meningitis is rare and usually occurs in people with compromised immune systems.

Non-infectious causes of meningitis include various inflammatory diseases (eg, rheumatoid arthritis) and allergic reactions to drugs or other substances. Meningitis can also be the result of a head injury or surgery to the head and neck.

The risk of meningitis is increased in people who have a weakened immune system (eg, those who are HIV-infected) or who live in unfavorable social and hygienic conditions.

In general, anyone can get meningitis, but the risk of it can be reduced by practicing good hygiene and preventing infectious diseases.

Symptoms of meningitis

Meningitis is a serious disease that can lead to death. Some of its symptoms may be harmless and easily mistaken for fatigue or a cold, but if a few signs are present, a doctor should be consulted.

Main symptoms of meningitis:

• headache that does not improve with pain medication;
• body temperature above 38 degrees;
• neck stiffness, inability to bend head to chest;
• photophobia, inability to look at light;
• less frequent symptoms – convulsions, impaired consciousness, vomiting.

Diagnosis of meningitis may require:

1. spinal tap – extraction of cerebral fluid;
2. complete blood count;
3. computed tomography (CT) of the head or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Diagnosis of meningitis

Meningitis is a complex disease, the diagnosis of which requires an integrated approach and certain knowledge of medical practice. The main symptoms of meningitis are headache, vomiting, high body temperature, convulsions, impaired consciousness.

To diagnose meningitis, it is necessary to conduct a series of examinations, including clinical, laboratory and instrumental methods. An obligatory step is the collection of anamnesis and examination of the patient.

Seeing a doctor early and conducting a comprehensive diagnosis helps to avoid complications and choose the best treatment for meningitis.

Treatment of meningitis

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are the main treatment for bacterial meningitis. They help kill bacteria and prevent possible complications. Your doctor may prescribe several types of antibiotics to make sure they are effective against a particular meningitis pathogen.

Antivirals

Antivirals may be used for viral meningitis. They help reduce inflammation and fight the virus. Antivirals must be taken as soon as symptoms appear to be most effective.

Anticonvulsants

Meningitis may cause seizures and convulsions. To prevent these phenomena, anticonvulsants may be used. The doctor may prescribe medication or give advice on how to proceed if seizures occur.

Analgesics

Analgesics help relieve pain and headaches that occur during meningitis. Your doctor may recommend pain medication to relieve pain and discomfort.

Hospitalization

In case of severe meningitis, the patient may be hospitalized. At the hospital, he will be provided with appropriate medicines and medical care. If necessary, the patient can be treated in intensive care.

Antibiotics are a key element in the treatment of meningitis

Meningitis is a serious disease that causes inflammation of the meninges. One of the main ways to combat it is the use of antibiotics. They are prescribed in a hospital or clinic and are often prescribed for any suspicion of meningitis.

What antibiotics are used to treat meningitis?

• Penicillins. These are the most common type of antibiotics that kill the bacteria that cause meningitis. However, allergic reactions to penicillin can occur, so it is prescribed only if there is no risk in the patient.
• Cephalosporins. The choice of antibiotics from this class is due to their ability to penetrate the meninges faster. In addition, they do not cause severe allergic reactions.
• Macrolides. These antibiotics provide a wide spectrum of action against bacteria and inhibit their reproduction. They rarely cause side effects and are often used in combination with other antibacterial agents.

The specific type of antibiotic prescribed depends on the patient’s age, allergic history, disease type, and other factors determined by the physician.

Indications for antibiotic therapy Signs Recommended individual course of treatment 7-10 days Viral meningitis Antibiotic therapy not required

Unfortunately, antibiotics are not always effective, especially in forms of meningitis caused by viruses or fungal infections. Therefore, it is best to ensure the prevention of meningitis in order to minimize the risks of the disease.

Prevention of meningitis

Vaccination

Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent meningitis. There are vaccines that protect against bacterial strains of meningitis, such as meningococci and pneumococci. It is recommended to vaccinate people who are at high risk of infection, such as children, teenagers and students, as well as people living in a community.

Avoiding contact with infected people

Try to avoid contact with people suffering from infectious diseases, as this is how the bacteria that cause meningitis are transmitted. If you are in contact with a sick person, use a mask and help him maintain good hygiene.

Personal hygiene

The simplest and most effective way to prevent meningitis is to practice good personal hygiene: washing your hands frequently, using personal items such as towels and eating utensils, and avoiding sharing personal hygiene items with other people.

In general, prevention of meningitis can be achieved through social distancing and hygiene measures. Following these basic principles will help reduce the risk of contracting this disease.

Complications of meningitis

Meningitis is a serious disease that can lead to dangerous complications. In some cases, complications can develop quickly, in others – gradually and imperceptibly.

Other complications may be: hearing and vision impairment, malfunction of internal organs, epilepsy, mental retardation in children. Sepsis, a life-threatening condition in which the infection spreads throughout the body, can also occur with meningitis.

• Purulent meningitis – a serious complication requiring surgical intervention
• Hearing and visual impairment – a possible complication of meningitis
• Sepsis – a life-threatening spread of infection
• Epilepsy – a possible consequence of meningitis
• Mental retardation in children – a possible complication

Meningitis: how children cope with the disease

Meningitis is a dangerous disease that can lead to serious complications and even death. Meningitis is especially dangerous for young children, because their immune system is not yet fully formed and cannot fight the infection.

The first symptoms of meningitis in children are often mild fever, nausea, vomiting and headaches. Subsequently, the symptoms may worsen, convulsions, high fever and disturbances in the work of the heart and respiratory system appear.

If children develop symptoms of meningitis, seek medical attention immediately. Diagnosis and treatment should be carried out under the supervision of specialists. In some cases, hospitalization may be required to prevent complications and provide necessary treatment.

In general, meningitis in childhood is difficult because the child has not yet fully developed an organism that can cope with the infection. Therefore, fundamental measures are the prevention of possible infection and timely access to a doctor in the event of the first signs of the disease.

How to prevent meningitis

Vaccination

Vaccination against meningitis is the most effective way to prevent the disease. There are different types of vaccines that can protect against different forms of meningitis. Vaccination is recommended for healthcare workers, students living in hostels, and travelers visiting areas where meningitis is endemic.

Hygiene measures

Hygiene is the second most important means of preventing meningitis. You should wash your hands regularly with soap and water, especially before eating or touching your face. Avoid shared items such as cutlery or glasses, especially if a family member or hostel has had meningitis. Avoid close contact with those with meningitis and isolate patients in separate rooms to better control the spread of infection.

Strong immunity

Strong immunity will help the body fight infection. Keep your immune system healthy by eating healthy foods, drinking enough water, and try not to abuse alcohol and tobacco. Try to get enough sleep and exercise regularly.

Chronic disease control

Chronic illness or exotic travel can increase your chance of contracting meningitis. If you have chronic diseases, keep them under control, follow your doctor’s prescription and avoid stress as much as possible. If you are going to travel to places where meningitis is common, ask your doctor for advice or guidance. You may need specific vaccinations before you travel.

Examples of recommended meningitis vaccines Vaccine Type of meningitis against which

protects

What is meningitis and how can it be determined?

Meningitis is an inflammatory disease of the soft membranes of the brain and spinal cord. Its symptoms are headache, nausea, vomiting, fever, difficulty moving the neck, and convulsions. You can determine meningitis with the help of a medical examination, namely, laboratory tests of cerebral cerebrospinal cerebrospinal cerebrospinal fluid and magnetic resonance imaging.

What are the causes of meningitis?

Meningitis can occur due to infections such as bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Also, meningitis can occur due to external influences on the head, such as trauma or swelling, as well as due to some chronic diseases, such as Behçet’s syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus.

How is meningitis treated?

Treatment of meningitis depends on the cause. Antibiotics are often used for bacterial meningitis, and antivirals are often used for viral meningitis. Painkillers and anticonvulsants may be used to relieve symptoms. In some cases, hospitalization may be required.

Can meningitis be contagious?

Yes, meningitis can be an infectious disease and it can spread from person to person. However, there are many types of meningitis, and infectivity may depend on the specific type of disease.

How can meningitis be prevented?

Meningitis can be prevented by taking certain precautions.