Does metoclopramide cause drowsiness. What are the common side effects of metoclopramide. How does metoclopramide work for nausea and vomiting. Can metoclopramide be used long-term. What precautions should be taken when using metoclopramide.

Understanding Metoclopramide: A Comprehensive Overview

Metoclopramide is a medication commonly prescribed to treat various gastrointestinal issues and symptoms. It belongs to a class of drugs known as antiemetics and gastroprokinetics, which means it works to alleviate nausea and vomiting while also promoting stomach emptying. Healthcare providers often prescribe metoclopramide for conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and diabetic gastroparesis.

This drug is available in several forms, including oral tablets, oral solution, and injectable formulations. Brand names for metoclopramide include Reglan and Metozolv ODT, though generic versions are also available. As with any medication, it’s crucial to understand its uses, potential side effects, and safety considerations before starting treatment.

The Mechanism of Action: How Metoclopramide Works

Metoclopramide functions by affecting both the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. Its primary mechanisms of action include:

• Blocking dopamine receptors in the brain’s chemoreceptor trigger zone, which helps reduce nausea and vomiting
• Enhancing the release of acetylcholine in the gut, which stimulates muscle contractions and accelerates stomach emptying
• Increasing lower esophageal sphincter tone, which helps prevent acid reflux

These combined effects make metoclopramide an effective treatment for various gastrointestinal disorders. However, its impact on dopamine receptors can also lead to some of its potential side effects, particularly those related to movement disorders.

Common Uses and Indications for Metoclopramide

Healthcare providers prescribe metoclopramide for several conditions, including:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): It helps relieve heartburn and other symptoms associated with acid reflux
2. Diabetic gastroparesis: Metoclopramide can alleviate symptoms of delayed stomach emptying in diabetic patients
3. Nausea and vomiting: It’s effective in treating various causes of nausea, including those related to chemotherapy, surgery, and pregnancy
4. Migraine headaches: Some patients find relief from migraine-associated nausea with metoclopramide
5. Small bowel intubation: The drug can facilitate the passage of tubes into the small intestine for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes

Does metoclopramide treat all types of nausea equally? While metoclopramide is effective for many causes of nausea, its efficacy can vary depending on the underlying cause. It’s particularly useful for nausea related to gastrointestinal motility issues but may be less effective for certain types of motion sickness or vertigo-induced nausea.

Side Effects: What to Expect When Taking Metoclopramide

Like all medications, metoclopramide can cause side effects. Common side effects, occurring in more than 1 in 100 people, include:

• Drowsiness and fatigue
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Restlessness or agitation
• Diarrhea
• Headache
• Changes in mood, including low mood or anxiety

These side effects are usually mild and often resolve on their own as the body adjusts to the medication. However, if they persist or worsen, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider.

Can metoclopramide cause serious side effects? While less common, some individuals may experience more severe side effects, including:

• Tardive dyskinesia: A potentially irreversible movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: A rare but serious condition that can cause fever, muscle rigidity, and altered mental status
• Allergic reactions: In rare cases, metoclopramide may cause a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
• Depression: Some patients may experience worsening of depressive symptoms

It’s crucial to seek immediate medical attention if any of these serious side effects occur.

Safety Considerations and Precautions

When prescribing metoclopramide, healthcare providers take several factors into account to ensure patient safety:

• Duration of use: The FDA recommends limiting metoclopramide use to no more than 12 weeks due to the risk of tardive dyskinesia
• Dosage: Starting with the lowest effective dose and adjusting as needed can help minimize side effects
• Age: Older adults may be more sensitive to the effects of metoclopramide and may require lower doses
• Medical history: Patients with a history of depression, Parkinson’s disease, or other neurological conditions may need special monitoring
• Drug interactions: Metoclopramide can interact with various medications, including antidepressants and antipsychotics

Is it safe to take metoclopramide during pregnancy? While metoclopramide is sometimes used to treat severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, its use should be carefully considered and discussed with a healthcare provider. The potential benefits must be weighed against any possible risks to the developing fetus.

Managing Side Effects: Tips for Patients

If you’re prescribed metoclopramide, there are several strategies you can employ to manage potential side effects:

• For drowsiness: Avoid driving or operating heavy machinery until you know how the medication affects you
• For dizziness: Rise slowly from a sitting or lying position to prevent falls
• For diarrhea: Stay hydrated and consider dietary changes to alleviate symptoms
• For mood changes: Monitor your mood closely and report any significant changes to your healthcare provider

How can patients minimize the risk of developing tardive dyskinesia? While the risk of tardive dyskinesia cannot be completely eliminated, adhering to the prescribed dosage and duration of treatment is crucial. Patients should also be vigilant for any early signs of unusual movements and report them promptly to their healthcare provider.

Alternatives to Metoclopramide: Exploring Other Treatment Options

For patients who cannot tolerate metoclopramide or for whom it is contraindicated, several alternative treatments may be considered:

• Other antiemetics: Drugs like ondansetron or promethazine may be effective for nausea and vomiting
• Proton pump inhibitors: For GERD symptoms, medications like omeprazole or esomeprazole might be suitable alternatives
• Prokinetics: Drugs like domperidone (where available) may be used for gastroparesis
• Non-pharmacological approaches: Dietary modifications, acupuncture, or cognitive-behavioral therapy may help manage certain gastrointestinal symptoms

Are there natural alternatives to metoclopramide? While some patients find relief with natural remedies like ginger or peppermint for mild nausea, these options are generally not as potent as prescription medications for severe symptoms. It’s important to discuss any alternative treatments with a healthcare provider before discontinuing prescribed medication.

Long-term Outlook: Living with Metoclopramide Treatment

For many patients, metoclopramide can provide significant relief from troublesome gastrointestinal symptoms. However, long-term use requires careful consideration and monitoring:

• Regular check-ups: Periodic evaluations can help assess the ongoing need for treatment and monitor for potential side effects
• Symptom tracking: Keeping a log of symptoms and side effects can aid in treatment adjustments
• Lifestyle modifications: Combining medication with dietary changes and stress reduction techniques may enhance overall symptom management
• Open communication: Maintaining an open dialogue with healthcare providers about any concerns or changes in symptoms is crucial for optimal care

Can patients develop tolerance to metoclopramide over time? While some patients may notice a decrease in effectiveness with prolonged use, true tolerance to metoclopramide is not well-documented. Any perceived changes in efficacy should be discussed with a healthcare provider, as they may indicate a need for treatment adjustment or further evaluation of underlying conditions.

Understanding the Black Box Warning

The FDA has issued a black box warning for metoclopramide, which is the most serious type of warning for prescription drug labeling. This warning highlights the risk of tardive dyskinesia, a potentially irreversible movement disorder. The risk of developing tardive dyskinesia increases with:

• Longer duration of treatment
• Higher cumulative doses
• Advanced age
• Female gender

How does the black box warning impact prescribing practices? Healthcare providers must carefully weigh the benefits and risks of metoclopramide treatment, particularly for long-term use. This warning has led to more conservative prescribing patterns and increased emphasis on patient education and monitoring.

Special Populations: Considerations for Specific Patient Groups

Certain patient groups may require special consideration when it comes to metoclopramide use:

• Elderly patients: May be more susceptible to side effects and may require lower doses
• Pediatric patients: Use in children should be carefully evaluated, as they may be at higher risk for certain side effects
• Patients with renal impairment: Dosage adjustments may be necessary due to reduced drug clearance
• Individuals with neurological disorders: May have an increased risk of extrapyramidal symptoms

How should healthcare providers approach metoclopramide use in these special populations? A tailored approach, considering individual patient factors, medical history, and potential risks, is essential. Close monitoring and regular reassessment of the treatment plan are crucial for these patient groups.

Drug Interactions: What to Watch Out For

Metoclopramide can interact with various medications, potentially altering their effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects. Some important interactions to be aware of include:

• Antipsychotics: May increase the risk of extrapyramidal symptoms
• Antidepressants: Particularly MAOIs, which can lead to hypertensive crises
• Anticholinergic drugs: May reduce the effectiveness of metoclopramide
• Alcohol: Can increase sedation and impair motor skills
• Insulin: May affect blood glucose levels in diabetic patients

Why is it crucial to inform healthcare providers about all medications and supplements? Providing a comprehensive list of all medications, including over-the-counter drugs and herbal supplements, allows healthcare providers to assess potential interactions and adjust treatment plans accordingly, ensuring safer and more effective care.

Patient Education: Empowering Informed Decision-Making

Effective patient education is crucial for safe and successful metoclopramide use. Key points to cover include:

• Proper dosing and administration instructions
• Potential side effects and when to seek medical attention
• The importance of adhering to prescribed treatment duration
• Strategies for managing common side effects
• Signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia to watch for

How can healthcare providers ensure patients fully understand the risks and benefits of metoclopramide? Utilizing a combination of verbal explanations, written materials, and follow-up discussions can help reinforce important information. Encouraging patients to ask questions and express concerns fosters a collaborative approach to treatment decision-making.

Future Directions: Research and Development in Antiemetic Therapies

As medical research continues to advance, new approaches to treating nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal motility disorders are being explored. Some areas of ongoing research include:

• Development of more selective dopamine receptor antagonists with fewer side effects
• Investigation of novel drug delivery methods to enhance efficacy and reduce systemic side effects
• Exploration of combination therapies that target multiple pathways involved in nausea and vomiting
• Advancements in understanding the genetic factors that influence drug response and side effect susceptibility

What potential breakthroughs might we see in antiemetic therapy in the coming years? While it’s difficult to predict specific outcomes, ongoing research may lead to more personalized treatment approaches, improved safety profiles, and potentially new classes of medications that offer better symptom control with fewer side effects.

In conclusion, metoclopramide remains an important tool in the management of various gastrointestinal disorders. Its effectiveness in treating conditions like GERD and diabetic gastroparesis has made it a valuable option for many patients. However, the potential for side effects, particularly the risk of tardive dyskinesia, necessitates careful consideration and monitoring during its use. By understanding the benefits, risks, and proper management strategies associated with metoclopramide, patients and healthcare providers can work together to optimize treatment outcomes and ensure patient safety. As research in this field continues to evolve, we may see new innovations that further improve the treatment landscape for gastrointestinal disorders and antiemetic therapies.

Side effects of metoclopramide – NHS

Like all medicines, metoclopramide can cause side effects, although not everyone gets them.

Common side effects

These common side effects of metoclopramide happen in more than 1 in 100 people. They’re usually mild and go away by themselves. There are things you can do to help cope with them:

Feeling sleepy and a lack of energy

Do not drive, cycle or use tools or machinery. Do not drink alcohol, as it will make you feel more tired. If these symptoms get worse or last longer than a few days, talk to your doctor.

Low mood

This should pass after a couple of days but if it does not, speak to your doctor as you may need a different type of anti-sickness medicine.

Feeling dizzy or faint (low blood pressure)

If metoclopramide makes you feel dizzy, stop what you’re doing and sit or lie down until you feel better. Do not drive, ride a bike or use tools or machinery. Do not drink alcohol, as this can make the symptoms worse. This should get better after a few days as your body gets used to the medicine. Speak to your doctor if the problem does not go away after a couple of days or gets worse.

Diarrhoea

Drink lots of fluids, such as water or squash, to avoid dehydration. Signs of dehydration include peeing less than usual or having dark, strong-smelling pee. Do not take any other medicines to treat diarrhoea without speaking to a pharmacist or doctor. If you take contraceptive pills and you have severe diarrhoea for more than 24 hours, your contraception may not protect you from pregnancy. Check the pill packet for advice.

Keep taking the medicine, but talk to your doctor or pharmacist if the advice on how to cope does not help and these side effects bother you or do not go away.

Serious side effects

Some people may have serious side effects when taking metoclopramide, but these are rare.

Stop taking metoclopramide and call your doctor or call 111 now if:

• your muscles or eyes start moving in an unusual or uncontrolled way

Immediate action required: Call 999 or go to A&E now if:

• you’ve had a seizure or fit

Serious allergic reaction

In rare cases, metoclopramide may cause a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).

Immediate action required: Call 999 now if:

• your lips, mouth, throat or tongue suddenly become swollen
• you’re breathing very fast or struggling to breathe (you may become very wheezy or feel like you’re choking or gasping for air)
• your throat feels tight or you’re struggling to swallow
• your skin, tongue or lips turn blue, grey or pale (if you have black or brown skin, this may be easier to see on the palms of your hands or soles of your feet)
• you suddenly become very confused, drowsy or dizzy
• someone faints and cannot be woken up
• a child is limp, floppy or not responding like they normally do (their head may fall to the side, backwards or forwards, or they may find it difficult to lift their head or focus on your face)

You or the person who’s unwell may also have a rash that’s swollen, raised, itchy, blistered or peeling.

These can be signs of a serious allergic reaction and may need immediate treatment in hospital.

Other side effects

These are not all the side effects of metoclopramide. For a full list, see the leaflet inside your medicine packet.

Information:

You can report any suspected side effect using the Yellow Card safety scheme.

Visit Yellow Card for further information.

Page last reviewed: 9 March 2023

Next review due: 9 March 2026

Side Effects, Dosage, Uses, and More

Highlights for metoclopramide

1. Metoclopramide oral tablet is available as both a generic and brand-name drugs. Brand names: Reglan and Metozolv ODT.
2. Metoclopramide also comes in an oral solution as well as injectable forms that are only given to you by a healthcare provider.
3. Metoclopramide oral tablet is used to relieve heartburn caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It’s also used to treat symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis.

FDA Warning: Abuse and dependence

• This drug has a black box warning. This is the most serious warning from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A black box warning alerts doctors and patients about drug effects that may be dangerous.
• Reglan can cause a serious movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia (TD). This condition is often irreversible. There’s no known treatment for TD. The risk of developing TD is increased with longer treatment and increased dosage. To help prevent TD, this drug shouldn’t be used for longer than 12 weeks. If you have symptoms of TD (see below), stop taking this drug and call your doctor right away.

Was this helpful?

Other warnings

• Nervous system disorder warning: This drug may cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). This is a rare nervous system disorder that may be fatal (cause death). Symptoms include a high body temperature, stiff muscles, confusion, abnormal pulse or blood pressure, fast heart rate, and sweating. Call your doctor right away if you have these symptoms. You’ll have to stop taking this drug if you have this condition.
• Uncontrolled spasms warning: This drug may cause muscle spasms in your face, neck, body, arms, and legs. These spasms can cause abnormal movements and body positions. These are more likely to happen during the first 2 days of your treatment. The risk is higher in children and adults younger than 30 years of age.
• Depression warning: This drug may cause depression. This effect can happen even if you don’t have a history of depression. Your symptoms may be mild to severe, and may include thoughts of suicide. Call your doctor right away if you have signs of depression.

Metoclopramide oral tablet is a prescription drug that’s available as the brand-name drugs Reglan and Metozolv ODT. It’s also available as a generic drug. Generic drugs usually cost less than brand-name versions. In some cases, they may not be available in all strengths or forms as a brand-name drug.

Metoclopramide also comes in an oral solution as well as injectable forms that are only given by a healthcare provider.

Why it’s used

Metoclopramide is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that causes symptoms. GERD occurs when acid flows up from your stomach. This causes heartburn. It may also harm your esophagus (the tube that connects your mouth to your stomach). This drug is used to relieve heartburn and heal sores in your esophagus when other treatments haven’t worked.

Metoclopramide is also used to treat diabetic gastroparesis. Gastroparesis happens when your stomach takes too long to empty its contents. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, heartburn, loss of appetite, and feeling full long after meals.

This drug may be used as part of a combination therapy. This means you may need to take it with other medications to treat your condition.

How it works

Metoclopramide belongs to classes of drugs called antiemetics and prokinetics. Antiemetics are used to reduce nausea and vomiting, and prokinetics are used to empty the contents of your stomach faster. A class of drugs is a group of medications that work in a similar way. These drugs are often used to treat similar conditions.

This drug works by emptying the contents of your stomach. It does this by increasing your stomach muscle contractions. This speeds up the movement of food through your stomach and intestines. It also increases the tightness of your lower esophageal sphincter (the muscle connecting your esophagus and stomach). This stops stomach acid from flowing back up to your esophagus.

This drug also prevents nausea and vomiting. It does this by blocking receptors in your body that are responsible for triggering nausea and vomiting.

Metoclopramide oral tablet may cause drowsiness. Some people may have dizziness, nervousness, or headaches after they stop taking this drug. It can also cause other side effects.

More common side effects

The more common side effects of metoclopramide can include:

• headache
• confusion
• trouble sleeping
• dizziness
• restlessness
• sleepiness
• exhaustion

If these effects are mild, they may go away within a few days or a couple of weeks. If they’re more severe or don’t go away, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.

Serious side effects

Call your doctor right away if you have serious side effects. Call 911 if your symptoms feel life-threatening or if you think you’re having a medical emergency. Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following:

• Depression and suicide. Symptoms can include:
  • sadness
  • lack of motivation
  • thoughts of harming or killing yourself
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (nervous system disorder). Symptoms can include:
  • high fever
  • stiff muscles
  • trouble thinking
  • fast or irregular heart rate
  • increased sweating
• Tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder that can be permanent. Symptoms can include repeated, uncontrollable movements such as:
  • movement in the face, such as blinking, grimacing, or sticking out your tongue
  • slow or fast, jerky movements of the arms and legs
• Parkinsonism (symptoms similar to those caused by Parkinson’s disease). Symptoms can include:
  • shaking
  • body stiffness
  • slow movement
  • trouble keeping your balance
  • blank stare with an open mouth
• Allergic reaction. Symptoms can include:
  • rash
  • hives
  • trouble breathing
  • swelling of your tongue, lips, or throat
• Hyperprolactinemia (increased levels of the hormone prolactin). Symptoms can include:
  • menstrual problems or vaginal dryness in women
  • erectile dysfunction, decreased body hair and muscle mass, and increased breast size in men
• Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren’t there)

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs affect each person differently, we cannot guarantee that this information includes all possible side effects. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always discuss possible side effects with a healthcare provider who knows your medical history.

Metoclopramide oral tablet can interact with other medications, vitamins, or herbs you may be taking. An interaction is when a substance changes the way a drug works. This can be harmful or prevent the drug from working well.

To help avoid interactions, your doctor should manage all of your medications carefully. Be sure to tell your doctor about all medications, vitamins, or herbs you’re taking. To find out how this drug might interact with something else you’re taking, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.

Examples of drugs that can cause interactions with metoclopramide are listed below.

Interactions that increase your risk of side effects from metoclopramide

Taking metoclopramide with certain medications raises your risk of side effects from metoclopramide. Examples of these drugs include:

• Sedatives, hypnotics, narcotics, antihistamines, and tranquilizers. These include:
  • diazepam
  • lorazepam
  • hydroxyzine
  • phenobarbital
  • promethazine
  • scopolamine
  • eszopiclone
  • temazepam
  • zaleplon
  • zolpidem
  • meperidine
  • propofol
  • meprobamate

Taking any of these drugs with metoclopramide may increase drowsiness.

• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). These include:
  • isocarboxazid
  • phenylzine
  • rasagiline
  • selegiline
  • tranylcypromine

Taking these drugs with metoclopramide may increase your blood pressure.

Interactions that increase your risk of side effects from other drugs

Taking metoclopramide with certain medications raises your risk of side effects from these drugs. Examples of these drugs include:

• Tetracycline. Metoclopramide increases how much tetracycline your body absorbs. This may increase your risk of side effects of tetracycline, such as diarrhea and vomiting.
• Cyclosporine. Metoclopramide may increase the levels of cyclosporine in your body. This may raise your risk of kidney problems, digestion problems, and tingling (pins and needles) feeling caused by damage to your nerves.
• Insulin. Metoclopramide affects how food moves through your body. This may change your blood sugar levels. You may have higher blood sugar levels because food is moving through your stomach and entering your bloodstream faster. Your doctor may adjust your dose of insulin.

Interactions that can make your drugs less effective

When metoclopramide is used with certain drugs, it may not work as well to treat your condition. Examples of these drugs include:

• Anticholinergics. These include atropine, benztropine, darifenacin, dicyclomine, fesoterodine, glycopyrrolate, hyoscyamine, methscopolamine, oxybutynin, tolterodine, scopolamine, solifenacin, trihexyphenidyl, and trospium.
• Narcotics (pain drugs). These include codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, and oxycodone.

When certain drugs are used with metoclopramide, they may not work as well. This is because the amount of these drugs in your body may be decreased. Examples of these drugs include:

• Digoxin. Your doctor should monitor your digoxin blood levels closely.
• Levodopa. Metoclopramide reduces the effect that levodopa has on your body. Your doctor may avoid using this drug with metoclopramide.

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs interact differently in each person, we cannot guarantee that this information includes all possible interactions. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always speak with your healthcare provider about possible interactions with all prescription drugs, vitamins, herbs and supplements, and over-the-counter drugs that you are taking.

Metoclopramide oral tablet comes with several warnings. Call your doctor if your symptoms don’t improve after taking this drug.

Allergy warning

Metoclopramide can cause a severe allergic reaction. Symptoms can include:

• trouble breathing
• rash
• hives
• swelling of your throat or tongue

If you have an allergic reaction, call your doctor or local poison control center right away. If your symptoms are severe, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room.

Don’t take this drug again if you’ve ever had an allergic reaction to it. Taking it again could be fatal (cause death).

Alcohol interaction

Drinking alcohol can increase the side effects of sleepiness, dizziness, and confusion from metoclopramide. If you drink alcohol, talk to your doctor.

Warnings for people with certain health conditions

For people with stomach or intestinal problems: This drug increases the movement of food in your digestive tract. If you have bleeding, tears or holes, or a blockage in your stomach or intestines, taking this drug may be dangerous. Ask your doctor if this drug is safe for you.

For people with pheochromocytoma (tumor that releases hormones): You shouldn’t use this drug. This drug increases your risk of dangerously high blood pressure. This puts you at risk for a stroke.

For people with seizures: If you have a history of seizures, you shouldn’t use this drug. It may cause you to have more seizures.

For people with drug-induced movement disorders: If you’re taking medications for drug-induced movement disorders, you shouldn’t use this drug. It may increase the severity of the movement disorders.

For people with Parkinson’s disease: This drug may make your Parkinson’s disease symptoms worse.

For people with hypertension (high blood pressure): This drug may increase your blood pressure. Ask your doctor if this drug is safe for you.

For people with liver damage or congestive heart failure: This drug may make liver damage or heart failure worse. It increases fluid buildup in your body. If this happens, call your doctor and stop taking this drug.

For people with kidney problems: You may not be able to clear this drug from your body well. This may increase the levels of this drug in your body. This can cause more side effects. Your doctor may start you on a lower dose.

For people with breast cancer: This drug increases prolactin levels in your body. Prolactin is a hormone that may be responsible for cancerous breast tumors. Tell your doctor if you have a history of breast cancer before starting this drug.

Warnings for other groups

For pregnant women: Studies of metoclopramide in pregnant animals haven’t shown a risk to the fetus. However, there aren’t enough studies done in pregnant women to show if the drug poses a risk to the fetus.

Talk to your doctor if you’re pregnant or planning to become pregnant. This drug should be used only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

For women who are breastfeeding: Metoclopramide passes into breast milk and may cause side effects in a child who is breastfed.

Talk to your doctor if you breastfeed your child. You may need to decide whether to stop breastfeeding or stop taking this medication.

For seniors: The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

If you’re older than 65 years of age, you should take the lowest dose of metoclopramide that is effective for you. As your dose increases, your risk of symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease (shaking, body stiffness, moving slowly, and staring blankly with your mouth open) increases. You’re also at a greater risk for uncontrolled movements of your face, tongue, arms, and legs. This effect may be permanent. This drug can also cause confusion in seniors.

For children: This drug hasn’t been studied in children. It shouldn’t be used in people younger than 18 years. This drug may be more likely to cause movement disorders in children than in adults.

This dosage information is for metoclopramide oral tablet. All possible dosages and drug forms may not be included here. Your dosage, drug form, and how often you take the drug will depend on:

• your age
• the condition being treated
• how severe your condition is
• other medical conditions you have
• how you react to the first dose

Forms and strengths

Generic: Metoclopramide

• Form: oral tablet
• Strengths: 5 mg, 10 mg

• Form: orally disintegrating tablet
• Strengths: 5 mg, 10 mg

Brand: Reglan

• Form: oral tablet
• Strengths: 5 mg, 10 mg

Brand: Metozolv ODT

• Form: orally disintegrating tablet
• Strength: 5 mg

Dosage for symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

• Typical starting dosage: 10–15 mg taken up to four times per day. You should take this drug 30 minutes before each meal and at bedtime.
• Dosage changes: Your doctor may change your dosage depending on your symptoms, side effects, and response to the drug.
• Length of treatment: You shouldn’t take this drug for longer than 12 weeks.

Child dosage (ages 0–17 years)

It hasn’t been confirmed that this drug is safe and effective for use in people younger than 18 years of age.

Senior dosage (ages 65 years and older)

The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of the drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects. Your doctor may start you on a lowered dose or a different dosing schedule. This can help keep levels of this drug from building up too much in your body.

Dosage for diabetic gastroparesis

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

• Typical starting dosage: 10 mg taken up to four times per day. You should take this drug 30 minutes before each meal and at bedtime.
• Dosage changes: Your doctor may decrease your dosage depending on your symptoms, side effects, and response to the drug.
• Length of treatment: 2–8 weeks

Child dosage (ages 0–17 years)

It hasn’t been confirmed that this drug is safe and effective for use in people younger than 18 years of age.

Senior dosage (ages 65 years and older)

The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of the drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects. Your doctor may start you on a lowered dose or a different dosing schedule. This can help keep levels of this drug from building up too much in your body.

Special considerations

If your creatinine clearance is below 60 mL/min, your doctor will give you about half of the typical starting dosage. They may change your dosage based on how your body responds to the drug.

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs affect each person differently, we cannot guarantee that this list includes all possible dosages. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always speak with your doctor or pharmacist about dosages that are right for you.

Metoclopramide oral tablet is used for short-term treatment. It comes with serious risks if you don’t take it as prescribed.

If you stop taking the drug suddenly or don’t take it at all: Your symptoms may not get better. They may get worse.

If you miss doses or don’t take the drug on schedule: Your medication may not work as well or may stop working completely. For this drug to work well, a certain amount needs to be in your body at all times.

If you take too much: You could have dangerous levels of the drug in your body. Symptoms of an overdose of metoclopramide can include:

• drowsiness
• confusion
• abnormal body movements
• muscle stiffness
• uncontrolled movements of your face, tongue, or arms and legs

If you think you’ve taken too much of this drug, call your doctor or local poison control center. If your symptoms are severe, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room right away.

What to do if you miss a dose: Take your dose as soon as you remember. If you remember just a few hours before your next scheduled dose, take only one dose. Never try to catch up by taking two doses at once. This could result in dangerous side effects.

How to tell if the drug is working: Your symptoms should improve.

Keep these considerations in mind if your doctor prescribes metoclopramide oral tablet for you.

General

• You shouldn’t take this drug with food. Take it 30 minutes before each meal.
• Take this drug 30 minutes before meals and at bedtime.
• Not every pharmacy stocks metoclopramide disintegrating tablets.

Cutting the tablet

• You can cut the oral tablets.
• You shouldn’t cut the disintegrating tablets. If the tablet breaks or crumbles when you take it out of the package, you should throw it away. Take a new, intact tablet.

Storage

• Store metoclopramide at room temperature. Keep it between 68°F and 77°F (20°C and 25°C).
• Keep this drug away from light.
• Don’t store this medication in moist or damp areas, such as bathrooms.

Refills

A prescription for this medication is refillable. You should not need a new prescription for this medication to be refilled. Your doctor will write the number of refills authorized on your prescription.

Travel

When traveling with your medication:

• Always carry your medication with you. When flying, never put it into a checked bag. Keep it in your carry-on bag.
• Don’t worry about airport X-ray machines. They can’t hurt your medication.
• You may need to show airport staff the pharmacy label for your medication. Always carry the original prescription-labeled box with you.
• Don’t put this medication in your car’s glove compartment or leave it in the car. Be sure to avoid doing this when the weather is very hot or very cold.

Clinical monitoring

You and your doctor should monitor certain health issues. This can help make sure you stay safe while you take this drug. These issues include:

• Mental health and behavioral problems. You and your doctor should watch for any unusual changes in your behavior and mood. This drug can cause new mental health and behavior problems. It may also make problems you already have worse.
• Blood pressure. This drug can increase your blood pressure.
• Weight. This drug may make you lose weight or gain weight.

There are other drugs available to treat your condition. Some may be better suited for you than others. Talk to your doctor about other drug options that may work for you.

Disclaimer: Healthline has made every effort to make certain that all information is factually correct, comprehensive, and up-to-date. However, this article should not be used as a substitute for the knowledge and expertise of a licensed healthcare professional. You should always consult your doctor or other healthcare professional before taking any medication. The drug information contained herein is subject to change and is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. The absence of warnings or other information for a given drug does not indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective, or appropriate for all patients or all specific uses.

Metoclopramide – description of the substance, pharmacology, use, contraindications, formula

Contents

• Structural formula

• Russian name

• English name

• Latin name

• chemical name

• Gross formula

• Pharmacological group of the substance Metoclopramide

• Nosological classification

• CAS code

• pharmachologic effect

• Characteristic

• Pharmacology

• The use of the substance Metoclopramide

• Contraindications

• Application restrictions

• Use during pregnancy and lactation

• side effects of metoclopramide

• Interaction

• Overdose

• Dosage and administration

• Precautionary measures

• Trade names with the active substance metoclopramide

Structural formula

Russian name

Metoclopramide

English name

Metoclopramide

Latin name

Metoclopramide ( born Metoclopramidi)

Chemical name

4-Amino-5-chloro-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-2-methoxybenzamide (as hydrochloride)

Gross formula

C _{14 90 074 H 22 ClN 3 O 2}

Pharmacological group of the substance Metoclopramide

Antiemetics

Nosological classification

ICD-10 code list

CAS code

364-62-5

Pharmacological action

Pharmacological action –

prokinetic , anti-hiccup , antiemetic .

Characteristics

Metoclopramide hydrochloride is a white crystalline substance, odorless, soluble in water, ethanol. pKa – 0.6 and 9.3. Molecular weight 354.3.

Pharmacology

Is a dopamine antagonist (D ₂ ) receptors, as well as serotonin (5-HT ₃ ) receptors (in high doses). Stimulates the motor activity of the upper gastrointestinal tract (including regulates the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter at rest) and normalizes its motor function. It enhances the tone and amplitude of gastric contractions (especially in the antrum), relaxes the sphincter of the pylorus and duodenal bulb, increases peristalsis and accelerates gastric emptying. Normalizes the separation of bile (increases pressure in the gallbladder and bile ducts), reduces spasm of the sphincter of Oddi, eliminates dyskinesia of the gallbladder.

Antiemetic activity is due to the blockade of central and peripheral D ₂ -dopamine receptors, resulting in inhibition of the trigger zone of the vomiting center and a decrease in the perception of signals from afferent visceral nerves. As an antiemetic, it is effective for nausea and vomiting of various etiologies, incl. due to cancer chemotherapy (prevention), associated with anesthesia, side effects of drugs (digitis, cytostatics, anti-tuberculosis drugs, antibiotics, morphine), with liver and kidney diseases, with uremia, craniocerebral injury, with vomiting of pregnant women, with a violation of the diet. In migraine, metoclopramide is used to prevent gastric stasis and nausea, as well as to stimulate the absorption of antimigraine drugs taken orally. Metoclopramide is ineffective in vestibular vomiting.

Suppresses the central and peripheral action of apomorphine, increases the secretion of prolactin, causes a transient increase in the level of aldosterone (a short-term fluid retention is possible), increases the sensitivity of tissues to acetylcholine (the action does not depend on vagal innervation, but is eliminated by anticholinergics).

Quickly and well absorbed after oral administration, max “> C _max is achieved 1-2 hours after taking a single dose, bioavailability is 60-80%. Plasma protein binding is approximately 30%. Easily passes through histohematic barriers, including through the BBB, the placental barrier, penetrates into breast milk. The volume of distribution is 3.5 l / kg. It is biotransformed in the liver. 1/2 “\u003e T _1/2 with normal renal function is 4-6 hours, with impaired renal function – up to 14 hours. Excreted by the kidneys (when taken orally, approximately 85% of the dose appears in the urine unchanged within 72 hours and in the form of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates).

Begins to act 1-3 minutes after IV administration, 10-15 minutes after IM administration, 30-60 minutes after oral administration; effect lasts 1-2 hours

Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, effect on fertility

In a 77-week study, rats given oral doses of approximately 40 times the MRHD showed an increase in prolactin levels, which remained elevated with chronic administration. An increase in the frequency of neoplasms of the mammary glands in rodents was found with chronic administration of prolactin-stimulating neuroleptics and metoclopramide. However, in clinical and epidemiological studies, no relationship was found between the intake of these drugs and the formation of tumors.

Metoclopramide was not mutagenic in the Ames test.

In experiments on mice, rats and rabbits with intravenous, intramuscular, s / c and oral administration of metoclopramide at doses 12-250 times higher than the human dose, no violations of fertility were detected.

Use of the substance Metoclopramide

Nausea, vomiting, hiccups of various origins (in some cases it can be effective for vomiting caused by radiation therapy or cytostatics), functional digestive disorders, gastroesophageal reflux disease, atony and hypotension of the stomach and duodenum ( including postoperative), biliary dyskinesia, flatulence, exacerbation of peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum (as part of complex therapy), preparation for diagnostic studies of the gastrointestinal tract.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, pyloric stenosis, mechanical intestinal obstruction, perforation of the wall of the stomach or intestines (including conditions when increased motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract is undesirable), glaucoma, pheochromocytoma (hypertensive crisis is possible due to release of catecholamines from the tumor), epilepsy (the severity and frequency of epileptic seizures may increase), Parkinson’s disease and other extrapyramidal disorders (possible exacerbation), prolactin-dependent tumors, early childhood up to 2 years (increased risk of dyskinetic syndrome).

Restrictions for use

Bronchial asthma (increased risk of bronchospasm), arterial hypertension (with intravenous administration, the condition may worsen due to the release of catecholamines), liver and / or kidney failure, old age, children under 14 years of age (for parenteral administration ).

Use in pregnancy and lactation

In experiments on mice, rats and rabbits with intravenous, intramuscular, s / c and oral administration of metoclopramide at doses 12–250 times higher than the human dose, fetus was not identified.

In pregnancy, use only if necessary (adequate and strictly controlled studies in humans have not been conducted).

FDA fetal category B.

Although no complications have been reported in humans, use with caution during breastfeeding (passes into breast milk).

Side effects of the substance Metoclopramide

The frequency of side effects correlates with the dose and duration of the drug.

From the nervous system and sensory organs: restlessness (about 10%), drowsiness (about 10%, more often when taking high doses), unusual fatigue or weakness (about 10%). Extrapyramidal disorders, incl. acute dystonic reactions (0.2% at doses of 30-40 mg / day), such as convulsive twitching of the facial muscles, trismus, opisthotonus, muscle hypertonicity, spastic torticollis, extraocular muscle spasm (including oculogeric crisis), rhythmic protrusion language, bulbar type of speech; rarely – stridor and dyspnea, possibly due to laryngospasm. Parkinsonian symptoms: bradykinesia, tremor, muscle rigidity – a manifestation of dopamine-blocking action, the risk of development in children and adolescents increases when the dose exceeds 0.5 g / kg / day. Tardive dyskinesia, including involuntary movements of the tongue, puffing of the cheeks, uncontrolled chewing movements, uncontrolled movements of the arms and legs (see also “Precautions”). Insomnia, headache, dizziness, disorientation, depression (symptoms were moderate to severe and included suicidal thoughts and suicide), anxiety, confusion, tinnitus; rarely – hallucinations. There are rare reports of the development of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, impaired consciousness, autonomic disorders) (see also “Precautions”).

From the side of the cardiovascular system and blood (hematopoiesis, hemostasis): hypotension/hypertension, tachycardia/bradycardia, fluid retention.

From the digestive tract: constipation/diarrhea, dry mouth; rarely – hepatotoxicity (jaundice, impaired liver function – if metoclopramide was used together with other hepatotoxic drugs).

Allergic reactions: urticaria.

Others: frequent urination, urinary incontinence, with long-term use in high doses – gynecomastia, galactorrhea, menstrual irregularities, asymptomatic mild hyperemia of the nasal mucosa, agranulocytosis.

Methemoglobinemia has been reported in preterm and term neonates treated intramuscularly with metoclopramide 1–2 mg/kg/day for 3 or more days.

Interactions

Antipsychotics (especially phenothiazines and butyrophenone derivatives) increase the likelihood of developing extrapyramidal disorders. With simultaneous use reduces the effectiveness of levodopa. When taken with drugs that cause CNS depression – increased sedation. When co-administered with cyclosporine, the reduction in gastric emptying time caused by metoclopramide may increase the bioavailability of cyclosporine (monitoring of cyclosporine concentrations may be necessary). May reduce gastric absorption of digoxin (adjustment of digoxin dose may be necessary). May accelerate the absorption of mexiletine. Accelerates the absorption of paracetamol, tetracycline. Co-administration with alcohol may enhance the inhibitory effect of alcohol or metoclopramide on the central nervous system, as well as accelerate the removal of alcohol from the stomach, thus probably increasing the rate and extent of its absorption in the small intestine. Combined use with drugs containing opioids can block the effect of metoclopramide on gastrointestinal motility. Simultaneous use with metoclopramide may reduce the effect of cimetidine due to a decrease in its absorption.

Overdose

Symptoms: hypersomnia, confusion, extrapyramidal disorders.

Treatment: discontinuation of the drug (symptoms disappear within 24 hours after the end of the dose).

Method of administration and doses

Inside, in / m, in / in. Adults: Orally, 5-10 mg 3 times daily before meals; IM or IV – 10 mg; the maximum single dose is 20 mg, the maximum daily dose is 60 mg (for all routes of administration). Children over 2 years old – depending on age. For patients with hepatic insufficiency, the initial dose is reduced by 2 times due to an increase in 1/2 “\u003e T _1/2 . In case of impaired renal function, the dose is selected depending on creatinine clearance.

Precautions

Patients with hypersensitivity to procaine or procainamide may be hypersensitive to metoclopramide.

Should not be given after gastrointestinal surgery (such as pyloroplasty or intestinal anastomosis) as muscle contractions prevent suture healing.

Metoclopramide should only be used in patients with a history of depression if the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk.

Extrapyramidal disorders may occur with the use of metoclopramide at therapeutic doses in patients of any age (see also “Side Effects”). However, more often they occur when taking high doses. Extrapyramidal symptoms, expressed mainly as acute dystonic reactions, manifested in the first 24-48 hours of treatment, more often occurred in adolescents and adults under 30 years of age.

Parkinson’s symptoms usually occur within the first 6 months of starting treatment, but may occur over a longer period of time. These symptoms disappeared, as a rule, within 2-3 months after discontinuation of metoclopramide.

Treatment with metoclopramide may lead to tardive dyskinesia , often irreversible (see also “Side Effects”). The risk of developing tardive dyskinesia and the likelihood that it will become irreversible increases with the duration of treatment and the total cumulative dose. If patients develop symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, metoclopramide therapy should be discontinued. In some patients, symptoms may disappear partially or completely within a few weeks or months after drug withdrawal. No specific studies have been conducted regarding the risk of developing tardive dyskinesia with metoclopramide therapy, but one published study reports that the prevalence of this complication is approximately 20% among patients treated with metoclopramide for at least 12 weeks. In this regard, the duration of continuous treatment should not exceed 12 weeks, except in rare cases when the therapeutic effect is believed to outweigh the risk of developing this serious complication. Tardive dyskinesia often develops in elderly patients, women and patients with diabetes mellitus.

There have been rare reports of a potentially fatal symptom complex – neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NZS) associated with treatment with metoclopramide (see also “Side Effects”). Clinical manifestations of NZS include hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, impaired consciousness, and autonomic instability (irregular pulse or unstable blood pressure, tachycardia, increased sweating, arrhythmia). With the development of NSD, immediate cancellation of metoclopramide and other drugs that are not necessary for concomitant therapy, intensive symptomatic therapy and monitoring is necessary.

In the presence of metoclopramide, laboratory parameters may be distorted, such as liver function tests, aldosterone and prolactin levels in blood serum.

During treatment with metoclopramide, alcoholic beverages should not be consumed to avoid the risk of complications.

The possibility of reduced concentration and increased reaction time during treatment should be taken into account (it is better to refuse to drive a car and work with potentially dangerous equipment).

Trade names with active substance Metoclopramide

Reset filters

Lek. form
All lek. forms solution for intravenous and intramuscular administration solution for injection solution for oral administration substance substance-powder tablets

Dosage
All dosages 0. 5% 1 mg/ml 10 mg 5 mg/ml No dosage

Manufacturer
All manufacturers Akrikhin JSC Beijing Tayang Pharmaceutical Industry Co. Biochemical and Synthetic Product Biosintez JSC Biochemist JSC Biochemist JSC Biochemist JSC Borisov Plant of Medicinal Products JSC (JSC “BZMP”) Bryntsalov-A JSC Bryntsalov-A JSC Bryntsalov-A PJSC Welfarm LLC Ipka Laboratories Ltd. Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals Itali S.p.A Merkle Moscow Endocrine Plant FSUE Novosibhimfarm AO Novosibhimfarm OAO Renovation of PFC JSC Renewal of PFC ZAO Ozon OOO Ozon Pharm OOO Pliva Hrvatska d.o.o. Polpharma S.A., Poland Pharmaceutical plant Promed Exports Pvt. Ltd. CSP Oui Pharmaceutical Co. Sotex PharmFirma Teva Pharmaceutical plant JSC Ellara LLC Eskom NPK JSC

Strange reaction to metoclopramide – 23 neurologist answers to question #951812

Neurologist’s consultation /

Hello, dear doctors. Two years ago I was admitted to the hospital with migraine status (I have migraine with visual aura). And among other drugs, metoclopramide was injected for nausea. And something strange began to happen to me – I could not lie still, my body muscles spasmed, I had to move all the time, I sat down, lay down, turned around, touched my head with my hands. My muscles seemed to go crazy. Lying still, albeit with a severe headache, as I lay before the injection, was simply unbearable. The doctor even wanted to call a psychiatrist to me, I barely convinced him that I was out of my mind. This went on for several hours. Then I did not connect these strange spasms with the medicine, but six months ago I was again injected with metoclopramide in the hospital and I began to twist again. Now I realized that it was from the medicine, I told the doctor, but he did not believe me, invited a psychiatrist and they injected me with something that made me feel even worse for some reason, then they injected me with something else and I fell asleep. I woke up with almost no symptoms. But since this second time, with migraines, poisoning or intestinal disorders, and just with very strong excitement, in addition to the symptoms of the diseases themselves, similar spasms began to occur, not as strong as they were from injections, but it becomes very uncomfortable for me to sit and lie motionless, I want to either sway, or move, or get up and stomp from foot to foot, despite the headache or poisoning.