What are the main sources of EHEC infection. How does EHEC cause illness in humans. What are the symptoms of EHEC infection. How can EHEC infections be prevented. What are the potential complications of EHEC infection. How is EHEC diagnosed and treated. Who is most at risk for severe EHEC infection.

Understanding Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a group of E. coli strains that can cause severe intestinal infections in humans. These bacteria, also known as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), are distinct from other E. coli strains due to their ability to produce Shiga toxin, which damages the intestinal lining and leads to bloody diarrhea.

While most E. coli bacteria are harmless and even beneficial to human health, EHEC strains pose a significant risk. The most well-known EHEC strain is E. coli O157:H7, first identified in 1982 as the cause of a foodborne illness outbreak linked to contaminated hamburger meat.

Key Characteristics of EHEC

• Produces Shiga toxin
• Causes severe intestinal damage
• Can lead to life-threatening complications
• Often associated with foodborne outbreaks

Sources and Transmission of EHEC Infection

EHEC infections primarily occur through the consumption of contaminated food or water, or through contact with infected animals or their environment. The bacteria naturally reside in the intestines of healthy cattle, goats, deer, and sheep without causing illness to these animals.

How does EHEC spread to humans? The transmission typically occurs through:

• Consumption of undercooked or raw beef products
• Ingestion of contaminated produce (e.g., spinach, lettuce, sprouts)
• Drinking unpasteurized milk or juice
• Consumption of contaminated water
• Contact with infected animals at petting zoos or farms
• Person-to-person transmission in settings like daycare centers

Is EHEC infection limited to specific foods? While initially associated with beef products, outbreaks have been linked to a variety of foods, including vegetables and unpasteurized dairy products. This highlights the importance of proper food handling and hygiene practices across the entire food supply chain.

Clinical Manifestations of EHEC Infection

EHEC infections can range from mild to severe, with symptoms typically appearing 3-4 days after exposure to the bacteria. The most common clinical manifestations include:

• Severe abdominal cramps
• Bloody diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Mild fever

How long do EHEC symptoms last? In most cases, symptoms resolve within 5-7 days. However, some individuals, particularly young children and the elderly, may develop more severe complications.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

One of the most serious complications of EHEC infection is Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS). This condition affects approximately 5-10% of individuals infected with E. coli O157:H7 and can lead to kidney failure, neurological problems, and even death.

What are the signs of HUS? Symptoms of HUS typically appear about a week after the onset of diarrhea and may include:

• Decreased urine output
• Fatigue and pallor
• Small, unexplained bruises
• Bleeding from the nose and mouth
• Seizures or stroke (in severe cases)

Diagnosis and Treatment of EHEC Infections

Diagnosing EHEC infections requires laboratory testing of stool samples to identify the presence of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Healthcare providers may use various methods, including culture techniques and molecular tests, to confirm the diagnosis.

How is EHEC infection treated? Treatment primarily focuses on supportive care and managing symptoms, as antibiotics are generally not recommended. The key aspects of treatment include:

• Fluid and electrolyte replacement to prevent dehydration
• Rest and monitoring for potential complications
• Avoiding anti-diarrheal medications, which can increase the risk of complications
• Close medical supervision, especially for high-risk individuals

Why are antibiotics not recommended for EHEC infections? The use of antibiotics in EHEC infections remains controversial, as some studies suggest they may increase the risk of developing HUS by promoting the release of Shiga toxin.

Prevention Strategies for EHEC Infections

Preventing EHEC infections requires a multi-faceted approach involving food safety practices, proper hygiene, and environmental control measures. Key prevention strategies include:

1. Cooking ground beef thoroughly to an internal temperature of 160°F (71°C)
2. Avoiding consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and juices
3. Washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly before consumption
4. Practicing good hand hygiene, especially after contact with animals or their environments
5. Avoiding swallowing water while swimming in lakes, ponds, or swimming pools
6. Implementing proper food handling and preparation techniques in food service settings

How can consumers protect themselves from EHEC infections? Being aware of food recalls, properly storing and cooking foods, and maintaining good personal hygiene are critical steps in reducing the risk of infection.

High-Risk Groups and Special Considerations

While anyone can contract an EHEC infection, certain groups are at higher risk for severe complications:

• Young children under 5 years old
• Elderly individuals over 65 years old
• People with weakened immune systems
• Pregnant women

Why are these groups more susceptible to severe EHEC infections? These individuals may have less robust immune responses or physiological factors that make them more vulnerable to the effects of Shiga toxin and subsequent complications like HUS.

Special Considerations for Childcare and Healthcare Settings

In environments where person-to-person transmission is more likely, such as childcare centers and healthcare facilities, additional precautions are necessary:

• Strict handwashing protocols
• Proper disinfection of surfaces and shared items
• Exclusion of individuals with diarrhea from these settings until cleared by a healthcare provider
• Education of staff and families about EHEC prevention and recognition of symptoms

Global Impact and Surveillance of EHEC Infections

EHEC infections pose a significant public health challenge worldwide, with outbreaks occurring in both developed and developing countries. The global impact of these infections has led to increased surveillance efforts and international collaboration.

How do health authorities monitor EHEC outbreaks? Many countries have implemented national surveillance systems to track EHEC infections and identify potential outbreaks. These systems often involve:

• Mandatory reporting of confirmed cases by healthcare providers and laboratories
• Molecular typing of EHEC isolates to identify related cases
• Collaborative investigations between public health agencies, food safety authorities, and agricultural departments
• International data sharing through networks like PulseNet International

What role does whole genome sequencing play in EHEC surveillance? Advanced molecular techniques like whole genome sequencing have revolutionized outbreak investigations, allowing for more precise identification of related cases and potential sources of contamination.

Economic Impact of EHEC Outbreaks

The economic consequences of EHEC outbreaks can be substantial, affecting multiple sectors:

• Healthcare costs associated with treatment and long-term care for those with complications
• Lost productivity due to illness
• Economic losses in the food industry due to recalls and decreased consumer confidence
• Costs associated with outbreak investigations and implementation of new food safety measures

Emerging Research and Future Directions in EHEC Prevention and Treatment

As our understanding of EHEC pathogenesis and epidemiology continues to evolve, researchers are exploring new avenues for prevention and treatment. Some promising areas of research include:

Vaccine Development

Can a vaccine prevent EHEC infections? While there is currently no approved vaccine for human use, several candidates are in various stages of development. These include:

• Vaccines targeting Shiga toxin
• Vaccines aimed at preventing colonization by EHEC strains
• Animal vaccines to reduce EHEC carriage in cattle and other reservoir species

Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Researchers are investigating new treatment strategies to mitigate the effects of EHEC infection and prevent complications like HUS. Some areas of focus include:

• Monoclonal antibodies against Shiga toxin
• Toxin-binding agents to prevent cellular damage
• Probiotic therapies to enhance gut health and resistance to colonization

How might these new therapies change the management of EHEC infections? If successful, these approaches could potentially reduce the severity of infections, prevent complications, and improve outcomes for infected individuals.

Advanced Detection Methods

Improving the speed and accuracy of EHEC detection is crucial for both clinical management and outbreak control. Emerging technologies in this area include:

• Rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests
• Metagenomic sequencing for direct detection in complex samples
• Biosensors for real-time monitoring of food and water contamination

The Role of One Health Approach in EHEC Control

The complex ecology of EHEC, involving animal reservoirs, environmental persistence, and human infection, necessitates a One Health approach to control and prevention. This integrated strategy recognizes the interconnections between human health, animal health, and environmental factors.

How does the One Health approach apply to EHEC control? Key aspects of this approach include:

• Collaborative research between veterinary and human health scientists
• Integrated surveillance systems covering animal, food, and human EHEC cases
• Holistic interventions addressing farm practices, food processing, and consumer behavior
• Environmental management to reduce EHEC persistence and transmission

Can the One Health approach lead to more effective EHEC prevention? By addressing EHEC at multiple points along the transmission chain, this approach has the potential to significantly reduce the burden of EHEC infections and related complications.

Challenges in Implementing One Health Strategies

While the One Health approach offers promising solutions, its implementation faces several challenges:

• Coordination between diverse stakeholders and agencies
• Balancing economic interests with public health priorities
• Addressing regional and global variations in EHEC epidemiology
• Ensuring sustainable funding for integrated research and intervention programs

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli remains a significant global health concern, requiring ongoing vigilance, research, and collaborative efforts to prevent and control infections. As our understanding of these pathogens grows and new technologies emerge, we can hope for more effective strategies to mitigate the impact of EHEC on human health and well-being.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) – MN Dept. of Health

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Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacteria species that normally lives in the intestines of healthy people and animals. More than 700 serotypes of E. coli have been identified. Most varieties of E. coli are harmless or cause relatively brief diarrhea, but a few strains can cause severe abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhea and vomiting.

Shiga toxin-producing 

E. coli (STEC)

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) may also be referred to as verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) or enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). STEC strains can cause serious illness in humans by producing toxins that can severely damage the lining of your intestines and kidneys. Infection with STEC strains can lead to serious complications like hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which sometimes is fatal.

• Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157)
  Fact sheets, symptoms, duration of illness, complications, and transmission information for E. coli O157:H7.
• Non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
  Although E. coli O157:H7 is the most commonly identified type of STEC in the U.S., there are many other types of shiga toxin-producing E. coli that cause illness in people, sometimes referred to as “non-O157 STEC.”

More about STEC

• Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
  Fact sheets and more information about one severe complication associated with shiga toxin-producing E. coli infection, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).
• Preventing Shiga toxin-producing E. coli and HUS
  Learn how to minimize your risk of acquiring E. coli and HUS.
• Shiga toxin-producing E. coli and HUS Statistics
  Statistics for E. coli and HUS in Minnesota.

Other forms of 

E. coli that cause diarrheal disease

• Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), which produce a different toxin, is a leading bacterial cause of diarrhea in the developing world.
• Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) cause persistent diarrhea (lasting 2 weeks or more). It spreads to humans through contaminated water or contact with infected animals and is common in developing countries.
• Health Care Provider Information on E. coli and HUS
  Required reporting information, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and more.
• CDC: E. coli (Escherichia coli)
  More about E. coli from the CDC.

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Last Updated: 10/05/2022

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli | Cedars-Sinai

ABOUT

CAUSES
DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

NEXT STEPS

What is enterohemorrhagic E. coli?

Escherichia coli (or simply E. coli) is one of the many groups of
bacteria that normally live in the intestines of healthy humans and most
warm-blooded animals. E. coli bacteria help maintain the balance of normal
intestinal bacteria against harmful bacteria.

But there are hundreds of types or strains of E. coli bacteria. Different strains
of
E. coli have different characteristics.

One family of E. coli strains that causes a severe intestinal
infection in humans is known as enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) or shiga
toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). They are some of the most common strains to cause
severe food-related illness in people. It’s different from other E. coli because it
makes a potent toxin called shiga toxin. This toxin damages the lining of the
intestinal wall, causing bloody diarrhea.

What causes EHEC infection?

EHEC is caused by a few strains of E. coli that make a toxin
called shiga toxin. The toxin causes damage to the lining of the intestinal wall.
In
1982, an EHEC strain was found as the cause of bloody diarrhea that developed after
eating undercooked or raw hamburger meat contaminated with the bacteria. Since that
time, outbreaks of EHEC infection have been linked with other types of foods, such
as spinach, lettuce, sprouts, unpasteurized milk, unpasteurized apple juice or apple
cider, salami, and well water or surface water areas often visited by animals.
Outbreaks have also been traced to animals at petting zoos and daycare centers.

EHEC strains are found in the intestines of healthy cattle, goats,
deer, and sheep. According to the CDC, the spread of these bacteria to humans may
occur in this way:

• Meat such as beef from cows may become contaminated when
  organisms are accidentally mixed in with beef, especially when it’s ground. Meat
  contaminated with EHEC does not smell or taste bad and looks normal. For this
  reason, it’s important to thoroughly cook beef.
• Infection may occur after swimming in or drinking water that has been
  contaminated with EHEC.
• The bacteria can also be spread from person to person in
  families and in child-care and other institutional care centers.

Who is at risk for an EHEC infection?

Things that can increase your risk of getting an EHEC infection include:

• Eating undercooked beef
• Drinking raw (unpasteurized) milk
• Drinking contaminated water
• Working with cattle
• Eating food contaminated with animal feces
• Not washing your hands after you use the bathroom

What are the symptoms of an EHEC infection?

An EHEC infection can make you very ill. Symptoms usually begin 2
to 5 days after ingesting contaminated foods or liquids, and may last for up to 8
days or more. The following are some of the most common symptoms linked to EHEC:

• Belly (abdominal) cramps
• Severe bloody diarrhea
• Non-bloody diarrhea
• Little to no fever
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). This is a serious
  complication that can cause decreased urination, kidney failure, extreme
  tiredness, pale skin, and low red cell count (anemia).

How is EHEC diagnosed?

EHEC infection can be confirmed with a stool culture. Stool
samples may also be tested to compare with possible sources or food that may have
caused the infection.

How is EHEC treated?

Antibiotics and antidiarrheal medicines are not used with this
type of infection. They may increase the risk for HUS. Recovery for most people with
this illness usually occurs within 5 to 10 days. It’s important to drink plenty of
fluids to prevent dehydration.

If a person develops HUS, they may need to be treated in an
intensive care unit (ICU). Treatment may include blood transfusions and kidney
dialysis.

What are possible complications of an EHEC infection?

If vomiting is moderate to severe, dehydration can occur. From 1
in 20 to 1 in 10 people with an EHEC infection develop HUS. This is a serious
complication that may cause the kidneys to stop working. It can be life
threatening.

How can I prevent an EHEC infection?

The CDC offers this advice to prevent the infection:

• Cook all ground beef, pork, lamb, or sausage thoroughly. Make sure that the
  cooked meat is gray or brown throughout (not pink), any juices run clear, and
  the inside is hot.
• Use a digital instant-read meat thermometer to make sure the
  temperature of the meat has reached a minimum of 160°F (71°C).
• If you are served an undercooked hamburger in a restaurant, send it back.
• Wash all vegetables and fruits with water, especially if you
  don’t plan to cook them.
• Use only pasteurized milk and milk products. Don’t drink raw
  milk.
• Use only pasteurized juices and ciders.
• Keep raw meat separate from ready-to-eat foods.
• Make sure that infected people, especially children, wash
  their hands carefully and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds each
  time. This reduces the risk of spreading the infection.
• Drink municipal water that has been treated with chlorine or
  other disinfectants.
• Don’t swallow lake or pool water while swimming.
• Wash hands thoroughly after using the toilet or changing diapers.
• Wash hands thoroughly after handling animals, animal bedding, or any material
  contaminated with animal feces.
• People with diarrhea should not swim in public pools or
  lakes, bathe with others, or prepare food for others.

When should I call my healthcare provider?

Call your healthcare provider if you have diarrhea that lasts longer than 3 days,
develop a high fever, have blood in your stools, or have vomiting that prevents you
from keeping down liquids.

Key points about EHEC infections

• EHEC is caused by strains of E. coli that make a toxin
  called shiga toxin. This poison cause damage to the lining of the intestinal
  wall.
• EHEC is spread from animals to people by eating raw or uncooked ground beef,
  pork, lamb, or sausage, unpasteurized milk, apple juice or apple cider, or
  contaminated spinach, lettuce, sprouts, or water.
• EHEC can cause abdominal cramps, severe bloody diarrhea, non-bloody diarrhea,
  fatigue, and nausea.
• A potentially life-threatening complication of EHEC is
  hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).
• If you have diarrhea that lasts longer than 3 days, bloody diarrhea, fever, or
  dehydration, seek medical attention.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:

• Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
• Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider
  tells you.
• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines,
  treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives
  you.
• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you.
  Also know what the side effects are.
• Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could
  mean.
• Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or
  procedure.
• If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for
  that visit.
• Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions.

Medical Reviewer: Barry Zingman MD

Medical Reviewer: Marianne Fraser MSN RN

Medical Reviewer: Louise Cunningham RN BSN

© 2000-2022 The StayWell Company, LLC. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare professional’s instructions.

Detection of E. coli: causes, symptoms and treatment

Find out what E. coli is, what are the symptoms of its presence and how to seek medical help in case of illness.

E. coli is a bacterium that can be found in the intestines of humans and animals. It is not harmful, but some strains of it can cause adverse health effects. The detection of E. coli in the human body can occur for various reasons, related to both insufficient hygiene measures and food safety violations.

Undiagnosed E. coli can lead to various complications such as urinary tract infections, enteritis, hepatitis and other liver diseases, as well as sepsis. In this regard, the symptoms of any possible diseases caused by E. coli should not be mistakenly attributed to minor manifestations of colds.

Treatment of E. coli depends on the specific strain of bacteria, as well as the severity of the disease and the condition of the patient’s body. Doctors usually prescribe a course of antibiotics, but this may not always be effective. An important role in the treatment is also played by maintaining the water-salt balance and symptomatic therapy aimed at eliminating the manifestations of the disease.

Reasons for finding E. coli

E. coli is a normal inhabitant of the intestines of humans and animals. However, sometimes the reasons for its detection can be:

• Violation of hygiene or improper processing of food before consumption. E. coli can be found on plant foods, meat, dairy products, and water;
• Violation of drinking water quality. If the water contains microorganisms, including E. coli, then it can cause infection;
• Collision with a host of bacteria. Contact with a person or animal that carries E. coli can lead to infection;
• Disruption of the immune system. If the human immune system is impaired, the likelihood of infection with Escherichia coli increases.

The risk of E. coli infection increases with poor hygiene, improper food handling and contact with carriers of the bacterium. Therefore, it is necessary to observe the rules of hygiene and properly handle food before eating it.

Spread of Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli or Escherichia coli is an inhabitant of the intestines of humans and many animals. Normally, E. coli is not a pathogenic microorganism and performs a number of functions necessary for the normal functioning of the intestine.

The spread of E. coli occurs through the fecal-oral mechanism. This means that the pathogen can enter the human body through the mouth if it gets on hands, food and other objects, which then come into contact with mucous membranes.

Some types of E. coli can be dangerous to human health and cause serious infectious diseases. The spread of pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli can occur through food contaminated with this microorganism, as well as through contact with patients or carriers of the pathogen.

The spread of E. coli is facilitated by poor hygiene, poor sanitation, sewage problems and other social factors. Therefore, the main measures to prevent infections associated with E. coli include personal hygiene, respect for food, compliance with sanitary standards and requirements.

Symptoms of E. coli

Symptoms of E. coli vary and may depend on the age and health of the person.

• Diarrhea. One of the most common symptoms is loose stools and frequent visits to the toilet. Prolonged diarrhea can lead to dehydration.
• Abdominal pain. When infected with E. coli, discomfort or pain in the abdomen may occur.
• Vomiting and nausea. Like diarrhea, this can be the result of an E. coli infection.
• Fever. High body temperature can be one of the signs of E. coli infection.
• Blood in stool. This is a serious sign of E. coli infection, especially if blood appears in the stool for several days.

In the event of these symptoms, a doctor should be consulted for diagnosis and proper treatment. Often, E. coli has no symptoms, so it is important to observe hygiene standards and regularly undergo medical examinations.

E. coli cases

E. coli can affect anyone. The bacterium lives in the intestines, and if a person does not follow hand hygiene, E. coli can easily be transferred to other objects and equipment. Also, the bacterium can be transmitted through food that is undercooked or stored in unauthorized places.

E. coli infections can occur anywhere – at home, at work, in public places and even in hospitals. People whose immunity is weakened are more likely to get intestinal infections. In particular, this applies to infants, pregnant women, the elderly and people with chronic diseases.

When at risk of E. coli infection, people should practice good hygiene, especially before eating and after going to the toilet. It is also necessary to monitor the quality of food, making sure that all products have been properly processed and stored under appropriate conditions.

• The most common ways of getting E. coli:

1. Eating undercooked food (including meat products).
2. Contact with infected animals or their products.
3. Use of public toilets without hand hygiene activities.
4. Indirect contact with a sick person through dirty objects or surfaces.

It is very easy to become infected with E. coli, but it is also not difficult to avoid infection. By following the rules of hygiene and maintaining the quality of food, you can significantly reduce the risk of infection with this dangerous bacteria.

Prevention of E.

coli infection

Nutrition:

• Avoid undercooked meat and raw milk;
• Before eating fruits and vegetables that will be eaten raw, wash them thoroughly under running water;
• Try to drink only boiled water or bottled water, if you need to drink tap water, use a filter;
• Do not go to bed with an empty stomach, and do not eat large amounts of food before bedtime.

Hygiene:

• Wash hands thoroughly before eating and after going to the toilet, including before preparing food;
• Try to change towels and bed linen frequently;
• After going to the toilet, wash the anal area thoroughly;
• Avoid contact with people who are in infectious conditions.

Travel:

• If you are visiting another country, try to drink only bottled water and wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly;
• Try to avoid eating seafood and drinking water if you are on the islands or away from civilization.

Treatment of E. coli

Antibiotics are the main treatment for E. coli. The most commonly used are ampicillin and ceftriaxone, which are prescribed depending on the severity of the infection and the patient’s response to the drug.

Dehydration may also be recommended for patients with E. coli. It is important to drink enough fluids to compensate for fluid loss through diarrhea and vomiting.

Diet also plays an important role in the treatment of E. coli. Before starting treatment, it is recommended to reduce the consumption of dairy products, fatty and heavy foods. Instead, eat lighter, more easily digestible foods such as fermented milk products, rice, and cereals.

Prevention can also help fight E. coli. It is important to practice good hygiene, wash your hands regularly, avoid foods that may contain the bacteria, such as raw eggs or meat, and cook food properly to minimize the chance of infection.

• Do not forget that self-treatment of E. coli can lead to complications.
• Treatment time depends on the severity of the infection.
• The best remedy is to prevent infection and maintain good hygiene.

Treatment of E. coli due to antibiotics

When the presence of E. coli in the body is detected, treatment must be started immediately. This is especially true if the bacterium is detected in connection with the use of antibiotics.

Patients who are already taking antibiotics are usually given drugs that can kill E. coli or stop it from growing and multiplying. The most effective drugs in this case are levomycetin, ampicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone and nitrofurantoin.

If you have E. coli caused by antibiotics in your intestines, it is important to follow a diet. Try to drink more fluids, limit fatty and sugary foods. Detailed instructions on nutrition and hygiene regimen will be given to you by a doctor who monitors your condition.

In addition, for effective treatment, it is necessary to use medicines exactly according to the instructions. It is possible that course therapy will be prescribed – in this case, it is important not to interrupt the medication until the end, even if the symptoms disappear earlier. It is important to remember that the wrong medicines or their incorrect use can lead to complications and even worsen the situation.

Which foods can cause E. coli

E. coli is a bacterium that lives in the intestines of humans and animals. However, in some cases, it can be ingested and cause serious illness. As a rule, infection occurs through food that has been improperly processed or stored at the wrong temperature.

The most common foods that can cause E. coli are:

• Meat – Unpreserved meat, especially beef and pork, can be a source of E. coli infection.
• Dairy products – If milk has not been properly processed or stored at the wrong temperature, it may contain E. coli.
• Eggs – Chicken eggs, especially raw and recently improperly handled, may contain the bacterium E. coli.
• Fruits and vegetables – if grown in contaminated soils, they may contain E. coli.

To reduce the risk of E. coli infection, you should purchase products only from reliable suppliers and carefully monitor the temperature and shelf life.

What to do if you have an E. coli infection

If you suspect an E. coli infection, here are some tips to help you recover faster and prevent the spread of the disease:

• See your doctor. E. coli can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and animal pain. If you notice these signs, be sure to contact a specialist and undergo the necessary treatment.
• Drink plenty of fluids. Fluid loss through diarrhea and vomiting can cause dehydration, which can make your condition worse. Drink plenty of water, electrolyte solutions, and other beverages to keep your body hydrated.
• Practice good hand hygiene. E. coli is transmitted through contact with infected material, such as through human or animal intestinal secretions. Remember to wash your hands before eating, after using the toilet and after contact with animals.
• Avoid contact with other people. If you are infected with E. coli, you can pass it on to other people. Stay at home until you recover to avoid infecting others.
• Follow your doctor’s recommendations for treatment and diet. Your doctor may prescribe medication or recommend certain foods to help your body fight the infection.

In general, protection against E. coli is associated with good hygiene, food and drinking water management. If you suspect that you have contracted E. coli, do not panic, but be sure to check with your doctor about the diagnosis and follow the treatment recommendations.

In which cases is it necessary to treat E. coli

The detection of E. coli in the body does not always mean the need for immediate treatment. However, there are cases when such a step must be taken without fail:

• In the presence of symptoms of infectious lesions caused by E. coli. It can be diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever. In such situations, it is necessary to immediately consult a doctor and begin treatment in order to prevent complications and quickly get rid of the infection.
• When E. coli is detected in the blood. This situation is extremely dangerous, as it can mean the presence of an infection in the blood, which leads to sepsis. Treatment must begin urgently to prevent possible consequences and save the patient’s life.
• In violation of the intestinal microflora and the presence of dysbacteriosis caused by Escherichia coli. This condition can lead to an increase in the level of toxins in the blood and a deterioration in overall health. It is necessary to eliminate the cause of dysbacteriosis and carry out treatment in order to restore the normal intestinal microflora.

In general, the need for treatment of E. coli depends on the specific situation and the symptoms that the bacterium causes. In any case, it is important not to self-medicate, but to consult a qualified doctor.

How to Treat an Intestinal Infection

Treatment of an intestinal infection consists primarily in observing the diet and drinking regimen. Avoid foods rich in fatty or spicy ingredients – be careful with dairy products, fruits and vegetables.

To avoid dehydration, it is necessary to drink enough fluids, including dry fruits, non-carbonated mineral water, herbal decoctions, boiling water.

Medications for the treatment of intestinal infections should be prescribed by a doctor depending on the form and stage of the disease, the age and condition of the patient. Antibiotics, antidiarrheals and immunomodulators, vitamins and trace elements are usually prescribed.

• Antibiotics are used if a bacterial infection is detected. Do not start taking antibiotics on your own, as this can worsen your health.
• Antidiarrheals are used in case of diarrhea. These can be medicines based on lyophilisate of beneficial bacteria, as well as glucose solutions, rice water, cracker broths, etc.
• Immunomodulators restore immunity and help fight infection. Usually these are B vitamins, vitamin C, zinc, magnesium and others.

When treating an intestinal infection, it is important to maintain hygiene, be sure to wash your hands before eating, in the toilet and after returning home. Do not forget about the regime of rest and a sufficient level of physical activity.

Can an intestinal infection lead to complications

Intestinal infections can lead to various complications, depending on the cause of the disease and its severity. The most common complications of intestinal infection are:

• Dehydration is the most common complication of intestinal infection. The loss of fluid and electrolytes through diarrhea and vomiting can lead to dehydration and disruption of the internal organs.
• Microcirculatory disorders – Infection can lead to impaired circulation in the intestinal wall, which may lead to ulcers, bleeding or tissue necrosis.
• Septicemia is an infection in the blood. This complication occurs if the intestinal infection has not been cured on time or hygiene rules have been violated in the treatment or care of the patient.
• Development of complications in immunocompromised people – People with diabetes mellitus, immunosuppressed or older age group are highly susceptible to complications from intestinal infection.

To prevent the development of complications, it is important to consult a doctor at the first symptoms of an intestinal infection and start treatment, maintain good hygiene, maintain a strong immune system and avoid the use of contaminated food.

Diet to avoid E. coli infection

E. coli is a dangerous bacterium that can cause serious illness. In order to avoid its infection, it is necessary not only to follow the rules of hygiene, but also to monitor your diet. The following are recommendations for a diet that will help avoid infection with E. coli.

• Avoid raw poultry and meat. Thoroughly fry the meat until a crust appears. The temperature inside the meat must be at least 75 degrees.
• Make sure the milk and dairy products you consume have been heat treated. Avoid raw cheese.
• Remove raw vegetables and fruits from your diet. Wash vegetables thoroughly before eating, dry them with a towel or paper towels. You can also additionally process vegetables with a solution of vinegar.
• Try to choose products that are hygienically produced and labeled accordingly.
• Pay attention to the expiration date and storage conditions of the products.
• Drink only pure water, bottled or boiled. Avoid drinking water from unknown sources.

By following these dietary guidelines, you can greatly reduce your risk of contracting E. coli and other infectious agents. Do not forget about the rules of hygiene – this is also an important aspect of protection against bacteria.

Caution when preparing food

To avoid E. coli infection, it is imperative to observe good personal hygiene and pay special attention to food preparation.

Always wash your hands with soap and running water for 20 seconds before preparing food.

It is also necessary to protect food from staleness and heat retention – this is especially important for meat products.

It is important to cook meat and eggs until fully cooked – this will help kill possible bacteria, including E. coli.

Meat and vegetables should also be stored and cooked separately using separate cutting boards and knives to avoid cross-contamination.

• Do not forget the following rules:
• – Purchase products only in trusted stores and markets;
• – Do not buy cheap products of dubious quality;
• – Weak people should be given special attention in the preparation of food;

Proper food preparation and basic hygiene are key to preventing E. coli infection. If you notice symptoms of an E. coli infection, be sure to see your doctor.

Should you see a doctor if E. coli is suspected

If you suspect E. coli, you should definitely see a doctor. While many cases of E. coli infection resolve on their own, some forms of infection can be serious and lead to complications.

The first symptoms of an E. coli infection may not be very obvious, such as mild nausea or diarrhea. However, if these symptoms worsen, severe abdominal pain or symptoms of dehydration such as high fever, profuse sweating, and weakness appear, a doctor should be consulted immediately.

Your doctor can evaluate your symptoms and suggest treatment, which may include fluids to keep you hydrated, medications to manage your symptoms, and possibly antibiotics. In some cases, hospital treatment may be required.

In addition, if you are suspected of having an E. coli infection, you should isolate yourself from others to prevent the spread of the infection. It is also necessary to follow all the recommendations of the doctor in order to quickly recover and prevent the consequences of the infection.

Escherichia coli problem

E. coli, or Escherichia coli (E. coli), is a normal microorganism in the gut that usually does not cause problems. However, some strains of this bacterium can lead to serious infections in humans.

As a rule, the causes of infection are non-observance of personal hygiene rules, consumption of low-quality food (especially meat products), use of dirty kitchen utensils, etc.

Symptoms of infection depend on the strain of E. coli and include diarrhea (including bloody), abdominal pain and vomiting. Also, sometimes the infection can cause urinary problems such as cystitis.

Treatment of E. coli infection usually includes antibiotics and symptomatic treatment. It is important to pay attention to your personal hygiene and the quality of your food to prevent infection.

How to choose the best treatment strategy

Step 1: See your doctor.

If E. coli is found, it is necessary to consult a doctor and check its sensitivity to antibiotics. Only then will the doctor be able to provide the most effective prescription for drugs, antibiotics, and other therapeutic options.

Step 2: Follow your doctor’s instructions.

Follow your doctor’s instructions and instructions exactly as prescribed. It is also very important to complete the treatment protocol to the end in order to avoid antibiotic resistance in the future.

Step 3: Maintain good hygiene.

Hygiene is the key to antibacterial therapy and the prevention of infecting others. Wash your hands regularly, especially after using the toilet and handling animals. Also, wash and prepare food properly and follow good hygiene practices when preparing food.

Step 4: Avoid self-medication.

Never self-medicate with these drugs, even if you think your symptoms are not serious. Improper treatment can lead to chronic disease and antibiotic resistance.

Step 5: Look for information from trusted sources.

Sources for finding information on treatment and prevention should be verified, such as the websites of the Ministry of Health, the attending physician, or reliable medical literature. Avoid information from social networks or unknown sources.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What is Escherichia coli?

E. coli is a Gram-negative bacterium that can survive in a variety of conditions and is part of the normal intestinal microflora. However, some strains can be dangerous, causing infections and illnesses.

How do E. coli infections occur?

E. coli infections can occur through contact with contaminated intestinal products, contaminated water, or surfaces that harbor the bacterium. Infections can also be transmitted from a sick person or animal.

What are the symptoms of E. coli infection?

Symptoms of E. coli infection may include diarrhea, jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, and others. They can be different depending on the strain of bacteria and the state of the organism.

How to correctly diagnose an E. coli infection?

Diagnosis of E. coli infection requires stool, blood, and urine tests. Additional studies, such as bacteriological cultures, may also be performed to determine the presence and type of bacteria.

How to treat an E. coli infection?

Treatment for E. coli infection may include antibiotics, medications to stop vomiting, remedial measures such as hydration, and taking probiotics. However, treatment should only be prescribed by a doctor and depends on the type of bacteria and the condition of the body.

Is it possible to prevent E. coli infection?

To prevent E. coli infection, you should practice good hygiene, use processed foods and water, and monitor your pets indoors and outdoors. It is also recommended to follow the rules for the preparation and storage of food, especially meat and fish.

What complications can be caused by E. coli infection?

E. coli infection can cause complications such as kidney failure, meningitis, sepsis, ascites, osteomyelitis, and others. They can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.

E. coli is a bacterium commonly found in the lower intestines of warm-blooded organisms.

E. coli is a bacterium commonly found in the lower intestines of warm-blooded organisms.
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• E. coli

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Key Facts

• Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium commonly found in the lower intestines of warm-blooded organisms. Most strains of E. coli are harmless, but some strains can cause severe food poisoning.
• Shigatoxin-producing E. coli (STEC) is a bacterium that can cause severe foodborne illness.
• Primary sources of STEC outbreaks are uncooked or undercooked ground meat products, raw milk, and vegetables contaminated with faeces.
• In most cases, the disease is self-limiting, but sometimes life-threatening disease, including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), can develop, especially in young children and the elderly.
• STEC is sensitive to high temperatures. When preparing food at home, basic food hygiene practices such as “proper cooking” should be followed.
• Implementation of the practices outlined in the WHO Five Principles for Improving Food Safety is one of the key measures to prevent infections caused by foodborne pathogens such as STEC.

Overview

Shigatoxin producing bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) is commonly found in the intestines of humans and warm-blooded animals. Most strains of E. coli are harmless. However, some strains, such as enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (STEC), can cause severe foodborne illness. This bacterium is transmitted to humans primarily through the consumption of contaminated foods such as raw or undercooked ground meats, raw milk, and contaminated raw vegetables and sprouts.

STEC produces toxins known as Shiga toxins, so named because of their similarity to the toxins produced by Shigella dysenteriae. The number of STEC bacteria can increase at temperatures from 7°C to 50°C (optimal temperature 37°C). Some STEC bacteria can grow in acidic foods with a pH of up to 4.4, as well as in foods with a minimum water activity (aw) of 0.95.

Bacteria are killed by careful heat treatment of food – until all parts of the food reach a temperature of 70 ° C or higher. The most important public health STEC serotype is E. coli O157:H7; however, sporadic cases and outbreaks are often caused by other serotypes.

Symptoms

Symptoms of diseases caused by STEC bacteria include abdominal cramps and diarrhea, which in some cases may progress to bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis). Fever and vomiting are also possible. The incubation period lasts from 3 to 8 days, with an average duration of 3-4 days. Most patients recover within 10 days, but in a small number of patients (especially young children and the elderly), infection can lead to the development of a life-threatening illness such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS is characterized by acute kidney failure, hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia (low platelets in the blood).

People suffering from bloody diarrhea or severe abdominal cramps should seek medical attention. Antibiotics are not part of the treatment of patients with STEC disease and may increase the risk of developing HUS.

It is estimated that HUS may develop in 10% of patients with STEC infection, and the case fatality rate is 3 to 5%. HUS is the most common cause of acute renal failure in young children worldwide. It can lead to neurological complications (such as convulsions, stroke, and coma) in up to 25% of patients and to chronic kidney disease, usually mild, in about 50% of survivors.

Sources and transmission of infection

The information available about STEC relates mainly to the O157:H7 serotype, as it can be easily differentiated from other E. coli strains from a biochemical point of view. The reservoir of this pathogenic microorganism is mainly cattle. In addition, other ruminants (such as sheep, goats and deer) are considered significant reservoirs, and other infected mammals (such as pigs, horses, rabbits, dogs, cats) and birds (such as chickens and turkeys) have been found.

E. coli O157:H7 is transmitted to humans primarily through the ingestion of contaminated foods such as raw or undercooked ground meats and raw milk. Fecal contamination of water and other foods, as well as cross-contamination during food preparation (through beef and other meat products, contaminated work surfaces and kitchen utensils) can also lead to infection. Examples of foods that have been linked to E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks include undercooked hamburgers, smoked salami, unpasteurized freshly squeezed apple juice, yogurt, and cheese made from raw milk.

An increasing number of outbreaks have been associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables (including sprouts, spinach, lettuce, cabbage and lettuce), which can be contaminated through contact with the faeces of domestic or wild animals at some stage of their cultivation or processing. STEC bacteria are also found in bodies of water (such as ponds and rivers), wells and livestock drinkers. They can remain viable for several months in manure and sediment at the bottom of drinkers. Transmission has also been documented both through contaminated drinking water and recreational waters.

Close contacts of people are one of the main routes of transmission of infection (oral-fecal route of infection). Asymptomatic carriers have been reported, that is, individuals who do not show clinical symptoms of the disease, but who are able to infect other people. The period of isolation of STEC bacteria in adults lasts approximately one week or less, and in children this period may be longer. Visiting farms and other places where farm animals are kept where direct contact with them is also noted as a significant risk factor for STEC infection.

Prevention

To prevent infection, control measures must be followed at all stages of the food chain, from agricultural production on farms to food processing, processing and preparation, both in commercial establishments and in the home.

Industrial

The number of cases can be reduced by implementing a variety of risk reduction strategies for minced meat (eg screening animals before slaughter to prevent large numbers of pathogens from entering slaughterhouses). Good slaughter and hygiene practices reduce faecal contamination of carcasses, but do not guarantee the absence of STEC bacteria in products. To minimize microbiological contamination, it is essential to provide food hygiene training to workers on farms, slaughterhouses and food processing plants. The only effective way to kill STEC bacteria in food is through germicidal treatment, such as heat (such as heat treatment or pasteurization) or irradiation.

At home

Measures to prevent E. coli O157:H7 infection are similar to those recommended for the prevention of other foodborne illnesses. The basic good food hygiene practices outlined in the WHO Five Principles for Improving Food Safety can help prevent the transmission of pathogens that cause many foodborne diseases, as well as protect against foodborne illness caused by STEC.

The five essential principles for safer food are:

• The Five Essential Principles of Safe Food

These recommendations must be followed in all cases, especially the recommendation regarding “proper cooking of products”, at which the temperature in the middle of the products reaches at least 70°C. Fruits and vegetables should be thoroughly washed, especially if they are eaten raw. If possible, vegetables and fruits should be cleaned. Vulnerable populations (such as children and the elderly) should avoid eating raw or undercooked meat products, raw milk, and products made from raw milk.

Regular handwashing is highly recommended, particularly before preparing food, eating and after going to the toilet, especially for caregivers of young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised people, as the bacterium can be transmitted through more than just food, water, and direct contact with animals, but also from person to person.

A number of STEC infections result from contact with recreational waters. Therefore, it is also important to protect such water bodies, as well as sources of drinking water, from the ingress of animal excrement into them.

Producers of fruits and vegetables

The WHO publication Five Keys to Growing Safer Fruits and Vegetables, for farmers who grow fresh fruits and vegetables for themselves, their families and for sale in local markets, provides key practices for preventing microbial contamination of fresh produce during planting, cultivation, harvesting and storage.

The five essential principles for growing safer fruits and vegetables are:

• Good personal hygiene.
• Protection of fields from contamination by animal feces.
• Use of treated fecal waste.
• Assessing and managing risks associated with the use of irrigation water.
• Keep equipment and facilities for harvesting and storing crops clean and dry.
• Five Essential Principles for Growing Safer Fruits and Vegetables

WHO activities

WHO conducts scientific assessments to control food for the presence of STEC. These assessments serve as the basis for international food standards, guidelines and recommendations developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.

With regard to prevention, WHO has developed a global strategy to reduce the burden of foodborne diseases. WHO has developed an information message “Five basic rules for safer food”. These five rules and their associated training manuals are country-specific resources that are easy to use, reproduce and adapt to different target audiences.

WHO contributes to strengthening food safety systems by promoting good manufacturing practices and educating retailers and consumers about the proper handling of food and the prevention of contamination.

During outbreaks of E. coli, such as those that occurred in Europe in 2011, WHO supports coordination of information sharing and collaboration through the International Health Regulations and through the International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) during all over the world; WHO works closely with national health authorities and international partners to provide technical assistance and update information on disease outbreaks.