What Are Potential Side Effects of Electrolysis?

Overall, electrolysis is highly effective. It is also one of the safest procedures you can have. The reason for this is quite simple. Electrolysis, done by a professional, is designed to eliminate hair growth by damaging the hair follicle, eliminating its ability to produce hair. This process is done using very safe, FDA approved methods. You can feel confident that, if you use a well qualified professional, you’ll get the results you want.

What Are Potential Side Effects of Electrolysis?

The side effects of electrolysis tend to be very minimal if any. When you come in for a consultation, you will learn more about what you can expect specifically. In addition, you will learn what types of side effects you can have. In most cases, side effects will include:

• Slight irritation of the skin in the treatment area.
• Minimal pain and discomfort in the treatment area.
• Redness in the treated area.

Most people say this method creates a small sting when applied to the skin, much like a snap of a rubber band against the skin. In most situations, individuals will have no need for any medication to treat their side effects. Nevertheless, you should tell your technician about your health, any risks you may have, and any other factors that could impact your outcome.

Treatment for Side Effects

When you speak to your technician about your procedure, be sure to ask questions about how to properly treat any side effect you may have. In some cases, your doctor may provide you with a numbing treatment that can help minimize any feeling you have in the treatment area. You may also want to choose an over the counter numbing product.

If you have discomfort from the procedure, taking an over the counter pain medication such as an NSAID may be helpful. Follow your doctor’s recommendations for this.

Finally, some individuals develop a significant amount of anxiety from the procedure, often times because they are worried about how it will feel. Talk to your doctor about medications to reduce your anxiety especially if you tend to be nervous or anxious often.
For many people, the side effects of electrolysis are minimal and they long term benefits it offers are outstanding. Take a few minutes to talk to our experienced technicians to learn more about the process and what you can expect from this type of treatment from our Manhattan providers. Call at 646-205-8741 to schedule a consult.

Electrolysis: Definition & Treatment

Overview

What is electrolysis?

Electrolysis is a hair removal treatment. A trained electrologist inserts a thin wire into the hair follicle under the surface of the skin. An electric current moves down the wire to the bottom of the follicle, destroying the hair root. The follicle damage prevents hair from growing and causes the existing hair to fall out.

Electrolysis has been around for more than 100 years. It was first invented to remove irritating ingrown eyelash hairs. Electrolysis is the only FDA-approved method for permanent hair removal.

Who needs electrolysis?

Hair growth is normal and often desirable. But sometimes people want electrolysis because they:

• Are unhappy about where hair grows (for example, between the eyebrows, on the upper lip or on the breasts).
• Have hirsutism, which is excessive hair growth.
• Are gender transitioning.

What parts of the body can electrolysis treat?

Electrolysis can treat most areas of the body, including the:

• Back.
• Bikini line, thighs and lower legs.
• Breasts and abdomen.
• Face, including lip, chin and eyebrows.
• Fingers and toes.
• Underarms.

What causes unwanted hair growth?

Causes of extra hair growth include:

• Heredity issues (genetics can influence whether you have a lot of body hair or not).
• Hormone levels, such as high levels of androgens (male hormones).
• Certain drugs, such as some steroids.
• Certain illnesses, such as polycystic ovary syndrome.

Procedure Details

What device is used during electrolysis?

Medical electrolysis devices are called epilators. They destroy the growth center of the hair using an electric current.

What happens during electrolysis?

Electrologists use a thin needle, which is often even finer than the hair. They insert the needle into the opening of the hair follicle. A small electrical current destroys the hair growth cells. The skin where the needle enters may feel temporarily hot or like a pinch.

How many electrolysis treatments will I need?

You will need several appointments. The number of sessions needed to achieve permanent hair removal differs from person to person. Typically, you need an appointment every week or every other week. The appointments can last for up to a year and a half.

Treatment length depends on several factors, including the body area and the type of hair growing there. If you’re treating a larger area, or an area with coarse hair, you’ll need more treatments.

Why do I need so many electrolysis treatments?

Hairs have different growth cycles. Your hair follicle produces hair and discards it through shedding. This hair production cycle is a process of growth, rest and replacement. Individual hairs are in different phases of this cycle. More than one treatment catches the hairs at the right point in the cycle to destroy them.

How long does electrolysis treatment last?

An electrolysis treatment lasts anywhere between 15 minutes and one hour.

What do I need to know after the procedure?

For the first 24 hours after your treatment, try to avoid activities that may irritate the hair follicles, including:

• Anything that causes sweating.
• Tanning.
• Staying out in the sun.
• Applying makeup.

Risks / Benefits

What is the advantage of electrolysis?

Many people experience permanent hair removal after finishing electrolysis treatments. Also, electrolysis works with the widest range of skin and hair types. It’s good for sensitive areas of the body, like the face or bikini line. The main disadvantage to electrolysis is the length of time needed to achieve permanent hair removal.

Are there any risks or complications of electrolysis?

Electrolysis is very safe. Very slight risks of infection (from an unsterile needle) or scarring exist if the electrolysis is not done correctly. These risks are very low if you choose a certified, professional electrolysis practice.

You may have a slight reddening of the skin during or right after treatment. It’s very short-lived. People with darker skin may have temporary dark spots on their skin. The spots fade over time, so don’t use bleaching cream on them.

Will electrolysis leave a scar?

Scarring is rare after electrolysis treatments.

Is electrolysis painful?

Electrolysis doesn’t typically cause too much discomfort. You may feel a slight tingling. Talk to your electrologist about a topical anesthetic (numbing cream) if necessary.

Recovery and Outlook

What is the recovery time after electrolysis?

You can resume your normal activities immediately after treatment.

Is electrolysis permanent?

Yes, electrolysis safely and permanently removes hair from all skin tones. It is the only FDA-approved permanent hair removal treatment. Because electrolysis permanently destroys the growth cells in the hair follicles, the hair will not grow back.

When to Call the Doctor

What should I ask an electrologist before the procedure?

When you meet with the electrologist, ask:

• How will the procedure feel?
• How long is each session?
• How many visits do you think I’ll need?
• How much will this treatment cost?
• Will insurance cover electrolysis treatment?
• How long have you been practicing electrolysis?
• How many people have you treated?

Additional Details

What should I look for when choosing an electrologist?

Electrologists are trained professionals who can safely perform electrolysis procedures. When choosing an electrologist, ask about:

• Qualifications: Many states require licensing or certification for electrologists. Check that the provider’s certificate is up to date and on display. If your state does not regulate electrology, ask if the provider attended an accredited electrology school.
• Recommendations: Ask friends or family members for recommendations from personal experience. Or ask your healthcare provider for a recommendation.
• Consultation: Many practices offer a free electrolysis consultation. Ask any questions you have at this first visit so that you feel comfortable with your choice.
• Cleanliness and hygiene: At your consultation, ask about cleaning and sterilization procedures. See if the practice looks clean and if workers use disposable equipment. Make sure you are comfortable with the electrologist.

How does electrolysis compare to temporary methods of hair removal?

Many people use chemical depilatories, such as liquids or creams, to remove leg hair. The chemicals in these products can irritate your skin. Chemical hair removal can be messy and take a long time. Waxing, another method of hair removal, can be painful and costly. Home waxing kits may be messy and hard to use.

Can I use an at-home electrolysis device?

Electrical electrolysis devices exist on the market, available for home use. But it’s best to go to a trained electrologist for electrolysis. They use high-quality, sterile equipment and can individualize the treatment to best suit your needs.

For people who want to remove body hair, electrolysis can offer a permanent solution. A trained electrologist performs the procedure, which is generally not painful. After several treatment sessions, you’ll likely be hair free. Talk to your healthcare provider to see if electrolysis may be right for you.

Side Effects – Barbara’s Electrology & European Facials

Permanent Hair Removal is the Number One Side Effect of Electrolysis

Other Side Effects from Electrolysis are Temporary

Permanent hair removal is the number one side effect of electrolysis.  Before you get to your “hair free” status you might experience less-desirable side effects. This article will explain the common and uncommon reactions that may occur after an electrolysis treatment.  

Side effects and their severity will depend on four factors.  Those factors include your type of skin, the aggressiveness of your treatments, the techniques and skills of your electrologist, and your compliance in following aftercare recommendations.

REDNESS 

The most common side effect you can expect is redness. This reaction is caused by a dilation and congestion of superficial capillaries.  Also known as erythema, redness is short-lived.  The recommended aftercare is to apply a compress of witch hazel for several minutes to several hours after the treatment.

REDNESS WITH A HISTAMINE RESPONSE

Redness may be accompanied by a histamine response at the site of the follicle.  This reaction may look like a mosquito bite and is a heat induced or physical urticaria, also described as hives, which appears within two to five minutes of treatment.  This reaction usually subsides within hours of the treatment.

The aftercare for a histamine response can be selected from the following:

For extreme reactions and as a preventative measure take an oral antihistamine prior to treatment. Follow manufacturer directions when taking over-the-counter medications.

Apply a topical antihistamine during or immediately after treatment.

For mild reactions apply a compress of witch hazel with small amount of wintergreen alcohol added.

Occasionally, bumps on the skin will last longer than expected. This is not a frequent side effect, nor is it alarming.  Keep skin clean without overusing products and do not pick, scratch or squeeze the bumps.

PINPOINT SCABS

A day or so after treatment, a scab may form at the treated follicle’s opening.  This is nature’s band-aid and it protects the healing follicle.  It is common for pinpoint scabs to appear on body areas after an electrolysis treatment.   It is less common for them to appear on the face.  

Utilize the following steps if a scab appears:

1.  Keep it clean.  Gently wash with mild soap and water, rinse and pat dry.  Avoid rubbing the areas.

2.  Keep the scab moist.  Triple antibiotic ointments can be used to prevent infection and helps keep the scab moist.

3.  Avoid picking or scratching the area. It may itch, so look for an antibiotic ointment with a topical analgesic.  

PIMPLES OR PUSTULES – CHIN ACNE

Another infrequent side effect of electrolysis is the appearance of a pustule a day or two after treatment.  A pustule is a small, inflamed, blister-like lesion.  If you are prone to developing pustules, apply a warm compress as soon as you get home after a treatment to help prevent their formation.  Salicylic acid may be used sparingly to help dry out a pustule once it appears.  

Most skin damage electrologists see has been caused by digging and picking of the skin prior to electrolysis treatments.   Chin acne will clear up after electrolysis if it was caused by tweezing.  Root sheath remnants inflame the skin, broken hairs become ingrown, and most home tweezing is done with unclean instruments resulting in acne in the area.  Electrolysis/permanent hair removal is the ONLY method to clear this problem.

SCARS

Scar formation is not a side effect of electrolysis treatments.  A scar is fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after an injury.  Electrolysis treatments can cause minor lesions which do not result in scars.  Over-treatment and improper aftercare, along with over zealous temporary methods such as tweezing can result in damage to the skin known as pitting, which is often temporary.  Loss of pigment at the site of the follicle may occur with over-treatment on melanin-rich skin. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) may occur on some olive-toned skin types.  PIH usually subsides once the irritation of treatments has been stopped.  Pigmentation spots known as melasma are unrelated to electrolysis treatments but may become more noticeable once excess hair is removed.

COMMUNICATION IS IMPORTANT!

• Contact your electrologist if you have any reaction that concerns you.  Permanent hair removal as an electrolysis side effect outweighs other side effects a million to one.  

• Communication between you and your electrologist is important in helping you reach your hair removal goal.  It is common for the first treatment to result in the most skin reaction, so talk to your electrologist if this occurs. 

• Make sure that your electrologist utilizes medical sterilization for instruments and provides you with a new pre-sterilized and disposable electrolysis probe at every appointment.  

• It is important for you to comply with aftercare procedures to avoid infection. Stop all tweezing and handle your skin carefully.   

Disclaimer:  Please use caution and follow directions when using any over-the-counter product.  Contact your physician for medical advice as this article is not presented as medical advice.
 

© Barbara Greathouse, CPE   This work may be reproduced as a complete document without alteration as long as credit and link back are provided.

To learn more about your healing skin after electrolysis watch videos by Michael Bono.

Electrolysis Vs Laser Hair Removal

Electrolysis is a USFDA-approved procedure for the removal of unwanted hair. An electric current is used to target and destroy hair follicles to prevent the growth of new hair. In most cases, it is permanent, though results may vary.

How Does Electrolysis Hair Removal Work?

In an electrolysis procedure, a fine, needle-like electrode, much like an epilator, is inserted into every hair is adjustable based on the hair type and the treatment area. Consequently, the existing hair falls and new hair stops growing.

Electrolysis Hair Removal works well for people of any skin and hair type or colour. It is also safe for those with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.

Must Read: How To Remove Unwanted Hair Permanently?

What Results Can I Expect From Electrolysis Hair Removal?

Hair growth progressively decreases over a series of sessions, and in many cases, people see that their hair disappears. Electrolysis is a slower method of hair removal, and the time taken to see results will differ from individual to individual.  Results largely depend upon the size of the area treated.

What Body Areas Can Electrolysis Hair Removal Treat?

Electrolysis can treat the skin anywhere on the body, but the most common areas are Upper Lip, Chin, Eyebrows, Ears, Beard, Underarms, Abdomen, Bikini Area, Legs, Chest and Back.

What Are The Benefits Of Electrolysis Hair Removal?

• Long-lasting results
• No downtime
• No use of harsh chemicals

Who is the Right Candidate for Electrolysis Hair Removal?

Anyone who is at least 18 years old, not pregnant or lactating, can go for electrolysis.

How Much Does Electrolysis Hair Removal Cost In India?

The cost of electrolysis hair removal in India ranges from Rs 2,500 to Rs 4,000 per session. It may vary based on the size of the target area, the density of hair growth and the number of sessions required.

The above prices are indicative only. Please visit a reputed clinic to know the exact cost.

Must Read: How Much Does Laser Hair Removal Cost In India?

Pre-preparation & Post Care For Electrolysis Hair Removal

Pre-Electrolysis Preparation

• The treatment may cause some pain and discomfort. The doctor may give you a topical anaesthetic to help, but it can be applied only to small areas.
• The regular use of sunscreen also prevents the skin from getting damaged before a treatment.

Post Electrolysis Care

• After a session, do not scratch the treated area which will help avoid bacterial infections.
• Apply an antibacterial cream or ointment on the treated area at night.
• If small scabs form after a session, do not scratch them as that may lead to scarring.
• Strictly avoid makeup application for at least 24 hours.
• Pigmentation can be avoided by using a sunscreen or covering the treated area with clothing.

What Are The Side Effects & Risks Involved?

• Skin damage is one of the primary side effects of Electrolysis.
• Post-treatment, the appearance of blisters on the treated area is a common occurrence.
• Electrolysis on the face and bikini area may cause swelling and inflammation, particularly if the treated area is large.

The more severe risks that Electrolysis Hair Removal may pose include –

• Infection caused by the usage of an unsterile needle during the treatment
• The formation of scars including keloid scars
• Discoloration or change in skin colour

What Is Laser Hair Removal?

Watch this video now:

Laser Hair Removal Vs Electrolysis 

Here is a review of the main differences between Laser and Electrolysis hair removal.

For more information visit your nearest Oliva Clinic today!

Electrolysis Side Effects

Electrolysis is a method for permanent hair removal that focuses on destroying the hair follicle at the root to prevent hair from ever growing there again. It works by inserting a small needle or thin metal probe into each individual hair follicle and passing a low-level electrical current through the needle or probe to destroy the follicle. Though it may take several treatment sessions to effectively destroy , hair will be unable to ever grow back there once the follicle is completely gone.

Just like most other methods for hair removal, electrolysis will have side effects. Some side effects are experienced during the session, while others are experienced after the removal is complete. Here are some of the most common side effects. 

Skin Discoloration 

It is possible for the skin to become discolored after undergoing electrolysis, which is usually more noticeable among people with darker skin. This is especially common for people who have sensitive skin. This is also more common among procedures that were not performed correctly. Make sure to always do your research on your electrologist before going in for your first session.  

Pain

While the sensation during the procedure is typically described as a pricking or stinging feeling, it is possible for the procedure to be more painful than you expect. This will all depend on your threshold for pain. There are some things you can do to reduce the pain during the procedure, such as have the technician apply a numbing cream. 

Skin Damage

After the treatment is complete, it is possible to experience swelling, redness, dry skin, and even scabs. However, you can usually care for these side effects with simple treatments. Aloe vera gel is good for cooling the treated area if it feels overly warm. However, a scab could be potentially serious if it is not properly treated and cleaned since it could lead to infection.  

Ingrown Hairs

If the hair follicle is damaged rather than completely destroyed, this could lead to an ingrown hair. This is a problem that can typically be solved by exfoliating both before and after the procedure.

Bruises

If the needle has been inserted incorrectly or too deeply into your skin, this could lead to bruising. This should only be minimal, except in unsual cases. 

Preventing Side Effects

Almost all of these side effects can be minimized or prevented if you choose a professional electrologist who knows what they are doing. However, if you have a certain skin condition or very coarse hair, this could lead to worsened side effects.

People who have pacemakers may be at increased risk for other complications while undergoing electrolysis, so make sure to to check with your electrologist before you begin the procedure. Additionally, women who are pregnant should avoid electrolysis as well, as there is currently no way to measure the potential risk this procedure could have on your baby.

Electrolysis Hair Removal Side Effects | by Laser Hair Removal

Electrolysis Hair Removal is intended for permanent hair removal, and it is performed by inserting a needle into the hair follicle and inducing a moderate electrical current. This process damages the follicle right at its root, thus barricading further growth or re-growth. Electrolysis can be performed almost anywhere on the body as it aims to remove all hair regardless of its width or length.

It is one of the safest and most effective hair removal methods. It is convenient, fast and advent technology has seen the development of electrolysis kits that can be used to remove hair at home.

However, as with any type of medical or beauty procedure, there is always potential for certain side effects and complications to arise. Before having any type of treatment done it can be important to know and understand some of the possible risks involved so as to be completely prepared and informed.

The side effects most associated with this type of treatment are primarily dermatological and they range from temporary skin inflammation to the development of scar tissues. It is important to note that, there are no electrolysis hair removal side effects that are said to be life threatening. Knowing what can go wrong is always to the first step in prevention.

Edema

This is a skin disorder characterized by swelling. This swelling is caused by water retention by tissues in the circulatory system. Edema commonly affects the hands, feet and legs though it can be experienced in any part of the body. If this ailment is ignored, it can develop to complications such as scarring, stiffness in the affected area, ulceration and improper blood circulation.

Edema caused by electrolysis appears as small raised welts similar to insect bites. They commonly occur immediately after the procedure. While some diminish right away, other welts prove arduous to handle and prevail for several hours. However, the severity of the infection depends on the size of the area treated by electrolysis and the skin sensitivity.

Erythema

This is another known electrolysis hair removal side effects. It is characterized by skin lesions, blisters and scabs. Scabs are tiny blisters, similar to acne and are normally experienced a day after the procedure. They seep small amounts of blood or body fluids from the affected area. There is no necessary treatment for scabs as they disappear on their own though they leave scars that may take long to get rid of.

Pain

Though the treatment is said to be painless, pain may be experienced depending on the sensitivity of the skin. This sensation is as a result of the treatment itself or the side effects caused by the treatment. The pain is temporary and can be severe or mild accompanied by itch and rash.

Scarring

Trying to remove the scabs may result to scarring. On complication scarring develops to a disorder known as keloid formation. According to David Larson, a plastic surgeon at the Medical College of Wisconsin, keloid formation happens when scarring develops past the scope of the original infection. Areas that are commonly affected by this ache are the chest, earlobes and the shoulders.

Ingrown Hair

As mentioned earlier, electrolysis seeks to destroy hair follicles using electric current. This current may weaken the roots of the hair, causing them to grow back into the surface of the skin or curtail them from reaching the skin surface. If this condition is left unattended, it leads to inflammation and infection.

Discoloration

After several electrolysis procedures, the skin color may be altered. This is as a result of pigment change. The skin on the treated area may appear lighter or darker as compared to the skin of the surrounding area. Facial creams made of alpha-hydroxyl acids and hydroquinone can be used to restore normal skin color.

Though some of these side effects listed above are known to disappear naturally, it is important to seek medical advice should anything worrisome appear after a hair removal treatment.

Lowering Your Risk

The best way to avoid any potential side effects of electrolysis hair removal to make sure that all equipment being used is new or sterile. Since needles are inserted into the skin to get down to the root of the hair, these should be new or completely sanitized.

Also, make sure the professional who may be doing your treatment is qualified and has a good reputation. A little bit of prevention can go along way to avoid a number of complications that may be associated with this hair removal method.

#Edema, #Erythema, #IngrownHair, #SideEffect #Electrolysis http://www.hairremovaltutorial.com/electrolysis-hair-removal-side-effects/

Laser hair removal – Mayo Clinic

Overview

Laser hair removal is a medical procedure that uses a concentrated beam of light (laser) to remove unwanted hair.

During laser hair removal, a laser emits a light that is absorbed by the pigment (melanin) in the hair. The light energy is converted to heat, which damages the tube-shaped sacs within the skin (hair follicles) that produce hairs. This damage inhibits or delays future hair growth.

Although laser hair removal effectively delays hair growth for long periods, it usually doesn’t result in permanent hair removal. Multiple laser hair removal treatments are needed for initial hair removal, and maintenance treatments might be needed as well. Laser hair removal is most effective for people who have light skin and dark hair, but it can be successfully used on all skin types.

Products & Services

Show more products from Mayo Clinic

Why it’s done

Laser hair removal is used to reduce unwanted hair. Common treatment locations include legs, armpits, upper lip, chin and the bikini line. However, it’s possible to treat unwanted hair in nearly any area, except the eyelid or surrounding area. Skin with tattoos should not be treated either.

Hair color and skin type influence the success of laser hair removal. The basic principle is that the pigment of the hair, but not the pigment of the skin, should absorb the light. The laser should damage only the hair follicle while avoiding damage to the skin. Therefore, a contrast between hair and skin color — dark hair and light skin — results in the best outcomes.

The risk of damage to skin is greater when there is little contrast between hair and skin color, but advances in laser technology have made laser hair removal an option for people who have darker skin. Laser hair removal is less effective for hair colors that don’t absorb light well: gray, red, blond and white. However, laser treatment options for light-colored hair continue to be developed.

Risks

Risks of side effects vary with skin type, hair color, treatment plan and adherence to pre-treatment and post-treatment care. The most common side effects of laser hair removal include:

• Skin irritation. Temporary discomfort, redness and swelling are possible after laser hair removal. Any signs and symptoms typically disappear within several hours.
• Pigment changes. Laser hair removal might darken or lighten the affected skin. These changes might be temporary or permanent. Skin lightening primarily affects those who don’t avoid sun exposure before or after treatment and those who have darker skin.

Rarely, laser hair removal can cause blistering, crusting, scarring or other changes in skin texture. Other rare side effects include graying of treated hair or excessive hair growth around treated areas, particularly on darker skin.

Laser hair removal isn’t recommended for eyelids, eyebrows or surrounding areas, due to the possibility of severe eye injury.

How you prepare

If you’re interested in laser hair removal, choose a doctor who’s board certified in a specialty such as dermatology or cosmetic surgery and has experience with laser hair removal on your skin type. If a physician assistant or licensed nurse will do the procedure, make sure a doctor supervises and is available on-site during the treatments. Be cautious about spas, salons or other facilities that allow nonmedical personnel to do laser hair removal.

Before laser hair removal, schedule a consultation with the doctor to determine if this is an appropriate treatment option for you. Your doctor will likely do the following:

• Review your medical history, including medication use, history of skin disorders or scarring, and past hair removal procedures
• Discuss risks, benefits and expectations, including what laser hair removal can and can’t do for you
• Take photos to be used for before-and-after assessments and long-term reviews

At the consultation, discuss a treatment plan and related costs. Laser hair removal is usually an out-of-pocket expense.

The doctor will also offer specific instructions to prepare for laser hair removal. These might include:

• Staying out of the sun. Follow your doctor’s advice for avoiding sun exposure before and after treatment. Whenever you go out, apply a broad-spectrum, SPF30 sunscreen.
• Lightening your skin. Avoid any sunless skin creams that darken your skin. Your doctor might also prescribe a skin bleaching cream if you have a recent tan or darker skin.
• Avoiding other hair removal methods. Plucking, waxing and electrolysis can disturb the hair follicle and should be avoided at least four weeks before treatment.
• Avoiding blood-thinning medications. Ask your doctor about what medications, such as aspirin or anti-inflammatory drugs, to avoid before the procedure.
• Shaving treatment area. Trimming and shaving is recommended the day before laser treatment. It removes hair above the skin that can result in surface skin damage from burnt hairs, but it leaves the hair shaft intact below the surface.

What you can expect

Laser hair removal usually requires two to six treatments. The interval between treatments will vary depending on the location. On areas where hair grows quickly, such as the upper lip, the treatment might be repeated in four to eight weeks. On areas of slow hair growth, such as the back, the treatment might be every 12 to 16 weeks.

For each treatment you’ll wear special goggles to protect your eyes from the laser beam. An assistant might shave the site again if necessary. The doctor might apply a topical anesthetic to your skin to reduce any discomfort during treatment.

During the procedure

The doctor will press a hand-held laser instrument to your skin. Depending on the type of laser, a cooling device on the tip of the instrument or a cool gel might be used to protect your skin and lessen the risk of side effects.

When the doctor activates the laser, the laser beam will pass through your skin to the hair follicles. The intense heat from the laser beam damages the hair follicles, which inhibits hair growth. You might feel discomfort, such as a warm pinprick, and you’ll likely feel a sensation of cold from the cooling device or gel.

Treating a small area, such as the upper lip, might take only a few minutes. Treating a larger area, such as the back, might take more than an hour.

After the procedure

You might notice redness and swelling for the first few hours after laser hair removal.

To reduce any discomfort, apply ice to the treated area. If you have a skin reaction immediately after laser hair removal, the doctor might apply a steroid cream to the affected area.

After laser hair removal and between scheduled treatments, avoid sunlight and don’t use a tanning bed for six weeks or as directed by your doctor. Use a broad-spectrum SPF30 sunscreen daily.

Results

Hairs do not fall out immediately, but you will shed them over a period of days to weeks. This may look like continued hair growth. The repeated treatments are usually necessary because hair growth and loss naturally occur in a cycle, and laser treatment works best with hair follicles in the new-growth stage.

Results vary significantly and are difficult to predict. Most people experience hair removal that lasts several months, and it might last for years. But laser hair removal doesn’t guarantee permanent hair removal. When hair regrows, it’s usually finer and lighter in color.

You might need maintenance laser treatments for long-term hair reduction.

What about home lasers?

Lasers that can be used at home for hair removal are available. These devices might cause modest hair reduction. But there are no large studies comparing how effective these devices are compared with laser hair removal done at a doctor’s office.

Additionally, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration considers these home laser hair removal devices to be cosmetic, not medical, which means they don’t get the same level of scrutiny as other medical devices. Currently, there haven’t been large, long-term studies on how safe and effective the home machines are.

If you choose to use a home laser hair removal device, follow the instructions that come with the device to help reduce the risk of injury, especially eye injuries.

90,000 Scientists have doubled the efficiency of electrolysis

Add to Favorites

Professor Alexander Bondarenko and Jakub Timoshko from the Ruhr University (Germany) with colleagues from the Technical University of Munich and Leiden University have found a way to double the efficiency of electrolysis.

The catalyst they created is made of platinum, as usual, but with a layer of copper atoms. It turned out that the modified catalyst releases twice as much hydrogen from water as a conventional platinum catalyst without copper plating.ru.

Water electrolysis is a well-known process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen. It is still not used on an industrial scale, because it requires too much energy, that is, it is unprofitable on its own. Today in the world, only 4% of hydrogen is produced by electrolysis.

Physicists are looking for various ways to improve the energy efficiency of electrolysis, for example, using new materials and even using the energy of the Sun. A doubling of the efficiency of a standard catalyst is a very important achievement.

The efficiency of electrolysis depends on how long the intermediate reaction products are retained on the catalyst surface. The authors of the scientific work found that on standard catalysts made of platinum, rhodium and palladium, they linger for too long, and if this bond is weakened, then the reaction efficiency increases with the same energy consumption. They changed the properties of a platinum catalyst by depositing a layer of copper atoms on it.

But there is one trick: the effect is manifested if a layer of copper atoms is applied under the top layer of platinum atoms, and not on top of it.

In addition to doubling the efficiency, there was also a side effect: such catalysts are more resistant to corrosion and last longer.

“Hydrogen is now mainly produced from fossil fuels, with a lot of CO ₂ released,” says Wolfgang Schuhmann, co-author of the scientific work. If we can instead produce hydrogen by electrolysis, it will be a giant step towards sustainable energy conversion. For example, we could recycle the surplus electricity from wind farms. “

“In addition, the study of this reaction allows us to study how well we can design catalytic surfaces by accurately placing the atoms of different metals,” added Professor Bondarenko. “This knowledge will come in handy in other catalytic processes.”

Research published in Nature Communications (Open Access)

90,000 environmental aspects of modern PVC production

In 2014, a new complex for the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) of the Russian-Belgian joint venture RusVinyl (LLC) will be put into commercial operation.Kstovo). The annual capacity of the enterprise will be 300 thousand tons of suspension and 30 thousand tons of emulsion resin of first-class quality. The new PVC plant will operate using technology from Solvay, one of the world leaders in this field. The applied technology, in addition to high productivity, will ensure energy efficiency and, more importantly, environmental friendliness and safety of the production process in accordance with the environmental requirements of Russian legislation and international standards.

The modern PVC production facilities in the Nizhny Novgorod Region are intended to replace the old, exhausted resource of safe operation, the production of the Kaprolactam plant, which was decommissioned in the spring of 2013. New factories are better than old ones … This is an obvious fact, especially against the background of the growing public interest in environmental protection and minimizing the impact of industrial facilities on the environment every year. In this context, RusVinyl LLC is a good example of the so-called greening of production.This joint venture between SIBUR and SolVin uses the latest technological equipment, advanced technologies and a unique formulation that excludes the use of substances such as asbestos, mercury or lead in production. Integration and automation of production processes provides for multi-level security systems in each production area, and know-how allows you to achieve the effect of resource and energy saving and to minimize the volume of emissions and industrial water due to their return to the production cycle.

A more detailed picture can be drawn by examining the process in each production zone, of which there will be three at RusVinyl LLC, as at another similar production: electrolysis, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production and PVC production. The production cycle is simplified in the flowchart.

Membrane electrolysis

The first stage in the production of PVC is electrolysis, during which chlorine is obtained from a solution of common rock salt – the main raw material for the production of VCM.Byproducts of electrolysis are caustic soda and hydrogen.

Today, there are three main competitive electrochemical methods for the production of chlorine, caustic soda and hydrogen in the world: mercury, diaphragm and membrane. When designing a production facility, RusVinyl LLC has given preference to the most modern technology – membrane electrolysis, as the most environmentally friendly, safe and energy efficient (see table). This technology makes it possible to exclude hazardous emissions into the environment of both mercury and carcinogenic asbestos used as a material for the electrolyzer diaphragm.In addition, the use of more modern materials in the manufacture of electrodes and membranes significantly reduces the energy consumption for electrolysis. Energy savings are on average about 28%.

Other advantages of membrane electrolysis technology are extremely low explosiveness, since membranes perfectly separate hydrogen and chlorine; high purity of caustic soda by eliminating the possibility of mixing the final product with brine or mercury emissions.

The total capacity of the six electrolysers installed at RusVinyl will be about 205 thousand tons / year of chlorine (100% Cn) and 225 thousand tons / year of caustic soda (100% NaOH).

Caustic, which is a valuable commodity product widely demanded by the pulp and paper, petrochemical, textile and aluminum industries, will be sent to consumers in the form of a 50% aqueous solution. Hydrogen is removed to the next stage – VCM production, where it will be used as a fuel mixed with natural gas in pyrolysis furnaces.

The indisputable advantage of the technology is that the produced chlorine is immediately supplied to the next production site, thereby eliminating the risks associated with its storage or transportation.

Separately, it should be mentioned that the technology used at RusVinyl LLC in the electrolysis process provides for a recycling scheme that allows to reduce the amount of wastewater. This became possible thanks to a plant in which liquid effluents are subjected to multi-stage oxidation and purification from organic compounds, as a result, they are converted into ordinary salt water, which is again sent to the stage of preparing brine for electrolysis. Also, 98% sulfuric acid used for drying wet chlorine goes through the stages of concentration and regeneration, and the water stream is returned to the technological process for reuse.

Solid production wastes generated in the technological process of electrolysis, containing only the insoluble residue of sodium chloride, as well as sulfates, calcium and magnesium carbonates, will be sent for processing to specialized organizations.

VXM production

In this area, there are installations, which undergo three main stages – direct chlorination of ethylene, oxychlorination and pyrolysis.

The first stage in the preparation of VCM is the direct chlorination of dichloroethane (EDC). Then EDC goes through the stage of decomposition into VCM and hydrogen chloride (HCl) in pyrolysis furnaces. The HCl obtained in the pyrolysis process is reused in the oxychlorination stage, where, by reacting with pure oxygen and ethylene, it is converted into EDC.

The indisputable advantage of this technology is the use of a specially developed catalyst in the process, due to which the synthesis of by-products is significantly reduced, as well as the use of pure oxygen as an oxidizer, which in our case prevents emissions into the atmosphere, which are formed when the production uses air.

The thermal decomposition process, which will be used as part of the complex for the production of VCM, is characterized by high adaptability, the use of effective automatic control and regulation schemes of technological processes, which, among other things, allows to reduce the consumption of natural gas, reduce the formation of coke and increase the period of operation between cleanings (decoking) ovens. Thermal energy generated in the VCM production process is utilized to produce steam, which is then used in the process chain, thereby reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.

All gas emissions and liquid organic by-products are thermally oxidized to form 20-25% hydrochloric acid, which is then fed to the electrolysis unit to flush ion exchange filters and adjust the brine pH. A special design furnace for thermal oxidation of organochlorine products and multistage treatment of the resulting flue gases allow achieving a high level of environmental safety of the technological process.The heat generated during the thermal oxidation of organochlorine products is recovered with the formation of steam, which is later used for factory needs.

All process waters formed as a result of the above process, after repeated use, are subjected to stripping and subsequent physical and chemical treatment. The treated process waters with a high chloride content are sent to the plant already mentioned for cleaning from organic impurities and are used again in the production cycle to prepare brine.

All storm water at the industrial site is collected in a separate pool and checked for purity before being sent to external treatment facilities. If any problems are found, the drains are returned back for additional treatment. It should be added that, as a result, a high degree of purity of these waters is achieved.

PVC production

PVC production includes polymerization units, a building for preparing a suspension PVC initiator, a building for water preparation for suspension and emulsion PVC, a drying building, local treatment of PVC waste water, including the stages of physicochemical and biological treatment.

The polymerization stage in Europe involves the use of large-volume reactors (140 m3) and a fully automated process without any human intervention to clean the equipment.

This production site also applies efficient schemes and know-how to minimize the impact on the environment. In particular, a unique technology based on the absorption of residual VCM by a special liquid medium, which is not released into the air, and thanks to this technology, is returned to the polymerization process, will be used in production.

The VCM polymerization process takes place in an aqueous demineralized medium. The demineralized water is supplied to the industrial site from the CHP plant located next to the complex. This approach, when the production does not have its own installation for the production of demineralized water, significantly reduces the amount of wastewater generated, contaminated with hardness and iron salts.

Also, in the production of PVC, a multi-level purification system is used for different stages: the air spent after the suspension PVC dryers passes through a system of dry and wet cyclones.

Process water purification takes place in two stages: first, physicochemical purification, which serves to remove large particles, mainly PVC, which can be further processed and reused, then biological purification – to remove organic degradable by-products of the polymerization process. After homogenization and additional testing, the water is supplied to external treatment facilities.

Thus, the combination of advanced technologies that will be applied at the plant under construction, the uniqueness of the re-rotation, thanks to the latest developments of the Solvay company, full automation of production, a set of measures developed to prevent negative impact on the environment – these are the factors that determine the environmental and industrial safety of the new production in g. Kstovo. RusVinyl LLC uses the highest industrial standards and strictly adheres to the requirements in the field of labor, safety and health (HSE) and environmental protection (OOS), which are regularly audited by independent auditors.

Improve energy efficiency with the Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Module

Hydrogen fuel cells

The module “Fuel cells and electrolyzers” presents ready-made mathematical models for the most common types of hydrogen fuel cells, which describe the processes in electrodes, electrolytes, as well as current collectors and feeders.Fuel cell types such as TETPE, SHTE, TERCE, SOFC and high temperature fuel cells can be simulated, and the list goes on.

Simulation is used to analyze the distribution of electric current and potential, temperature field and chemical concentration in a fuel cell. The analysis results obtained will help design an electrochemical cell with the best efficiency and economy for the given operating conditions. The accumulation of water in the cell and the uneven use of the active surface can be identified as important factors that lead to a decrease in the efficiency and a shortened service life of electrochemical systems, and these factors can be investigated using simulation.In addition, the computational model makes it possible to analyze the influence of various microscale factors, such as the presence of a catalyst, particle size distribution, and bimodal pore distribution, on processes in gas diffusion electrodes and in active catalytic layers.

Computational models allow you to analyze stationary and transient processes in areas of different spatial dimensions, from zero-dimensional to full-dimensional three-dimensional. In addition, for modeling electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, problems can be formulated to be solved in the frequency domain.

Water electrolyzers

Reducing the cost of wind and solar electricity has led to an increase in electricity production in remote areas, the capacity of the power grid of which may be limited. This means that the grid cannot consume all of the electricity it generates when the wind is blowing and the sun is shining. In this case, electrolyzers can help, which will consume excess electricity to produce hydrogen by electrolysis of water.The hydrogen produced in this way can be stored so that it can then be used as a fuel to generate electricity in fuel cells when the demand arises from consumers in the grid.

The design of water electrolyzers is identical to that of hydrogen fuel cells. These devices differ in the direction of the processes occurring in them: in a fuel cell, the cathode is a positively charged electrode, and in an electrolyzer it is negative. Mathematical models included in the module “Fuel cells and electrolyzers” describe the processes in gaseous diffusion electrodes, active catalytic layers, electrolytic separators and bipolar plates with gas channels.It is possible to build computational models both for individual electrolysis cells and for the whole stack. Calculation models of electrolysers allow you to analyze stationary and transient processes in areas of different spatial dimensions, from zero-dimensional to full-size three-dimensional.

Industrial electrolysers

The functionality of the module “Fuel cells and electrolyzers” is not limited to modeling only water electrolysis. The module’s tools allow you to simulate an electrochemical cell or electrolyzer of any type.Among other things, it is possible to analyze the processes of gas phase formation and the laminar flow of a multiphase medium. To analyze turbulent flows in chlorate or chlor-alkali membrane electrolysers, you can connect the Computational Fluid Dynamics module.

90,000 The side effects of the coronavirus pandemic affect mental health

Australian scientists through a survey found that the restrictions associated with the coronavirus pandemic and their consequences had a negative impact on the mental health of the population. Because of this, people show symptoms of depression and anxiety. The research is published in the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry.

“We already know from past studies of the pandemic that people who are most affected, such as those who are sick and their caregivers, have serious side effects. However, the impact of COVID-19 on the general population, even those who are not ill, can also be significant. Our data shows that the side effects of COVID-19 affect the general population, regardless of the severity of the illness.The concern is that countries with tight restrictions that avoid the worst-case spread of the coronavirus may be overlooking the indirect effects of the pandemic, ”said lead author Ami Dowell.

Researchers at Australian National University surveyed approximately 1,300 Australian adults in March 2020. This was the time of the first coronavirus restrictions, when international borders, bars, restaurants were just closed in the country and crowds were banned. To ensure representativeness, the researchers interviewed the same number of men and women from all age groups over 18 years old, living in all states of Australia. To prevent bias, the authors included their survey in market research without mentioning either coronavirus or mental health; As a result, the subjects were unaware of the purpose of the survey. According to the researchers, among those interviewed there were only 36 patients with COVID-19 or closely communicating with the sick.

The results showed that direct infection with the coronavirus does not harm mental health.However, the side effects of the pandemic, such as financial hardship or interruptions in work and social activity, were found to be closely associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as lower psychological well-being. At the same time, working from home had no negative consequences. Young women were the most psychologically resistant to the side effects of the pandemic.

“This data underscores that the methods used by states to combat COVID-19 affect the psychological health of the population, which itself did not get sick. It is important for governments and politicians to recognize that minimizing social and financial shocks should also be a central goal of public health policy, ”Dowell said.

74901

Energy Audit –
Aluminum company
TALCO, Tajikistan

Final report

Status: Final revision
Date: 26.11.2012
Authors: Asbjørn Solheim, Raffaele Ragazzon, Dmitry Pedan,
Pavel Kulbachny, Anders Sveinsen, Evgeny Chernov,
Sergey Fashchevsky, Timur Usmanov
Client: The World Bank Group

Efficient, environmentally friendly and safe utilization of energy
Client: The World Bank Group
Title: Energy Audit – Aluminum Company
TALCO, Tajikistan

ANNOTATION
The World Bank Group has signed a contract with a consortium of the Norwegian,
Ukrainian and Tajik companies led by Norsk Energi, assessing
energy efficiency of all major equipment and production lines
TALCO – Tajik Aluminum Company, which is the largest plant for
aluminum production in Central Asia, headquartered in Tursun-zade. … Part
project teams include Norsk Energi, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, ESCO
Energoengineering and Tajgidro.

The main purpose and methodology of energy audit
The main purpose of the assignment is to determine the total amount of energy consumed
enterprise and identifying opportunities / measures to save it. Specific task
this study is as follows: (a) conduct a comprehensive energy audit; (b)
determine energy consumption, in particular, the consumption of electricity by production
and auxiliary equipment at the enterprise; (c) analyze and recommend
measures to reduce energy consumption and costs of its payment, as well as assess
corresponding capital investment requirements; (d) prioritize
improving energy efficiency in terms of energy savings and
cost-effectiveness.The project started in March 2012 with the collection of baseline data. The next step is assessment
baseline energy consumption, included 2 visits to the plant in April and June 2012,
designed to study all major energy consumers, systems and subsystems,
which are on TALCO, collection of registration logs, interview with TALCO personnel.
One-time measurements were carried out on selected electrolyzers, anode production,
boiler rooms, gas purification systems, etc.

Further work included the identification of energy saving measures, their
an economic assessment; and a calculation of the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Priority energy saving measures have been identified and a plan has been developed
actions. In addition, the most significant recommendations for the system were noted.
energy management, the perspective of electric load regulation and
increasing the stability of energy supply. The Final Report also includes a description and
analysis of the existing energy balance of TALCO, pre-determined
energy efficiency measures; and an energy efficiency action plan.Current situation at the surveyed site
TALCO is the largest aluminum producer in Central Asia. It is located in
Tursunzade. It is the largest industrial asset in Tajikistan, which produces up to
40% of the national GDP of Tajikistan. TALCO is also the largest national
taxpayer.

TALCO was the first aluminum smelter in the Soviet Union to use the technology
baked anodes. The total production of aluminum was 361,000 tons in 2009,
351,000 tons in 2010 and 281,000 tons in 2011.This is well below the maximum
indicators of aluminum production in 1989, which amounted to 460,000 tons. This decline

Efficient, environmentally friendly and safe utilization of energy
Doc .: 30943-041-0.9 Page 1 of 11
Client: The World Bank Group
Title: Energy Audit – Aluminum Company
TALCO, Tajikistan

production level is due to a significant reduction in the number of operating
electrolysers.TALCO is the dominant consumer of electricity in Tajikistan. According to
according to 2009, the company consumes about 39% of national production
electricity. 90% of all energy consumed by TALCO comes from electricity, and
about 10% for natural gas. In particular:

 Electricity consumption in 2011 amounted to 5. 487 billion kWh, of which 93.5%
electrolysis production was consumed;
 Consumption of natural gas in 2011 amounted to 45.9 mln.m³, 83% of which was
used for the manufacture of pre-baked anodes.

Seasonal fluctuations in energy and natural gas consumption in TALCO are small. However, the volumes
energy consumption of the enterprise directly depends on the production of aluminum, consumption
natural gas has a constant and seasonal component, hence its relationship
with the production of products is not so firmly expressed.

Consultants’ opinion on the state of affairs with energy metering and energy management
In the course of the energy audit, it was concluded that accounting for the consumption of electricity and natural gas for
TALCO is at a satisfactory level, as there are a large number of points
measurements, the imbalance of energy and natural gas does not exceed the measurement error.However, in
the existing system, data collection is carried out manually, but in practice it is better to apply
automated system.

On the other hand, the existing thermal energy consumption metering system allows
make only rough and incomplete accounting, mainly used for settlements with
suppliers. There is no accounting for the production, distribution and use of heat
energy other than steam. In practice, it is difficult to carry out energy monitoring and rationing for
based on the data currently available.During the audit, we observed some elements of energy management, but found
also a significant drawback – the lack of systematic activities in the field
energy management. Therefore, the main emphasis should be on implementing
effective energy management system at the enterprise.

Technical condition of equipment for power supply and distribution systems
The technical condition of these systems, incl. 220 kV lines, transformer substations,
low voltage power lines, wires, high voltage insulators, and
also silicon converters is satisfactory.Power loss
are within the planned values, and below (where the power elements of the system are not
loaded). Most of the equipment, however, has been in operation since
the plant was built in the 1970s and its modern counterparts are on the market.

Analysis of specific energy consumption standards at TALCO
When analyzing the level of electricity consumption in comparison with other manufacturers
aluminum, the specific power consumption in the electrolysis process is the main
parameter, i.e.because its share is 93.5% of the total electricity consumption. Others

Efficient, environmentally friendly and safe utilization of energy
Doc .: 30943-041-0.9 Page 2 of 11
Client: The World Bank Group
Title: Energy Audit – Aluminum Company
TALCO, Tajikistan

important parameters are: (-) specific energy consumption for the production of fired
anodes and (-) specific consumption of anodes for aluminum production.When analyzing the level of electricity consumption for electrolysis at TALCO
it was revealed that the company consumes electricity by 20% more per unit
products than modern electrolysis plants. While advanced and
currently developing technologies based on the Hall-Heroult process
provide a specific energy consumption of about 10 kW / kg Al, which is about 40% less than
TALCO.

The potential potential of TALCO technology can be illustrated by an example
development in SU III of the Hydro Sunndal technological line (Norway), which, at the time of its
creation, probably had a technology similar to TALCO.However, technology has evolved
over the years, and the specific power consumption on this line has decreased from 16.5 to
14.1 kWh / kg Al.

The plant consumes three times more energy for the production of anodes compared to
advanced production. Higher consumption of direct energy per unit
the weights of the anodes and the higher consumption of the anodes make a significant contribution to the total
high energy consumption per kilogram of aluminum produced.Table 1: Specific energy consumption
Description / Process Advanced technologies TALCO
Specific electricity consumption 13-14 kWh / kg Al 16. 63 kWh / kg Al
Energy consumption in production 1.31 kWh / kg anodes 2.3 kWh / kg anodes
baked anodes
Anode consumption in electrolytic 0.43-0.45 kg anodes / kg Al 0.57-0.63 kg anodes / kg Al
process
Energy consumption in production 0.58 kWh / kg Al 1.54 kWh / kg Al
baked anodes per unit
finished products

Comparison of reference values ​​with corresponding values ​​at electrolysis and anode
production of TALCO shows that the enterprise has significant potential for
improvement of management.Focus on improving electrolysis technology
There are two main strategies for saving energy in the electrolysis process:

 Reduction of cell voltage;
 Improvement of current output.

There appears to be great potential in TALCO for improvements in external
cell electrolyser circuits (busbars, anode assembly, etc.). Voltage distribution measurements
the electrolyzers show high voltages, especially on the anode side, which
probably caused by (-) poor quality welding between riser, flex joint and anode
barbell; (-) high voltage at the contact between the anode beam and the anode frame; (-)
too weak anode frame / bracket; (-) very high contact resistance
between the anode nipple and the anode itself. Efficient, environmentally friendly and safe utilization of energy
Doc .: 30943-041-0.9 Page 3 of 11
Client: The World Bank Group
Title: Energy Audit – Aluminum Company
TALCO, Tajikistan

Correcting these shortcomings is relatively inexpensive and the changes will not affect the fragile
energy balance in electrolyzers.Voltage losses should at least be reduced
to the internal regulations of the company.

The current efficiency ratio (CT) is the ratio between the actual and
theoretical amount of metal produced, according to Faraday’s law. CT loss in
mainly occur due to the formation of parasitic side reactions at the cathode in
dissolved metal, with the subsequent loss of dissolved metal in the electrolyte and on
oxidation of the anode. At TALCO, average current efficiency for 10 cells in March 2012
shows wide deviations, from 85.22% to 88.96%.Compared to modern ones, good
controlled technological lines that work with CT in the range of 92 -96%,
TALCO indicators are low. Introduction of automatic alumina feed in combination with
modern principles of automated control of electrolyzers and anodes with
slots will help to reduce the anode effect, as well as reduce
accumulation of sludge on the cathode, thereby increasing the CT.

The importance of improving the quality of anodes
The quality of the anodes is extremely important in aluminum electrolysis.High consumption of anodes at
the decline in the performance of TALCO over the past few years may be
associated with the poor quality of the anodes. During the visit, we found cracking
anodes and this is a very common problem on TALCO. The formation of a large number
carbon foam is rare when working with baked anodes, but at TALCO it is
happens all the time.

The poor quality of the anodes is due to the firing conditions in the anode baking furnace.This oven
is in unsatisfactory condition due to deteriorated internal insulation and
the presence of heat loss. There are also complaints about insufficient cleaning of the anode cinders, before
returning to the anode production shop, which also contributes to the destruction of the lining
kiln. The oven does not have enough measuring instruments, for example
it should be noted that there are no temperature measuring points, which often leads to too
low temperature in anode baking ovens.Poor quality of carbon anodes leads to excessive consumption of raw materials. With another
On the other hand, an improvement in the quality of the anodes leads to an increase in CT. For this reason, improvement
the quality of the anodes is critical to achieving energy savings in the process
electrolysis. There is also a link between the use of electricity in electrolysers
and the use of anodes. Reducing the cell operating voltage will also reduce
consumption of anodes.

Three main tasks must be solved in order to improve the quality of the anodes: (-) improvement
cleaning anode cinders; (-) improving the working conditions of the kiln; (-) improvement
crimping of anodes.The greatest improvements can be made by improving quality
roasting. The current state of the kilns is considered by us as one of the main
directions for increased efficiency, along with improved control over electrolysis.

Identified energy saving potential
TALCO has great potential for energy saving in electrolysis
production, in the production of carbon anodes and on all auxiliary equipment.
General energy savings for selected activities, including consumption
natural gas and electricity are as follows:

Efficient, environmentally friendly and safe utilization of energy
Doc.: 30943-041-0.9 Page 4 of 11
Client: The World Bank Group
Title: Energy Audit – Aluminum Company
TALCO, Tajikistan

0.95 TWh / year during electrolysis;
0.17 TWh / year in anode production;
0.23 TWh / year in engineering systems.

Table 2 presents the potential cost and energy savings of priority measures for
three main production facilities of TALCO.The table also shows the total volume
investment and payback period for each of the industries. The table clearly shows
that the main potential for energy savings lies in electrolysis production, where
aluminum is smelted.

Table 2: Key financial and energy indicators by TALCO divisions
Location Potential Potential Cost reduction Investment Return on investment
savings savings Annual average (US $)USA) (years)
natural electricity savings (USD
(kWh / year) US gas / year) funds
(kWh / year)
Process
954 707 030 0 17 471 139 19 092 000 1.1
electrolysis
Production
3 169 200 166 243 936 27 213 744 63 376 000 2.3
anodes
Engineering
197 408 617 31 168 434 4 501 866 4 588 531 1.0
systems
TOTAL 1 155 284 847 197 412 370 49 186 749 87 056 531 1.8

The main basic parameters for assessing potential energy savings are:

 Energy use for electrolysis and aluminum production based on data from
March 2012.This is due to the fact that there was a significant reduction in the number of
operating electrolysers over the past two years, which should be reflected in
real numbers for a given object;
 Energy use for baked anode production and production rate
baked anodes based on 2009-2011 averages;
 Energy use for the plant based on actual measurements taken in
the progress of the audit in April 2012. As a baseline consumption
of energy used the values ​​of average consumption for 2009 – 2011 (where there were
historical data available).

In general, the implementation of the planned energy efficiency measures in the Action Plan will allow TALCO
reduce energy consumption by about 22% compared to average consumption and
production level 2009-2011, which corresponds to a decrease in electricity consumption and
natural gas by about 20% and 37%, respectively 1.It is important to note that the volumes
production, energy consumption and energy savings are closely related: in the case of an increase
production at TALCO, the total energy consumption will increase, and the absolute savings
electricity on the proposed measures to improve energy efficiency also

1
As stated, electricity consumption accounts for over 90% of total energy consumption. Grade
energy saving potential in electrolysis production is reduced to the average production volume for
2009-2011 with the aim of using a single baseline to assess the overall potential for energy savings. Efficient, environmentally friendly and safe utilization of energy
Doc .: 30943-041-0.9 Page 5 of 11
Client: The World Bank Group
Title: Energy Audit – Aluminum Company
TALCO, Tajikistan

will be higher. Likewise, if production falls, total consumption
energy and absolute energy savings for the planned activities will be lower.Reducing production in this way means that more electricity can be
serve to other consumers from the network.

During the implementation of the developed measures and in the course of work to establish
technological process, including improving the crimping of green anodes and improving
cleaning of anode cinders, the quality of the anodes will increase significantly, and the productivity and
conditions in electrolysis production will improve. The proposed measures will extend the service life
anodes and thus reduce the need for new anodes.In general, the average time
payback of the proposed energy saving measures in anode production
extremely attractive from a commercial point of view, despite more
significant investments and long terms of their return, in comparison with electrolysis
production. We also note that these measures will significantly reduce
the need for natural gas, which is currently imported for a fairly
high price.

By realizing the potential for energy efficiency, TALCO can significantly
improve your specific indicators of energy consumption by:

 3.1 kWh / kg Al during electrolysis, i.e.e., specific electricity consumption
will decrease to 13.32 kWh / kg Al;
 0.5 kWh / kg of pre-baked anodes in the anode production workshop i.e.
specific electricity consumption will decrease to 1.8 kWh / kg baked anodes2.

Brief information on identified profitable energy saving measures
At the electrolysis production, eighteen energy-saving
activities. Most of the activities aimed at reducing stress on
electrolyzer are associated with certain improvements on the anode or cathode sides, and
also on tires.In most cases, these activities are inexpensive. The exception to this
is to create a more efficient anode nipple / hole assembly.

Improving the efficiency of current output (CT) requires a large cost in terms of installation
point power supply and automatic control of aluminum electrolysis. However, an increase
KT from 86.57 to 92.78% will bring significant dividends. The current production volume may
be increased by 7.2% without additional consumption of raw materials, materials and energy, or
energy consumption can be reduced by 16.5% while maintaining the current level
production, however, in this case, some electrolysers will have to be turned off.Great potential for saving natural gas lies in anode production, before
just by improving the quality of anode baking in the furnace. Their implementation will be capital intensive,
but this gives significant gas savings and improves the quality of the baked anodes,
used in electrolysis. The investment required for modernization is expected to be
anode baking ovens will account for about 60% of the total capital cost for all
activities included in the Action Plan, however, the average payback period of 2. 3 years is very
attractive from a commercial point of view.In addition, there is significant potential to reduce

2
Calculated on the basis of data on the level of production and technological parameters for March 2012.

Efficient, environmentally friendly and safe utilization of energy
Doc .: 30943-041-0.9 Page 6 of 11
Client: The World Bank Group
Title: Energy Audit – Aluminum Company
TALCO, Tajikistan

direct energy losses were revealed in the process of heating pitch and coke, as well as due to an increase in
recovery of heat from calcining furnaces.This report also identifies energy saving measures for service
systems and auxiliary equipment TALCO. Most of these measures are
typical energy saving measures, and can be implemented independently
from friend. Important activities: (-) implementation of an energy management system, which is important
to establish progressive energy saving activities; (-) regulation
speed of electric drives and motors; (-) improved insulation; (-) improvement
maintenance and repair of boiler units. Package measures
Energy savings potential calculated for each proposed event
individually. If all proposals are implemented, the total energy savings will be
slightly less than the above figures. There is also a positive relationship
between some of the proposed projects. For example, energy saving solutions,
aimed at reducing the voltage on the electrolyzer, will lead to additional
improvements in current distribution, and thus additional energy savings.These
additional savings from positive side effects are not counted in
individual estimates of energy savings.

In addition, for technical and financial reasons, the Action Plan also recommends
joint introduction of point alumina feed, automatic alumina control,
changes in the composition of the electrolyte and the use of slotted anodes. A package of these measures has a deadline
payback period 2.6 years, which is significantly shorter than the payback period of the actual point
alumina feeders.Reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
Global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions has become one of the most important
world problems over the past decade. Since the production of aluminum at TALCO
is based on hydroelectricity, which means that CO2 emissions associated with consumption
electricity are insignificant, but the total GHG emissions are high due to
greenhouse gas emissions associated with the electrolysis process.

There are two main sources of greenhouse gas emissions from aluminum production:
the use of a large number of anodes, resulting in CO2 emissions and
anode effect (AE) resulting in the release of perfluorocarbons (PFCs).These
the sources contribute to the formation of about 10,000 kg CO2 equivalent / t Al.

The emissions of PFCs that are generated during the anode effect are possibly the most hazardous with
point of view of global warming. PFCs are potent greenhouse gases that
have a greenhouse effect 6,500 (CF4) and 9,200 (C2F6) times higher than the reference
greenhouse gas CO2. Anodic effect occurs when the electrolyte becomes depleted
aluminum oxide, and a normal electrolysis reaction is not possible. On
TALCO, on average, the frequency of anode effects was 2.65 AE / cell / day in March
2012, while modern factories often operate at a lower frequency of anode
effects such as 0.1 AE / cell / day. Reduction of anode effects is
the priority area for reducing greenhouse gas emissions at TALCO.

Efficient, environmentally friendly and safe utilization of energy
Doc .: 30943-041-0.9 Page 7 of 11
Client: The World Bank Group
Title: Energy Audit – Aluminum Company
TALCO, Tajikistan

Pre-identified energy conservation measures have potential to reduce emissions
about 2,000,000 tons of CO2 equivalent per year, which is very significant. Most of
emission reductions are expected due to improved cell efficiency.Proposed action plan
The activities proposed in this Report are organized by groups, depending on their
simple payback period.

 The first group of measures, payback within a year.
 Second group, payback period from one to three years;
 Third group, payback period from three to seven years.

Table 3: List of Priority Actions with Economic Indicators
proposed measures.Group Potential Potential Reduction Investment Simple
saving cost savings. (USD) term
electricity natural Annual payback
ai gas savings, (years)
(kWh / year) (kWh / year) (USD)US / year)
Immediate 13 /
12 559 996 2 614 488 770 000 0.3
First group

completed 114 316 505
Needs to
technical 75.9 /
35 938 746 17 959 211 6 330 000 0.4
elaboration / 664 708 153
planning
Immediate 0.4 /
0 63 036 174 120 2.8
Second group

implementation 3 444 600
Needs to
technical 41 /
95 986 577 26 196 230 69 404 000 2. 6
elaboration / 358 644 187
planning
Immediate 1.3 /
0 209 022 675 411 3.2
Third group

realization 11 421 950
Needs to
technical 0.3 /
52 927 052 ​​2 144 762 9 703 000 4.5
development / 2 749 452
planning
TOTAL 131.8 /
197 412 370 49 186 749 86 911 531 1.8
1 155 284 847

In each of the groups, activities are divided into two categories depending on their
technical complexity: some activities can be implemented immediately TALCO
without additional preparatory work, while others need
planning and engineering prior to implementation.The 7-year payback period is a boundary one and cuts off activities from their inclusion in
action plan. Table 3 presents economic indicators for all priority
activities are presented in groups.

Efficient, environmentally friendly and safe utilization of energy
Doc .: 30943-041-0.9 Page 8 of 11
Client: The World Bank Group
Title: Energy Audit – Aluminum Company
TALCO, Tajikistan

Energy saving measures not included in the Action Plan
At least 7 events have a payback period of more than 7 years.These measures are related to
auxiliary systems, for example, the use of frequency converters and
reconstruction of lighting systems. Due to the fact that the payback periods go beyond
an acceptable period of time, such activities are considered less obvious
for TALCO. It should be noted that in other countries, where energy prices are much
above, such measures are usually included in energy saving programs. Therefore, it is advisable
consider the feasibility of implementing these measures if the energy price for TALCO
increases significantly. One of the potential projects to improve power supply is replacing
existing converters 220/10/840 V DC to converter 220/840 V
direct current, container type. Our conclusion is that up to 0.3% of the total
electricity consumption can be saved by implementing this
measures in connection with the reduction of the stages of transformation by one, but the payback of this
activities are very low. The main advantages of this project are
technological, i.e.e., the quality of the electrolytic cell supply with electricity is improved.

During the energy audit, the working group discovered the possibility of updating the bushings
220/10 kV by replacing old single-phase transformers at each input with
modern 3-phase transformer with a capacity of 250 MVA. Calculations show that
the payback period is much more than 6 years. In addition, TALCO may need to be made more
powerful 10 kV distribution busbars and 10 kV distribution networks, which also
will require significant investment.TALCO has its own sources of reactive power, but their use is not
effective. Only part of the reactive power consumed by the company (mainly
converters, induction furnaces and motors) is compensated by its own
capacities. With the installation of active compensation equipment, TALCO will be able to
reduce daily reactive power consumption and costs by 75%, and reduce
load on the main input transformer. Before reactive power compensation, you can
manually track changes in production load in order to minimize the cost of
reactive energy.Power management capabilities
The consultants considered possible options for use by the enterprise
advantages of seasonal tariffs in order to shift part of its load from the deficit
winter season in summer season. Two main possibilities: (-) capital planning
repair of electrolysers in winter; (-) decrease in current strength of electrolysers in winter
time.

It is technically possible to plan the overhaul of electrolysers for the winter.V
as a result, fewer pots will operate during this period and
there will be more working electrolysers in the summer. The method requires the abandonment of the monthly
repair of electrolysers. In this case, the number of idle electrolyzers will be
grow gradually throughout the year, however, in the spring, all repaired electrolyzers can
be connected to series at the same time. Thanks to this planning, in winter
electricity consumption will decrease by an average of 22 GWh per month, and in summer it will
will increase accordingly.TALCO can save about US $ 860,000 per year,
taking advantage of seasonal tariffs, while the load capacity on

Efficient, environmentally friendly and safe utilization of energy
Doc .: 30943-041-0.9 Page 9 of 11
Client: The World Bank Group
Title: Energy Audit – Aluminum Company
TALCO, Tajikistan

the republican network may be reduced by 2.5 MW in winter.However, TALCO
may face high investment volumes concentrated within a short
a period of time to purchase all the necessary materials for overhaul and
implementation of energy efficiency measures. In addition, TALCO may face
difficulties in ensuring the quality of repairs due to the concentration of restarts in
spring period.

It is also technically possible to reduce the amperage without damage to the electrolyzer in order to
reducing energy consumption in winter.A challenge for further research
there may be a proposal to reduce the current strength by 20 kA within 4 months (122
days) during the “cold” season. TALCO can save about US $ 4,000,000 over
4 “cold” months, but aluminum production could be reduced by 11,000 tonnes over the same
period. This activity, however, cannot be completed in a short time frame.

Further steps
TALCO can immediately implement eight simple Group 1 measures that do not require
substantial engineering training.Electricity consumption can be reduced
respectively, by 114 GWh / year, and the load on the national power supply network by 13
MW. There are also five simple activities, in groups 2 and 3, that can be implemented
at the same time together with the above. Their energy saving potential is 15 GW
h / year, load reduction – by 1.7 MW. Most of these measures can be implemented in
within one year.

Other activities may require additional research, engineering –
technical calculations, so that their implementation can take up to 4 years.However, it is recommended in
urgently start working on them. TALCO may need help from
consultants and / or technical department of a large international aluminum company
to implement some of these activities. 2 large investment projects, where
loan financing may be required: (-) improvement of CT due to automatic
supply and control of the alumina content in the electrolyte and (-) Improvement of the operation of roasting
ovens.

7 energy saving measures in the electrolysis process (groups 2 and 3) require shutdown
electrolysers.However, at TALCO it is necessary to specifically close the electrolysers and
immediately implement measures to improve energy efficiency. These activities
can be implemented gradually, while the electrolyzers will be shut down for
overhaul after the end of their service life.

Efficient, environmentally friendly and safe utilization of energy
Doc .: 30943-041-0.9 Page 10 of 11

Long-term hair removal with Intense Pulsed Light – photoepilation

World standards for depilation

LONG-TERM HAIR REMOVAL WITH INTENSIVE PULSE LIGHT IS:

• FAST;
• CONVENIENT;
• NEW ALTERNATIVE TO LONG-TERM HAIR REMOVAL!

What is the Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) method?

Intense Pulsed Light Equipment – (eng.Intensive Puls Light – IPL) is a very powerful equipment that generates a stream of waves of different light spectrum.

How does it differ from other photoepilation devices, beauty lamps, which are widely used by beauty parlors?

IPL equipment is very powerful, it generates about 50 J / cm2 and even more energy. Therefore, the procedures performed with this device are highly effective. The maximum power of conventional cosmetology lamps is only 10-15 J / cm2, therefore it is impossible to destroy the hair follicle with their help, i. e.e. permanently remove hair.

How is IPL different from laser hair removal?

Both methods are good and give long lasting hair removal results.
IPL hair removal:

• the procedure is faster, since the sensor coverage area is 8-9 times larger than that of the laser,
• the device used in our GK Clinic is endowed with more perfect cooling, in connection with which the discomfort becomes minimal;
• on the day of the procedure, it is not required to grow hair 1.5-1 mm long above the skin surface, as is required for laser hair removal.It is enough just to shave them off. This is especially useful when removing facial hair (less psychological discomfort).

How does the IPL method work on hair?

The

IPL generates a beam of intense, concentrated light of different wavelengths, which is directed to the desired area using a hand-held sensor.
The pigment in the hair absorbs the energy distributed by the IPL, a very large heat energy is released, which destroys the hair follicle. No bulb, hair does not grow back.

What is the peculiarity of the IPL apparatus used in our GK Clinic?

So far, this is the only IPL device in LITHUANIA, equipped with a perfect sensor cooling system, the sensor is cooled down to sub-zero temperature, so the procedure becomes completely painless.
This method is less painful than laser hair removal, electrolysis, depilation. This is a much more convenient, efficient and faster method.
Can this method remove hair from any part of the body?
This method can be used to remove hair from any part of the body.For women, hair is most often removed from the area above the upper lip, in the area of ​​the eyebrows, chin, bikini, legs and armpits. For men – from a large area of ​​the body: back or shoulders.

Who is particularly suitable for IPL hair removal?

Especially such procedures help those who cannot shave or depilate their hair using the usual old methods and those whose hair grows into the skin after shaving or depilation (reddened bumps form, infection begins).

Is special preparation required before IPL hair removal?

• For 4-6 weeks before the procedure, it is recommended not to pluck, not to remove hair with a depilatory cream, wax or electrolysis (you can shave your hair).
• Try to keep your skin tanned on the day of the procedure.
• For 4 weeks before the procedure, do not use active cosmetics (which make the skin sensitive to intense light) in the area where you plan to remove hair using the IPL method.
• on the day of the procedure, the skin should be clean, make-up, creams, perfumes and other products should not be used. Hair should be shaved off.

Is IPL hair removal painful?

IPL hair removal is a safe, quick and gentle way. Although some areas of the body are more sensitive than others, many of the patients experience only little or no tingling. Usually no pain relievers are required.
What are the recommendations after IPL hair removal?
After the procedure, the skin may slightly redden or itch. These phenomena will disappear in 1-2 days. Recommended after hair removal by IPL method:

• Do not sunbathe in the sun or in a solarium for about two days;
• Avoid staying in the sauna, baths and other hot procedures for 1-2 days;
• do not take hot showers;
• Do not scratch, rub, or injure the skin;
• avoid swimming, sports activities, during which the treated skin may be injured or infected;
• do not use any cosmetics for 24 hours after the procedure.

Is this method for everyone?

After the procedure skin can be slightly reddened or itchy. These affects disappear within 1 to 2 days. After the IPL hair removal:

The unique properties of IPL make it possible to work with different types of skin and hair.
The specialists in our GK Clinic will prepare an individual schedule for hair removal using the IPL system. During the consultation, our doctor will advise and tell you whether this method is the most suitable for you and will select the most effective combination of treatment.

How many procedures are required?

The number of procedures depends on the density of the hair, their quantity, and the growth cycle. Hair can only be removed during the growth phase (in this phase, the hair grows out of the bulb and appears on the skin surface). A huge number of factors affect hairiness: ethnicity, hormones, medications, metabolism, etc. Often 4-6 procedures are required to achieve the desired result.

The doctors of our GK Clinic will offer you the most suitable treatment schedule.

What are the side effects of IPL hair removal?

Short-term side effects may occur, for example: redness of the skin, which disappears after a few hours. After hair removal, in rare cases, scabs or small blisters may appear, which will disappear after 5-7 days. People who are dark or tanned may experience changes in skin pigmentation. These changes in skin pigmentation level out within 3 months.

When is IPL hair removal not recommended?

Procedure not executed:

• in case of skin diseases in the area where hair removal is planned;
• in the case of the use of drugs that have photosensitizing properties (i. e.e. make the skin sensitive to intense light, e.g. sulfonamides, systemic antifungals, chlorpromazine, thiazide, etc.)
• the procedure is not recommended if the body has a tendency to form keloid scars
• IPL is not recommended if you have epilepsy, polycystic ovary disease, ovarian hyperandrogenism.

Always consult a physician prior to procedure. Only a specialist can advise if this procedure is right for you.

Page not found |

Page not found |

404. Page not found

Monthly archive

MonTueWedThuFtSaSun

11121314151617

18192021222324

25262728293031

12

12

1

3031

12

15161718192021

25262728293031

123

45678910

12

17181920212223

31

2728293031

1

1234

567891011

12

891011121314

11121314151617

28293031

1234

12

12345

6789101112

567891011

12131415161718

19202122232425

3456789

17181920212223

24252627282930

12345

13141516171819

20212223242526

2728293031

15161718192021

22232425262728

2930

Archives

Tags

Settings
for visually impaired

.