Department of Public Health – Acute Communicable Disease Control

Stress Fracture Causes | Sports-health

Bone health in athletes requires an adequate balance between exertion and rest, as well as good nutrition and proper training form. Athletes also must train in a manner that allows their bodies enough time to adjust to increased levels of exertion in order to avoid injury. If any one of these areas is neglected, stress fractures may develop.

The following are some of the underlying causes of stress fracture development in athletes. Many athletes experiencing stress fractures will have multiple root causes that will need to be addressed before healing and a return to sports can commence.

It is also possible for non-athletes to develop stress fractures during normal daily activities if they have poor bone density due to a condition that weakens the bone, such as osteoporosis or osteopenia.

¹
Wedro B. Stress fracture. eMedicineHealth.com. June 11, 2014: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/stress_fracture/article_em.htm. Accessed December 22, 2014.

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Changes in exercise patterns

Stress fractures may occur if athletes rapidly increase their level of activity in one or more of the following ways:

Exercise frequency. Athletes who increase their number of exercise sessions without giving their bodies adequate time to adjust may develop stress fractures. For example, recreational runners who are accustomed to running two or three times a week may develop stress fractures in the feet, ankles, or shins if they abruptly change to a six-day-a-week schedule.

¹
Wedro B. Stress fracture. eMedicineHealth.com. June 11, 2014: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/stress_fracture/article_em.htm. Accessed December 22, 2014.

Exercise duration. Increasing the length of individual exercise sessions too quickly can lead to stress fractures. For example, a ballet dancer accustomed to daily 30-minute practice sessions may develop stress fractures if she increases her session length to 90 minutes or more.

¹
Wedro B. Stress fracture. eMedicineHealth.com. June 11, 2014: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/stress_fracture/article_em.htm. Accessed December 22, 2014.

Exercise intensity. Even if athletes do not change the frequency or duration of their regular workouts, a change in the level of exertion in those workouts can still lead to stress fractures if the body is not given enough time to adjust to the new level of intensity. For example, recreational athletes who are accustomed to three moderate, 30-minute sessions on an elliptical trainer each week might experience stress fractures if they switch to three intense, 30-minute sessions of sprints mixed with plyometrics.

¹
Wedro B. Stress fracture. eMedicineHealth.com. June 11, 2014: http://www.emedicinehealth. com/stress_fracture/article_em.htm. Accessed December 22, 2014.
This same phenomenon can occur when athletes dramatically increase their speed, such as increasing the distance an athlete runs over a 30-minute period.

Change of playing surface. Athletes who have grown accustomed to one type of playing surface may develop stress fractures if they make a switch to a new type of playing surface. Examples include switching from grass to clay tennis courts, changing from natural grass to artificial turf, or running outdoors after running on a treadmill all winter.

¹
Wedro B. Stress fracture. eMedicineHealth.com. June 11, 2014: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/stress_fracture/article_em.htm. Accessed December 22, 2014.

Change in daily footwear or stepping habits. Sometimes a simple change in footwear and/or amount of walking activity is all that is required to cause a stress fracture. For example, changing from flat shoes to wearing high heels on a daily basis, or a normally sedentary person walking a lot while touring on vacation.

²
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons and the American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine. Stress fractures of the foot and ankle. July 2009: OrthoInfo. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00379. Accessed December 22, 2014.

Athletes and anyone else who engages in exercise are advised to ramp up their activities gradually to reduce the risk of stress fracture.

In This Article:

• All About Stress Fractures

• Stress Fracture Causes

• Stress Fracture Symptoms

• Stress Fracture Risk Factors

• Stress Fracture Diagnosis

• Stress Fracture Treatment and Prevention

Poor conditioning or training techniques

In addition to the above factors, athletes who lack the athletic conditioning to take on a certain level of sports activity or “overdo it” in a single sport may develop stress fractures, due to lack of cross-training. For example:

Not maintaining a consistent training regime. Athletes who expect to return to their peak-season level of conditioning after the off-season risk developing stress fractures. For example, distance runners who ran a marathon(s) at the end of the fall but only did short 3-to-5-mile training runs during the winter can develop a stress fracture if they try to replicate their previous mileage when the spring running season starts.

¹
Wedro B. Stress fracture. eMedicineHealth.com. June 11, 2014: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/stress_fracture/article_em.htm. Accessed December 22, 2014.

Playing the same sport all the time. Year-round athletes who do not change sports with each passing season may develop stress fractures, especially during the childhood and adolescent years. For example, a teenage soccer player who plays on his high school team in the fall, then joins independent traveling teams in the winter and spring, then goes to soccer camp in the summer without ever taking a break from the sport.

³
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons and the Pediatric Orthopedic Society of North America. High school sports injuries. August 2012: OrthoInfo. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00056. Accessed December 22, 2014.

Not using the right equipment or using worn-out equipment. Playing sports with old, worn-out equipment, ill-fitting equipment, or no equipment at all can result in stress fractures. For example, a ballerina may develop stress fractures in her toes and/or metatarsals if she dances in worn-out toe shoes, or a recreational runner may develop stress fractures if he chooses cheap running shoes that do not provide adequate arch support.

¹
Wedro B. Stress fracture. eMedicineHealth.com. June 11, 2014: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/stress_fracture/article_em.htm. Accessed December 22, 2014.

Poor technique. Athletes who do not follow established techniques when playing their sport can develop stress fractures. For example, gymnasts with sloppy landing techniques, dancers who “cheat” their foot positions, or track athletes who have trouble clearing hurdles. Stress fractures related to poor technique are especially common among recreational athletes and early-career athletes.

¹
Wedro B. Stress fracture. eMedicineHealth.com. June 11, 2014: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/stress_fracture/article_em.htm. Accessed December 22, 2014.

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Poor bone density

Early-onset osteoporosis in adolescent girls and/or elite female athletes related to high levels of athletic intensity and poor nutrition can cause stress fractures. This phenomenon is often called the female athletic triad and it commonly occurs among female athletes who participate in sports where low body weight offers a competitive advantage, such as ballet, distance running, figure skating, or gymnastics.

In the female athletic triad, female athletes may engage in disordered eating (anorexia/bulimia) combined with intense levels of exercise in order to maintain a low body-fat percentage. Disordered eating and intense physical activity can suppress the hormones that control the menstrual cycle (amenorrhea), a biochemical state similar to menopause that results in the lack of a regular menstrual periods. This can rob the bones of calcium, weakening them and increasing the chance of stress fractures.

⁴
Romani W et al. Mechanisms and management of stress fractures in physically active persons. J Athl Train. 2002 Jul-Sep; 37 (3): 306-314.
^,
5
Sallis RE, Jones K. Stress fractures in athletes: how to spot this underdiagnosed injury. Postgrad Med. 1991; 89:185-192. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020647. Abstract accessed December 23, 2014.

Dr. Adam Yanke is an orthopedic surgeon practicing in the sports medicine division at Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush. He also serves as an Assistant Professor at Rush University’s Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and as the Director of Education overseeing the Rush University Sports Medicine Fellowship.

• 1
  Wedro B. Stress fracture. eMedicineHealth.com. June 11, 2014: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/stress_fracture/article_em.htm. Accessed December 22, 2014.
• 2
  American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons and the American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine. Stress fractures of the foot and ankle. July 2009: OrthoInfo. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00379. Accessed December 22, 2014.
• 3
  American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons and the Pediatric Orthopedic Society of North America. High school sports injuries. August 2012: OrthoInfo. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00056. Accessed December 22, 2014.
• 4
  Romani W et al. Mechanisms and management of stress fractures in physically active persons. J Athl Train. 2002 Jul-Sep; 37 (3): 306-314.
• 5
  Sallis RE, Jones K. Stress fractures in athletes: how to spot this underdiagnosed injury. Postgrad Med. 1991; 89:185-192. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020647. Abstract accessed December 23, 2014.

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Yellow diarrhea: causes, methods of treatment and prevention in adults

Author, editor and medical expert – Zavgorodnyaya Ekaterina Aleksandrovna.

Editor and medical expert – Harutyunyan Mariam Harutyunovna.

Number of views: 1 320 410

Date last updated: 2 Contents:

Causes of yellow stool in an adult
Treatment
What medicines can the doctor prescribe?

Normal stool has an elongated “sausage” shape, soft texture, and color in different shades of brown ¹ . Unusual yellow or orange coloration of stools may be quite normal ¹ , but if loose yellow stools are persistent or recur from time to time, a medical examination may be warranted. We talk about the causes of yellow feces with diarrhea and the treatment of diarrhea in the article.

Causes of yellow stool in an adult

Brown stool is associated with the “dye” stercobilin ¹ . It is formed from the bile enzyme bilirubin after it is processed by intestinal bacteria ¹ . A smaller amount of stercobilin and different impurities can give the feces different shades of yellow ¹ . Let’s figure out how this happens.

Diseases of the gallbladder

The gallbladder secretes bile in portions when we eat something. This synchrony is disturbed by inflammation of the gallbladder, its absence, or problems with the movement of bile through the biliary tract (dyskinesia) ¹⁰ . Bile, which enters the intestines at the wrong time, does not find food there that needs to be digested. Free bile speeds up the work of the intestines and increases the release of fluid into its lumen, so the stool becomes liquid ⁹ . And since “pure” bilirubin enters the feces, which did not have time to turn into stercobilin, diarrhea and golden yellow stools occur ^9.10 .

Nutrition

Loose yellow stools are common among dairy drinkers ¹² . Fats and milk sugar in their composition digest the enzymes of the digestive system. But if there is too much “milk” in the diet, enzymes may not be enough. Part of the milk sugar is not digested and develops a syndrome of malabsorption – impaired digestion and absorption. It manifests as diarrhea with yellow stools ¹² .

Yellow loose stools may occur with excessive consumption of ³ :

• animal milk;
• sour cream and yogurt;
• cottage cheese and curd products;
• kefir, curdled milk and acidophilus;
• hard and soft cheeses;
• butter.

Lactase deficiency

Sometimes the body is not able to digest milk sugar due to a deficiency of the necessary enzyme – lactase. The problem is quite common – lactase deficiency is present in 20% of people. It can be a congenital feature of digestion, a manifestation of food allergies or intestinal diseases ^3,8,12 .

Undigested lactose is fermented by intestinal bacteria, but some of the milk sugar remains unprocessed and, getting into the stool, turns it yellow. Diarrhea usually bothers even if you eat very little dairy products, and is accompanied by bloating and pain in the abdomen ^{3. 8} .

Celiac disease

In celiac disease, the body cannot tolerate gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley and oats ² Not only cereals from these cereals are rich in cereals, but also ordinary bakery products, pasta, pastries, breakfast cereals, even “crab” meat and sticks ⁴ .

If you eat a gluten product, an autoimmune reaction occurs in the intestines of a person with celiac disease: immune cells attack not only gluten, but also partially intestinal cells ^2,4 . The symptom of this reaction is diarrhea with yellow frothy stools and a very unpleasant odor ^2.4 .

Some drugs

The color of the stool may change under the influence of various drugs taken by mouth.

Laxatives

After taking strong laxatives (senna, rhubarb) diarrhea with yellow stools is possible. Diarrhea usually occurs if you exceed the recommended dosage or use the medicine too often ^1.8 .

Slimming drugs

Some drugs, such as orlistat, interfere with the absorption of fat from food, it is excreted in the feces, so the stool becomes yellow. There may be no diarrhea, but the stool becomes softer and bulkier ² .

Antibiotics

Diarrhea with golden yellow stools often occurs during antibiotic therapy or some time after the end of the course ¹ . In this case, changes in the color and consistency of feces are due to the fact that antibiotics suppress the normal intestinal microflora, causing dysbacteriosis ¹ .

Note!

Almost always, stool changes color in those who have recently had an X-ray of the gastrointestinal tract. Before the study, a person is given a drink of a chalky suspension – barium sulfate, so that it makes the digestive tract visible on the X-ray. But, getting into the feces, barium sulfate gives it a light yellow or white color ¹ .

Intestinal infections

Stools in the form of “pea puree” – thin, yellow-orange color – a clear sign of typhoid fever ¹ . This infectious disease is caused by the intestinal bacteria Salmonella, which are usually transmitted through food or water ⁵ .

Chronic bowel disease

If there is chronic inflammation in the bowel, you may occasionally experience green or yellow jelly-like stools with a fever. And with purulent processes in the large intestine, feces take on the appearance of coffee with milk or cream: clots of dead immune and intestinal cells give the feces a light yellow color ^1.11 .

Treatment

Since the causes of yellow loose stools are varied, do not self-diagnose – consult a specialist. Only after analyzing the specific situation and additional studies, the general practitioner or gastroenterologist can establish a diagnosis and prescribe treatment.

While waiting to see a specialist, it is recommended:

Drink plenty of fluids

Regardless of the cause, there is a risk of dehydration with diarrhea. Its first signs are dryness of the skin and mucous membranes, rare urination with a small volume of urine of a saturated color. These symptoms can appear even with mild diarrhea. To compensate for the loss of fluid, a person with diarrhea needs to receive a sufficient amount of fluid (1.5-2.5 liters per day) in the form of fruit drink, rosehip infusion, weak tea or water acidified with lemon or

cranberry extract ⁵ . Tea, coffee, cocoa, fruit drinks and juices can be consumed when you are on a gluten-free diet ⁴ .

Follow a diet

Until the stool normalizes, it is better to exclude fatty and fried foods, smoked meats, canned food, any beans, beets, cucumbers, radishes, citrus fruits, pears, plums and grapes from the diet ^7.12 . If you have gluten intolerance or problems digesting lactose, eliminate dairy products and baked goods from your diet ⁴ .

Choose lean meats, fish or poultry ⁷ . We recommend eating them boiled, pureed or steamed ¹² .

What medicines can the doctor prescribe?

There is no universal tablet for yellow diarrhea. The doctor can recommend medicines from different groups ⁸ :

• rehydrators — to restore the water-salt balance in the body;
• enterosorbents – removing toxins and excess fluid from the intestines;
• enzymes – facilitating digestion;
• intestinal antiseptics and antibiotics – to fight infection;
• anti-inflammatory drugs – for chronic bowel diseases;
• pre- and probiotics – to normalize the microflora;
• antidiarrheals containing loperamide – to relieve the symptoms of diarrhea.

Loperamide is the active ingredient in Imodium® Express ¹³ . It is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea caused by a change in diet or diet, drug use, or intestinal malabsorption ¹³ . In acute infectious diarrhea, Imodium® Express is used as an adjuvant ⁹ . Imodium® Express lyophilisate tablets with special Zaydis technology dissolve on the tongue in 3 seconds and do not require drinking water ¹³ . The effect of the drug begins from the first application ¹⁴ .

Please note!

If you notice blood in your stool and you have a fever, do not take antidiarrheal medicines, call your doctor ¹³ .

The information in this article is for reference only and does not replace professional medical advice. For diagnosis and treatment, contact a qualified specialist.

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Foods that increase blood hemoglobin

How much hemoglobin does the body need?

One of the most common diseases is hemoglobin deficiency. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein found in red blood cells (erythrocytes) that is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body.

Vera Afanasieva

general practitioner, head of the therapeutic department LLC “Institute of Health”

– When the level of hemoglobin decreases, a person feels tired, weak, shortness of breath, headache. If hemoglobin drops significantly, anemia begins. Often products that increase hemoglobin help solve the problem. We will figure out in which cases it is enough to adjust the diet, and when it is necessary to take more serious measures.

Most blood cells, including red blood cells, are made in the bone marrow, a spongy material found in the cavities of many large bones. Red blood cells live in the bloodstream for about 120 days.

The body needs iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and other nutrients from food to produce hemoglobin and red blood cells.

Reference

Hemoglobin is defined as the amount of hemoglobin in grams (g) per deciliter (dL) of whole blood, a deciliter being 100 milliliters.

The level of hemoglobin in the body depends on the age and gender of the person. Since there are different test systems, normal values ​​​​may vary slightly (approximately within 0.5 g / dl).

Normal hemoglobin level

Age	Reference values ​​(g/dl)	Mean value (g/dl)
newborns	13. 5–24.0	16.5
up to 1 month	10.0–20.0	13.9
1–2 months	10.0–18.0	11.2
2–6 months	9.5–14.0	12.6
0.5–2 years	10.5–13.5	12.0
2–6 years	11.5–13.5	12.5
6–12 years old	11.5–15.5	13.5
Girls 12–18 years old	12.0–16.0	14.0
Women over 18	12.1–15.1	14.0
Boys 12–18 years old	13.0–16.0	14.5
Men over 18	13.6–17.7	15.5

https://www.emedicinehealth.com/hemoglobin_levels/article_em.htm

Types of anemia and their causes

There are many forms of anemia, each with a different cause. Anemia can be temporary or long lasting and range from mild to severe.

1. Iron deficiency anemia – the most common, caused by iron deficiency in the body, without which the bone marrow cannot produce the necessary amount of hemoglobin for red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia can be caused by blood loss, such as from heavy menstrual bleeding, stomach or small intestine ulcers, or colon cancer. Also, iron deficiency anemia can begin due to the regular use of certain painkillers, such as aspirin. Aspirin provokes inflammation of the stomach lining, which leads to blood loss. It is very important to determine the true cause of iron deficiency in order to prevent anemia.
2. Folate deficiency anemia – caused by a lack of folic acid (vitamin B9), often accompanies iron deficiency and B12 deficiency anemia. Vitamin B9 is synthesized by the intestinal microflora, and also enters the body as part of the folate contained in plant foods.
3. Avitaminous (pernicious, B12 deficiency) anemia is an autoimmune disease in which vitamin B12 is not absorbed. In order to produce enough healthy red blood cells, the body needs folic acid and vitamin B12 in addition to iron.
4. Aplastic anemia – rare and life-threatening. Occurs when bone marrow stem cells do not produce enough red blood cells. Aplastic anemia is caused by infections, certain drugs (such as antiretrovirals), autoimmune diseases, and exposure to toxic chemicals.
5. Hemolytic anemia – occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can replace them. Some blood disorders increase the destruction of red blood cells. Hemolytic anemia can be hereditary or develop during life.
6. Sickle cell anemia is an inherited form of anemia, sometimes a type of hemolytic anemia. Caused by defective hemoglobin, which causes red blood cells to take on an unusual crescent (sickle) shape. These blood cells die prematurely, resulting in a chronic shortage of red blood cells.

Who is at risk?

People with the conditions listed below should be especially careful and have their hemoglobin levels checked regularly.

Anemia can be caused by:

• Immune and inflammatory diseases such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis: interfere with the production of red blood cells.
• Diseases of the bone marrow – leukemia, myelofibrosis, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome: affect the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
• Intestinal disorders such as Crohn’s disease and celiac disease: interfere with the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.
• Chronic kidney disease: interfere with the production of red blood cells, because the kidneys synthesize a hormone that signals the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells.
• Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly): The spleen filters red blood cells as they travel through the body – trapping and destroying damaged or dying red blood cells. An enlarged spleen holds on to more red blood cells than necessary, interrupting the life of these cells prematurely.
• Thalassemia: a blood disorder that affects the body’s ability to produce hemoglobin and red blood cells.
• Chemotherapy: May affect bone marrow cells by reducing the number of red blood cells it produces.

But healthy people can also be at risk.

Factors that can also trigger the development of anemia:

• Diet low in iron, vitamin B12, folic acid and copper.
• Menstruation . To replace the hemoglobin lost during menstruation, women need about twice as much iron as men, as well as women after menopause.
• Pregnancy . Refusal to take multivitamins with folic acid and iron increases the risk of developing iron deficiency and folate deficiency anemia.
• Alcohol . Alcohol abuse can affect the production of red blood cells.
• Age . People over the age of 65 are at an increased risk of developing anemia.

Symptoms of low hemoglobin

Decreased hemoglobin is indicated by: fatigue, weakness, pale or yellowish skin, irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath, dizziness, chest pain, cold hands and feet, headaches.

At first, anemia can be so mild that it is hard to notice. But as it worsens, the symptoms worsen.

How to treat low hemoglobin

Treatment options for anemia depend on the cause and range from taking dietary supplements to medical procedures.

If, as a result of the diagnosis, iron deficiency or folic deficiency anemia is detected, the doctor will recommend diversifying the diet with foods rich in iron, folic acid and vitamin B12, and will also prescribe appropriate dietary supplements.

If the root cause lies in a serious disease, then it is necessary to treat it.

What causes prolonged anemia

If anemia is started, the following health problems may begin:

1. Extreme fatigue . Severe anemia can make you so tired that you can’t perform daily tasks.
2. Complications during pregnancy . Folic deficiency anemia is especially dangerous for pregnant women, as it can provoke malformations of the fetal nervous system, and also increases the risk of placental abruption and premature birth.
3. Heart problems . Anemia can lead to arrhythmia (a fast or irregular heartbeat). In anemia, the heart pumps more blood to make up for the lack of oxygen in the blood. This can lead to an enlarged heart or heart failure.
4. Death . Some hereditary anemias, such as sickle cell anemia, can lead to life-threatening complications. Loss of large amounts of blood quickly leads to acute, severe anemia and even death. For older people, anemia can be deadly.

What can cause high hemoglobin levels?

A high level of hemoglobin leads to an increased concentration of red blood cells, which makes the blood more viscous and dense. This can threaten high blood pressure, thrombosis, embolism (the presence in the bloodstream of “wandering” blood clots that are not attached to the vessel wall by a leg), myocardial infarction and stroke.

– With increased hemoglobin, the blood supply to organs and tissues worsens, as with reduced hemoglobin, adds Vera Afanasyeva .

Hemoglobin levels become too high when the body needs increased oxygen carrying capacity. In healthy people, as a rule, the causes of increased hemoglobin can be as follows:

• Lack of oxygen:

– High concentration of carbon dioxide in the air (smokers and residents of megacities are at risk).

– Living at high altitude – to compensate for the lack of oxygen, the production of red blood cells naturally increases.

• Deficiency of fluid in the body: may occur during drying, strict diet, dehydration.
• Active sports: Intense cardio and sports such as athletics require more oxygen, which causes the body to produce more hemoglobin.

Also, hemoglobin can increase due to problems with the heart and lungs – if they cannot cope, then the production of red blood cells increases to maintain the required amount of oxygen in the body.

In addition to these reasons, a high level of hemoglobin can be caused by diseases such as congenital heart disease, exacerbation of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), dehydration, emphysema, kidney cancer, liver cancer, polycythemia vera.

How to increase hemoglobin

A balanced diet with a focus on important nutrients is the best way to maintain healthy red blood cells and hemoglobin.

The diet must include red meat, liver, fish, leafy vegetables (cabbage, spinach), lentils, beans, peas, nuts and dried berries.

Unfortunately, with the help of a properly selected diet, you can only get rid of iron deficiency and folate deficiency anemia. A diet with low hemoglobin should include foods containing iron, vitamins B9 and B12, as well as vitamins and minerals that promote iron absorption.

Iron – found in beef and other meats, liver, eggs, beans, lentils, iron-fortified cereals, dark green leafy vegetables (cabbage, spinach) and dried fruits. (Top list of foods high in iron).

Vitamin B12 – found in meat, dairy products, and fortified cereals and soy products. (Top list of foods high in vitamin B12).

Folic acid (vitamin B9) – Found in sweet peppers, bananas, peanuts, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, dark green leafy vegetables, green peas, beans, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, asparagus and fortified grains such as like bread, cereals, pasta and rice.

https://health-diet. ru/calorie

Iron absorption is promoted by copper and vitamin C.

Copper – a lot in beef liver, seafood (shrimp, crabs), it is also found in seeds, nuts, mushrooms, chocolate.

Vitamin C – they are rich in oranges, lemons, grapefruits, bell peppers, kiwi, tomatoes, broccoli, melon and strawberries.

If you have a low level of hemoglobin, it is better to limit the consumption of foods containing polyphenols, tannins, phytates, oxalic acid, such as tea, coffee, cocoa, soy products and bran, emphasizes Vera Afanasyeva . “They interfere with the absorption of iron.

You should be careful with calcium-rich foods and calcium supplements – they also make it difficult for the absorption of iron.

For people who, for one reason or another, do not eat animal products, with low hemoglobin, special attention should be paid to the following fruits and vegetables:

1. Beetroot is one of the best foods to increase hemoglobin levels.