What are third generation cephalosporins. How do they differ from other generations. What infections can they treat. What are the common side effects of third generation cephalosporins. Are there any precautions to consider when using these antibiotics.

Understanding Cephalosporins: A Powerful Class of Antibiotics

Cephalosporins are a versatile group of antibiotics that play a crucial role in treating various bacterial infections. As part of the beta-lactam family, these medications have become indispensable in modern medicine due to their broad-spectrum activity and effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Developed in the 1960s, cephalosporins have evolved through multiple generations, each with its unique characteristics and spectrum of activity. This evolution has allowed healthcare providers to target specific types of infections more effectively while minimizing the risk of antibiotic resistance.

How do cephalosporins work?

Cephalosporins function by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. They bind to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in the bacterial cell wall, disrupting the peptidoglycan layer essential for maintaining cellular integrity. This action leads to cell lysis and death of the bacteria, effectively combating the infection.

The Five Generations of Cephalosporins: A Progressive Evolution

Cephalosporins are classified into five distinct generations, each representing advancements in their spectrum of activity and pharmacological properties. This classification system helps healthcare providers select the most appropriate antibiotic for specific infections.

First Generation Cephalosporins

First generation cephalosporins are primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria, with limited activity against Gram-negative organisms. They are often used to treat skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and as prophylactic agents in certain surgical procedures.

• Examples: cephalexin (Keflex), cefadroxil (Duricef), cephradine (Velosef)
• Common uses: strep throat, skin infections, uncomplicated urinary tract infections

Second Generation Cephalosporins

Second generation cephalosporins exhibit a broader spectrum of activity compared to their predecessors, with improved coverage against Gram-negative bacteria. They are often employed in treating respiratory tract infections and certain sexually transmitted diseases.

• Examples: cefaclor (Ceclor), cefuroxime (Ceftin), cefprozil (Cefzil)
• Common uses: bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, gonorrhea

Third Generation Cephalosporins: A Leap Forward in Antimicrobial Therapy

Third generation cephalosporins represent a significant advancement in the cephalosporin family, offering enhanced activity against Gram-negative bacteria while maintaining effectiveness against many Gram-positive organisms. These antibiotics are particularly valuable in treating more resistant infections and severe bacterial diseases.

Key features of third generation cephalosporins

• Expanded Gram-negative coverage, including many Enterobacteriaceae
• Improved penetration of the blood-brain barrier
• Longer half-life, allowing for less frequent dosing
• Increased stability against certain beta-lactamases

Common third generation cephalosporins

Several third generation cephalosporins are widely used in clinical practice, each with its specific indications and characteristics:

1. Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
2. Cefotaxime (Claforan)
3. Ceftazidime (Fortaz, Tazicef)
4. Cefixime (Suprax)
5. Cefpodoxime (Vantin)
6. Ceftibuten (Cedax)

Clinical Applications of Third Generation Cephalosporins

Third generation cephalosporins are employed in treating a wide range of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative organisms. Their broad spectrum of activity makes them valuable in both outpatient and inpatient settings.

What infections do third generation cephalosporins treat?

These antibiotics are effective against numerous infections, including:

• Lower respiratory tract infections (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis)
• Urinary tract infections
• Skin and soft tissue infections
• Intra-abdominal infections
• Meningitis
• Septicemia
• Gonorrhea
• Lyme disease

The choice of a specific third generation cephalosporin depends on factors such as the suspected pathogen, local resistance patterns, and patient characteristics.

Advantages of Third Generation Cephalosporins in Clinical Practice

Third generation cephalosporins offer several benefits that contribute to their widespread use in modern medicine:

Why are third generation cephalosporins preferred in certain situations?

• Broad-spectrum activity: Effective against a wide range of bacterial pathogens
• Improved tissue penetration: Better distribution in various body compartments
• Convenient dosing: Many can be administered once or twice daily
• Lower risk of nephrotoxicity compared to some other antibiotics
• Option for outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT)

These advantages make third generation cephalosporins a valuable tool in managing complex infections and reducing hospital stays.

Potential Side Effects and Precautions

While generally well-tolerated, third generation cephalosporins can cause side effects in some patients. It’s crucial for healthcare providers and patients to be aware of these potential adverse reactions.

What are the common side effects of third generation cephalosporins?

Common side effects may include:

• Gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain)
• Allergic reactions (rash, itching, anaphylaxis in severe cases)
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Candidiasis (yeast infection)

In rare cases, more serious side effects can occur, such as blood disorders, liver dysfunction, or Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.

Precautions and contraindications

Healthcare providers should consider the following precautions when prescribing third generation cephalosporins:

• Allergy history: Patients with known penicillin allergies may have cross-reactivity with cephalosporins
• Renal impairment: Dose adjustments may be necessary for patients with kidney disease
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Safety considerations should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis
• Drug interactions: Potential interactions with other medications should be assessed

Antibiotic Resistance and Stewardship

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a significant challenge to global health. Third generation cephalosporins, like all antibiotics, are subject to the development of resistance mechanisms in bacteria.

How can we prevent antibiotic resistance?

To preserve the effectiveness of third generation cephalosporins and other antibiotics, healthcare providers and patients should adhere to antibiotic stewardship principles:

• Use antibiotics only when necessary and prescribed by a healthcare professional
• Complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed
• Avoid sharing antibiotics or using leftover medications
• Implement infection prevention and control measures in healthcare settings
• Promote research and development of new antibiotics and alternative therapies

By practicing responsible antibiotic use, we can help maintain the efficacy of these valuable medications for future generations.

Future Developments and Research

The field of antibiotic development continues to evolve, with ongoing research aimed at addressing the challenges of antimicrobial resistance and improving patient outcomes.

What innovations are on the horizon for cephalosporins?

Current areas of research and development include:

• Novel cephalosporin compounds with enhanced activity against resistant pathogens
• Combination therapies pairing cephalosporins with beta-lactamase inhibitors
• Exploration of new delivery methods to improve pharmacokinetics and reduce side effects
• Development of cephalosporins with activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria

These advancements hold promise for expanding the therapeutic potential of cephalosporins and addressing the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant infections.

Comparing Third Generation Cephalosporins to Other Antibiotic Classes

While third generation cephalosporins are highly effective for many infections, it’s important to understand how they compare to other antibiotic classes. This knowledge helps healthcare providers make informed decisions when selecting the most appropriate treatment for their patients.

How do third generation cephalosporins compare to other antibiotics?

Let’s examine how third generation cephalosporins stack up against other common antibiotic classes:

• Penicillins: Third generation cephalosporins generally have a broader spectrum of activity, especially against Gram-negative bacteria. They’re often used as alternatives for patients with penicillin allergies, although cross-reactivity can occur in some cases.
• Fluoroquinolones: While both classes have broad-spectrum activity, third generation cephalosporins are often preferred for certain infections due to their safety profile and lower risk of developing resistance.
• Macrolides: Third generation cephalosporins have better coverage against Gram-negative bacteria but less activity against atypical pathogens compared to macrolides.
• Aminoglycosides: Third generation cephalosporins are often used in combination with aminoglycosides for severe Gram-negative infections, as they have complementary mechanisms of action.

The choice between these antibiotic classes depends on factors such as the suspected pathogen, local resistance patterns, patient characteristics, and potential side effects.

Patient Education and Proper Use of Third Generation Cephalosporins

Ensuring patients understand how to use third generation cephalosporins correctly is crucial for maximizing treatment effectiveness and minimizing the risk of side effects or resistance development.

What should patients know about taking third generation cephalosporins?

Healthcare providers should educate patients on the following points:

• Dosing schedule: Emphasize the importance of taking the medication as prescribed, even if symptoms improve before the course is completed.
• Potential side effects: Inform patients about common side effects and when to seek medical attention.
• Drug interactions: Discuss any potential interactions with other medications, supplements, or foods.
• Storage and handling: Provide instructions on proper storage and disposal of the medication.
• Follow-up care: Explain the importance of follow-up appointments and when to contact their healthcare provider.

By ensuring patients are well-informed about their antibiotic therapy, healthcare providers can improve treatment adherence and outcomes.

Third generation cephalosporins continue to play a vital role in modern antimicrobial therapy. Their broad-spectrum activity, favorable safety profile, and versatility make them indispensable tools in treating a wide range of bacterial infections. As we face the ongoing challenge of antibiotic resistance, responsible use of these medications, coupled with continued research and development, will be crucial in preserving their effectiveness for future generations.

Uses, List of Generations, Side Effects, and More

Cephalosporins are a type of antibiotic that can treat a range of simple infections. People can take them orally or doctors can inject them into a vein.

Cephalosporins are a type of antibiotic. Antibiotics are medications that treat bacterial infections. There are many types, often called classes, of antibiotics available. Cephalosporins are a type of beta-lactam antibiotic.

They can be taken orally or injected into a vein (intravenous injection), depending on the infection.

Read on to learn more about cephalosporins, including what they treat and the side effects they can cause.

Healthcare providers use cephalosporins to treat a variety of bacterial infections, especially for people who are allergic to penicillin, another common antibiotic.

Some examples of infections that cephalosporins can treat include:

• skin or soft tissue infections
• urinary tract infections (UTIs)
• strep throat
• ear infections
• pneumonia
• sinus infections
• meningitis
• gonorrhea

Oral cephalosporins are generally used for simple infections that are easy to treat. For example, a routine case of strep throat might be treated with a course of oral cephalosporins.

Intravenous (IV) cephalosporins are used for more severe infections. This is because IV antibiotics reach your tissues faster, which can make a big difference if you have a serious infection, such as meningitis.

Cephalosporins are grouped together based on the type of bacteria that they’re most effective against. These groups are referred to as generations. There are five generations of cephalosporins.

To understand the differences between the generations, it’s important to understand the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

One of the main distinctions between the two is their cell wall structure:

• Gram-positive bacteria have thicker membranes that are easier to penetrate. Think of their cell wall as a chunky, loose-knit sweater.
• Gram-negative bacteria have thinner membranes that are harder to penetrate, making them more resistant to some antibiotics. Think of their wall as a piece of fine chain mail.

First-generation cephalosporins

First-generation cephalosporins are very effective against Gram-positive bacteria. But they’re only somewhat effective against Gram-negative bacteria.

First-generation cephalosporins might be used to treat:

• skin and soft tissue infections
• UTIS
• strep throat
• ear infections
• pneumonia

Some first-generation cephalosporins are used as prophylactic antibiotics for surgery involving the chest, abdomen, or pelvis.

Examples of first-generation cephalosporins include:

• cephalexin (Keflex)
• cefadroxil (Duricef)
• cephradine (Velosef)

summary

First-generation cephalosporins are more effective against Gram-positive bacteria, though they also work against some Gram-negative bacteria.

Second-generation cephalosporins

Second-generation cephalosporins also target some types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. But they’re less effective against certain Gram-positive bacteria than first-generation cephalosporins are.

They’re often used to treat respiratory infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia.

Other infections sometimes treated with second-generation cephalosporins include:

• ear infections
• sinus infections
• UTIs
• gonorrhea
• meningitis
• sepsis

Examples of second-generation cephalosporins include:

• cefaclor (Ceclor)
• cefuroxime (Ceftin)
• cefprozil (Cefzil)

summary

Second-generation cephalosporins target both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. But they’re a little less effective against Gram-positive bacteria compared to first-generation cephalosporins

Third-generation cephalosporins

Third-generation cephalosporins are more effective against Gram-negative bacteria compared to both the first and second generations. They’re also more active against bacteria that may be resistant to previous generations of cephalosporins.

The third generation also tend to be less active than previous generations against Gram-positive bacteria, including Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species.

One third-generation cephalosporin, ceftazidime (Fortaz), is often used to treat pseudomonas infections, including hot tub folliculitis.

Third-generation cephalosporins may also be used to treat:

• skin and soft tissue infections
• pneumonia
• UTIs
• gonorrhea
• menigitis
• Lyme disease
• sepsis

A few examples of third-generation cephalosporins include:

• cefixime (Suprax)
• ceftibuten (Cedax)
• cefpodoxime (Vantin)

Summary

Third-generation cephalosporins are effective against many Gram-negative bacteria and bacteria that haven’t responded to first- or second-generation cephalosporins.

Fourth-generation cephalosporins

Cefepime (Maxipime) is the only fourth-generation cephalosporin that’s available in the United States. While effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it’s usually reserved for more severe infections.

Cefepime can be used to treat the following types of infections:

• skin and soft tissue infections
• pneumonia
• UTIs
• abdominal infections
• meningitis
• sepsis

Cefepime can be administered intravenously or with an intramuscular injection. It may also be given to people with a low white blood cell count, which can increase the risk of developing a severe infection.

Summary

Fourth-generation cephalosporins work against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They’re generally used for more severe infections or for those with weakened immune systems.

Fifth-generation cephalosporins

You may hear fifth-generation cephalosporins referred to as advanced- generation cephalosporins. There’s one fifth-generation cephalosporin, ceftaroline (Teflaro), available in the United States.

This cephalosporin can be used to treat bacteria, including resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus species, that are resistant to penicillin antibiotics.

Otherwise, ceftaroline’s activity is similar to that of third-generation cephalosporins, although it isn’t effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Summary

Ceftaroline is the only fifth-generation cephalosporin available in the United States. It’s often used to treat infections, including MRSA infections, that are resistant to other antibiotics.

As with any kind of medication, you can be allergic to cephalosporins. The most common sign of an allergic reaction to cephalosproins is a skin rash.

In rare cases, cephalosprins may cause a serious allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis.

Symptoms of anaphylaxis include:

• hives
• flushed skin
• swollen tongue and throat
• breathing difficulties
• low blood pressure
• rapid or weak pulse
• nausea or vomiting
• diarrhea
• dizziness
• fainting

get help

Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening. Seek immediate medical treatment if you’re taking a cephalosporin and experience symptoms of anaphylaxis.

What if I’m allergic to penicillin?

It’s rare to be allergic to both penicillin and cephalosporins. But if you’ve had a serious anaphylactic reaction to penicillin antibiotics in the past, you shouldn’t take cephalosporins.

It’s uncommon to have an allergy to both penicillin antibiotics and cephalosporins, so cephalosporins can be used cautiously in people with a penicillin allergy.

However, people who’ve had a serious anaphylactic reaction to penicillin antibiotics shouldn’t take cephalosporins.

In addition, some cephalosporins are more likely to cause a reaction in people with a penicillin allergy. These include:

• cephalothin
• cephalexin
• cefadroxil
• cefazolin

Cephalosporins can cause a range of side effects, including:

• stomach upset
• nausea
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• yeast infection or oral thrush
• dizziness

One of the more serious side effects that can occur is a C. difficile infection. This infection typically occurs after a long course of antibiotics and can be potentially life-threatening.

Symptoms to watch out for include:

• watery diarrhea
• abdominal pain
• fever
• nausea
• decreased appetite

You can help to prevent stomach upset and diarrhea by:

• taking probiotics, which can help to add good bacteria to your digestive tract
• following the instructions that come with your medication, as some antibiotics should be taken with food, while others should be taken on an empty stomach
• avoiding foods that can contribute to stomach upset, such as spicy or greasy foods

Cephalosporins are generally safe for most people, including those who are pregnant. In fact, some first-generation cephalosporins are commonly used to treat UTIs in pregnant people.

However, you shouldn’t take cephalosporins if you’re breastfeeding.

Cephalosporins can sometimes interact with other medications you’re taking. Make sure to tell your healthcare provider about all other medications you take, including supplements, vitamins, and over-the-counter medications.

Cephalosporins are a type of antibiotic used to treat a range of bacterial infections. There are different generations of cephalosporins, and some are better suited to treat certain infections than others.

If you have to take antibiotics, make sure to tell your doctor about all other medications you take, as well as any previous allergic reactions to antibiotics.

Remember

Make sure you take the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor, even if you start to feel better before finishing them. Otherwise, you may not kill all of the bacteria, which can make them resistant to antibiotics.

Uses, List of Generations, Side Effects, and More

Cephalosporins are a type of antibiotic that can treat a range of simple infections. People can take them orally or doctors can inject them into a vein.

Cephalosporins are a type of antibiotic. Antibiotics are medications that treat bacterial infections. There are many types, often called classes, of antibiotics available. Cephalosporins are a type of beta-lactam antibiotic.

They can be taken orally or injected into a vein (intravenous injection), depending on the infection.

Read on to learn more about cephalosporins, including what they treat and the side effects they can cause.

Healthcare providers use cephalosporins to treat a variety of bacterial infections, especially for people who are allergic to penicillin, another common antibiotic.

Some examples of infections that cephalosporins can treat include:

• skin or soft tissue infections
• urinary tract infections (UTIs)
• strep throat
• ear infections
• pneumonia
• sinus infections
• meningitis
• gonorrhea

Oral cephalosporins are generally used for simple infections that are easy to treat. For example, a routine case of strep throat might be treated with a course of oral cephalosporins.

Intravenous (IV) cephalosporins are used for more severe infections. This is because IV antibiotics reach your tissues faster, which can make a big difference if you have a serious infection, such as meningitis.

Cephalosporins are grouped together based on the type of bacteria that they’re most effective against. These groups are referred to as generations. There are five generations of cephalosporins.

To understand the differences between the generations, it’s important to understand the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

One of the main distinctions between the two is their cell wall structure:

• Gram-positive bacteria have thicker membranes that are easier to penetrate. Think of their cell wall as a chunky, loose-knit sweater.
• Gram-negative bacteria have thinner membranes that are harder to penetrate, making them more resistant to some antibiotics. Think of their wall as a piece of fine chain mail.

First-generation cephalosporins

First-generation cephalosporins are very effective against Gram-positive bacteria. But they’re only somewhat effective against Gram-negative bacteria.

First-generation cephalosporins might be used to treat:

• skin and soft tissue infections
• UTIS
• strep throat
• ear infections
• pneumonia

Some first-generation cephalosporins are used as prophylactic antibiotics for surgery involving the chest, abdomen, or pelvis.

Examples of first-generation cephalosporins include:

• cephalexin (Keflex)
• cefadroxil (Duricef)
• cephradine (Velosef)

summary

First-generation cephalosporins are more effective against Gram-positive bacteria, though they also work against some Gram-negative bacteria.

Second-generation cephalosporins

Second-generation cephalosporins also target some types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. But they’re less effective against certain Gram-positive bacteria than first-generation cephalosporins are.

They’re often used to treat respiratory infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia.

Other infections sometimes treated with second-generation cephalosporins include:

• ear infections
• sinus infections
• UTIs
• gonorrhea
• meningitis
• sepsis

Examples of second-generation cephalosporins include:

• cefaclor (Ceclor)
• cefuroxime (Ceftin)
• cefprozil (Cefzil)

summary

Second-generation cephalosporins target both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. But they’re a little less effective against Gram-positive bacteria compared to first-generation cephalosporins

Third-generation cephalosporins

Third-generation cephalosporins are more effective against Gram-negative bacteria compared to both the first and second generations. They’re also more active against bacteria that may be resistant to previous generations of cephalosporins.

The third generation also tend to be less active than previous generations against Gram-positive bacteria, including Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species.

One third-generation cephalosporin, ceftazidime (Fortaz), is often used to treat pseudomonas infections, including hot tub folliculitis.

Third-generation cephalosporins may also be used to treat:

• skin and soft tissue infections
• pneumonia
• UTIs
• gonorrhea
• menigitis
• Lyme disease
• sepsis

A few examples of third-generation cephalosporins include:

• cefixime (Suprax)
• ceftibuten (Cedax)
• cefpodoxime (Vantin)

Summary

Third-generation cephalosporins are effective against many Gram-negative bacteria and bacteria that haven’t responded to first- or second-generation cephalosporins.

Fourth-generation cephalosporins

Cefepime (Maxipime) is the only fourth-generation cephalosporin that’s available in the United States. While effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it’s usually reserved for more severe infections.

Cefepime can be used to treat the following types of infections:

• skin and soft tissue infections
• pneumonia
• UTIs
• abdominal infections
• meningitis
• sepsis

Cefepime can be administered intravenously or with an intramuscular injection. It may also be given to people with a low white blood cell count, which can increase the risk of developing a severe infection.

Summary

Fourth-generation cephalosporins work against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They’re generally used for more severe infections or for those with weakened immune systems.

Fifth-generation cephalosporins

You may hear fifth-generation cephalosporins referred to as advanced- generation cephalosporins. There’s one fifth-generation cephalosporin, ceftaroline (Teflaro), available in the United States.

This cephalosporin can be used to treat bacteria, including resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus species, that are resistant to penicillin antibiotics.

Otherwise, ceftaroline’s activity is similar to that of third-generation cephalosporins, although it isn’t effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Summary

Ceftaroline is the only fifth-generation cephalosporin available in the United States. It’s often used to treat infections, including MRSA infections, that are resistant to other antibiotics.

As with any kind of medication, you can be allergic to cephalosporins. The most common sign of an allergic reaction to cephalosproins is a skin rash.

In rare cases, cephalosprins may cause a serious allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis.

Symptoms of anaphylaxis include:

• hives
• flushed skin
• swollen tongue and throat
• breathing difficulties
• low blood pressure
• rapid or weak pulse
• nausea or vomiting
• diarrhea
• dizziness
• fainting

get help

Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening. Seek immediate medical treatment if you’re taking a cephalosporin and experience symptoms of anaphylaxis.

What if I’m allergic to penicillin?

It’s rare to be allergic to both penicillin and cephalosporins. But if you’ve had a serious anaphylactic reaction to penicillin antibiotics in the past, you shouldn’t take cephalosporins.

It’s uncommon to have an allergy to both penicillin antibiotics and cephalosporins, so cephalosporins can be used cautiously in people with a penicillin allergy.

However, people who’ve had a serious anaphylactic reaction to penicillin antibiotics shouldn’t take cephalosporins.

In addition, some cephalosporins are more likely to cause a reaction in people with a penicillin allergy. These include:

• cephalothin
• cephalexin
• cefadroxil
• cefazolin

Cephalosporins can cause a range of side effects, including:

• stomach upset
• nausea
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• yeast infection or oral thrush
• dizziness

One of the more serious side effects that can occur is a C. difficile infection. This infection typically occurs after a long course of antibiotics and can be potentially life-threatening.

Symptoms to watch out for include:

• watery diarrhea
• abdominal pain
• fever
• nausea
• decreased appetite

You can help to prevent stomach upset and diarrhea by:

• taking probiotics, which can help to add good bacteria to your digestive tract
• following the instructions that come with your medication, as some antibiotics should be taken with food, while others should be taken on an empty stomach
• avoiding foods that can contribute to stomach upset, such as spicy or greasy foods

Cephalosporins are generally safe for most people, including those who are pregnant. In fact, some first-generation cephalosporins are commonly used to treat UTIs in pregnant people.

However, you shouldn’t take cephalosporins if you’re breastfeeding.

Cephalosporins can sometimes interact with other medications you’re taking. Make sure to tell your healthcare provider about all other medications you take, including supplements, vitamins, and over-the-counter medications.

Cephalosporins are a type of antibiotic used to treat a range of bacterial infections. There are different generations of cephalosporins, and some are better suited to treat certain infections than others.

If you have to take antibiotics, make sure to tell your doctor about all other medications you take, as well as any previous allergic reactions to antibiotics.

Remember

Make sure you take the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor, even if you start to feel better before finishing them. Otherwise, you may not kill all of the bacteria, which can make them resistant to antibiotics.

CEPHALOSPORIN – What is CEPHALOSPORIN?

The word consists of 12 letters:

first c,

second e,

third f,

fourth a,

fifth l,

the sixth o

seventh s,

eighth p,

ninth oh

tenth p,

eleventh and

last n,

The word cephalosporin in English letters (transliteration) – tsefalosporin

• The letter c occurs 1 time. Words with 1 letter q
• The letter e occurs 1 time. Words with 1 letter e
• The letter f occurs 1 time. Words with 1 letter f
• The letter a occurs 1 time. Words with 1 letter a
• The letter l occurs 1 time. Words with 1 letter l
• The letter o occurs 2 times. Words with 2 letters about
• The letter occurs 1 time with . Words with 1 letter from
• The letter p occurs 1 time. Words with 1 letter p
• The letter p occurs 1 time. Words with 1 letter p
• The letter and occurs 1 time. Words with 1 letter and
• The letter and occurs 1 time. Words with 1 letter n

Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins (eng. cephalosporins) are a class of β-lactam antibiotics, the chemical structure of which is based on 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) The main features of cephalosporins compared to penicillins are their greater . ..

en.wikipedia.org

Cephalosporins, a group of chemically and biologically similar natural and semi-synthetic antibiotics. Natural C. – cephalosporin C and cephalosporin N (penicillin N) were isolated in 1945 by Italian. microbiologist J.

TSB. — 1969—1978

CEPHALOSPORINS, a group of lactam antibiotics, with the structure of f-ly I, in which a four-membered lactam ring is condensed with a six-membered ring containing one sulfur atom (cephalosporins proper), oxygen (oxacephalosporins) …

Chemical Encyclopedia

Cephalosporin

CEFALOSPORIN (cephalosporin) – a medicinal substance from the group of semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotics, obtained from the mold fungus Ccphalosporium.

vocabulary.ru

Cephalosporin (Cephalosporin) is a medicinal substance from the group of semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotics derived from the fungus Ccphalosporium.

Medical terms. – 2000

• Words from the word “cephalosporin”
• Words starting with “c”
• Words starting with “tse”
• Words ending in “n”
• Words with “in” at the end
• Words starting with cef
• Words starting with “cefa”
• Words that end in “rin”
• Words ending with “orin”

1. cephalopod
2. cephalosporins
3. cephalosporins
4. cephalosporin
5. cephaloflora
6. Cepheid
7. Cepheid

Medicines and pregnancy | Shchotizhnevik PHARMACY

What medicines can be prescribed for pregnant women? Are the drugs they are taking safe? Answers to these questions can be found in numerous reference books and methodological recommendations, but often this information is not systematized. Among the large number of new drugs, it is difficult for a pharmacist to identify and remember those drugs that can adversely affect the body of a pregnant woman and the fetus.

Drugs affect not only the development of the fetus, but also the course of the gestational period in women, the tonomotor function of the uterus. Some drugs have an embryolethal, teratogenic, embryo- and fetotoxic effect on the fetus.

The most dangerous teratogenic effect of drugs (the ability to cause the development of congenital deformities). Drugs can affect the fetus throughout pregnancy, but their effect is most studied during the period of organogenesis (18–55 days of pregnancy), as well as during the period of growth and development of the fetus (more than 56 days).

Many drugs are potentially teratogenic and may work under certain conditions. Therefore, when prescribing a drug during pregnancy, the ratio of the expected therapeutic effect for the expectant mother and the possible risk to the fetus should be carefully evaluated. It is equally important to exclude pregnancy before prescribing drugs with teratogenic properties to a woman.

Based on experimental data, as well as the results of clinical observations, drugs are usually divided into categories from “A” (safe) to “D” (contraindicated during pregnancy) according to the degree of risk to the fetus in a number of countries (USA, Australia, etc.). ). There is also a category “X”, which includes drugs that are absolutely contraindicated during pregnancy (Table 1).

Table 1

DRUG CATEGORIES FOR USE DURING PREGNANCY

There are practically no drugs that could be classified as category “A”.

Category “B” includes water-soluble vitamins, trace elements, certain herbal products, antacids, laxatives (castor oil, phenolphthalein, senna seeds), antiulcer drugs (cimetidine, ranitidine, sulfasalazine), antihypertensives (acebutalol, pindolol, methyldopa ) and others

Category C includes phenothiazine, loperamide, bulk laxatives, magnesium sulfate solution, pancreatic enzyme preparations, atropine, barbiturates, glucocorticosteroids, cholestyramine, salicylates, metronidazole, loop and potassium-sparing diuretics, certain antihypertensives ( atenolol, guanethidine, hydralazine, diazoxide, isradipine, labetalol, clonidine, minoxidil, sodium nitroprusside, prazosin, reserpine, phentolamine), some antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides), nitrofurans, antifungals (nystatin, etc.).

Even in the case when drugs belonging to category “D” (Table 2) have a pronounced therapeutic effect, preference should be given to other drugs with similar pharmacological properties when prescribing to pregnant women, and only in rare, emergency circumstances can drugs of the category “D”.

Table 2

TERATOGENIC MEDICINES (CATEGORY “D”)*

Drug	Effects on fetus or pregnant woman
Antibiotics
Streptomycin	Ototoxicity
Tetracycline	Discoloration and hypoplasia of tooth enamel
Antidepressants
Lithium salts	Congenital heart disease, goiter, arterial hypotension, cyanosis of the newborn
Diazepam	Hypothermia, arterial hypotension, malformations of limbs
Imipramine	Respiratory disorders, limb malformations, tachycardia, urinary retention, neonatal distress syndrome
Nortriptyline	Neonatal distress syndrome, cyanosis, arterial hypotension, tremor, urinary retention
Analgesics
Acetyl salicylic acid	Bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage in prematurity, persistent pulmonary hypertension
Indomethacin	Neonatal pulmonary hypertension, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, fetal death
Anticoagulants
Warfarin	Embryopathy, neonatal growth retardation, optic nerve atrophy, convulsions, bleeding, often fatal
Anticonvulsants
Phenobarbital	Hearing impairment, CNS depression, anemia, tremor, withdrawal syndrome, hypertension
Phenytoin	Anomalies of limbs and facial skull, mental retardation, congenital heart defects, bleeding
Valproic acid (sodium valproate)	Spina bifida (spina bifida)
Ethosuximide	Mongoloid appearance, short neck, extra nipple, developmental delay, dermoid cyst
Antihypertensives
Chlorothiazide	Cholestasis, pancreatitis
Reserpine	Nasal mucosal hyperemia, lethargy, hypothermia, bradycardia
Antimalarials
Chloroquine	Ototoxic effect
Antineoplastic agents
Azathiopyrine	Pulmonary stenosis, polydactyly, deformity of the facial skull
Busulfan	Intrauterine and postpartum growth retardation, corneal opacity
Chlorambucil	Renal dysfunction
Fluorouracil	Spontaneous abortion, deformity of the facial skull
Colchicine	Spontaneous abortion, trisomy on the 21st chromosome
Mercaptopurine	Spontaneous abortion, deformity of the facial skull
Methotrexate	Absence of the frontal bone, fusion of the bones of the skull, spontaneous abortion, growth retardation of the newborn
Vincristine	Hypotrophy, abnormal position of the fetus
Antithyroid drugs
Thiamazole	Goiter, ulceration of the skin of the scalp
Oral hypoglycemic agents
Chlorpropamide	Various malformations, hypoglycemia
Tranquilizers
Chlordiazepoxide	Depression, confusion, withdrawal symptoms, irritability
Meprobamate	Congenital heart defects, withdrawal symptoms, diaphragmatic defects
Vitamins
Vitamin A in doses over 10,000 IU per day	Defects of the cardiovascular system, anomaly of the auricles, etc.

*According to Lock and Kacev (1988), Schardein and Keller (1989), Kacev and Lock (1990), de Vires et al. (1993), Farrar and Blumer (1991), Cordero (1990).

Category “E” includes drugs for dissolving cholesterol gallstones, lithium salts, gold preparations, etc.

Category “X” drugs are contraindicated during pregnancy and women of reproductive age planning pregnancy (Table 3).

Table 3

MEDICINES COMPLETELY CONTRAINDICATED DURING PREGNANCY (CATEGORY “X”)*

* According to Lock and Kacev (1988), Schardein and Keller (1989), Kacev and Lock (1990), Cordero (1990), Kauffman (1990), Kacev (1993).

In addition to the effect of drugs on the body of the expectant mother and fetus, the effect of pregnancy itself on the pharmacokinetics of drugs (absorption, distribution and elimination) should also be taken into account. Thus, a slowdown in the motility of the digestive tract in the last months of pregnancy can lead either to an increase in the absorption of poorly soluble drugs (for example, digoxin), or to a decrease in the bioavailability of drugs that are metabolized in the intestinal wall (for example, chlorpromazine).

It is known that in the third trimester of pregnancy, the volume of extracellular fluid increases significantly (by 50%), the content of proteins in the blood plasma decreases by approximately 20%, and the concentration of acid a-glycoprotein increases by approximately 40%. The severity of these changes is enhanced in the state of preeclampsia. All this leads to the fact that in the third trimester of pregnancy, the content of some drugs in the blood increases significantly, while others decrease, which ultimately changes the expected pharmacotherapeutic effect of drugs, for example, such as diazepam, phenytoin, valproic acid. At the end of pregnancy, the function of the liver and kidneys involved in metabolism and excretion undergoes significant changes, as a result of which the clearance of some drugs may increase, while others may decrease with corresponding clinical consequences.

During pregnancy, urinary tract infections often develop in women, which means that there is a need for antibiotic therapy. Preference in these cases is given to penicillins (provided there is no allergy to them) compared to tetracyclines. It is recommended to avoid prescribing co-trimoxazole for the treatment of these infections, since one of its components (trimethoprim), in early pregnancy, can cause the development of “cleft palate” in the fetus, and its other component (sulfamethoxazole), in late pregnancy, can penetrate through the placenta and displace bilirubin from its association with proteins in the fetus, which is accompanied by corresponding pharmacokinetic and clinical consequences.

For the rational use of antibiotics and other antibacterial drugs during pregnancy, taking into account their side effects on the pregnant woman, fetus and newborn, they are divided into 3 groups. Group 1 antimicrobials (chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, streptomycin) are contraindicated during pregnancy, as they have an embryotoxic effect. Preparations of the 2nd group should be used with caution: aminoglycosides, sulfonamides can cause jaundice, nitrofurans – hemolysis. Preparations of this group during pregnancy are prescribed according to strict indications: in case of severe diseases, the pathogens of which are resistant to other antibacterial agents, or in cases where the treatment is ineffective. It should be remembered that aminoglycoside antibiotics have an ototoxic effect and can lead to a decrease or loss of hearing. Antibiotics of the 3rd group (penicillins, cephalosporins, erythromycin) do not have an embryotoxic effect. They can be considered drugs of choice in the treatment of infections in pregnant women. Penicillins do not have a teratogenic and embryotoxic effect on the fetus, but their use may develop allergic reactions. I and II generation cephalosporins also do not have teratogenic and embryotoxic effects (cefazolin, cephalexin, cephalothin, cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefotaxime), and the effects of third generation cephalosporins (ceftazidime, cefixime, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone) have not been studied enough, therefore, it is better not to use them during pregnancy. prescribe, especially do not use IV generation cephalosporins.

The treatment of epilepsy in pregnant women is one of the most difficult tasks, since many antiepileptic drugs have a teratogenic effect (usually dose-dependent). Therefore, treatment with antiepileptic drugs must be carried out under the control of their concentration in blood serum.

There are many objections to the use of glucocorticosteroids, based primarily on experimental rather than clinical data. Their use in early pregnancy threatens the appearance of a cleft palate (“cleft palate”). Long-term use, especially at high doses, causes intrauterine growth retardation, atrophy of the adrenal cortex, hypoglycemia, adrenal crises at birth. Such children often need substitution therapy. At the same time, there is extensive experience in the treatment of pregnant women with systemic connective tissue diseases, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver, blood diseases (at a daily dose of up to 20 mg in the first trimester and up to 30 mg from the second trimester) without harm to the fetus and newborn with prednisolone and its analogues.