What are the main causes of malabsorption syndrome. How does malabsorption affect nutrient absorption in the small intestine. What are the common symptoms of malabsorption syndrome. How is malabsorption syndrome diagnosed and treated.

Understanding Malabsorption Syndrome: An Overview

Malabsorption syndrome is a complex condition that affects the body’s ability to absorb nutrients from food in the small intestine. This disorder can lead to various health issues and nutritional deficiencies if left untreated. To fully grasp the implications of this condition, it’s essential to understand its underlying mechanisms and impact on overall health.

The small intestine plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, acting as the primary site for the uptake of essential macronutrients and micronutrients. In malabsorption syndrome, this process is disrupted, leading to inadequate absorption of:

• Macronutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
• Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals

This impaired absorption can result in a wide range of symptoms and health complications, affecting various bodily functions and overall well-being.

Common Causes of Malabsorption Syndrome

Malabsorption syndrome can stem from various factors, ranging from underlying medical conditions to environmental influences. Understanding these causes is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment. Some of the most common causes include:

• Intestinal damage from infections, inflammation, trauma, or surgery
• Prolonged use of antibiotics
• Chronic conditions such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, and cystic fibrosis
• Lactase deficiency (lactose intolerance)
• Congenital abnormalities affecting the digestive system
• Diseases of the gallbladder, liver, or pancreas
• Parasitic infections
• Radiation therapy affecting the intestinal lining
• Certain medications that may damage the intestinal lining

Can digestive enzyme deficiencies cause malabsorption syndrome? Yes, in some cases, the stomach may not produce sufficient enzymes to digest certain foods properly, leading to malabsorption issues.

Rare Causes of Malabsorption Syndrome

While less common, several rare conditions can also result in malabsorption syndrome:

• Short bowel syndrome (SBS): A condition where the small intestine is shortened, reducing its ability to absorb nutrients
• Tropical sprue: A disorder most common in the Caribbean, India, and parts of Southeast Asia, potentially linked to environmental factors such as toxins in food, infections, or parasites
• Whipple’s disease: A rare bacterial infection that can affect the digestive system

Recognizing the Symptoms of Malabsorption Syndrome

Identifying the symptoms of malabsorption syndrome is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment. The manifestation of symptoms can vary depending on the specific nutrients that are not being properly absorbed. Here are some key indicators to watch for:

Fat Malabsorption Symptoms

When the body struggles to absorb fats, it can lead to distinctive stool characteristics:

• Light-colored stools
• Foul-smelling bowel movements
• Soft and bulky stool consistency
• Stools that float or stick to the sides of the toilet bowl
• Difficulty flushing

Protein Malabsorption Symptoms

Inadequate protein absorption can result in various physical changes:

• Dry hair
• Hair loss
• Fluid retention (edema)

Sugar Malabsorption Symptoms

When certain sugars are not properly absorbed, it can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort:

• Bloating
• Excessive gas
• Explosive diarrhea

Vitamin Malabsorption Symptoms

Deficiencies in specific vitamins due to malabsorption can cause various health issues:

• Anemia
• Malnutrition
• Low blood pressure
• Weight loss
• Muscle wasting

How does malabsorption syndrome affect different populations? The impact can vary:

• Women may experience irregular or stopped menstruation
• Children may show stunted growth or abnormal weight patterns
• Some individuals may develop food aversions

Risk Factors for Developing Malabsorption Syndrome

Understanding the risk factors associated with malabsorption syndrome can help identify individuals who may be more susceptible to developing this condition. Some key risk factors include:

• Family history of cystic fibrosis
• Chronic gastrointestinal conditions
• Recent gastrointestinal surgery
• Prolonged antibiotic use
• Exposure to environmental toxins
• Travel to regions with high prevalence of parasitic infections

Does age play a role in the risk of developing malabsorption syndrome? While the condition can affect individuals of all ages, certain age groups may be more vulnerable to specific causes of malabsorption, such as congenital disorders in infants or age-related digestive changes in older adults.

Diagnostic Approaches for Malabsorption Syndrome

Diagnosing malabsorption syndrome often requires a comprehensive approach, as the symptoms can be similar to those of other gastrointestinal disorders. Healthcare providers may employ various diagnostic tools and techniques to identify the underlying cause and extent of malabsorption:

Medical History and Physical Examination

The diagnostic process typically begins with a thorough medical history and physical examination. The healthcare provider will inquire about:

• Symptoms and their duration
• Dietary habits
• Family history of gastrointestinal disorders
• Recent travel history
• Medication use

Laboratory Tests

Various blood and stool tests may be ordered to assess nutritional status and identify potential causes of malabsorption:

• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Vitamin and mineral levels
• Stool fat analysis
• Stool culture for parasites
• Celiac disease antibody tests

Imaging Studies

Imaging techniques can help visualize the structure and function of the digestive system:

• Abdominal X-rays
• CT scans
• MRI scans
• Ultrasound

Endoscopic Procedures

In some cases, direct visualization of the digestive tract may be necessary:

• Upper endoscopy
• Colonoscopy
• Capsule endoscopy

Specialized Tests

Depending on the suspected cause, additional specialized tests may be performed:

• Hydrogen breath test for lactose intolerance
• D-xylose absorption test
• Small bowel biopsy

How long does it typically take to diagnose malabsorption syndrome? The diagnostic process can vary in length depending on the complexity of the case and the need for multiple tests. In some instances, a diagnosis may be made within a few weeks, while more complex cases may require several months of investigation.

Treatment Strategies for Malabsorption Syndrome

The treatment of malabsorption syndrome is tailored to address the underlying cause and manage symptoms. A multifaceted approach is often necessary to ensure proper nutrient absorption and overall health improvement. Here are some common treatment strategies:

Dietary Modifications

Adjusting the diet is often a crucial component of managing malabsorption syndrome:

• Elimination diets to identify problematic foods
• Increased intake of easily digestible nutrients
• Consumption of nutrient-dense foods
• Avoidance of trigger foods (e.g., gluten for celiac disease patients)

Nutritional Supplementation

Addressing specific nutrient deficiencies is essential:

• Vitamin and mineral supplements
• Protein supplements
• Essential fatty acid supplements

Medication

Various medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms and underlying conditions:

• Antibiotics for bacterial overgrowth or infections
• Anti-inflammatory drugs for conditions like Crohn’s disease
• Enzyme replacement therapy
• Bile acid sequestrants

Treatment of Underlying Conditions

Addressing the root cause of malabsorption is crucial for long-term management:

• Celiac disease: Strict gluten-free diet
• Crohn’s disease: Immunosuppressive therapy
• Pancreatic insufficiency: Pancreatic enzyme replacement

Lifestyle Modifications

Certain lifestyle changes can support overall digestive health:

• Stress management techniques
• Regular exercise
• Adequate hydration
• Smoking cessation

Can malabsorption syndrome be completely cured? The prognosis for malabsorption syndrome varies depending on the underlying cause. In some cases, such as lactose intolerance or celiac disease, proper management can lead to significant improvement or resolution of symptoms. However, in chronic conditions like Crohn’s disease, ongoing treatment may be necessary to manage the condition effectively.

Complications and Long-term Outlook of Malabsorption Syndrome

While proper treatment can greatly improve the quality of life for individuals with malabsorption syndrome, it’s important to be aware of potential complications and the long-term outlook associated with this condition.

Potential Complications

If left untreated or poorly managed, malabsorption syndrome can lead to various complications:

• Severe malnutrition
• Osteoporosis due to calcium and vitamin D deficiency
• Anemia from iron or vitamin B12 deficiency
• Neurological problems from vitamin B12 deficiency
• Increased risk of infections due to compromised immune function
• Growth and developmental delays in children
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Kidney stones

Long-term Outlook

The long-term prognosis for individuals with malabsorption syndrome depends on several factors:

• The underlying cause of the condition
• How quickly the diagnosis is made and treatment initiated
• The individual’s adherence to treatment plans
• The presence of any comorbid conditions

With proper management and regular medical follow-up, many individuals with malabsorption syndrome can lead healthy, productive lives. However, ongoing monitoring and adjustments to treatment plans may be necessary to ensure optimal health outcomes.

How often should individuals with malabsorption syndrome have follow-up appointments? The frequency of follow-up appointments can vary based on the severity of the condition and the underlying cause. Generally, regular check-ups every 3-6 months are recommended, with more frequent visits if symptoms worsen or new issues arise.

Living with Malabsorption Syndrome: Coping Strategies and Support

Managing malabsorption syndrome extends beyond medical treatment. Developing effective coping strategies and seeking support can significantly improve quality of life for those affected by this condition.

Dietary Management

Adapting to dietary changes can be challenging but is often crucial for managing symptoms:

• Work with a registered dietitian to develop a personalized meal plan
• Keep a food diary to identify trigger foods and track symptoms
• Learn to read food labels carefully to avoid problematic ingredients
• Experiment with new recipes and cooking methods to make meals more enjoyable

Stress Management

Chronic health conditions can be stressful, and stress can exacerbate digestive symptoms. Implementing stress-reduction techniques can be beneficial:

• Practice mindfulness meditation
• Engage in regular physical activity
• Try yoga or tai chi
• Consider cognitive-behavioral therapy

Support Networks

Connecting with others who understand the challenges of living with malabsorption syndrome can provide valuable emotional support:

• Join support groups (in-person or online)
• Participate in community forums
• Attend educational workshops or seminars

Communication with Healthcare Providers

Maintaining open communication with your healthcare team is essential:

• Keep a symptom journal to share with your doctor
• Ask questions about your condition and treatment options
• Discuss any concerns or side effects promptly
• Stay informed about new research and treatment developments

Practical Tips for Daily Living

Implementing practical strategies can help manage symptoms and improve overall well-being:

• Plan meals and snacks in advance to ensure nutritional needs are met
• Carry emergency supplies (e.g., medications, safe snacks) when traveling
• Develop a routine for taking supplements and medications
• Stay well-hydrated, especially if experiencing diarrhea

How can family members and friends support someone with malabsorption syndrome? Loved ones can offer support by:

• Learning about the condition to better understand its challenges
• Offering emotional support and empathy
• Helping with meal planning and preparation
• Accompanying the individual to medical appointments
• Being flexible and understanding about dietary restrictions during social gatherings

By implementing these coping strategies and building a strong support network, individuals with malabsorption syndrome can better manage their condition and maintain a high quality of life. Remember that each person’s experience with malabsorption syndrome is unique, and it may take time to find the most effective combination of strategies for your specific situation.

Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors

Malabsorption Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors

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Medically reviewed by Saurabh Sethi, M. D., MPH — By Michael Kerr — Updated on April 20, 2023

Malabsorption syndrome refers to a number of disorders in which the small intestine can’t absorb enough of certain nutrients and fluids.

The main role of your small intestine is to absorb nutrients from the food you eat into your bloodstream.

Nutrients that the small intestine often has trouble absorbing can be one or both of the following:

• macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats)
• micronutrients (vitamins and minerals)

Many things can lead to malabsorption syndrome, from certain diseases to infections or developmental issues.

Possible causes

Factors that may cause malabsorption syndrome include:

• damage to the intestine from infection, inflammation, trauma (injury), or surgery
• prolonged use of antibiotics
• other conditions such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, chronic pancreatitis, or cystic fibrosis
• lactase deficiency, or lactose intolerance
• certain irregularities that are congenital, or present at birth, such as biliary atresia, when the bile ducts don’t develop normally and prevent the flow of bile from the liver
• diseases of the gallbladder, liver, or pancreas
• parasitic diseases
• radiation therapy, which may injure the lining of the intestine
• certain drugs that may injure the lining of the intestine, such as tetracycline, colchicine, or cholestyramine

The syndrome may also be caused by digestive problems. Your stomach may not be able to produce the enzymes it needs to digest certain foods. Or, your body may not be able to mix the food you eat with the enzymes and acid produced by your stomach.

Rare causes

There are also some uncommon disorders that can result in malabsorption. One of these is called short bowel syndrome (SBS).

With SBS, the small intestine is shortened. This makes the intestine less able to absorb nutrients. SBS may be an irregularity present from birth, or it may be caused by surgery.

Certain diseases may cause malabsorption. These include tropical sprue, a condition most common in:

• the Caribbean
• India
• parts of Southeast Asia

Tropical sprue may be related to environmental factors, such as:

• toxins in food
• infection
• parasites

An even rarer potential cause of malabsorption is Whipple’s disease, which is a result of a bacterial infection.

Symptoms of malabsorption syndrome occur when unabsorbed nutrients pass through the digestive tract.

Many symptoms differ depending on the specific nutrient or nutrients that are not being absorbed properly. Other symptoms are a result of a deficiency of that nutrient, which is caused by its poor absorption.

You may have the following symptoms if you’re unable to absorb fats, protein, or certain sugars or vitamins:

• Fats. You may have light-colored, foul-smelling stools that are soft and bulky. These stools are difficult to flush and may float or stick to the sides of the toilet bowl.
• Protein. You may have dry hair, hair loss, or fluid retention. Fluid retention is also known as edema and will look like swelling.
• Certain sugars. You may have bloating, gas, or explosive diarrhea.
• Certain vitamins. You may have anemia, malnutrition, low blood pressure, weight loss, or muscle wasting.

Malabsorption may affect people based on different characteristics. For instance, people may stop menstruating, and children may not grow properly. Their weight or rate of weight gain may be significantly below that of other children of a similar age and biological sex.

Another sign of malabsorption in children is that they may avoid certain foods.

Risk factors for malabsorption syndrome include:

• a family history of cystic fibrosis or malabsorption
• drinking large amounts of alcohol
• intestinal surgery
• use of certain medications, including laxatives or mineral oil
• travel to the Caribbean, India, and parts of Southeast Asia

A doctor may suspect malabsorption syndrome if you have:

• chronic diarrhea
• nutrient deficiencies
• significant weight loss despite eating a balanced diet

Certain tests are used to confirm the diagnosis. These tests may include:

Stool tests

Stool tests can measure fat in samples of stool, or feces. These tests are the most reliable because fat is usually present in the stool of someone with malabsorption syndrome.

Blood tests

These tests measure the levels of specific nutrients in your blood, such as:

• vitamin B12
• vitamin D
• folate
• iron
• calcium
• carotene
• phosphorus
• albumin
• protein

A lack of one of these nutrients may not necessarily mean you have malabsorption syndrome. It can mean you’re not choosing foods with enough nutrients.

Normal levels of these nutrients suggest that malabsorption is not the problem.

Breath tests

Breath tests can be used to test for lactose intolerance.

If lactose isn’t being absorbed, it enters the colon. Bacteria in the colon break down the lactose and produce hydrogen gas. The excess hydrogen is absorbed from your intestine into your bloodstream and then into your lungs. You’ll then exhale the gas.

If you have hydrogen gas in your breath after ingesting a product containing lactose, you may have lactose intolerance.

Imaging tests

Imaging tests, which take pictures of your digestive system, may be done to look for structural problems. For instance, your doctor could request a CT scan to look for thickening of the wall of your small intestine, which could be a sign of Crohn’s disease.

Biopsy

You may have a biopsy if your doctor suspects you have abnormal cells in the lining of your small intestine.

A biopsy will likely be done using an endoscopy. A tube is inserted into your mouth and sent through your esophagus and stomach and into your small intestine to take a small sample of cells.

Q:

What are the long-term complications of malabsorption syndrome?

Anonymous patient

A:

The complications of malabsorption depend upon the severity of the underlying condition. It can cause malnutrition, weight loss, impaired wound healing, immune system deficiency, and fatigue.

Judith Marcin, MDAnswers represent the opinions of our medical experts. All content is strictly informational and should not be considered medical advice.

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Last medically reviewed on June 2, 2022

How we reviewed this article:

Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.

• Keller J, et al. (2014). The pathophysiology of malabsorption.
  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513829/
• Malabsorption. (n.d.).
  iffgd.org/other-disorders/malabsorption.html
• Zuvarox T, et al. (2021). Malabsorption syndromes.
  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553106/

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

Current Version

Apr 20, 2023

Written By

Michael Kerr

Edited By

Jamie Cesanek

Copy Edited By

Alyssa Schad

Jun 2, 2022

Medically Reviewed By

Saurabh Sethi, MD, MPH

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Medically reviewed by Saurabh Sethi, M.D., MPH — By Michael Kerr — Updated on April 20, 2023

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Sigmoidoscopy: Purpose, Procedure, and Results

Sigmoidoscopy: Purpose, Procedure, and Results

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Medically reviewed by University of Illinois — By Jaime Herndon, MS, MPH, MFA — Updated on June 7, 2017

What is a sigmoidoscopy?

Your colon helps your body absorb water and nutrients from the food you eat. It’s also where your stool is formed. The last third of your descending colon is called the sigmoid colon. It’s connected to your anus by your rectum.

A colonoscopy helps doctors examine the entire colon. But sometimes only the sigmoid colon warrants close inspection. That’s when a doctor will recommend a sigmoidoscopy.

A sigmoidoscopy, also called a flexible sigmoidoscopy, is a procedure that lets your doctor look inside your sigmoid colon by using a flexible tube with a light on it. It helps your doctor check for:

• ulcers
• abnormal cells
• polyps
• cancer

Typically, pieces of tissue will be taken as samples to check for any abnormal cell changes.

You should tell your doctor if you notice:

• changes in your bowel habits
• rectal bleeding
• abdominal pain
• unexplained weight loss

These can be signs of various colon diseases, and a sigmoidoscopy might be the procedure to help determine the cause of your symptoms. A sigmoidoscopy is also a general screening tool for colon cancer.

Read more: Colorectal (colon) cancer »

Depending on your personal health history and whether your family has a history of colorectal cancer, you might need to have a sigmoidoscopy every five years after the age of 50.

Preparing for a sigmoidoscopy is similar to preparing for a colonoscopy. You’ll likely use one or more enemas approximately two hours before the procedure.

If your entire colon needs to be empty, preparation becomes even more like what you need to do for a colonoscopy. For example, you’ll follow a clear liquid diet for one to three days before the procedure. You may be given a powder laxative to mix with fluid to help empty your intestines. Liquids you can consume include:

• plain coffee or tea
• water
• fat-free broth
• gelatin, like Jell-O
• sports drinks with electrolytes

You’ll want to avoid liquid with red or purple dye because it can look like blood in the colon.

Before the procedure, tell your doctor about any medical conditions you have and all medications and supplements you’re taking.

Before the procedure, your doctor will have you lie on your left side on an examination table. They’ll insert a thin, flexible tube called a sigmoidoscope into your anus. The tube has a light and a very small camera on the end so images can be transmitted onto a monitor for your doctor to see. The tube also inflates your colon with some air to make it easier to examine.

You might be uncomfortable, but the procedure isn’t typically painful. People aren’t usually under sedation during a sigmoidoscopy, so your doctor might ask you to shift every so often to make it easier to move the scope.

If your doctor sees any polyps or growths, they might remove them. If there are any abnormal areas in your colon, small pieces of tissue might be removed for further examination.

The risks are minimal, but it’s possible for a tear to occur in the colon or the wall of the rectum on rare occasions. If your doctor takes a tissue sample, bleeding could occur in the place where the sample was taken.

The entire procedure takes 10 to 20 minutes. People can usually drive themselves to and from the appointment. If you’ve been given medication to calm or sedate you, you’ll need someone to drive you home afterward.

Usually, some bloating or cramping is normal after a sigmoidoscopy. Call your doctor immediately if you have:

• severe abdominal pain
• dizziness
• bloody stool
• fever

These can be signs of something serious.

Your doctor will call you to discuss the results of any biopsies. If there’s a positive result that requires further testing, you may need to repeat the procedure. You may also need to repeat it if your doctor wasn’t able to get a good picture of your colon and rectum.

Talk with your doctor about any questions or concerns regarding your colorectal health or the results.

Last medically reviewed on May 24, 2017

How we reviewed this article:

Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.

• Flexible sigmoidoscopy. (2016).
  niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diagnostic-tests/flexible-sigmoidoscopy
• Frequently asked questions about colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy. (2016).
  cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/faq-colonoscopy-and-sigmoidoscopy.html
• Mayo Clinic Staff. (2014). Flexible sigmoidoscopy: Definition.
  mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/flexible-sigmoidoscopy/basics/definition/prc-20014697

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

Current Version

Jun 7, 2017

Written By

Jaime R. Herndon, MS, MPH, MFA

May 24, 2017

Medically Reviewed By

University of Illinois-Chicago

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Medically reviewed by University of Illinois — By Jaime Herndon, MS, MPH, MFA — Updated on June 7, 2017

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Other causes
Can “bear disease” be cured?

Have you ever wondered why bear disease is called that? This folk expression, meaning “diarrhea from fear”, came into our everyday life a long time ago – with the beginning of the bear hunt. To make the beast an easy prey, the hunters sneaked up to the lair while the ferocious predator was still in hibernation, and with the help of various metal objects created as much noise as possible. The loud sound frightened and disoriented the beast, forcing it to “run wherever its eyes look.” At the same time, almost always, the awakened bear began severe diarrhea ¹ .

Sudden onset of diarrhea caused by a strong nervous shock is still popularly called “bear disease” ¹ . But it has a more scientific name – irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) ^1.10 . And although such a disorder is not a disease in full, its manifestations can disrupt the usual rhythm of life ² .

This article will tell you about the causes of “bear sickness” and ways to relieve diarrhea.

Features of “bear disease”

IBS can occur with both constipation and diarrhea. The diarrheal form is characterized by the passage of mushy or watery feces on average 3-5 times a day. The feces do not contain any impurities, blood or pus ³ .

Please note!

In “bear disease” the urge to defecate is often difficult to contain. Diarrhea usually appears in the morning, after breakfast, accompanied by pain and bloating. This typical manifestation of IBS is called “morning rush syndrome” or “morning storm” ³ . If diarrhea forces you to wake up at night and run to the toilet, then it is unlikely that you have irritable bowel syndrome ³ .

Causes of “bear disease”

In case of diarrheal form of IBS, the intestine reacts to various provoking factors with increased contraction. As a result, the transit (movement) of the intestinal masses is accelerated – the stool becomes frequent ² . “Bear disease” can occur due to stress, and not only emotional. What factors become stressful for our intestines – we will talk further.

Stressed intestines

As before, so today, “bear disease” is primarily associated with a strong nervous shock. This situation is familiar to students taking exams, artists before performing in public ¹² . Even the lack of support during emotional experiences and the inability to properly navigate life’s difficulties ³ can lead to diarrhea.

Reaction to stress, susceptibility to it and the skill of coping with it are formed in childhood under the influence of environment and traditions. That’s when a “failure” may occur.0039 2 . Strong emotional reaction and stress can lead to impaired intestinal motility (motor function) through the brain-gut axis ¹¹ . In turn, the “bear disease” itself becomes a cause of stress – there may be a fear that diarrhea will “catch up” outside the home, for example, at work or in transport. This is how a vicious circle arises: “stress-diarrhea-stress” ² .

Reaction to food

“Bear disease” is often associated with a reaction to food ¹⁰ . For example, raw vegetables, fruits, cereals, which contain coarse vegetable fibers, mechanically irritate the intestinal wall and accelerate the passage of its contents ^5.11 . People with IBS often have a greater reaction to fiber ¹¹ .

Sweet apples, pears, grapes, honey or nuts rich in fructose can also cause diarrhea ⁵ . Fructose, or “fruit sugar”, as well as sweeteners, are rather poorly absorbed ⁵ . Remaining in the intestinal lumen, they retain water around them and stimulate intestinal motility ^5.6 .

Diarrhea can be experienced by diabetics who consume diet foods, lovers of confectionery and chewing gum. These foods typically contain the poorly absorbed sweeteners mannitol and sorbitol ⁵ .

Changes in the microbiota

The microbiota, or microbial community, actively regulates the functions of the colon. But the correct signals from the microbiota come only with its normal composition. If the number of “harmful” microorganisms increases, and “useful” decreases, then there is a well-known dysbacteriosis ⁴ . Then representatives of the “harmful” part of the microbiota penetrate the intestinal wall, trigger immune reactions in it and maintain sluggish inflammation. This sluggish inflammation is enough to make the intestine more sensitive to various irritants and to change the permeability of the intestinal wall ^{4. 11} . Sluggish inflammation can even increase bowel contractions and impair the transport of water and salts across the gut wall, all of which contribute to the “bear sickness” response to stress ¹¹ .

What can disturb the composition of the microbiota? Firstly, it is a food that some bacteria love and “do not digest” others ¹¹ . Secondly, it is the transferred infections. Due to dysbacteriosis, “bear disease” often occurs after a bacterial or viral intestinal infection, as well as after taking antibacterial drugs ⁴ .

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Other causes

There are a number of factors that further increase the risk of IBS symptoms, including bear sickness ² :

• living in major metropolitan areas;
• “office” work;
• tobacco smoking.

Sometimes the cause of “bear disease” is found in excessive sports training. Repetitive pushes and bumps during intense and long running can injure the intestinal mucosa, which is why runners often develop diarrhea ⁷ .

Can bear disease be cured?

Before starting treatment, doctors prescribe tests, carefully examine a person to rule out diseases of the internal organs that are manifested by diarrhea. And only if no other causes of diarrhea are identified, specialists diagnose irritable bowel syndrome ² .

Therapy for the disorder usually includes a variety of drugs to reduce anxiety, relieve spasm, and relieve symptoms ¹¹ . To combat the actual “neurogenic stool”, that is, diarrhea, doctors may recommend antidiarrheal drugs. Loperamide is recommended as the drug of first choice ¹¹ .

Loperamide – active ingredient of the drug Imodium® Express . It reduces peristalsis (intestinal contractions), thereby slowing down the movement of feces. Imodium® Express also facilitates stool retention and reduces the urge to defecate by increasing the tone of the anal sphincter ⁸ .

Imodium® Express :

• can start working as early as 1 hour after ingestion, relieving diarrhea from the first application in 80% of cases ⁹;
• is indicated for acute and chronic diarrhea caused by allergic reaction, emotional stress, errors in diet or drugs ⁸ ;
• is convenient to take anywhere – a lyophilisate tablet with a special technology Zydis® ( Zaydis) dissolves on the tongue in a few seconds and does not require drinking water ⁸ .

Before using Imodium® Express, read the instructions and consult your doctor. Do not take the drug if you have a high temperature and blood in your stool ⁸ .

After alleviating the symptoms of “bear disease”, one more question arises before a person – is it possible to prevent such an intestinal reaction? Knowing what factor provokes your diarrhea, it is quite possible to reduce the chances of diarrhea.

To keep IBS from getting worse, follow these tips:

• Rest – Get at least 7-8 hours of sleep a night ² .
• Manage stress – use various techniques to overcome anxiety and nervous tension, if necessary – seek help from a psychotherapist ² .
• Watch your diet. Limit foods high in fiber or sugar ¹¹ . These substances can increase gas formation and bowel contraction, causing diarrhea ¹¹ . Also try temporarily cutting out coffee, honey, milk and nuts ¹¹ . Keeping a food diary can help to calculate provocative foods ¹² .

• Do your exercise . Physical activity helps improve bowel function ² , but it is better to refuse from excessive loads in case of “bear disease” ¹² .
• See your doctor regularly to adjust your treatment, get new advice, and make sure you’re doing the right thing.

The information in this article is for reference only and does not replace professional medical advice. For diagnosis and treatment, contact a qualified specialist.

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Diarrhea: causes, symptoms and treatment recommendations. Dr. Peter

• Directory of Diseases

November 26, 2022

Diarrhea is loose, loose stools. Increased evacuation of intestinal contents and its sharp liquefaction worsens the state of health and disrupts the balance of fluid and energy. Very frequent watery diarrhea can greatly weaken the body for several hours. Possible causes of diarrhea include infections, hormonal imbalances, stress, and chronic and malignant diseases.

Source:

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Loose stools are not a disease, but a symptom – a sign that the digestion process, metabolism or infection is disturbed. The term “diarrhea” refers to a bowel movement that occurs more than three times a day with a change in the consistency of the stool to pasty or liquid, an increased amount of stool (more than 250 grams).

Causes

Depending on the causes, diarrhea is divided into types:

• Osmotic : if the body cannot absorb certain food components, medicines or other physically active substances, the liquid in the opposite direction through the mucous membrane enters the intestine. There it liquefies the contents, the stool becomes liquid to watery. Some laxatives use a mechanism by which liquid enters the intestines.

• Secretory : in secretory diarrhea, the intestinal mucosa actively releases water into the intestines. The effect occurs primarily in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. But it can also happen with food poisoning, exposure to toxins from certain bacteria, or when taking certain laxatives. Diarrhea is frequent and watery.

• Exudative : Some bacteria and parasites cause severe inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. More mucus is secreted, and sometimes blood, which leaves with the stool. Such exudative diarrhea can also occur with chronic inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Mucus and blood in diarrhea can often be seen with the naked eye.

• Hyperkinetic: it significantly increases the movements of the intestinal muscles (peristalsis). Due to the shorter retention time of chyme, the intestines cannot absorb enough fluid from it. The stool is often liquid or mushy.

• Steatorrhea : a special form of diarrhea called fatty stools occurs when not enough bile acids are secreted into the inside of the small intestine. Bile acids are responsible for breaking down complex fats so they can be absorbed by the intestinal mucosa. Due to the lack of bile acids, the consistency of the stool is often mushy.

Diarrhea that stops within about two weeks is called acute. In contrast, chronic diarrhea may occur regularly for several months. Often this indicates a more serious cause or disease.

Important causes of acute diarrhea are:

• Acute gastrointestinal infections caused by bacteria or viruses: e.g. Escherichia coli (E. and abdominal typhoid and cholera, listeria, Clostridium botulinum, noroviruses, rotaviruses.

• Infestation with parasites: eg amoeba, giardia.

• Fungal or chemical poisoning.

• Medications: Some drugs increase the flow of water into the intestines (eg laxatives) and thus cause diarrhea. Others disturb the balance of the intestinal flora, such as antibiotics. Then individual microorganisms (eg Clostridium difficile) can multiply and cause diarrhea.

• Food allergy or intolerance, eg cow’s milk allergy, histamine, lactose or gluten intolerance (eg celiac disease). Diarrhea after eating indicates a person’s hypersensitivity to certain foods.

• Acute mental stress (excitement, fear, etc.).

• Radiotherapy. When cancer patients receive radiation therapy to the abdomen or pelvis, it can damage the intestinal lining so much that it causes diarrhea.

Chronic diarrhea lasts longer than two weeks. Possible Causes:

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Due to certain foods or psychological stress, many sufferers have frequent bowel movements and sometimes spasmodic diarrhea. An irritable bowel is not dangerous, but it can have a big impact on daily life.

• Chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa: some food components cannot be completely digested. Sometimes there is also excess stomach acid, which can irritate the intestines.

• Hormonal imbalances such as Addison’s disease (destruction of the adrenal cortex with cortisol deficiency), overactive thyroid, or gastrinoma (hormone-producing tumor of the small intestine or pancreas).

• Diverticulitis: Watery diarrhea or stools with mucus and blood may occur.

• Chronic inflammatory bowel disease: ulcerative colitis (chronic inflammation in the colon), Crohn’s disease.

• Chronic intestinal infections with viruses, bacteria or parasites.

• Digestion disorder: in case of malabsorption, food components cannot be broken down sufficiently (digestive disorder) or are not digested sufficiently (malabsorption). This can happen, for example, after stomach operations, diseases of the pancreas or gallbladder.

• Cancers: Some cancers can also be associated with diarrhea. For example, in colon cancer, there is often an alternation of diarrhea and constipation. In addition, blood is often found in the stool of patients.

Symptoms associated with diarrhea

Diarrhea that lasts only a few days is harmless in most cases to healthy adults. The body can usually compensate for fluid loss and restore salt balance within a few days after recovery.

If diarrhea – sometimes due to crampy pain in the abdomen or circulatory problems – occurs in connection with eating, those affected should consult a doctor. This may be a sign of a food intolerance.

Chronic diarrhea is also a reason to visit a doctor, because it may hide a more serious illness.

Possible complications and risks

In the event of sudden, very severe diarrhea with circulatory problems that cannot be relieved by drinking fluids, you should immediately consult a doctor. If diarrhea is accompanied by vomiting, severe malaise, loss of consciousness, dizziness, this is a dangerous situation.

If you find blood in your stool with diarrhea, you should definitely consult a doctor.

It is also worth doing if diarrhea occurs after a stay in a subtropical or tropical country where diseases such as typhoid or cholera are common.

Diagnosis

A detailed questioning, history taking, and physical examination are usually sufficient for doctors to pinpoint the cause of diarrhea. Knowing that contagious gastrointestinal diseases often occur at different times and in different regions can also help in diagnosis. In addition, if necessary, the doctor can conduct special examinations:

• Blood tests: Depending on the suspicion, the patient’s blood is tested for pathogens, antibodies, signs of inflammation, hormonal disorders, or tumor markers.

• Stool tests: The sample is analyzed to look for viruses or bacteria that cause diarrhea.

• Ultrasound of the abdominal organs and, if necessary, X-ray examinations with a contrast agent.

• Allergy tests (skin or challenge tests) for suspected food allergies (often in people who already have hay fever or asthma).

• Lactose tolerance test for suspected lactose intolerance.

• Endoscopy to confirm suspicion of gluten intolerance (celiac disease or gluten sensitivity) or to examine the bile ducts and pancreatic ducts.

• Colonoscopy if you suspect irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, or tumors that may be causing diarrhea

• Tissue sampling (biopsy) from the small intestine, pancreas, colon, or lymph nodes to look for inflammatory changes in the intestinal wall or tumors as the cause of diarrhea.

How to treat diarrhea

In adults, acute diarrhea in most cases resolves quickly and does not require medical treatment. Home remedies, diet, and fluid intake are usually sufficient to relieve symptoms. Good hygiene also prevents the transmission of any diarrhea-causing pathogens to other people.

Medicines for diarrhea should be used with caution. They can usually relieve symptoms quickly. However, medications do nothing to combat the causes of diarrhea. In general, antidiarrheal drugs should be used with caution and only for a short time. Especially in the case of acute diarrhea caused by an infection or toxin, the body tries to quickly get rid of it through accelerated bowel movements. If this “cleansing process” is inhibited, long-term exposure to the pathogen can lead to intestinal damage. In addition, some bacterial causes of diarrhea need to be treated with antibiotics. If the patient simply takes an antidiarrheal drug on his own, this may mean that he turns to the doctor late, complications are possible.

If necessary, the treatment of diarrhea may be supplemented with other drugs. For example, in cases of severe colic spasms, antispasmodics may be helpful. You can also take painkillers if needed if your doctor prescribes them. In the case of chronic diarrhea, a specialist should treat the underlying disease.

Attention!

The information on this website is not a guide to self-medication. All materials are for reference only and do not replace a visit to the doctor. If any symptoms appear, you should contact a specialist.

References:

1. Fischer T.K., Viboud C., Parashar U., Malek M., Steiner C., Glass R. et al. Hospitalizations and deaths from diarrhea and rotavirus among children <5 years of age in the United States, 1993–2003 // J Infect Dis. 2007 Vol. 195. R. 1117-1125.

2. Payne D.C., Staat M.A., Edwards K.M., Szilagyi P.G., Gentsch J.R., Stockman L.J. et al.