Gastroenteritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

In this series Diarrhoea Food Poisoning Norovirus Campylobacter Salmonella Cryptosporidium C Diff E. Coli Diarrhoea Medicine

Gastroenteritis is an infection of the gut (intestines) with viruses, bacteria or other microbes. You may develop diarrhoea and vomiting, tummy (abdominal) pain and other symptoms.

What is gastroenteritis?

Gastroenteritis is an infection of the gut with microbes, which usually causes a mild tummy upset for a day or two. It can also be called ‘stomach flu’. It is a horrible experience with only one upside – it does give you a justified reason for a few duvet days. The downside is that you’ll spend most of that time in the loo, having the runs and puking.

However, there is a more severe form of gastroenteritis that sticks around for several days. Apart from the watery poo and throwing up, you get blood in the poo and tummy pains for no extra charge. Sometimes a high temperature (fever), aching limbs and headache are added extras.

What causes gastroenteritis?

Infection with noroviruses and adenoviruses are common causes of gastroenteritis in adults in the UK. However, other viruses can also be the cause.

Gastroenteritis is an infection of the gut (intestines). The severity can range from a mild tummy (abdominal) upset for a day or two with mild diarrhoea, to severe diarrhoea and being sick (vomiting) for several days or longer. Many germs (viruses, bacteria and other microbes) can cause gastroenteritis.

Viruses are easily spread from one person to another by close contact. This is often because of the virus being present on people’s hands after they have been to the toilet. Surfaces or objects touched by the infected person can also allow transmission of the virus. The virus can also be passed on if the infected person prepares food. Outbreaks of a virus causing gastroenteritis in many people can occur – for example, in schools, hospitals or nursing homes.

Food poisoning from eating contaminated food causes some cases of gastroenteritis. Many different types of microbes can cause food poisoning. Common examples of bacterial infection are called campylobacter, salmonella and Escherichia coli (usually shortened to E. coli). Poisons (toxins) produced by bacteria can also cause food poisoning. Another group of microbes called parasites can also be a cause. Food and Water contaminated by bacteria or other microbes is another common cause, particularly in countries with poor sanitation. See the separate leaflet called Food Poisoning for more details.

Is gastroenteritis dangerous?

Gastroenteritis can become dangerous if you become dehydrated, you’re throwing up a lot and can’t keep fluids down, you have blood in your poo or sick (vomit), or you have severe tummy pains. If this happens, seek medical advice.

A persistent high temperature (fever) or diarrhoea or puking that lasts longer than expected are other reasons to contact the doc. Also, if you’re elderly, have a long-term condition such as diabetes, are pregnant or have trouble with your immune system, don’t hesitate to get in touch with a health professional.

Gastroenteritis is common. About 1 in 5 people in the UK will develop an episode of gastroenteritis in a year.

Most people have a mild form of gastroenteritis and do not need to seek medical advice or to visit their doctor.

• The main symptom is diarrhoea, often with being sick (vomiting) as well. Diarrhoea means loose or watery stools (faeces), usually at least three times in 24 hours. Blood or mucus can appear in the stools with some infections.
• Crampy pains in your tummy (abdomen) are common. Pains may ease for a while each time you pass some diarrhoea.
• A high temperature (fever), headache and aching limbs sometimes occur.

Can gastroenteritis have long-term effects?

If vomiting occurs, it often lasts only a day or so but sometimes longer. Diarrhoea often continues after the vomiting stops and commonly lasts for several days or more. Slightly loose stools may continue for a week or so further before a normal pattern returns. Sometimes the symptoms last longer.

Gastroenteritis symptoms

Diarrhoea and being sick (vomiting) are the two main symptoms of gastroenteritis. This may cause lack of fluid in the body (dehydration), so consult a doctor quickly if you suspect you are becoming dehydrated. Mild dehydration is a common gastroenteritis symptom and is usually easily reversed by drinking lots of fluids. Severe dehydration can be fatal unless quickly treated because the organs of your body need a certain amount of fluid to function.

• Symptoms and signs of dehydration in adults include:
• Tiredness.
• Dizziness or light-headedness.
• Headache.
• Muscular cramps.
• Sunken eyes.
• Passing little urine.
• A dry mouth and tongue.
• Weakness.
• Becoming irritable.
• Symptoms of severe dehydration in adults include:
• Weakness.
• Confusion.
• Rapid heart rate.
• Coma.
• Producing very little urine.

Severe dehydration is a medical emergency and immediate medical attention is needed.

Dehydration in adults with gastroenteritis is more likely to occur in:

• Elderly or frail people.
• Pregnant women.
• People with severe vomiting and diarrhoea. In particular, if you are not able to replace the fluid lost with enough drinks.

How long does gastroenteritis last?

Viral gastroenteritis symptoms tend to appear 1-3 days after infection and can vary in severity. Typically, gastroenteritis symptoms last anywhere between a day or two, to up to 14 days.

How is gastroenteritis diagnosed?

Most people with gastroenteritis recognise this from their typical symptoms and they do not usually need to see a doctor or to seek medical advice. Symptoms are often quite mild and commonly get better within a few days without any specific treatment.

However, in some circumstances, you may need to see a doctor when you have gastroenteritis. The doctor may ask you questions about recent travel abroad, if you have been in contact with someone with similar symptoms, or if you have recently taken antibiotic medication or been admitted to hospital. This is to look for possible causes of your gastroenteritis. The doctor will also usually check you for signs of lack of fluid in the body (dehydration). They may check your temperature, pulse and blood pressure. They may also examine your tummy (abdomen) to look for any tenderness

Tests are not usually needed. However, if you are particularly unwell, have bloody stools (faeces), have recently travelled abroad, are admitted to hospital, or your symptoms are not getting better, your doctor may ask you to collect a stool sample. This can then be examined in the laboratory to look for the cause of the infection

When should I seek medical advice?

Seek medical advice in any of the following situations, or if any other symptoms occur that you are concerned about:

• If you suspect that you are becoming lacking in fluid in the body (dehydrated).
• If you are being sick (vomiting) a lot and unable to keep fluids down.
• If you have blood in your diarrhoea or your sick (vomit).
• If you have severe tummy (abdominal) pain.
• If you have severe symptoms, or if you feel that your condition is getting worse.
• If you have a persisting high temperature (fever).
• If your symptoms are not settling – for example, vomiting for more than 1-2 days, or diarrhoea that does not start to settle after 3-4 days.
• Infections caught abroad.
• If you are elderly or have an underlying health problem such as diabetes, epilepsy, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or kidney disease.
• If you have a weakened immune system because of, for example, chemotherapy treatment, long-term steroid treatment, or HIV infection.
• If you are pregnant.

Gastroenteritis treatment

Symptoms often settle within a few days or so as your immune system usually clears the infection. Occasionally, admission to hospital is needed if symptoms are severe, or if complications develop.

The following are commonly advised until symptoms ease.

Fluids – have lots to drink

If you suspect that you are dehydrated, you should contact a doctor.

• As a rough guide, drink at least 200 mls after each bout of diarrhoea (after each watery stool).
• This extra fluid is in addition to what you would normally drink. For example, an adult will normally drink about two litres a day but more in hot countries. The above advice of 200 mls after each bout of diarrhoea is in addition to this usual amount that you would drink.
• If you have been sick (vomited), wait 5-10 minutes and then start drinking again but more slowly. For example, a sip every 2-3 minutes but making sure that your total intake is as described above.
• You will need to drink even more if you are dehydrated. A doctor will advise on how much to drink if you are dehydrated.

For most adults, fluids drunk to keep hydrated should mainly be water. It is best not to have drinks that contain a lot of sugar as they can sometimes make diarrhoea worse.

Rehydration drinks are recommended for people who are frail, or over the age of 60, or who have underlying health problems. They are made from sachets that you can buy from pharmacies. (The sachets are also available on prescription.) You add the contents of the sachet to drinking water. Oral rehydration solutions provide a good balance of water, salts and sugar.

The small amount of sugar and salt helps the water to be absorbed better from the gut (intestines) into the body. They do not stop or reduce diarrhoea. Home-made salt/sugar mixtures are used in developing countries if rehydration drinks are not available but they have to be made carefully, as too much salt can be dangerous. Rehydration drinks are cheap and readily available in the UK and are the best treatment.

Eat as normally as possible

It used to be advised not to eat for a while if you had gastroenteritis. However, now it is advised to eat small, light meals if you can. Be guided by your appetite. You may not feel like food and most adults can do without food for a few days. Eat food as soon as you are able – but don’t stop drinking. If you do feel like eating, avoid fatty, spicy or heavy food at first. Plain foods such as wholemeal bread and rice are good foods to try eating first.

Medication

Antidiarrhoeal medicines are not usually necessary. However, you may wish to reduce the number of trips that you need to make to the toilet. You can buy antidiarrhoeal medicines from pharmacies. The safest and most effective is loperamide. The adult dose of this is two capsules at first. This is followed by one capsule after each time you pass some diarrhoea up to a maximum of eight capsules in 24 hours. It works by slowing down your gut’s activity. You should not take loperamide for longer than five days.

Note: do not give antidiarrhoeal medicines to infants and young children aged less than 12 years. Also, do not use antidiarrhoeal medicines if you pass blood or mucus with the diarrhoea or if you have a high temperature (fever). People with certain conditions should not take loperamide. Therefore, read the leaflet that comes with the medicine to be safe. For example, pregnant women should not take loperamide.

Paracetamol or ibuprofen is useful to ease the distress that might accompany a high temperature or headache.

As explained, if symptoms are severe, or continue for more than several days, your doctor may ask for a sample of the diarrhoea. This is sent to the laboratory to look for infecting microbes (bacteria, parasites, etc). Sometimes an antibiotic or other treatments are needed if certain bacteria or other infections are found to be the cause. Antibiotics are not needed for gastroenteritis caused by viruses and may even make things worse.

What are the possible complications of gastroenteritis?

Gastroenteritis complications are more likely if you have an ongoing (chronic) condition such as diabetes or if you have a weakened immune system. For example, if you are taking long-term steroid medication or you are having chemotherapy treatment for cancer.

Possible complications include the following:

Lack of fluid (dehydration) and salt (electrolyte) imbalance in your body

This is the most common complication. It occurs if the water and salts that are lost in your stools (faeces), or when you have been sick (vomited), are not replaced by you drinking adequate fluids. If you can manage to drink plenty of fluids then dehydration is unlikely to occur, or is only likely to be mild and will soon recover as you drink. Severe dehydration can lead to a drop in your blood pressure. This can cause reduced blood flow to your vital organs. If dehydration is not treated, kidney failure may also develop. Some people who become severely dehydrated need a drip of fluid directly into a vein. This requires admission to hospital.

Reactive complications

Rarely, other parts of the body may react to an infection that occurs in the gut (intestines). This can cause symptoms such as joint inflammation (arthritis), skin inflammation and eye inflammation (either conjunctivitis or uveitis). Reactive complications are uncommon when a virus causes gastroenteritis.

Spread of infection

The infection can spread to other parts of your body such as your bones, joints, or the meninges that surround your brain and spinal cord. This is rare. If it does occur, it is more likely if gastroenteritis is caused by salmonella infection.

Persistent diarrhoea syndromes

Diarrhoea syndromes may rarely develop.

Irritable bowel syndrome

IBS is sometimes triggered by a bout of gastroenteritis.

Lactose intolerance

A lactose intolerance can sometimes occur for a while after gastroenteritis. This is known as secondary or acquired lactose intolerance. Your gut lining can be damaged by the episode of gastroenteritis. This leads to lack of a chemical (enzyme) called lactase that is needed to help your body digest a sugar called lactose that is in milk. Lactose intolerance leads to bloating, tummy (abdominal) pain, wind and watery stools after drinking milk. The condition gets better when the infection is over and the gut lining heals. It is more common in children.

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

This is another potential complication. It is rare and is usually associated with gastroenteritis caused by a certain type of E. coli infection. It is a serious condition where there is anaemia, a low platelet count in the blood and kidney failure. It is more common in children. If recognised and treated, most people recover well.

Reduced effectiveness of some medicines

During an episode of gastroenteritis, certain medicines that you may be taking for other conditions or reasons may not be as effective. This is because the diarrhoea and/or vomiting means that reduced amounts of the medicines are taken up (absorbed) into your body. Examples of such medicines are medicines for epilepsy, diabetes and contraception. Speak to your doctor or practice nurse if you are unsure of what to do if you are taking other medicines and have gastroenteritis.

Is gastroenteritis contagious?

Yes, gastroenteritis is contagious so it can be easily passed on from person to person. You can catch gastroenteritis when tiny particles of faeces or vomit from an infected person enter your mouth.

There are a number of ways this can happen:

• By touching contaminated surfaces and then your mouth or face.
• By eating food contaminated by an infected person.
• By eating food that hasn’t been prepared correctly or stored at the right temperature.
• By close contact with an infected person, as their breath may contain small particles of vomit carrying the virus or bacteria that causes gastroenteritis.

People with gastroenteritis are most contagious from the moment their symptoms begin to 48 hours after they’ve gone away. However, they may be infections slightly before and after this period.

How to prevent gastroenteritis

If you have gastroenteritis, the following are recommended to prevent the spread of infection to others:

• Wash your hands thoroughly after going to the toilet. Ideally, use liquid soap and water but any soap is better than none. Dry properly after washing.
• Don’t share towels and flannels.
• Don’t prepare or serve food or drink for others.
• Regularly clean the toilets that you use with disinfectant. Wipe the flush handle, toilet seat, bathroom taps, surfaces and door handles with hot water and detergent at least once a day. Keep a cloth just for cleaning the toilet (or use a disposable one each time).
• Stay off work, college, etc, until at least 48 hours after the last episode of diarrhoea or being sick (vomiting).
• Rotavirus is a common cause of diarrhoea and vomiting in babies and young children. A rotavirus vaccination is routinely offered to children.
• Food handlers: if you work with food and develop diarrhoea or vomiting, you must immediately leave the food-handling area. For most, no other measures are needed, other than staying away from work until at least 48 hours after the last episode of diarrhoea or vomiting. Some special situations may arise and sometimes longer time off is needed. Specialist advice may be needed for some uncommon causes of gastroenteritis. If in doubt, seek advice from your employer or GP.
• If the cause of gastroenteritis is known to be (or suspected to be) a microbe called Cryptosporidium spp., you should not swim in swimming pools for two weeks after the last episode of diarrhoea.

Can food poisoning cause gastroenteritis?

Even when we are not in contact with someone with gastroenteritis, we can still catch it from poor storage, preparation and cooking of food, so good hygiene can help to prevent gastroenteritis too.

In particular, always wash your hands:

• After you go to the toilet.
• Before you touch food.
• Between handling raw meat and food ready to be eaten. (There may be some germs (bacteria) on raw meat.)
• After gardening.
• After playing with pets (even healthy animals can carry certain harmful bacteria).

The simple measure of washing hands regularly and properly is known to make a big difference to the chance of developing gastroenteritis.

You should also take extra measures when in countries which have poor sanitation. For example, avoid drinking contaminated water and other drinks that may not be safe and avoid eating food washed in unsafe water.

Understanding Viral Gastroenteritis | Johns Hopkins Medicine

What is viral gastroenteritis?

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation, swelling, and irritation of the inside lining of your gastrointestinal tract. A virus causes this illness. It can infect your stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Viral gastroenteritis is very common. In most cases, it lasts only a few days and doesn’t require treatment. The biggest danger is dehydration from loss of fluid due to diarrhea and vomiting.

What causes viral gastroenteritis?

Several viruses can cause gastroenteritis. Viruses can be found in the vomit and the diarrhea of infected people. It can live for a long time outside the body. People who are infected can spread the virus to objects they touch, especially if they don’t wash their hands after using the bathroom. Food workers with the infection can spread it to others through food and beverages. Sewage that gets into the water supply can also spread the illness. Although viral gastroenteritis is sometimes called “stomach flu,” the seasonal influenza (flu) virus does not cause it.

Some of the common viruses that cause gastroenteritis include:

• Rotavirus. This virus most commonly infects infants age 3 to 15 months. The illness lasts for 3 to 7 days and is most common in fall and winter.
• Norovirus. This is the most common cause of adult infections and the virus that’s usually responsible for outbreaks on cruise ships. Symptoms last from 1 to 3 days and can occur any time of the year.
• Adenovirus. This virus occurs year-round and affects children under age 2. Symptoms last from 5 to 12 days.

Many other viruses can also cause viral gastroenteritis.

What are the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis?

Symptoms of viral gastroenteritis usually begin about 1 to 2 days after the virus gets into the body.

Common symptoms include:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Watery diarrhea

 Other possible symptoms are:

• Headache
• Fever
• Chills
• Stomachache

Signs of dehydration:

• Decreased urine output
• Dark-colored urine
• Dry skin
• Thirst
• Dizziness

Signs of dehydration in young children:

• Dry diapers (from a lack of urination)
• Lack of tears
• Dry mouth
• Drowsiness
• Sunken fontanel (the soft spot on the top of an infant’s head)

How is viral gastroenteritis diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider will most likely diagnose your condition based on your history and symptoms. You will rarely need testing. If your symptoms persist, your healthcare provider may ask for a stool sample to look for viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

Can viral gastroenteritis be prevented?

Vaccines are available to protect children from rotavirus. Healthcare providers give shots to babies before age 6 months. You and your children can help prevent viral gastroenteritis by taking these steps:

• Wash hands for 20 seconds with soap and water after going to the bathroom, after changing a diaper, and before touching any food.
• Use alcohol-based sanitizers.
• If someone in the house has gastroenteritis, wash all surfaces that might be contaminated with a bleach-based cleaner.
• Avoid any food or water with warnings of contamination.

How is viral gastroenteritis treated?

Specific treatment is usually not needed. In most cases, you simply need to drink plenty of fluids and rest at home until the virus leaves your system. In rare cases, you may need treatment for severe dehydration, with IV (intravenous) fluids.

Helpful home care tips include:

• Drink plenty of light fluids like water, ice chips, fruit juice, and broth. Keep in mind that sports drinks are high in sugar and are not appropriate if you are extremely dehydrated. In this case, you will need an oral rehydration solution.
• Avoid drinks that contain milk, caffeine, and alcohol.
• Once you feel hungry again, start with mild, easy to digest foods.
• Rehydrate children with oral rehydration solutions.

When should I call my healthcare provider?

Viral gastroenteritis is common in children and adults. In most cases, the disease is not serious and will run its course in a few days. Call your healthcare provider if you or a family member has vomiting or diarrhea that’s not getting better, if you see blood or tar-like stool, or if you have any signs of dehydration.

Key points

• Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the inside lining of your gastrointestinal tract.
• It can be caused by rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus.
• Babies can be vaccinated against rotavirus.
• Symptoms of viral gastroenteritis are nausea, vomiting, and watery diarrhea.
• Dehydration is the most serious complication of this illness.
• This illness should run its course in a few days but may need medical attention of diarrhea or vomiting persists or if there are signs of dehydration.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:

• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
• Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.
• At the visit, write down the names of new medicines, treatments, or tests, and any new instructions your provider gives you.
• If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
• Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions.

Rotavirus in a child

Rotavirus in children: symptoms, treatment, prevention.

Rotavirus infection is an acute infectious disease with fecal-oral transmission, characterized by lesions of the gastrointestinal tract by the type of gastroenteritis with the development of dehydration (dehydration) syndrome.

Rotavirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age. .In Russia, it is most often recorded in the winter-spring period.

Causes of infection:

The causative agent is rotavirus, belongs to the family

RNA viruses. Types 1-4, 8 and 9 of the virus are considered infectious for humans.

The source of infection is a person (a patient or a virus shedder). The number of asymptomatic carriers of the virus among children can reach 5-7%. The virus is able to remain viable in the external environment for several months, is stable at low temperatures, and quickly dies when heated.

In general, in the Russian Federation, the proportion of sick children under 1 year of age is 20.6%, at the age of 1–2 years – 44.7%. By the age of 2, almost every child has at least 1 rotavirus infection and more than 2/3 fall ill again. Given the high contagiousness (infectiousness), it is a common cause of outbreaks in organized groups (kindergarten, school) and hospitals.

Mechanism of transmission of rotavirus – fecal-oral: realized by food, water and household contact. Given the extremely high contagiousness of rotavirus and the resistance of the pathogen to household chemicals, even very strict hygiene measures (including washing hands after each contact with the patient) can often be ineffective. The incubation period is only a few days – on average from 1 to 3 days.

Clinical picture

The main symptoms of rotavirus gastroenteritis are general intoxication (fever, lethargy, vomiting, headache) and changes in the gastrointestinal tract: abdominal pain, frequent loose watery stools. Rotavirus gastroenteritis is characterized by two variants of the onset of the disease: acute (about 90% of patients), when all the main symptoms appear on the 1st day of the disease, and subacute, when 1-2 symptoms (usually abdominal pain and intoxication) for 2-3 days diseases are joined by diarrhea, vomiting, fever.

General infectious syndrome.
Most cases of rotavirus infection begin acutely with a rise in temperature to febrile numbers (38.0 degrees) or even hyperthermia, but the duration of fever, despite its severity, rarely exceeds 2-4 days. Fever is accompanied by symptoms of intoxication: weakness, lethargy, loss of appetite up to the development of anorexia and adynamia in severe forms of the disease. In older children with mild forms, the disease can occur against the background of subfebrile temperature with moderate symptoms of intoxication or their absence.

Syndrome of local changes (gastritis, gastroenteritis and/or enteritis). One of the first, and often the leading manifestation of rotavirus infection, is vomiting. It can occur simultaneously with diarrhea or precede it, be repeated or repeated in nature for 1-2 days. The gastrointestinal tract is affected by the type of gastroenteritis or (less often) enteritis. Diarrheal syndrome in rotavirus infection is one of the most important and persistent manifestations, in some cases determining the clinical picture of the disease. The chair is plentiful, watery, frothy, yellow in color, without visible pathological impurities, or with a small amount of clear mucus, sometimes there is a characteristic sour smell of stools. The frequency of stools on average does not exceed 4-5 times a day, but in young children it can reach 15-20 times. The duration of diarrhea on average ranges from 3 to 7 days, but it can persist for a longer time (up to 10-14 days, more often in young children). Rotavirus infection is characterized by a combination of diarrhea with flatulence, which is most pronounced in children of the first year of life. Painful abdominal syndrome with rotavirus infection appears at the onset of the disease. Abdominal pains of varying severity may be diffuse or localized in the upper abdomen, and there may also be episodes of cramping pains.

Dehydration syndrome. The severity of the course of rotavirus gastroenteritis is determined by the amount of pathological fluid loss with vomiting and diarrhea and the development of exsicosis (dehydration) I-II, less often II-III degree. The degree of exicosis in patients depends not only on the severity of pathological losses of fluid and electrolytes, but also on the adequacy of the ongoing rehydration therapy (adequate fluid replacement). The following signs signal the development of dehydration: constant thirst, sunken eyes and a large fontanel, dry skin, sclera and mucous membranes. The skin becomes earthy-gray, the lips become bright and dry, the skin turgor decreases, and the amount of urine decreases. The most dangerous condition is the stage of dehydration, in which thirst is replaced by a complete refusal to drink and there is a pronounced decrease in urination up to its complete absence.

Syndrome of catarrhal changes. In 60-70% of patients with rotavirus infection, upper respiratory catarrh occurs, which may precede bowel dysfunction. It is characterized by moderate hyperemia and graininess of the posterior pharyngeal wall, soft palate and palatine arches, nasal congestion, coughing. However, the presence of catarrhal phenomena in some cases may be due to a concomitant respiratory viral infection, especially during the period of a seasonal increase in the incidence.

Extraintestinal complications:

– dehydration

– secondary infection

– possible development of seizures

– improper water regimen RVGE can cause cerebral edema, DIC, acute renal failure and other life-threatening conditions

The most disturbing signs! (Need to call SMP )

– severe weakness and lethargy, almost constant sleep, or vice versa, incessant anxiety

– incessant vomiting

– the inability to drink the child

– no urination or very rare concentrated urine

– in children under one year old – retraction of the fontanel

– blood in the stool

Disease prognosis:

The prognosis of the disease with adequate hydration is usually favorable, the duration of the disease rarely exceeds 5-7 days. After a history of rotavirus gastroenteritis, a child may become re-infected due to seasonal changes in circulating rotavirus serotypes, but a history of natural infection may reduce the severity of subsequent infections.

Diagnosis:

ELISA feces and OKI test (also includes PCR testing for other types of viruses that cause acute intestinal infections, salmonellosis and dysentery)

First aid:

– Abundant fractional drink. For this, it is preferable to use specialized saline solutions – Regidron, Regidron – Bio. In the first hours, in order not to provoke vomiting, you can give 1 tsp. or st.l. every 5 – 10 minutes.

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER! For a day, depending on age, the child should drink at least 1 – 1.5 liters of water. Therefore, especially in the first knocks of the child, you SHOULD continue to drink in a dream, controlling that the child does not choke.

– Place a small child on its side so that in the event of an attack of vomiting, it does not choke on vomit.

– Antipyretics – only if the temperature is above 38.5.

– the first 3 hours after vomiting do not feed, then in small portions.

Breastfeeding must continue!

– In the acute period, for the accelerated normalization of stool and removal of the virus from the body, astringent and adsorbing substances are used (carbolene, polyphepan, smecta, enterosgel, etc.)

Diet:

In the treatment of intestinal infections that provoke the development of fermentopathy, special attention is paid to the diet. Since during the development of the pathological process, the activity of a number of digestive enzymes, in particular lactase, is disrupted, in the acute period of the disease, whole milk and dairy products should be excluded from the child’s diet and the intake of foods rich in carbohydrates (sweet fruits, fruit juices, pastries, legumes) should be limited. culture). Also, in the acute period of the disease, it is not allowed to feed children with meat, broths, meat products, fatty and fried foods. Food is given to a sick child often, in small portions. The list of allowed products includes mucous porridges, vegetable purees and soups, white crackers and baked apples.

Breastfeeding in the presence of an intestinal infection is not stopped, since breast milk contains antibodies that neutralize rotavirus and immunoglobulins that facilitate the course of the disease.

Common errors:

– Giving antibiotics. In this case, the culprit is a virus and any antibiotic is completely powerless against it. It will not bring any benefit, only increase the likelihood of complications.

– with profuse diarrhea, the use of any antidiarrheal drugs such as loperamide (without consulting a doctor). Their intake can increase intoxication, lengthen the recovery period.

Prophylaxis:

There is specific prevention against rotavirus – vaccination

Vaccination (Rotatec). The course consists of three doses with an interval of administration from 4 to 10 weeks. The first administration of the vaccine at the age of 6 to 12 weeks. Last injection before 32 weeks of age. (Compatible with any vaccines from the national calendar except BCG)

Also:

Patients with mild forms of rotavirus infection t are isolated at home for 7 days, after which the sick person can be admitted to an organized team (including children) on the basis of a doctor’s certificate of recovery without additional virological examination.

• Use only boiled water for drinking;

• Thorough washing of hands before eating;

• Pre-washing fruits and vegetables with a brush;

• Sufficient heat treatment of food.

Services

Pediatrician Pediatric infectious disease specialist Pediatric gastroenterologist

Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea: causes, symptoms and treatment

Content

• 1 Causes of acute diarrhea and diarrhea: symptoms, treatment and prevention
  • 1. 1 Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea: causes, symptoms and treatment
  • 1.2 Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea: concept and description
  • 1.3 Causes of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea
  • 1.4 Symptoms of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea
  • 1.5 Diagnosis of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea 9021 0
  • 1.5.1 Clinical manifestations
  • 1.5 .2 Laboratory tests
  • 1.5.3 Instrumental tests
• 1.6 Treatment of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea
• 1.7 Medicines for acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea
• 1.8 How to prevent acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea
• 1.9 How to prevent transmission of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea
• 1.10 When should I see a doctor for acute diarrhea and diarrhea?
• 1.11 Prevention of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea
  • 1.11.1 Practice good personal hygiene
  • 1.11.2 Watch your diet
  • 1.11.3 Take steps to reduce stress
  • 1.11. 4 Practice good hygiene when traveling
  • 1.11.5 Seek medical attention at the first symptoms
• 1.12 Related videos:
• 1.13 Q&A:
  • • 1.13.0.1 What are the causes of acute diarrhea?
    • 1.13.0.2 What symptoms accompany acute diarrhea?
    • 1.13.0.3 How to treat acute diarrhea?
    • 1.13.0.4 Can acute diarrhea be prevented?
    • 1.13.0.5 What measures should be taken in case of acute diarrhea?
    • 1.13.0.6 Which drugs can be used for acute diarrhea?

An article about the causes and symptoms of acute diarrhea, its treatment and prevention of acute diarrhea. Find out what steps you can take to avoid possible complications and get back to normal life quickly.

Diarrhea and diarrhoea are disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract) characterized by frequent and uncontrolled stool manifestations. They can be caused by various reasons and are most often symptoms of damage, disorders or infections of the internal organs.

Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea is a problem that many people experience throughout their lives. They can cause inconvenience, discomfort and anxiety to the health of the patient. Despite this, they are treated and if you consult a doctor in time, a correct diagnosis will be made.

In this article, we look at the causes and symptoms of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhoea, and give some recommendations for their treatment and prevention. In addition, we will also provide information on how you can prevent the development of these diseases and maintain your health.

Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea: causes, symptoms and treatment

Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea is a condition in which a person has severe and frequent diarrhea. They can be caused by many factors, such as infections, gastrointestinal diseases, allergies, and others.

Treatment of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea depends on the cause of the symptoms. In some cases, simple dehydration and rest is sufficient, in others, the use of fresh vegetables and fruits, antibiotics, folk remedies and other measures is required.

• Various methods can be used to treat diarrhea and diarrhoea:
• Rehydration. Drink plenty of fluids to replenish fluids lost during diarrhea and diarrhoea.
• Diet change. Author’s diets containing special products that enhance the recovery of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Treatment of the cause. Depending on the diagnosis, which will usually be given by the doctor, one or more medications will need to be taken.

In any case, if you suspect acute diarrhea and diarrhoea, contact your doctor for examination and advice. Most cases of diarrhea and diarrhea are easily treated with home remedies, but proper diagnosis is essential to avoid serious problems.

Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea: concept and description

Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea is a disease characterized by rapid release of liquid stools, which is accompanied by frequent urge to defecate. The frequency of bowel movements in acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea increases to eight to ten times a day. Unlike ordinary diarrhea, acute diarrhea develops quite abruptly, and its symptoms reach their peak within a few hours after the onset of the disease.

Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea are often the result of an infection in the digestive system or are one of the symptoms of an illness. The disease can manifest itself in both adults and children.

1. Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea may be caused by a bacterial or viral infection.
2. Symptoms of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea include increased urge to defecate, loose stools, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.
3. Treatment for acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea includes drinking plenty of fluids, eating a balanced diet, and taking medications to reduce symptoms and clear the infection.

Causes of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea

Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea can be caused by various factors. Viruses that enter the intestines through food and water can cause acute diarrhea. Some bacteria, such as Salmonella, Shigella, or Campylobacter, can also cause acute diarrhea.

In diseases of the digestive system, such as gastric and duodenal ulcers, chronic colitis or Crohn’s disease, acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea may also occur.

• Bacteria: Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter
• Viruses: Rotavirus, Norovirus
• Food poisoning: Escherichia coli, staphylococcus, botulism
• Unhealthy diet: excessive consumption of fatty foods, exotic fruits, sour milk products

It is important to understand that self-medication can only worsen the patient’s condition. You should immediately consult a doctor who will prescribe the correct and effective treatment.

Symptoms of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea

Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea are unpleasant symptoms that can be associated with various causes.

Frequent trips to the toilet, large amounts of loose stools, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting may be manifestations of acute diarrhea. If the symptoms do not stop within a few days, you should consult a doctor.

Acute diarrhea is characterized by rapid and frequent passage of loose stools, sometimes with blood. In addition, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting may occur. If the symptoms do not improve within a few hours, you should consult a doctor.

If necessary, the treatment of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea should be prescribed by a doctor. It is important to maintain hygiene, drink plenty of fluids and avoid foods that can cause additional irritation in the intestines.

Diagnosis of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea

Clinical manifestations

Acute diarrhea and diarrhea can have different etiologies, so the clinical manifestations vary. So, viral gastroenteritis, which causes acute diarrhea, may be accompanied by fever, vomiting, pain in the abdomen, weakness and headache. The causative agent of food poisoning is manifested mainly by symptoms associated with food intoxication: severe diarrhea, vomiting, general malaise, dizziness and weakness.

Laboratory investigations

In the presence of clinical signs of acute diarrhea and diarrhea, a comprehensive laboratory examination of blood and feces is necessary. The laboratory can determine the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and other blood components. The presence of bacteria, viruses, clostridia, parasites and other microorganisms is analyzed in the feces, and the shape, texture and quantitative content of fat are also determined.

Instrumentation

When diagnosing acute diarrhea and diarrhea, instrumental studies may also be required. The most common of these is gastroscopy, which allows examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. A colonoscopy, in which a specialist examines the colon and rectum, may also be prescribed. In addition, fluoroscopy may be required, which helps to detect the presence of tumors, ulcerative defects and other pathological changes in the digestive organs.

Treatment of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea

Diarrhea and diarrhea can lead to dehydration, loss of electrolytes, loss of appetite and weakness. Depending on the cause of these symptoms, various treatments may be used.

First, the cause of diarrhea or diarrhoea should be eliminated. If it was caused by an infection, then antibiotics or antidiarrheal drugs are used. If the reason is diet or eating habits, then they change the diet to a lighter and convincingly purely balanced one.

• It is important to drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.
• Change your diet: eat light and fast-digesting foods.
• Take enzymes and probiotics to strengthen the digestive system and help restore microflora. This will allow the bacteria in the intestine to cope with their tasks much more efficiently and retain water and substances that are necessary for the human body.

If the symptoms do not worsen and are not accompanied by fever or sharp pains, then folk remedies can be tried, such as yogurt decoction.

Medicines for acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea

Acute diarrhea and diarrhea can be caused by a variety of causes, including infections, food poisoning, and other factors. Medicines that can help with this problem have different forms and specifics of action.

Antibiotics such as azithromycin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin can be used for infections that cause diarrhea. However, the use of antibiotics should be carried out only as prescribed by a doctor, after a thorough examination and finding out the cause of the disease.

Calcium anti-blockades, antipruritics and antihistamines are used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. Preparations containing lodecanol suppress the action of toxins, which reduces the protective properties of bacteria that cause diarrhea and diarrhea.

Remember that self-medication can be very harmful to your health. Only a doctor, after examination and examination, can prescribe the correct treatment.

• Mytronidazole is an antimicrobial used to treat bacterial infections in the gastrointestinal tract.
• Kremalax is an antidiarrheal agent that relieves the symptoms of pain, bloating and bleeding from the intestines.
• Enterofuril is an antidiarrheal agent used to treat intestinal infections.
• Regidron is a powder for the preparation of a solution that is used to eliminate dehydration of the body in case of diarrhea and diarrhoea.

How to Prevent Acute Diarrhea and Acute Diarrhea

Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, dietary changes, and even certain medications. To reduce the risk of these unpleasant symptoms, it is important to take a number of precautions:

• Practice good hand hygiene. Washing your hands regularly with soap and warm water is one of the basic principles that will help prevent the spread of bacteria and viruses that can cause diarrhea and diarrhoea.
• Avoid contact with infected people. If friends or relatives suffer from diarrhea or diarrhoea, ask them to stay at home until they are completely cured.
• Drink clean water. An unknown source of drinking water may contain harmful bacteria and pathogens that can cause diarrhea and diarrhoea. Always check the water source and use filters and water heaters to purify the water if necessary.
• Avoid uncooked or poor quality products. Avoid foods of questionable origin or expired foods, especially if you are in countries with high levels of infectious disease.
• Check that the food is cooked correctly. Proper storage and preparation of foods can help prevent the risk of diarrhea and diarrhoea.

Following these precautions will help reduce the risk of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhoea. However, if you still encounter these unpleasant symptoms, it is important not to delay visiting a doctor and get timely help and treatment.

How to prevent transmission of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea

Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea are transmitted through contact with infected organisms or through consumption of contaminated food or water. To prevent the transmission of this disease, there are a few rules to follow:

• Wash your hands with soap and water before and after preparing food. Also wash your hands after using the toilet.
• Use only clean, running water for drinking and cooking. If there is no access to running water, drink only water that is boiled or filtered.
• Do not eat raw or undercooked food, especially meat and eggs. Make sure the food is cooked enough to kill all bacteria and infected organisms.
• Buy products only from trusted and trusted sources. Do not buy products from vendors or markets where proper hygiene may not be available.

Also, remember that you cannot control all the factors that can lead to acute diarrhea and acute diarrhoea. But you can take steps to protect yourself and your family. Follow the rules described and do not forget the general rules of hygiene. In this way, you can reduce the risk of infection and protect your health.

When should I see a doctor for acute diarrhea and diarrhoea?

Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea are disorders of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by frequent stools and liquid stools with food residues. In most cases, acute diarrhea resolves on its own and does not require special treatment. However, in rare cases, these symptoms can signal a serious illness.

If acute diarrhea or acute diarrhea lasts more than 2-3 days or is accompanied by other symptoms (body temperature over 38 degrees, vomiting, blood or pus in the stool), you should immediately consult a doctor.

In addition, if you have a chronic disease (kidney failure, diabetes) that can worsen the condition of the body with diarrhea and diarrhoea, you should immediately contact your doctor.

Prevention of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea

Acute diarrhea and acute diarrhea can be caused by a variety of causes, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, allergens, drugs, or stress. However, there are a number of measures that help prevent the development of these conditions.

Practice good personal hygiene

• Wash your hands regularly with soap and water before eating and after using the toilet.
• Use only fresh and clean water for drinking and hygiene purposes.
• Avoid contact with sick people and animals.

Watch your diet

• Do not eat foods that have expired.
• Properly prepare and store food.
• Avoid raw and undercooked foods.

Take steps to reduce stress

Stress can cause acute diarrhea and acute diarrhoea. Therefore, it is important to take steps to reduce stress levels:

• Practice relaxation techniques such as yoga, meditation, deep breathing.
• Get enough sleep.
• Make more time for your favorite activities and recreation.

Travel Hygiene

If you are traveling, make sure you have everything you need to keep yourself hygienic, including:

• Wipes for hands and surfaces.
• Hand sanitizer.
• Clean and fresh water for drinking and hygiene purposes.

Seek medical attention at the first symptoms

If you notice the first symptoms of acute diarrhea and acute diarrhoea, see your doctor as soon as possible. Early treatment will help prevent the development of serious complications.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What are the causes of acute diarrhea?

Acute diarrhea can be caused by various factors such as infections, viruses, bacteria, parasites, allergies, medications, food intolerances, stress, dietary changes and other factors.

What symptoms accompany acute diarrhea?

Symptoms of acute diarrhea may include watery or loose stools, frequent trips to the toilet, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, weakness, weight loss, fever, and other symptoms.

How to treat acute diarrhea?

Treatment of acute diarrhea depends on the cause. If it is caused by an infection, then antibiotics may be prescribed. It is also important to ensure sufficient hydration of the body, drink more fluids and monitor proper nutrition.

Can acute diarrhea be prevented?

To prevent acute diarrhea, personal hygiene should be practiced, washing hands frequently, avoiding contact with contagious patients, monitoring the quality of drinking water and food, avoiding possibly contaminated foods, and controlling food storage.

What measures should be taken in case of acute diarrhea?

Acute diarrhea should be treated immediately, including increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration.