What are the common symptoms of viral gastroenteritis. How is stomach flu transmitted. Who is at higher risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. What are the main types of viruses causing gastroenteritis. How can you prevent and treat stomach flu at home.

Understanding Viral Gastroenteritis: The Basics of Stomach Flu

Viral gastroenteritis, commonly known as stomach flu, is an inflammation and irritation of the intestines caused by various viruses. This highly contagious illness can spread rapidly through close contact with infected individuals or via contaminated food, water, or surfaces. Despite its colloquial name, it’s not related to influenza, which affects the respiratory system.

Stomach flu can easily proliferate in crowded environments such as:

• Childcare facilities
• Schools
• Nursing homes
• Cruise ships
• Office spaces

Understanding the nature of this illness is crucial for effective prevention and management. By recognizing its symptoms and transmission methods, individuals can take proactive steps to protect themselves and others from infection.

Recognizing the Symptoms: Key Indicators of Viral Gastroenteritis

Identifying the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis is essential for prompt treatment and preventing its spread. The onset of symptoms typically occurs within 12 to 48 hours after infection, though in some cases, it may take up to 10 days. The duration of symptoms can vary from 1 to 14 days, depending on the specific virus responsible.

Common symptoms of viral gastroenteritis include:

• Loose, watery diarrhea (more than 3 times per day)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fever or chills
• Headache, muscle aches, or joint pain
• Abdominal cramps and discomfort
• Loss of appetite
• Sweating or clammy skin

It’s important to note that diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis is usually not bloody. The presence of blood in stool could indicate a more severe infection and warrants immediate medical attention.

When to Seek Medical Help

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve on their own, certain situations require prompt medical intervention. Seek emergency medical treatment if:

• Diarrhea persists for more than 2 days without improvement
• Blood is present in your stool
• You experience signs of dehydration (e.g., dry lips, dizziness)
• An infant develops diarrhea

For children, additional warning signs include sunken eyes and a lack of tears when crying. These symptoms may indicate severe dehydration and require immediate medical attention.

The Culprits Behind Stomach Flu: Common Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis

Several viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis, each with its own characteristics and patterns of transmission. Understanding these viruses can help in prevention and management of the illness.

Norovirus: The Leading Cause of Gastroenteritis

Norovirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, particularly in the United States. This highly contagious virus can affect people of all ages and is especially prevalent in crowded spaces.

Key facts about norovirus:

• Most outbreaks in the U.S. occur between November and April
• Symptoms typically include nausea, diarrhea, fever, and body aches
• Most people recover within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset

Rotavirus: A Major Concern for Young Children

Rotavirus primarily affects infants and young children, though it can be transmitted to adults as well. It’s usually contracted and spread via oral transmission.

Important points about rotavirus:

• Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of exposure
• It’s a leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children globally
• Vaccination has significantly reduced its incidence in many countries

Other Viral Culprits: Adenovirus and Astrovirus

While less common, adenovirus and astrovirus can also cause viral gastroenteritis. Adenoviruses may have a longer incubation period, with symptoms appearing 3 to 10 days after exposure. Astrovirus is more common in young children and the elderly, often causing milder symptoms compared to other gastroenteritis-causing viruses.

Transmission and Risk Factors: How Stomach Flu Spreads

Understanding how viral gastroenteritis spreads is crucial for effective prevention. The virus can be transmitted through various means, making it highly contagious in certain environments.

Common transmission routes include:

• Consuming contaminated food or water
• Close contact with infected individuals
• Sharing utensils or personal items with someone who has the virus
• Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching one’s mouth
• Poor hand hygiene, especially among food handlers

Who’s at Higher Risk?

While viral gastroenteritis can affect anyone, certain groups are at higher risk of contracting the illness:

• Children under 5 years old
• Older adults, particularly those in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• Individuals with weakened immune systems
• People frequently in group settings (schools, dormitories, day care centers)

Additional factors that may increase the risk of illness include:

• Malnutrition, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• Recent travel to developing countries
• Antibiotic or antacid use
• Engaging in anal intercourse

Prevention Strategies: Safeguarding Against Viral Gastroenteritis

Preventing the spread of viral gastroenteritis requires a multi-faceted approach. By adopting good hygiene practices and being mindful of potential sources of contamination, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of infection.

Hand Hygiene: Your First Line of Defense

Proper hand washing is crucial in preventing the spread of gastroenteritis. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially:

• Before preparing or eating food
• After using the bathroom
• After changing diapers
• After caring for someone with the illness

When soap and water aren’t available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol.

Food Safety Measures

Practicing good food safety can help prevent foodborne transmission of the virus:

• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before consumption
• Cook foods, especially seafood, to the recommended internal temperature
• Avoid preparing food for others if you’re experiencing symptoms of gastroenteritis
• Keep kitchen surfaces clean and sanitized

Environmental Precautions

To minimize the risk of environmental transmission:

• Regularly clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces
• Wash contaminated clothing and bedding in hot water
• Avoid sharing personal items like towels or utensils during an outbreak

Vaccination

While there’s no vaccine for all types of viral gastroenteritis, rotavirus vaccines are available and recommended for infants. These vaccines have significantly reduced the incidence of severe rotavirus infections in many countries.

Treatment and Management: Coping with Stomach Flu at Home

Most cases of viral gastroenteritis can be managed at home with proper care and attention. The primary focus of treatment is preventing dehydration and managing symptoms.

Hydration: The Key to Recovery

Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes is crucial in managing viral gastroenteritis. Here are some hydration tips:

• Drink clear liquids in small, frequent sips
• Use oral rehydration solutions to replace electrolytes
• Avoid caffeine and alcohol, which can worsen dehydration
• For infants, continue breastfeeding or formula feeding unless advised otherwise by a healthcare provider

Dietary Considerations

As your appetite returns, gradually reintroduce solid foods. Start with easily digestible options such as:

• Bananas
• Rice
• Toast
• Applesauce
• Plain potatoes

Avoid fatty, sugary, or spicy foods until you’ve fully recovered.

Rest and Symptom Management

Adequate rest is essential for recovery. To manage symptoms:

• Use over-the-counter pain relievers for headaches or body aches
• Apply a cool compress to the forehead for fever
• Avoid anti-diarrheal medications unless recommended by a healthcare provider, as they can prolong the illness

Long-Term Prevention: Building Resilience Against Viral Gastroenteritis

While acute management of viral gastroenteritis is important, long-term prevention strategies can help reduce the overall incidence of the illness in communities.

Community Education and Awareness

Raising awareness about the causes, symptoms, and prevention of viral gastroenteritis can help reduce its spread. This includes:

• Educational programs in schools and workplaces
• Public health campaigns during peak seasons
• Training for food service workers on proper hygiene and food handling

Improving Sanitation Infrastructure

Enhancing water and sanitation systems, particularly in developing regions, can significantly reduce the transmission of gastroenteritis-causing viruses. This includes:

• Ensuring access to clean water
• Implementing proper sewage treatment systems
• Improving waste management practices

Strengthening Immune Health

While a strong immune system doesn’t guarantee prevention of viral gastroenteritis, it can help reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. Ways to support immune health include:

• Maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables
• Getting regular exercise
• Ensuring adequate sleep
• Managing stress through relaxation techniques or mindfulness practices

Ongoing Research and Development

Continued research into viral gastroenteritis is crucial for developing new prevention and treatment strategies. Areas of focus include:

• Development of vaccines for other gastroenteritis-causing viruses
• Improved diagnostic tools for rapid identification of specific viruses
• Novel treatments to reduce symptom severity and duration

By combining these long-term strategies with acute prevention and management techniques, communities can work towards reducing the impact of viral gastroenteritis on public health.

The Global Impact: Viral Gastroenteritis as a Public Health Concern

Viral gastroenteritis is not just an individual health issue; it has significant implications for public health on a global scale. Understanding its broader impact can help emphasize the importance of prevention and control measures.

Economic Burden

The economic impact of viral gastroenteritis is substantial, encompassing:

• Healthcare costs for treatment and hospitalization
• Lost productivity due to illness-related absenteeism
• Economic losses in the food service and tourism industries during outbreaks

In the United States alone, norovirus is estimated to cost about $2 billion annually in healthcare expenses and lost productivity.

Vulnerable Populations

Certain populations bear a disproportionate burden of viral gastroenteritis:

• Children in developing countries, where access to clean water and healthcare is limited
• Elderly individuals in care facilities, where outbreaks can spread rapidly
• Immunocompromised individuals, who may experience more severe and prolonged symptoms

Global Health Security

Viral gastroenteritis can have implications for global health security:

• Potential for large-scale outbreaks in densely populated areas
• Risk of spread through international travel and trade
• Strain on healthcare systems during peak seasons or outbreaks

Addressing viral gastroenteritis as a public health concern requires coordinated efforts at local, national, and international levels. This includes strengthening surveillance systems, implementing effective prevention strategies, and ensuring equitable access to treatment and resources.

Emerging Trends and Future Directions in Gastroenteritis Research

As our understanding of viral gastroenteritis evolves, new trends and research directions are emerging. These developments hold promise for improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the illness.

Advanced Diagnostic Techniques

Emerging diagnostic technologies aim to enhance the speed and accuracy of viral gastroenteritis detection:

• Multiplex PCR assays for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens
• Point-of-care testing for rapid diagnosis in clinical settings
• Metagenomics approaches for identifying novel or emerging viruses

Microbiome Research

Studies on the gut microbiome are shedding light on its role in gastroenteritis:

• Understanding how the microbiome influences susceptibility to viral infections
• Exploring the potential of probiotics in preventing or mitigating symptoms
• Investigating the long-term effects of gastroenteritis on gut microbiota composition

Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Research is ongoing to develop new treatments for viral gastroenteritis:

• Antiviral drugs targeting specific gastroenteritis-causing viruses
• Immunomodulatory therapies to enhance the body’s natural defense mechanisms
• Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for improved efficacy

One Health Approach

The One Health concept, which recognizes the interconnection between human, animal, and environmental health, is gaining traction in gastroenteritis research:

• Studying zoonotic gastroenteritis viruses and their potential for cross-species transmission
• Investigating environmental factors influencing viral persistence and spread
• Developing integrated surveillance systems spanning human and animal populations

These emerging trends highlight the dynamic nature of viral gastroenteritis research and the potential for significant advancements in our ability to prevent, detect, and treat this common yet impactful illness.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

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Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

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In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

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Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Here’s our process.

Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:

• Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
• Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
• Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

Was this helpful?

In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Adenovirus infection – causes, symptoms of the disease, diagnosis and treatment

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Adenovirus infection: causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

Definition

Adenovirus infections are a group of acute viral diseases that affect the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, eyes, intestines and lymphoid tissue. An increased risk of infection exists in children and young people: adenovirus is registered in 25-30% of young children from the total number of viral respiratory diseases.

Adenoviruses were first isolated in 1953 from human adenoids, hence the name. More than 50 serotypes of human adenoviruses are known, which are part of 7 subgroups (A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F). Virus particles contain DNA, have a diameter of 70 to 100 nm, they lack lipids and an envelope.

Adenoviruses are stable in the external environment: they remain at room temperature for 2 weeks, withstand low temperatures and drying. At the same time, the causative agent of adenovirus infection is inactivated under the influence of ultraviolet rays and chlorine-containing disinfectants.

Causes of adenovirus infection

The source of infection is sick people with an overt or latent form of the disease, as well as virus carriers. The most dangerous are patients in the acute period of the disease, when adenoviruses are found in high concentrations in nasopharyngeal swabs, scrapings from the affected conjunctiva, blood and feces. The mechanism of infection transmission is airborne, but the alimentary route of infection (fecal-oral mechanism) is also possible, through household items, pool water, medical supplies (contact mechanism). According to the epidemiological classification of infectious diseases, adenovirus infection is classified as an airborne and intestinal infection.

Adenovirus enters the body through the upper respiratory tract, the conjunctiva of the eyes or the intestines.

During the incubation period, the virus reproduces in epithelial cells and lymph nodes. After the death of the affected cells, viral particles are released and penetrate into the bloodstream, spread throughout the body, which can lead to inflammation of the bronchi, kidneys, liver, spleen, digestive tract, etc.

Disease classification

It is customary to distinguish three forms of adenovirus:

• mild – affects the upper respiratory tract and throat;
• moderate – manifested by lymphadenopathy (inflammation of the lymph nodes), hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue;
• severe – caused by a secondary infection or generalization of the virus.

The clinical classification takes into account the localization of the process:

• pharyngoconjunctival fever;
• keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis;
• acute respiratory disease;
• adenovirus pneumonia.

Symptoms of adenovirus infection

Adenovirus incubation period is from 2 to 12 days (usually 5-7 days). Usually the disease begins acutely, but the various symptoms of the disease do not appear simultaneously, but sequentially. The first signs are more often a gradual increase in body temperature to 38-39° C (less often up to 40 ° C) by the 2-3rd day and catarrhal phenomena in the upper respiratory tract. There is a slight lethargy, general weakness, loss of appetite, a headache is possible, and muscle and joint pains are rare.

With pharyngoconjunctival fever there are phenomena of pharyngitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, general toxic syndrome (headache, weakness, aches, chills).

In case of keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis the process begins acutely and is difficult. High temperature lasts up to 10 days. Peripheral lymph nodes are enlarged, especially cervical.

At picture of acute respiratory disease general toxic syndrome is observed: headache, weakness, aches, chills. Subfebrile temperature (within 37.1-38 ° C) lasts a long time.

Adenovirus pneumonia is characterized by undulating fever, worsening cough and symptoms of intoxication. There is shortness of breath, acrocyanosis (blue fingertips).

Adenovirus infection can occur in the intestinal form, which is accompanied by fever, paroxysmal abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea.

Symptoms of adenovirus infection are similar to flu. But there is a difference – damage to the eyes and conjunctiva. Patients complain of burning, pain, sensation of a foreign body in the eyes. The skin of the eyelids is moderately edematous, hyperemic, the eyes are half-open.

Conjunctivitis is the “calling card” of adenovirus infection.

Diagnosis of adenoviral infection

Clinically, adenoviral infection is diagnosed by the presence of conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, and lesions of the lymph nodes against the background of fever. The blood picture in adenovirus infection is nonspecific and has no diagnostic value. Methods for rapid diagnosis of adenovirus infection are the immunofluorescence reaction: adenovirus, diarrheal syndrome and respiratory adenovirus (a method by which specific antibodies to adenovirus in blood serum are detected), as well as immune electron microscopy.

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Serological diagnostics is used for retrospective interpretation of the etiology of SARS. Serological studies are widely used: RTGA (hemagglutination inhibition reaction) and RSK (compliment binding reaction).

Which doctors to contact

Diagnostics and treatment of adenovirus infection
pediatrician,
therapist or
general doctor.

Treatment of adenovirus infection

Most cases are treated at home. Bed rest, a complete and balanced diet, and plenty of fluids are prescribed.

Topical therapy for adenovirus infection includes the use of eye drops, application of antiviral ointments behind the eyelid, the introduction of antiviral ointments into the nasal passages, instillation of interferons into the nose, irrigation of the pharynx. Focusing on the symptom complex, expectorants, vasoconstrictors, multivitamins are prescribed.

Antibacterial therapy is necessary only in case of bacterial infection.

Children of early age with a severe form of adenovirus infection and complications are subject to hospitalization. Note that the infection is especially dangerous for children under 3 years old, therefore, in order to avoid complications, it is necessary to consult a doctor at the first symptoms of the disease.

Complications

Complications, as a rule, arise due to the addition of a bacterial infection:

• sinusitis; pneumonia;
• bowel dysfunction;
• damage to the heart, kidneys.

Prevention of adenovirus infection

Specific prevention (vaccination) has not yet been developed, therefore, non-specific measures are used to increase the body’s resistance to infectious diseases.

During periods of epidemic outbreaks, isolation of patients is indicated; carrying out current disinfection, ventilation and UVR of premises; prescribing interferon to persons at risk of infection.

Sources:

1. Shamsheva O.V. Influenza and SARS in children / O.V. Shamshev. – M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2018. – 112 p.
2. Yushchuk N.D. Infectious diseases: national guidelines / Ed. N.D. Yushchuk, Yu.Ya. Vengerov. – M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2015. – 1056 p.

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.
For a correct assessment of the results of your analyzes in dynamics, it is preferable to do studies in the same laboratory, since different laboratories may use different research methods and units of measurement to perform the same analyzes.

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Intestinal infections | H-Clinic

06/13/2022

Intestinal infections are a group of diseases that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. They are often called gastroenteritis because both the stomach and intestines are affected.

They are ubiquitous and do not have seasonality (such as influenza or tick-borne infections), but the maximum number of cases is still recorded in the spring and summer, when hands begin to reach for fruits and vegetables from the beds, “and it is not necessary to wash – we have everything everything is clean!”

In fact, this is not the only way to get sick – you can still swim in a pond and take a sip of water from there .

.. but seriously, there are two main ways to get infected:

1. Eating contaminated food, drinking contaminated water
2. Contact with a sick person and objects contaminated with his secretions (this includes both non-compliance with the rules of hygiene, patient care, and oral sex, including rimming)

Intestinal infections are mainly manifested by symptoms such as:

• diarrhea (it is important to pay attention to the consistency, color of feces, the presence of pathological impurities, blood, mucus)

• nausea

• vomit

• discomfort/abdominal pain

• fever

• headache

Most of these infections go away on their own after symptomatic treatment. Symptomatic treatment is drugs for nausea if you feel sick, for pain in the abdomen if your stomach hurts, for headaches if your head hurts, etc. But some diseases pose a real threat, can lead to complications and even death.

The main thing to be afraid of is dehydration. Dehydration is especially dangerous for children and the elderly, as well as for people with chronic kidney and heart diseases. Therefore, it is important to constantly replenish the volume of fluid lost by the body during vomiting and diarrhea, with sweat during fever, and even with breathing, we lose water – and it needs to be replenished! For this, there are many special solutions (Regidron, Acesol, Hydrovit) that you can drink, but if a person cannot even take a sip (for example, he constantly vomits), then it is better to administer saline solutions intravenously – this is more reliable.

It is important to know when to seek medical help.

• severe symptoms such as persistent vomiting and diarrhea

• diarrhea lasting more than 3 days

• high fever

• an admixture of blood and mucus in the stool

• signs of dehydration (severe thirst, decreased diuresis*, decreased blood pressure, loss of consciousness)

* diuresis is the volume of urine formed over a certain period of time, most often per day; it is also the ratio of fluid drunk and excreted in the urine

When it comes to children, you should always pay attention to:

• signs of dehydration (lack of urine, sunken eyes, dry mouth, pallor, cold extremities)

• persistent nausea/vomiting, severe abdominal pain

• lethargy, hypodynamia, delayed reaction

What are the most common causes of intestinal infections?

For parasites, you need to highlight a whole separate article, so today we will briefly go over viruses and bacteria – the main causative agents of gastroenteritis. So.

Viruses (rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus)

You can become infected through food, contaminated water, household items contaminated with secretions of a sick person. As a rule, the disease has a “family” character – everyone gets sick in turn or at the same time. Usually, if most family members with similar symptoms are sick, a viral infection is suspected.

The symptoms for all of these viruses are similar: high body temperature, abdominal discomfort or pain, nausea, vomiting, and clear watery stools. True, with an adenoviral infection, high fever can persist for quite a long time, there may be a sore throat, lymph nodes may increase, a rash and conjunctivitis may appear. By and large, it doesn’t matter to know what kind of virus has now crippled your health, because the knowledge of this tactic does not change – symptomatic therapy + fluid replenishment. There are no antiviral drugs for the treatment of intestinal infections.

Replenishing lost fluid and electrolytes is the main goal of treating viral gastroenteritis. Insufficient rehydration leads to very serious consequences up to death, especially in young children. For example, rotavirus infection in young children causes several hundred thousand deaths each year due to dehydration. However, there is prevention – we will talk about it later.

Bacteria

– Campylobacter is one of the four leading causes of diarrheal disease worldwide. This bacterium is considered the world’s most common bacterial cause of intestinal infections in humans. Most cases are mild, but children, the elderly, and immunocompromised people are at risk for severe disease. It is transmitted through consumption of undercooked meat, poultry, or milk. The clinical picture is very similar to many acute intestinal infections, and diagnosis is only possible using laboratory stool tests such as PCR or culture. Antibacterial therapy is carried out only in the case of an invasive form of the disease or for the sanitation of asymptomatic excretory carriers.

– Escherichia coli is the leading cause of traveler’s diarrhea and the leading cause of diarrheal disease in developing countries, especially among children. Most strains of E. coli are harmless, but some strains can cause severe food poisoning, such as Shigatoxin producing E. coli (STEC). The main sources of STEC outbreaks are uncooked or undercooked minced meat products, raw milk, and vegetables contaminated with faeces. In most cases, the disease resolves on its own, but life-threatening conditions can develop.

* Traveler’s diarrhea is the most common travel-related illness. People who travel to places where there are pathogens other than those they are used to become infected, especially in regions where food/water contamination is more common. It is most often transmitted through food or water contaminated with faeces. Most cases are caused by bacteria, including E. coli, Salmonella, and Shigella.

– Salmonellosis is one of the most common intestinal infections. Infection occurs when eating food, usually raw meat, fish, seafood, eggs (including quail). Accompanied by high body temperature, headache, cramping abdominal pain, repeated watery stools with a characteristic dark green color, sometimes with nausea and vomiting. There is no salmonella in fresh chicken eggs, but in chicken manure, which is on the shell, there may be plenty of it. It can remain on the shell (therefore, it is necessary to wash chicken eggs before cooking), or it can penetrate inside (therefore, the heat treatment must be complete). The most dangerous type of salmonella is Salmonella Typhi, which causes typhoid fever. The infection affects the lymphatic system and digestive tract, spreads throughout the body with blood and lymph, causing severe intoxication. Symptoms include persistent fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation or diarrhea. Some patients may develop a rash. Severe cases of the disease can lead to serious complications (such as intestinal perforation, intestinal bleeding, peritonitis) and even death. Antibacterial therapy is indispensable here, the main thing is to complete the course of treatment under the supervision of a doctor and be sure to pass control tests of feces for Salmonella typhi to confirm the cure.

– Shigellosis (or dysentery) is as common as salmonellosis. Unlike salmonellosis, to get sick with dysentery, you need a very small infectious dose (few bacteria). A sick person, his feces is the only source of the pathogen that can be transmitted through water, food, objects, or carried by flies. The nature of the stool with shigellosis is already different, most often with mucus, blood, or even pus. The pain in the abdomen has a cramping character, false urge to defecate, and the volume of stool is smaller and smaller each time. In moderate and severe cases, antibiotics are used.

– Yersinia , caused by Yersinia enterocolitica, is a relatively rare cause of diarrhea and abdominal pain. Infection most often occurs through the consumption of contaminated foods, vegetables, especially raw or undercooked pork products, as well as ice cream and milk. Mice are the most common carriers. Common symptoms are fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, which is often bloody, bothersome muscle and joint pain, and sometimes a rash. The danger of this disease is that a chronic form of the disease develops with joint damage, reactive arthritis, the appearance of erythema nodosum, chronic colitis, and the development of myocarditis. Antibacterial therapy is required.

In many cases, even with a bacterial infection, symptomatic treatment is sufficient. However, if there is a prolonged high temperature, the presence of mucus, pus or blood in the stool, inflammatory changes in the general blood test, an increase in the level of C-reactive protein, then it is necessary for the doctor to prescribe adequate antibiotic therapy.

But here it is important to know that every antibiotic intake carries the risk of developing antibiotic-associated colitis. The most common causative agent is the opportunistic bacterium Clostridium Difficile, which produces a large amount of toxins. It is characterized by a violation of the stool, the appearance of mucus in the feces, an increase in body temperature, and a general deterioration in the condition. The danger lies in the violation of protein absorption, leading to severe edema. The most dangerous, life-threatening condition is toxic dilatation (expansion) of the colon, requiring surgical intervention. It sounds strange, but colitis due to antibiotics is also treated with antibiotics, only with different ones. Treatment and recovery takes a long time and there are frequent relapses of the disease. Therefore, any appointment of antibiotic therapy should be made by a doctor strictly according to indications and taking into account many additional factors.

– Another Clostridium ( Clostridium Botulinum ) can cause botulism, a dangerous, potentially fatal disease, often hidden under the guise of common intestinal infections. A person becomes infected with botulism when eating home canned products (mushrooms, fish, meat). Products canned under industrial conditions rarely become a source of infection. Wound botulism develops as a result of wound contamination (ingress of bacterial spores into the wound surface). Infant botulism develops when spores of the pathogen enter the gastrointestinal tract. This type of botulism is observed mainly in children of the first 6 months of life. If visual impairment begins: double vision, “fog” before the eyes, a feeling of a grid – this is a reason for urgent hospitalization, and the treatment of the disease itself is strictly in the hospital. The toxin causes paralysis. Paralysis begins in the muscles of the face and spreads to the limbs. If it reaches the respiratory muscles, respiratory failure can occur, which can be fatal.

– Bacterial food poisoning is one of the most common diagnoses. Symptoms are identical to viral gastroenteritis and are close even to bacterial infections. The only common difference is that the temperature is not as high, usually no higher than 38. 0°C. The reason is bacterial toxins in food. Often occurs when using expired products, improperly stored confectionery.

Intestinal infection can be prevented by taking care of what you eat and drink and by maintaining good hygiene.

• cook food thoroughly (there must be a good heat treatment, a separate cutting board for meat, and it must be washed thoroughly with soap)

• wash your hands regularly (after going to the toilet, before eating, after caring for a sick relative, after changing diapers, after cutting raw meat, etc.)

• when traveling to developing countries, use only bottled water, avoid ice and raw foods

• and, of course, we must try to avoid contact with patients with intestinal infections

And, as always, we cannot ignore the heading “specific prophylaxis – vaccination”

• You can vaccinate against dysentery with the Shigellvac vaccine.