What are the main symptoms of influenza. How long does the flu typically last. Who is at higher risk for flu complications. How can you distinguish between flu and COVID-19. What are the most effective ways to prevent flu infection.

Understanding Influenza: A Highly Contagious Respiratory Infection

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory tract. This seasonal illness can lead to severe complications, including pneumonia, and may even be life-threatening in some cases. The flu typically spreads through airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes of infected individuals.

What makes influenza particularly concerning? It’s the virus’s ability to affect people of all ages and its potential to cause serious health issues even in otherwise healthy individuals. In Australia, during years of high influenza activity, the flu can contribute to over 3,300 deaths.

Flu Season and Risk Factors

When does flu season typically occur? In Australia, the flu season usually runs from April to September, with varying severity and duration each year. Certain groups are at an increased risk of serious complications from the flu, including:

• Young children
• Elderly individuals
• Pregnant women
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
• People with weakened immune systems
• Those with chronic medical conditions

Recognizing Flu Symptoms: What to Look Out For

How can you tell if you have the flu? The most common symptoms of influenza include:

• Sudden onset of high fever (38°C or higher)
• Dry cough
• Body aches, particularly in the head, lower back, and legs
• Extreme weakness and fatigue
• Chills
• Aching behind the eyes
• Loss of appetite
• Sore throat
• Runny or stuffy nose

What sets flu symptoms apart from other illnesses? The sudden appearance and intensity of these symptoms, especially when combined with recent contact with someone who has the flu, are strong indicators of influenza infection.

The Typical Course of Flu Symptoms

How long does the flu usually last? A typical bout of flu often follows this pattern:

1. Days 1-3: Rapid onset of fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, dry cough, and sometimes a stuffy nose.
2. Day 4: Fever and muscle aches begin to subside, while throat symptoms and cough become more prominent. Fatigue may set in.
3. Day 8: Symptoms start to decrease, though cough and tiredness may persist for one to two weeks or longer.

Flu vs. COVID-19: Navigating Similar Symptoms

How can you differentiate between flu and COVID-19 symptoms? Both illnesses can present with similar symptoms, making it challenging to distinguish between them without proper testing. The key symptoms to watch for in COVID-19 include:

• Loss or change in sense of smell or taste
• Fever
• Chills or sweats
• Cough
• Sore throat
• Shortness of breath
• Runny nose

What should you do if you experience these symptoms? If you’re experiencing flu-like symptoms, it’s crucial to contact the COVID-19 hotline or your GP to determine if COVID-19 testing is necessary.

Potential Complications: When Flu Becomes Serious

Can the flu lead to more severe health issues? In some cases, influenza can result in severe illness and complications such as pneumonia and bronchitis. These complications may require hospitalization and, in extreme cases, can be fatal.

Who is at higher risk for flu complications? Certain groups are more susceptible to severe complications from the flu:

• Children aged 6 months to less than 5 years
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
• Pregnant women
• People 65 years and older
• Individuals with certain medical conditions (e.g., cardiac disease, chronic respiratory conditions, diabetes)

Flu Prevention: Strategies to Stay Healthy

What are the most effective ways to prevent flu infection? The primary strategy for avoiding the flu is annual vaccination. The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone aged 6 months and older, with free vaccines available for high-risk groups under the National Immunisation Program in Australia.

Effectiveness of Flu Vaccines

How effective are flu vaccines? While not 100% effective, flu vaccines provide a high level of protection and can significantly reduce symptom severity in those who do contract the virus.

Additional Prevention Measures

What other steps can you take to avoid the flu? In addition to vaccination, wearing a face mask and practicing good hand hygiene can help reduce your chances of catching or spreading the flu.

Seeking Medical Attention: When to See a Doctor

When should you consult a doctor for flu symptoms? If you’re in a high-risk group and experiencing flu-like symptoms, it’s important to see a doctor as soon as possible. For most generally healthy individuals, managing flu symptoms at home is usually sufficient.

Home Care for Flu Symptoms

How can you manage flu symptoms at home? Here are some strategies for home care:

• Rest and stay hydrated
• Use over-the-counter pain relievers to manage fever and aches
• Use a humidifier to ease congestion
• Avoid contact with others to prevent spreading the virus

Flu Vaccination: A Key Prevention Strategy

Why is flu vaccination so important? Annual flu vaccination is a crucial tool in preventing influenza infection and reducing the severity of symptoms if infection does occur. It’s particularly important for high-risk groups who are more susceptible to severe complications.

Free Flu Vaccines in Victoria

Who is eligible for free flu vaccines in Victoria? In Victoria, flu vaccination is free for several high-risk groups, including:

• Children aged 6 months to less than 5 years
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from 6 months and over
• Pregnant women at any stage of pregnancy
• People 65 years and over
• People aged 6 months and older with certain medical conditions

Flu and COVID-19 Vaccination

Can flu and COVID-19 vaccines be administered together? Yes, COVID-19 vaccines can be co-administered with flu vaccines. However, it’s important to consult with your immunization provider for specific advice, especially for children aged 6 months to less than 5 years.

The Impact of Influenza: Beyond Individual Health

How does influenza affect society at large? The flu’s impact extends beyond individual health, affecting workplaces, schools, and healthcare systems. During severe flu seasons, increased absenteeism can disrupt daily operations across various sectors.

Economic Impact of Influenza

What is the economic cost of flu seasons? Influenza outbreaks can lead to significant economic costs, including:

• Lost productivity due to illness
• Increased healthcare expenditures
• Strain on healthcare resources during peak flu seasons

These factors underscore the importance of widespread flu prevention measures, including annual vaccination campaigns.

Emerging Flu Strains: A Constant Challenge

Why do we need new flu vaccines each year? Influenza viruses are constantly evolving, with new strains emerging regularly. This ongoing mutation process necessitates annual updates to flu vaccines to ensure they target the most prevalent strains.

Global Surveillance of Influenza

How are new flu strains identified and monitored? A global network of laboratories and health organizations continually monitors circulating flu strains. This surveillance informs the development of each year’s flu vaccines, aiming to provide the most effective protection against current threats.

Flu in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected flu patterns? The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted typical flu patterns. Measures implemented to control COVID-19, such as mask-wearing and social distancing, have also reduced flu transmission in many regions.

The Importance of Dual Protection

Why is it crucial to protect against both flu and COVID-19? As both viruses can cause severe respiratory illness, protecting against both is essential for individual and public health. This dual protection strategy involves:

• Getting vaccinated against both flu and COVID-19
• Maintaining good hygiene practices
• Staying informed about local health guidelines

Flu Prevention in Different Settings

How can flu prevention be implemented in various environments? Effective flu prevention strategies can be tailored to different settings:

Workplace Flu Prevention

What can employers do to reduce flu transmission in the workplace?

• Encourage annual flu vaccinations for employees
• Promote good hygiene practices, including regular hand washing
• Implement flexible sick leave policies to discourage presenteeism
• Maintain clean and sanitized work environments

School-based Flu Prevention

How can schools minimize flu outbreaks?

• Educate students and staff about flu prevention
• Encourage vaccination for students and staff
• Implement strict hygiene protocols, including regular hand washing
• Enforce policies for students and staff to stay home when ill

Antiviral Medications: A Treatment Option for Flu

What role do antiviral medications play in flu treatment? Antiviral drugs can be prescribed to treat flu infections, particularly for high-risk individuals or those with severe symptoms. These medications can help reduce the duration and severity of flu symptoms when started early in the course of the illness.

Types of Antiviral Medications

What are the commonly prescribed antiviral medications for flu?

• Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
• Zanamivir (Relenza)
• Peramivir (Rapivab)
• Baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza)

It’s important to note that these medications are most effective when started within 48 hours of symptom onset and should only be taken under medical supervision.

The Role of Immunity in Flu Prevention

How does the immune system respond to flu infections? When exposed to the influenza virus, the immune system produces antibodies to fight the infection. These antibodies can provide some protection against future infections with the same or similar strains of the virus.

Natural Immunity vs. Vaccine-Induced Immunity

What’s the difference between natural and vaccine-induced immunity? While both natural infection and vaccination can produce antibodies against the flu, vaccine-induced immunity offers several advantages:

• Controlled exposure to viral antigens without the risk of severe illness
• Broader protection against multiple strains included in the vaccine
• Annual updates to target the most prevalent strains

Long-term Effects of Influenza

Can the flu have lasting effects on health? While most people recover fully from the flu within a few weeks, some individuals may experience longer-term effects, particularly if they develop complications. These effects can include:

• Persistent fatigue
• Weakened immune system
• Exacerbation of existing chronic conditions
• Increased risk of cardiovascular events in the weeks following infection

These potential long-term effects underscore the importance of flu prevention and prompt treatment when necessary.

The Future of Flu Prevention and Treatment

What advancements are on the horizon for flu prevention and treatment? Ongoing research in influenza prevention and treatment is focused on several promising areas:

Universal Flu Vaccines

What is a universal flu vaccine? Scientists are working to develop a “universal” flu vaccine that would provide broad protection against multiple strains of the virus, potentially eliminating the need for annual vaccinations.

Improved Antiviral Treatments

How are antiviral treatments evolving? Research is ongoing to develop more effective antiviral medications with fewer side effects and the ability to combat drug-resistant flu strains.

Advanced Diagnostic Tools

What new technologies are emerging for flu diagnosis? Rapid, point-of-care diagnostic tests are being developed to quickly and accurately differentiate between flu and other respiratory infections, enabling faster and more targeted treatment.

Global Efforts in Flu Prevention and Control

How do international organizations contribute to flu prevention? Global health organizations play a crucial role in coordinating flu prevention efforts worldwide. These efforts include:

• Monitoring global flu activity and emerging strains
• Coordinating vaccine development and distribution
• Sharing information and best practices across countries
• Supporting research into improved prevention and treatment strategies

These collaborative efforts are essential in managing the global impact of influenza and preparing for potential pandemics.

The Importance of Public Health Education in Flu Prevention

Why is public health education crucial in flu prevention? Effective public health education is a cornerstone of successful flu prevention strategies. It helps to:

• Increase awareness of flu symptoms and transmission methods
• Promote vaccination and other preventive measures
• Dispel myths and misinformation about the flu and flu vaccines
• Encourage appropriate healthcare-seeking behavior

Strategies for Effective Public Health Communication

What are some effective strategies for communicating flu prevention information?

• Clear, concise messaging through various media channels
• Targeted outreach to high-risk groups
• Collaboration with community leaders and healthcare providers
• Use of social media and digital platforms to reach diverse audiences

By implementing comprehensive public health education initiatives, communities can significantly reduce the impact of seasonal flu outbreaks and improve overall public health outcomes.

Influenza (flu) – Better Health Channel

What is influenza (flu)?

Influenza (flu) is a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract that can cause severe illness and life-threatening complications (including pneumonia). It affects people of all ages. The flu is usually spread by breathing in droplets from coughs and sneezes that contain the virus.

The flu is a seasonal infection that usually occurs from April to September. Flu seasons vary in severity and duration from year to year. In a year of high influenza activity, it is estimated that the flu can contribute to more than 3,300 deaths in Australia.

Even healthy people can sometimes die from the flu. Some Victorians are at increased risk of serious disease and complications of flu, like young children, the elderly, pregnant women, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and people with a weakened immune system or a chronic medical condition.

During 2023, amidst the fourth year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, continued seasonal flu activity is anticipated as borders remain open and interstate and international travel increases.

Vaccination is key to protecting yourself and those around you from the flu.

Symptoms of the flu

The most common symptoms of the flu are:

• sudden appearance of a high fever (38°C or more)
• a dry cough
• body aches (especially in the head, lower back and legs)
• feeling extremely weak and tired (and not wanting to get out of bed).

Other symptoms can be:

• chills
• aching behind the eyes
• loss of appetite
• sore throat
• runny or stuffy nose.

Having the flu is even more likely if you have been in contact with someone who already has it.

Diagnosing the flu

Flu and other kinds of viruses can only be confirmed by a doctor after a nose or throat swab has returned positive results.

Difference between the flu and COVID-19

The symptoms of COVID-19External Link and the flu can be similar.

If you are unwell with flu-like symptoms, contact the COVID-19External Link hotline on 1800 675 398 (24 hours, 7 days a week) or your GP to check if you require COVID-19 testing.

The symptoms of COVID-19 to watch out for are:

• loss or change in sense of smell or taste
• fever
• chills or sweats
• cough
• sore throat
• shortness of breath
• runny nose.

Some people may also experience headache, muscle soreness, stuffy nose, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.

What to expect with the flu

Symptoms of the flu can hit very quickly and may last several weeks. A bout of the flu typically follows this pattern:

• Days 1–3: Sudden appearance of fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, dry cough, sore throat and sometimes a stuffy nose.
• Day 4: Fever and muscle aches decrease. Hoarse, dry or sore throat, cough and possible mild chest discomfort become more noticeable. You may feel tired or flat.
• Day 8: Symptoms decrease. Cough and tiredness may last one to two weeks or more.

What about flu complications?

In some cases of the flu, severe illness and complications (such as pneumonia and bronchitis) can develop. This can result in hospitalisation and even death.

The flu can also make some existing medical conditions worse.

In Victoria, flu vaccination is free for people with a higher risk of severe complications associated with the flu:

• all children aged 6 months to less than 5 years
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from 6 months and over
• pregnant women – at any stage of pregnancy
• people 65 years and over
• people aged 6 months and older with medical conditions putting them at higher risk of severe flu and its complications:
  • cardiac disease
  • chronic respiratory conditions
  • chronic neurological conditions
  • immunocompromising conditions
  • diabetes and other metabolic disorders
  • renal disease
  • haematological disorders
  • children aged 6 months to 10 years on long term aspirin therapy.

Speak to your immunisation provider to see if you meet the eligibility for free flu vaccine.

How can I avoid getting the flu?

Getting a flu vaccine every year is recommended for everyone aged 6 months or older. People in the above groups are eligible for free flu vaccination each year under the National Immunisation ProgramExternal Link.

While not 100% effective, the flu vaccine provides a high level of protection and can reduce symptoms in those still getting sick.

COVID-19 vaccinesExternal Link can be co-administered (that is, given on the same day, one after the other) with a flu vaccineExternal Link. Speak to your immunisation provider for advice about COVID-19 and flu vaccines for children aged 6 months to less than 5 years.

Wearing a face mask and practicing good hand hygiene can help to reduce your chances of catching the flu or passing it on to others.

I think I have the flu – should I see a doctor?

Anyone at a higher risk of serious illness with flu-like symptoms should see their doctor as soon as possible.

Most people who are generally healthy won’t need to see their doctor for the flu. As symptoms of the flu are similar to COVID-19, talk to your doctor about testing for COVID-19 infection.

If you have the flu, try to rest, maintain a good fluid intake, and manage your symptoms. This will help you recover and prevent dehydration. Your immune system will fight the infection and symptoms will usually clear up on their own.

If you do need to see a GP for your symptoms, make sure you call ahead first so they can make sure there’s no one in an at-risk group around when you have your appointment.

When to seek medical attention

See your doctor if you have any concerns or are in a high-risk group for severe infection. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:

• difficulty breathing
• chest pain
• sudden dizziness
• confusion
• severe vomiting
• fever with a rash.

How can I avoid giving the flu to other people?

It is important we all play our part in helping fight the flu and to protect our health system.

Aside from getting your flu shot, follow these 3 simple steps to stop the spread of the flu:

Step 1 – Cough or sneeze into your elbow

If you feel a cough or sneeze is coming on, make sure to cough or sneeze into your elbow. It’s a part of your body less likely to touch other surfaces and will help stop the spread of nasty germs.

Step 2 – Wash your hands thoroughly and regularly

• Our hands are one of the top spreaders of viruses. The flu virus is carried in almost invisible droplets from saliva, sneezes, coughs, and runny noses.
• Flu viruses can live on surfaces such as lift buttons or handrails for up to 48 hours and are spread when people touch an infected surface.
• Wash your hands thoroughly and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – especially if you have been in a public place, or after blowing your nose, coughing, sneezing or using the toilet. If soap and water are not readily available, use a hand sanitiser containing at least 60% alcohol.

Step 3 – Rest and recover at home

• If you are sick, rest at home and drink plenty of fluids. Avoid going out, even to the supermarket, where you risk spreading the virus to others. Wear a mask if you need to go out.
• If you start to experience more serious symptoms, seek medical attention.

Looking after yourself when you have the flu

The best things you can do to look after yourself when you have the flu are:

• Rest – you will probably feel very weak and tired until your temperature returns to normal (about 3 days). Rest provides comfort and allows your body to use its energy to fight the infection.
• Stay at home – stay away from work, school and any places where you may have contact with others, especially while you are contagious. The period during which adults are contagious is usually around 3–5 days from when the first symptoms appear, and up to 7 days in younger children.
• Drink plenty of fluids – extra fluids are needed to replace those lost because of the fever (through sweating). If your urine is dark, you need to drink more. Try to drink a glass of fluids, such as water, every hour while you are awake.

What medications should I take for the flu?

The flu is a viral infection so antibiotics won’t help and should not be taken.

Antiviral medications, if started in the first 2 days after symptoms start, can shorten the length of your illness. These need to be prescribed by your doctor.

Decongestants and simple pain relievers can help you feel better while your body’s immune system fights off the infection.

Tips for buying over-the-counter medications

Follow these tips for buying over-the-counter medication for the flu:

• Buy a remedy that treats only one symptom – this way you are not taking any substances you do not need, or that may trigger an adverse reaction.
• Read the medication label and check:
  • whether the active ingredient treats your symptoms
  • possible side effects
  • possible interactions with any medications, (including prescription and over-the-counter, medicines (such as vitamins and mineral supplements and herbal medicines)
  • whether the medication is safe for you to take if you have any health conditions
• If you are unsure if a medication is suitable for you to take, or if you have any other questions, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. They can suggest a medication that is appropriate and safe for you to take.

Useful tips to aid recovery from the flu

Other useful flu recovery tips include:

• Take simple pain-relieving medication (such as paracetamol or ibuprofen), as directed on the packet, to ease muscle pain and bring down your fever (unless your doctor says otherwise).
• Never give any medications that contain aspirin to children (under 12 years) unless advised by a doctor. The combination of the flu and aspirin in this age group has been known to cause Reye’s syndromeExternal Link – a very serious condition affecting the nervous system and liver.
• Antibiotics are not effective against the flu because influenza is a virus, and antibiotics fight bacteria. However, your doctor may prescribe them if you develop a bacterial infection on top of the flu.
• Gargle with a glass of warm water to ease a sore throat. Sucking on sugar-free lollies or lozenges also helps.
• A hot water bottle or heating pad may help relieve muscle pain. A warm bath may also be soothing.
• Use saline nose drops or spray to help soothe or clear a stuffy nose. These decongestants help shrink swollen blood vessels in the nose. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about which medication will be the best for you.
• Do not smoke – this will irritate your damaged airways.
• Try warm, moist air inhalation. Boil a kettle, wait a minute for the water to slightly cool, and carefully empty the hot water into a bowl. Place the bowl on a steady surface, such as a table. Put a towel over your head and inhale the warm air in the bowl for up to 20 minutes. There is no need to add anything to the water. Be careful not to touch the water and keep it out of reach of children.
• Ask for help if you live alone or care for others. You may need support until you feel better.
• Remember, if you buy medicine at the pharmacy to treat your symptoms (over-the-counter medications), check with the pharmacist to see which one is right for you. Let them know if you have a chronic illness or are taking any other medication.

Where to get help

• In an emergency, always call triple zero (000)
• Your GP (doctor)
• NURSE-ON-CALL Tel. 1300 60 60 24 – for expert health information and advice (24 hours, 7 days)
• Your pharmacist
• National Immunisation ProgramExternal Link

Influenza (flu) – Better Health Channel

What is influenza (flu)?

Influenza (flu) is a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract that can cause severe illness and life-threatening complications (including pneumonia). It affects people of all ages. The flu is usually spread by breathing in droplets from coughs and sneezes that contain the virus.

The flu is a seasonal infection that usually occurs from April to September. Flu seasons vary in severity and duration from year to year. In a year of high influenza activity, it is estimated that the flu can contribute to more than 3,300 deaths in Australia.

Even healthy people can sometimes die from the flu. Some Victorians are at increased risk of serious disease and complications of flu, like young children, the elderly, pregnant women, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and people with a weakened immune system or a chronic medical condition.

During 2023, amidst the fourth year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, continued seasonal flu activity is anticipated as borders remain open and interstate and international travel increases.

Vaccination is key to protecting yourself and those around you from the flu.

Symptoms of the flu

The most common symptoms of the flu are:

• sudden appearance of a high fever (38°C or more)
• a dry cough
• body aches (especially in the head, lower back and legs)
• feeling extremely weak and tired (and not wanting to get out of bed).

Other symptoms can be:

• chills
• aching behind the eyes
• loss of appetite
• sore throat
• runny or stuffy nose.

Having the flu is even more likely if you have been in contact with someone who already has it.

Diagnosing the flu

Flu and other kinds of viruses can only be confirmed by a doctor after a nose or throat swab has returned positive results.

Difference between the flu and COVID-19

The symptoms of COVID-19External Link and the flu can be similar.

If you are unwell with flu-like symptoms, contact the COVID-19External Link hotline on 1800 675 398 (24 hours, 7 days a week) or your GP to check if you require COVID-19 testing.

The symptoms of COVID-19 to watch out for are:

• loss or change in sense of smell or taste
• fever
• chills or sweats
• cough
• sore throat
• shortness of breath
• runny nose.

Some people may also experience headache, muscle soreness, stuffy nose, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.

What to expect with the flu

Symptoms of the flu can hit very quickly and may last several weeks. A bout of the flu typically follows this pattern:

• Days 1–3: Sudden appearance of fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, dry cough, sore throat and sometimes a stuffy nose.
• Day 4: Fever and muscle aches decrease. Hoarse, dry or sore throat, cough and possible mild chest discomfort become more noticeable. You may feel tired or flat.
• Day 8: Symptoms decrease. Cough and tiredness may last one to two weeks or more.

What about flu complications?

In some cases of the flu, severe illness and complications (such as pneumonia and bronchitis) can develop. This can result in hospitalisation and even death.

The flu can also make some existing medical conditions worse.

In Victoria, flu vaccination is free for people with a higher risk of severe complications associated with the flu:

• all children aged 6 months to less than 5 years
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from 6 months and over
• pregnant women – at any stage of pregnancy
• people 65 years and over
• people aged 6 months and older with medical conditions putting them at higher risk of severe flu and its complications:
  • cardiac disease
  • chronic respiratory conditions
  • chronic neurological conditions
  • immunocompromising conditions
  • diabetes and other metabolic disorders
  • renal disease
  • haematological disorders
  • children aged 6 months to 10 years on long term aspirin therapy.

Speak to your immunisation provider to see if you meet the eligibility for free flu vaccine.

How can I avoid getting the flu?

Getting a flu vaccine every year is recommended for everyone aged 6 months or older. People in the above groups are eligible for free flu vaccination each year under the National Immunisation ProgramExternal Link.

While not 100% effective, the flu vaccine provides a high level of protection and can reduce symptoms in those still getting sick.

COVID-19 vaccinesExternal Link can be co-administered (that is, given on the same day, one after the other) with a flu vaccineExternal Link. Speak to your immunisation provider for advice about COVID-19 and flu vaccines for children aged 6 months to less than 5 years.

Wearing a face mask and practicing good hand hygiene can help to reduce your chances of catching the flu or passing it on to others.

I think I have the flu – should I see a doctor?

Anyone at a higher risk of serious illness with flu-like symptoms should see their doctor as soon as possible.

Most people who are generally healthy won’t need to see their doctor for the flu. As symptoms of the flu are similar to COVID-19, talk to your doctor about testing for COVID-19 infection.

If you have the flu, try to rest, maintain a good fluid intake, and manage your symptoms. This will help you recover and prevent dehydration. Your immune system will fight the infection and symptoms will usually clear up on their own.

If you do need to see a GP for your symptoms, make sure you call ahead first so they can make sure there’s no one in an at-risk group around when you have your appointment.

When to seek medical attention

See your doctor if you have any concerns or are in a high-risk group for severe infection. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:

• difficulty breathing
• chest pain
• sudden dizziness
• confusion
• severe vomiting
• fever with a rash.

How can I avoid giving the flu to other people?

It is important we all play our part in helping fight the flu and to protect our health system.

Aside from getting your flu shot, follow these 3 simple steps to stop the spread of the flu:

Step 1 – Cough or sneeze into your elbow

If you feel a cough or sneeze is coming on, make sure to cough or sneeze into your elbow. It’s a part of your body less likely to touch other surfaces and will help stop the spread of nasty germs.

Step 2 – Wash your hands thoroughly and regularly

• Our hands are one of the top spreaders of viruses. The flu virus is carried in almost invisible droplets from saliva, sneezes, coughs, and runny noses.
• Flu viruses can live on surfaces such as lift buttons or handrails for up to 48 hours and are spread when people touch an infected surface.
• Wash your hands thoroughly and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – especially if you have been in a public place, or after blowing your nose, coughing, sneezing or using the toilet. If soap and water are not readily available, use a hand sanitiser containing at least 60% alcohol.

Step 3 – Rest and recover at home

• If you are sick, rest at home and drink plenty of fluids. Avoid going out, even to the supermarket, where you risk spreading the virus to others. Wear a mask if you need to go out.
• If you start to experience more serious symptoms, seek medical attention.

Looking after yourself when you have the flu

The best things you can do to look after yourself when you have the flu are:

• Rest – you will probably feel very weak and tired until your temperature returns to normal (about 3 days). Rest provides comfort and allows your body to use its energy to fight the infection.
• Stay at home – stay away from work, school and any places where you may have contact with others, especially while you are contagious. The period during which adults are contagious is usually around 3–5 days from when the first symptoms appear, and up to 7 days in younger children.
• Drink plenty of fluids – extra fluids are needed to replace those lost because of the fever (through sweating). If your urine is dark, you need to drink more. Try to drink a glass of fluids, such as water, every hour while you are awake.

What medications should I take for the flu?

The flu is a viral infection so antibiotics won’t help and should not be taken.

Antiviral medications, if started in the first 2 days after symptoms start, can shorten the length of your illness. These need to be prescribed by your doctor.

Decongestants and simple pain relievers can help you feel better while your body’s immune system fights off the infection.

Tips for buying over-the-counter medications

Follow these tips for buying over-the-counter medication for the flu:

• Buy a remedy that treats only one symptom – this way you are not taking any substances you do not need, or that may trigger an adverse reaction.
• Read the medication label and check:
  • whether the active ingredient treats your symptoms
  • possible side effects
  • possible interactions with any medications, (including prescription and over-the-counter, medicines (such as vitamins and mineral supplements and herbal medicines)
  • whether the medication is safe for you to take if you have any health conditions
• If you are unsure if a medication is suitable for you to take, or if you have any other questions, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. They can suggest a medication that is appropriate and safe for you to take.

Useful tips to aid recovery from the flu

Other useful flu recovery tips include:

• Take simple pain-relieving medication (such as paracetamol or ibuprofen), as directed on the packet, to ease muscle pain and bring down your fever (unless your doctor says otherwise).
• Never give any medications that contain aspirin to children (under 12 years) unless advised by a doctor. The combination of the flu and aspirin in this age group has been known to cause Reye’s syndromeExternal Link – a very serious condition affecting the nervous system and liver.
• Antibiotics are not effective against the flu because influenza is a virus, and antibiotics fight bacteria. However, your doctor may prescribe them if you develop a bacterial infection on top of the flu.
• Gargle with a glass of warm water to ease a sore throat. Sucking on sugar-free lollies or lozenges also helps.
• A hot water bottle or heating pad may help relieve muscle pain. A warm bath may also be soothing.
• Use saline nose drops or spray to help soothe or clear a stuffy nose. These decongestants help shrink swollen blood vessels in the nose. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about which medication will be the best for you.
• Do not smoke – this will irritate your damaged airways.
• Try warm, moist air inhalation. Boil a kettle, wait a minute for the water to slightly cool, and carefully empty the hot water into a bowl. Place the bowl on a steady surface, such as a table. Put a towel over your head and inhale the warm air in the bowl for up to 20 minutes. There is no need to add anything to the water. Be careful not to touch the water and keep it out of reach of children.
• Ask for help if you live alone or care for others. You may need support until you feel better.
• Remember, if you buy medicine at the pharmacy to treat your symptoms (over-the-counter medications), check with the pharmacist to see which one is right for you. Let them know if you have a chronic illness or are taking any other medication.

Where to get help

• In an emergency, always call triple zero (000)
• Your GP (doctor)
• NURSE-ON-CALL Tel. 1300 60 60 24 – for expert health information and advice (24 hours, 7 days)
• Your pharmacist
• National Immunisation ProgramExternal Link

Acute respiratory viral infections and influenza – GBUZ “DLRC Krasnodar” Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Acute respiratory viral infections and influenza

Acute respiratory (respiratory) viral infections (ARVI) – a group of diseases caused by viruses with similar transmission routes (mainly airborne, that is, through the air with particles of saliva) and clinical manifestations (cough, fever, sore throat, etc. .).

Influenza belongs to the ARBI group, but it is especially distinguished due to the pronounced tendency of this infection to spread with the development of epidemics. In addition, influenza is accompanied by more pronounced clinical
manifestations and with it a higher risk of complications. There is a subspecies of the H5N1 influenza virus that is transmitted from sick birds (ducks, chickens) to humans.

This type of flu is called “avian flu”.

SARS are the most common diseases, they account for 90% of all infections. In Russia, from 27 to 40 million people fall ill with ARVI every year.

ARVI viruses are excreted from the patient’s body with drops of saliva and sputum when breathing, talking, crying, coughing, sneezing. Viruses enter the body of a healthy person by inhaling infected particles or by sharing household items (dishes, towels). The highest probability of infection is in close contact and high crowding: in transport, in barracks, hospitals, educational institutions, nursing homes, etc. Susceptibility to respiratory infections is very high, but can be reduced with preventive measures (see below).

SARS are dangerous with complications, which, however, do not occur often. A typical complication of any SARS is pneumonia. Influenza, in addition, can be complicated by inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, middle ear (especially in children), respiratory distress syndrome (pulmonary edema), meningitis. Influenza is most dangerous for young children, the elderly, as well as for patients with HIV infection, diabetes mellitus and people with weakened immunity due to radiation or chemotherapy.

The disease begins with an increase in body temperature up to 38-40 ° C, which persists for 2-7 days. It should be remembered that a repeated increase in body temperature (that is, after its initial decrease) is not typical for 0PBI and may indicate either the development of complications or the presence of another disease. Another common symptom is a cough, usually dry. It is important to remember that a dry cough can persist after SARS for 1-2 weeks, which should not cause concern, provided that all other symptoms have disappeared and the patient’s health has returned to normal. Dry cough is gradually replaced by a cough with sputum. If the sputum becomes green, this does not necessarily indicate the development of complications: this color of sputum can be given by an admixture of discharge from the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, nose or bronchi. Among other symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections and flu, the most common are headache, muscle pain, sore throat, weakness, and poor appetite. A runny nose for influenza is not typical, but it is possible with other SARS.

Particular attention should be paid to symptoms that may indicate either the development of complications, or the presence of not SARS, but another disease that manifests similar symptoms.

Preservation of elevated body temperature (more than 37.5 ° C) for more than 7 days, as well as its repeated increase.

• Increased headache.

• Vomiting.

• Drowsiness or confusion.

• Stiff neck (inability to bend the head so that the chin touches the chest).

• Shortness of breath (difficulty breathing).

• Chest pain.

• Bloody sputum.

• Any rash.

• Intolerance to bright light.

If you experience any of these symptoms, contact your
doctor immediately!

Most often, the diagnosis is based on the identification of the symptoms discussed above. To identify complications of acute respiratory viral infections, a general blood and urine test, an x-ray of the chest or paranasal sinuses, and sometimes a bacteriological analysis of sputum may be required.

It is necessary to observe the home regimen (should not go to work, this is fraught with complications). Drinking should be plentiful to prevent dehydration in conditions of high body temperature.

Antipyretic drugs should be taken if body temperature is above 38. 5 °C or is not well tolerated. In other cases, there is no need for them, since a moderately elevated body temperature contributes to the formation of a good immune response. Of the antipyretic drugs, paracetamol or acetylsalicylic acid is most justified (the latter – only if the patient is over 16 years old, in no case should it be prescribed for young children with influenza!).

To relieve the symptoms of SARS, there are many medicines containing several components. As a rule, these are combinations of antipyretics, relieving nasal congestion, antitussives, antiallergics, and vitamins. Always read the instructions carefully: the composition of the drug may contain a component that is either intolerable to you or already taken in a sufficient dose (for example, paracetamol).

Many patients take all sorts of herbal infusions or other herbal remedies to relieve coughs. These agents may contribute to subjective improvement, but they do not reduce the duration of the disease. Let’s take multivitamins, but the consumption of ascorbic acid should not be excessive (no more than 50-100 mg 2-3 times a day for children and 50-100 mg 3-5 times a day for adults).

The following medicines are used to influence ARVI pathogens:

– Antiviral drugs that stop viruses from multiplying, such as rimantadine (it is only effective for influenza).

– Interferons (the main factor of antiviral protection in the body) and stimulators of the formation of interferons.

– Anti-influenza immunoglobulin (the drug is obtained from the blood of healthy people who have had the flu; thus, it contains ready-made antibodies). Immunoglobulin is administered to weakened people, as well as to patients with severe forms of influenza.

– Antibiotics are not used for the treatment of uncomplicated forms of SARS and influenza, since they do not affect viruses. The most important influenza prevention measure is vaccination, which is carried out much earlier than the expected epidemic, usually in October-November. The duration of the protective effect of the vaccine is one year, so it must be repeated annually. Vaccination is most indicated for the following population groups (however, in any case, you should consult with your doctor before conducting it).

– Elderly people (over 65).

– Patients with chronic bronchopulmonary diseases (especially with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

– Children of preschool and school age.

– Patients with a weakened immune system (with diabetes mellitus, HIV infection, removed spleen or receiving glucocorticoids and cytostatics).

– Patients with chronic heart failure, chronic kidney disease.

– Patients with frequent acute respiratory viral infections.

– Persons with a high probability of infection (military contingents, medical personnel, workers in the field of consumer services, transport, educational institutions).

There are practically no contraindications to modern generation vaccines obtained by genetic engineering.

During an influenza epidemic, it is too late to administer the vaccine. In this case, it is possible to use rimantadine, as well as oxolinic ointment in the nose. It is important to frequently ventilate the room where the patient is located, if possible, isolate him from other family members, and provide him with separate dishes. Caregivers should be in gauze 3-4-layer masks, and also use the above methods of prevention. Tempering procedures (rinsing the mouth and nose with cold water, walking barefoot on a cold floor, cold wiping, dousing, etc.) are important if they are carried out for a long time and systematically. You should not start hardening if a person is sick or in the process of recovery.

GBUZ “Center for Medical Prevention” of the Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Territory

how long does it last, what should it be and how to knock it down at home

To begin with, let’s figure out what the flu is. Influenza is an airborne respiratory infection caused by influenza A, B, or C. The disease is highly contagious and affects all age groups.

A feature of the flu is an abrupt onset. People can even name what time they felt sick. In addition to an increase in body temperature, influenza is characterized by:

• severe headache;
• chills;
• photophobia;
• body aches;
• pain on moving the eyes.

But a runny nose is not an obligatory symptom and may appear only 2-3 days after the onset of the disease.

What is the usual temperature for influenza in adults

With influenza symptoms, body temperature rises sharply to 38-39.5 degrees. This fever can persist for up to 3-4 days.

Temperature can be measured with mercury, electronic and infrared thermometers. The most reliable method for measuring body temperature is the use of a mercury thermometer in the armpit. Measurements using other instruments have an error in the range of 0. 1–0.2 degrees. It should also be taken into account that the temperature indicators depend on the place of measurement:

• Normal temperature in the axillary region – 36.3 – 36.9 degrees;
• Normal temperature in the oral cavity – 36.8 – 37.3 degrees;
• The normal temperature in the rectum is 37.3 – 37.7 degrees.

Therefore, when measuring body temperature in different areas, you should take into account the standard and know the error of the measuring device.

How long does the flu temperature last in adults?

In case of mild or moderate flu, the body temperature rises for 3-4 days. Then residual effects are possible in the form of 37.0-37.5, which persist for a couple of days. This temperature is a variant of the norm and does not require additional treatment.

With the addition of a bacterial infection, a long-term persistence of temperature is possible with obligatory additional symptoms (cough with sputum, shortness of breath, runny nose with green discharge from the nose). In this case, the temperature will be about 37.5 and appear in the morning.

Is it necessary to bring down the temperature in case of influenza in adults

Since intoxication with influenza is quite strong, it is almost always necessary to bring down the temperature. This is especially necessary if the patient has:

• fever over 38.5 degrees;
• severe symptoms of intoxication (headache, pain when moving the eyes, photophobia, nausea).

If you tolerate the temperature well enough, there is no need to take any medication. You just have to stay in bed and drink enough fluids.

Myths about high temperature

• The higher the temperature, the more severe the disease.

Increased body temperature is not an indicator of the severity of the disease. Fever depends only on the individual characteristics of the body.

• High temperatures kill viruses

Yes, but the body itself suffers. Body temperature above 39 degrees negatively affects the cardiovascular system, forcing it to work several times harder. And at temperatures above 41 degrees, protein folding occurs.

• If you have a high temperature, the disease will pass quickly .

No, because fever may be associated with a bacterial infection that complicates the course of the disease.

• If the temperature is above 39 degrees, call an ambulance.

No. First you need to try to bring down the temperature yourself. In addition, if the fever occurs without severe chills and severe symptoms of intoxication, then an ambulance call is not needed at all.

How to bring down the temperature of the flu in adults

There are several ways to help bring down the temperature of the flu. It can be both medicines and traditional medicine. All options are valid and allowed by doctors.

Medications

Paracetamol-based drugs and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most popular medicines for reducing flu fever.

Paracetamol is a universal drug that is used in pure form or in combinations. It is important that the maximum daily dosage does not exceed 4000 mg. When taking powders or tablets with paracetamol, it is worth considering the concentration of all active substances.

Ibuprofen also helps to lower body temperature. The maximum daily dosage of the drug should not exceed 1200 mg.

Ibuklin is a combined preparation that contains ibuprofen in combination with paracetamol.

Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, a drug from the NSAID group. Use as an alternative if other antipyretics work worse.

Compresses

Compresses allow you to quickly reduce body temperature without resorting to the use of drugs. Cold water compresses are most commonly used. To do this, you need ordinary cotton towels that are wetted in water and wrung out. It is better to apply a compress on the forehead, neck, wrists, calves and lower legs. As the towels dry, they are re-wetted. This method allows not only to reduce body temperature, but also to relieve headaches and pain when moving the eyes. You can also add a little vinegar to the water, about 1 teaspoon per liter.

Drinking plenty of fluids

Drinking plenty of fluids is a must for any infection. With the flu, a sufficient volume of liquid allows you to rid the body of intoxication products, which greatly alleviates the condition.

Drink 2-3 liters of fluid. It should be either pure water or a liquid with enough glucose and vitamins. The ideal option would be weak tea with the addition of honey, jam, lemon. Compotes, decoctions, homemade juices are perfect. When you are sick, your appetite is reduced, so supplementing your diet with carbohydrates will help provide the body with energy to fight infection.

Popular Questions and Answers

We discussed important issues related to flu temperature with physician Tatyana Pomerantseva .

What should I do if the flu temperature does not go down?

– With the flu, the body temperature is high for 3-4 days, so the first days of the disease should not be very worried. To alleviate the condition, it is worth using traditional medicine methods (compresses), drinking plenty of water and taking medicines with severe intoxication. If the body temperature is above 40 and the maximum allowable dosage of antipyretics has already been drunk, it is worth calling an ambulance.

Can you have flu without fever?

— No, the flu always comes with an increase in body temperature. Perhaps the fever will not be very pronounced, as it depends on the individual characteristics of the organism. Body temperature can be up to 37.5.

Can there be a low temperature with the flu?

– Most often, a low temperature with influenza occurs during the recovery period.