What are the normal temperature ranges for children? What are the common causes of fever in children? When should parents seek medical attention for their child’s fever? Get all the answers in this detailed article.

Understanding Fever: Definition and Normal Temperature Ranges

Fever is a common symptom in children that indicates the body’s natural response to an infection or other underlying condition. Fever is defined as an abnormally high body temperature, with the following temperature thresholds:

• Rectal (bottom), ear, or forehead temperature: 100.4°F (38.0°C) or higher
• Oral (mouth) temperature: 100°F (37.8°C) or higher
• Under the arm (armpit) temperature: 99°F (37.2°C) or higher

It’s important to note that ear temperatures are not accurate before 6 months of age, and forehead temperatures must be taken with a digital thermometer, as forehead strips are not accurate.

The normal temperature range can vary throughout the day, with a low in the morning and a high in the evening. The average rectal temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), but a normal range can be as low as 96.8°F (36°C) in the morning and as high as 100.3°F (37.9°C) in the evening. The average oral temperature is 97.6°F (36.5°C), with a normal range of 95.8°F (35.5°C) in the morning and 99.9°F (37.7°C) in the evening.

Common Causes of Fever in Children

Fever is most often caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Viral infections, such as the common cold, flu, and roseola, are the most common causes of fever in children. Bacterial infections, like bladder infections and strep throat, can also lead to fever.

Other potential causes of fever in children include:

• Vaccine-related fever: Fever that begins within 12 hours of a vaccine and lasts for 2-3 days is normal and harmless, as it indicates the vaccine is working.
• Newborn fever: Fever in babies under 3 months old can be a sign of a serious infection, such as sepsis, and requires immediate medical attention.
• Meningitis: A bacterial infection of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord, which can cause a stiff neck, headache, confusion, and, in younger children, lethargy or inconsolable irritability.
• Overheating: Fever can occur during heat waves or from being overdressed, and it can also happen after intense exercise. This type of fever is usually low-grade and goes away quickly with cooling and hydration.

It’s important to note that teething does not cause fever, despite the common misconception.

Fever and Crying: Identifying the Cause

Fever alone should not cause a child to cry excessively. Frequent crying in a child with fever is usually a sign of an underlying cause, such as:

• Ear infection
• Kidney infection
• Sore throat
• Meningitis

If a child with fever is crying frequently, it’s important to investigate the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment.

Roseola: A Classic Cause of Unexplained Fever in Young Children

Roseola is a common viral infection that typically affects children between 6 months and 3 years of age. The classic presentation of roseola is:

• 2-3 days of high fever without any other symptoms
• A rash that appears 12-24 hours after the fever goes away
• The rash, which consists of pink, flat spots on the chest and stomach, spreads to the face
• The rash lasts 1-3 days, and by the time it appears, the child feels fine

Roseola is caused by the human herpes virus 6 and is a common, yet classic, cause of unexplained fever in young children.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Fever

It’s important to know when to seek medical care for a child’s fever. Here are some guidelines on when to call for help:

Call 911 Now

• Not moving or too weak to stand
• Can’t wake up
• Severe trouble breathing (struggling for each breath, can barely speak or cry)
• Purple or blood-colored spots or dots on the skin
• You think your child has a life-threatening emergency

Call Doctor or Seek Care Now

• Trouble breathing, but not severe
• Great trouble swallowing fluids or spit
• Fever in a baby less than 12 weeks old (do not give fever medicine before being seen)
• Fever over 104°F (40°C)
• Shaking chills (shivering) lasting more than 30 minutes
• Nonstop crying or cries when touched or moved
• Won’t move an arm or leg normally
• Dehydration suspected (no urine in more than 8 hours, dark urine, very dry mouth and no tears)
• Pain or burning when passing urine
• Weak immune system (e.g., sickle cell disease, HIV, cancer, organ transplant, taking oral steroids)
• Your child looks or acts very sick
• You think your child needs to be seen, and the problem is urgent

Contact Doctor Within 24 Hours

• Age 3-6 months old with fever
• Age 6-24 months old with fever that lasts more than 24 hours and no other symptoms (such as cough or diarrhea)
• Fever lasts more than 3 days
• Fever returns after being gone

Remember, it’s always better to err on the side of caution when it comes to a child’s fever, especially in infants and young children. Don’t hesitate to seek medical attention if you’re concerned about your child’s health.

Conclusion

Fever is a common and often harmless symptom in children, but it’s important to understand the underlying causes, normal temperature ranges, and when to seek medical care. By being informed and proactive, parents can help ensure their child’s well-being and provide the appropriate treatment and support when needed.

Fever

Is this your child’s symptom?

• An abnormal high body temperature
• Fever is the only symptom. Your child has a true fever if:
• Rectal (Bottom), Ear or Forehead temperature: 100.4° F (38.0° C) or higher
• Oral (Mouth) temperature: 100° F (37.8° C) or higher
• Under the arm (Armpit) temperature: 99° F (37.2° C) or higher
• Caution: Ear temperatures are not accurate before 6 months of age
• Caution: Forehead temperatures must be digital. Forehead strips are not accurate.

Causes of Fever

• Overview. Almost all fevers are caused by a new infection. Viruses cause 10 times more infections than bacteria. The number of germs that cause an infection are in the hundreds. Only a few common ones will be listed.
• Viral Infections. Colds, flu and other viral infections are the most common cause. Fever may be the only symptom for the first 24 hours. The start of viral symptoms (runny nose, cough, loose stools) is often delayed. Roseola is the most extreme example. Fever may be the only symptom for 2 or 3 days. Then a rash appears.
• Bacterial Infections. A bladder infection is the most common cause of silent fever in girls. Strep throat is also a common cause of unexplained fever.
• Sinus Infection. This is a problem caused by a cold. The main symptom is the return of fever after it has been gone for a few days. The sinus congestion also changes to sinus pain. Color of nasal discharge is not very helpful for making this diagnosis.
• Vaccine Fever. Fever with most vaccines begins within 12 hours. It lasts 2 to 3 days. This is normal and harmless. It means the vaccine is working.
• Newborn Fever (Serious). Fever that occurs during the first 3 months of life can be serious. All of these babies need to be seen as soon as possible. The fever may be due to sepsis (a bloodstream infection). Bacterial infections in this age group can get worse quickly. They need rapid treatment.
• Meningitis (Very Serious). A bacterial infection of the membrane that covers the spinal cord and brain. The main symptoms are a stiff neck, headache and confusion. Younger children are lethargic or so irritable that they can’t be consoled. If not treated early, can suffer brain damage.
• Overheated. The fever is usually low grade. Can occur during heat waves or from being overdressed. The temp becomes normal in a few hours after moving to a cooler place. Can also occur during hard exercise. Fever goes away quickly with rest and drinking extra fluids.
• Not Due to Teething. Research shows that “getting teeth” does not cause fevers.

Fever and Crying

• Fever on its own shouldn’t cause much crying.
• Frequent crying in a child with fever is caused by pain until proven otherwise.
• Hidden causes can be ear infections, kidney infections, sore throats and meningitis.

Roseola: Classic Cause of Unexplained Fever in Young Children

• Most children get Roseola between 6 months and 3 years of age.
• Cause: human herpes virus 6
• Rash: pink, small, flat spots on the chest and stomach. Rash is the same on both sides of the body.
• Then spreads to the face.
• Classic feature: 2 or 3 days of high fever without a rash or other symptoms.
• The rash starts 12 to 24 hours after the fever goes away.
• The rash lasts 1 to 3 days.
• By the time the rash appears, the child feels fine.

Normal Temperature Range

• Rectal. A reading of 98.6° F (37° C) is just the average rectal temp. A normal low can be 96.8° F (36° C) in the morning. It can change to a high of 100.3° F (37.9° C) late in the day. This is a normal range.
• By mouth. A reading of 97.6° F (36.5° C) is just the average mouth temp. A normal low can be 95.8° F (35.5° C) in the morning. It can change to a high of 99.9° F (37. 7° C) late in the day. This is a normal range.

When to Call for Fever

Call 911 Now

• Not moving or too weak to stand
• Can’t wake up
• Severe trouble breathing (struggling for each breath; can barely speak or cry)
• Purple or blood-colored spots or dots on skin
• You think your child has a life-threatening emergency

Call Doctor or Seek Care Now

• Trouble breathing, but not severe
• Great trouble swallowing fluids or spit
• Fever in baby less than 12 weeks old. Caution: do NOT give your baby any fever medicine before being seen.
• Fever over 104° F (40° C)
• Shaking chills (shivering) lasting more than 30 minutes
• Nonstop crying or cries when touched or moved
• Won’t move an arm or leg normally
• Dehydration suspected. No urine in more than 8 hours, dark urine, very dry mouth and no tears.
• Pain or burning when passing urine
• Weak immune system. Examples are: sickle cell disease, HIV, cancer, organ transplant, taking oral steroids.
• Your child looks or acts very sick
• You think your child needs to be seen, and the problem is urgent

Contact Doctor Within 24 Hours

• Age 3-6 months old with fever
• Age 6-24 months old with fever that lasts more than 24 hours. There are no other symptoms (such as cough or diarrhea).
• Fever lasts more than 3 days
• Fever returns after being gone more than 24 hours
• Recent travel outside the country to high risk area
• You think your child needs to be seen, but the problem is not urgent

Contact Doctor During Office Hours

• You have other questions or concerns

Self Care at Home

• Fever with no other symptoms and your child acts mildly ill

Seattle Children’s Urgent Care Locations

If your child’s illness or injury is life-threatening, call 911.

Care Advice for Fever

1. What You Should Know About Fever:
   • Having a fever means your child has a new infection.
   • It’s most likely caused by a virus.
   • You may not know the cause of the fever until other symptoms develop. This may take 24 hours.
   • Most fevers are good for sick children. They help the body fight infection.
   • Use the ranges below to help put your child’s level of fever into perspective:
   • 100° – 102° F (37.8° – 39° C) Low grade fever: helpful, good range. Don’t treat.
   • 102° – 104° F (39 – 40° C) Average fever: helpful. Treat if causes discomfort.
   • Over 104° F (40° C) High fever: causes discomfort, but harmless. Always treat.
   • Over 106° F (41.1° C) Very high fever: important to bring it down. Rare to go this high.
   • Over 108° F (42.3° C) Dangerous fever: fever itself can be harmful.
2. Treatment for All Fevers – Extra Fluids
   • Fluids alone can lower the fever. Reason: being well-hydrated helps the body give off heat through the skin.
   • Offer your child extra water or other fluids by mouth. Cold fluids are better. Until 6 months old, only give extra formula or breastmilk.
   • For all children, dress in 1 layer of light weight clothing, unless shivering. Reason: also helps heat loss from the skin.
   • Caution: if a baby under 1 year has a fever, never overdress or bundle up. Reason: babies can get over-heated more easily than older children.
   • For fevers 100°-102° F (37.8° – 39°C), fever meds are rarely needed. Fevers of this level don’t cause discomfort. They do help the body fight the infection.
   • Exception: if you feel your child also has pain, treat it.
3. Fever Medicine:
   • Fevers only need to be treated with medicine if they cause discomfort. Most often, that means fevers above 102° F (39° C). Also use for shivering (shaking chills). Shivering means the fever is going up.
   • For fevers above 102° F (39° C), give an acetaminophen product (such as Tylenol).
   • Another choice is an ibuprofen product (such as Advil).
   • Goal of treatment: bring the temperature down to a comfortable level. Most often, the fever meds lower the fever by 2° to 3° F (1 – 1.5° C). They do not bring it down to normal. It takes 1 or 2 hours to see the effect.
   • Do not use aspirin. Reason: risk of Reye syndrome, a rare but serious brain disease.
   • Do not use both acetaminophen and ibuprofen together. Reason: not needed and a risk of giving too much.
4. Sponging with Lukewarm Water:
   • Note: sponging is an option for high fevers, but not required. It is rarely needed.
   • When to Use: fever above 104° F (40° C) AND doesn’t come down with fever meds. Always give the fever medicine at least an hour to work before sponging.
   • How to Sponge: use lukewarm water (85 – 90° F) (29.4 – 32.2° C). Sponge for 20-30 minutes.
   • If your child shivers or becomes cold, stop sponging. Other option: you can also make the water warmer.
   • Caution: do not use rubbing alcohol. Reason: can cause a coma.
5. Return to School:
   • Your child can return to school after the fever is gone. Your child should feel well enough to join in normal activities.
6. What to Expect:
   • Most fevers with viral illnesses range between 101° and 104° F (38.4° and 40° C).
   • They may last for 2 or 3 days.
   • They are not harmful.
7. Call Your Doctor If:
   • Your child looks or acts very sick
   • Any serious symptoms occur such as trouble breathing
   • Fever goes above 104° F (40° C)
   • Any fever occurs if less than 12 weeks old
   • Fever without other symptoms lasts more than 24 hours (if age less than 2 years)
   • Fever lasts more than 3 days (72 hours)
   • You think your child needs to be seen
   • Your child becomes worse

And remember, contact your doctor if your child develops any of the ‘Call Your Doctor’ symptoms.

Last Reviewed: 10/13/2021

Last Revised: 09/30/2021

Copyright 2000-2021. Schmitt Pediatric Guidelines LLC.

Fever without Fear: Information for Parents

​Let’s face it, fevers can be scary for parents. When your child is burning up, it can be hard to think straight and make important decisions. Learning what causes fevers and how to treat them will ease your anxiety and help you take control of the situation.

What Causes a Fever?

Everyone has his or her own internal “thermostat” that regulates body temperature, and normal body temperature is around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit plus or minus about one degree (37 degrees Celsius, plus or minus about 0.6 degrees). When the body detects an infection or other illness, the brain responds by raising the body temperature to help fight the condition.

A rectal temperature over 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit is considered a fever. It is not always necessary for a child with a fever to see their doctor.   It depends on the age of the child (see Fever and Your Baby) and the other symptoms they have.

Managing the Fever

A fever can’t always be detected by feeling your child’s forehead. It’s usually necessary to take his temperature as well. Although there are numerous thermometers on the market that measure temperature in different areas, parents should use rectal thermometers with their babies for the most accurate reading. See How to Take a Child’s Temperature for more information.

Once you’ve identified a fever, the most important things you can do is to improve your child’s comfort and make sure they get enough fluid, so they do not get dehydrated.  While you may instinctively want to bring your child to the doctor’s office, it may not be necessary, especially if the child seems fine once their discomfort is treated.

Keeping Fever at Bay

Although not every fever needs to be treated, there are some things you can do to help make your child more comfortable.

• Giving a child acetaminophen or ibuprofen will usually reduce a fever. It is important to make sure you give the right dose to your child. 
• If your child is under two years of age, contact your pediatrician or pharmacist for the correct dose. For older children, follow the recommended dose on the label. 
• Do not overdress your child. Other practices to reduce fevers such as an alcohol bath, ice packs, etc. are no longer recommended and can actually have adverse effects on your child.
• A fever will also cause a child to lose fluids more quickly, so offer plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. Signs of dehydration include crying without tears, a dry mouth, and fewer wet diapers.
• Keep your digital thermometer ready and accessible so you don’t have to search for it once your child is ill.
• Have children’s acetaminophen or ibuprofen on hand.
• Make sure your pediatrician’s phone number is handy.

When to Call the Doctor

Call your child’s doctor right away if your child has a fever and:

• Looks very ill, is unusually drowsy, or is very fussy
• Has been in a very hot place, such as an overheated car
• Has other symptoms, such as a stiff neck, severe headache, severe sore throat, severe ear pain, an unexplained rash, or repeated vomiting or diarrhea
• Has signs of dehydration, such as a dry mouth, sunken soft spot or significantly fewer wet diapers and is not able to take in fluids
• Has immune system problems, such as sickle cell disease or cancer, or is taking steroids
• Has had a seizure
• Is younger than 3 months (12 weeks) and has a temperature of 100. 4°F (38.0°C) or higher
• Fever rises above 104°F (40°C) repeatedly for a child of any age

Also call your child’s doctor if:

• Your child still “acts sick” once his fever is brought down.
• Your child seems to be getting worse.
• The fever persists for more than 24 hours in a child younger than 2 years.
• The fever persists for more than 3 days (72 hours) in a child 2 years of age or older.

Additional Information on HealthyChildren.org:

The information contained on this Web site should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your pediatrician. There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances.

Fever | Boston Children’s Hospital

Your child has a fever if her temperature is 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or higher.

The body has several ways to maintain normal body temperature. The body responds to changes in temperature by:

• increasing or decreasing sweat production
• moving blood away from, or closer to, the surface of the skin
• getting rid of, or holding on to, water in the body
• naturally wanting to seek a cooler or warmer environment

What causes a fever?

When your child has a fever, her body works the same way to control the temperature but it resets its thermostat at a higher temperature. The temperature increases for a number of reasons:

• Chemicals called cytokines or mediators are produced in the body in response to an invasion from a microorganism, malignancy, or other intruder.
• The body is making more macrophages, which are cells that go to combat when intruders are present in the body. These cells actually “eat up” the invading organism.
• The body is busily trying to produce natural antibodies which fight infection. These antibodies will recognize the infection next time it tries to invade.
• Many bacteria are enclosed in an overcoat-like membrane. When this membrane is disrupted or broken, the contents that escape can be toxic to the body and stimulate the brain to raise the temperature.

What conditions can cause a fever?

The following conditions can cause a fever:

What are the benefits of a fever?

A fever actually helps the body destroy its microbial invader. It also stimulates an inflammatory response, which sends all kinds of substances to the area of infection to protect the area, prevent the spread of the invader, and start the healing process.

What are the symptoms that my child may have a fever?

Children with fevers may become more uncomfortable as the temperature rises. The following are the most common symptoms of a fever. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. In addition to a body temperature greater than 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit, symptoms may include:

• Your child may not be as active or talkative as usual.
• She may seem fussier, less hungry, or thirstier.
• Your child may feel warm or hot. Remember that even if your child feels like she is “burning up,” the actual rectal or oral temperature may not be that high.

The symptoms of a fever may resemble other medical conditions. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, if your child is younger that 2 months of age and has a rectal temperature of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or higher, you should call your pediatrician. If you are unsure, always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis.

When should a fever be treated?

If your child is very uncomfortable, treatment may be necessary. Treating your child’s fever will not help her body get rid of the infection any quicker, but it will relieve discomfort associated with it.

Rarely, children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years can develop seizures from high fever (called febrile seizures). If your child does have a febrile seizure, there is a chance that the seizure may occur again, but, usually, children outgrow the febrile seizures. A febrile seizure does not mean your child has epilepsy.

What can I do to decrease my child’s fever?

Give her an anti-fever medication, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. DO NOT give your child aspirin, as it has been linked to a serious, potentially fatal disease, called Reye syndrome.

Other ways to reduce a fever:

• Dress your child lightly. Excess clothing will trap body heat and cause her temperature to rise.
• Encourage your child to drink plenty of fluids.
• Give your child a lukewarm bath.
• Place cold washcloths over areas of the body where the blood vessels are close to the surface of the skin such as the forehead, wrists, and groin.

When should I call my child’s physician?

If your child’s temperature reaches 105 degrees Fahrenheit, this is considered a medical emergency and your child needs immediate medical attention, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Call your child’s physician immediately if your child is younger than 3 months old and any of the following conditions are present:

• Your child’s rectal temperature is greater than 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Your child is crying inconsolably.
• Your child is difficult to awaken.
• Your child’s neck is stiff
• Purple spots are present on the skin.
• Breathing is difficult AND does not improve after you clear the nose.
• Your child is unable to swallow anything and is drooling saliva.
• Your child looks or acts very sick; if possible, check your child’s appearance one hour after your child has taken an appropriate dose of acetaminophen.

Call your child’s physician within 24 hours if your child, 3 months or older, has any of the following conditions present:

• The fever is 102 degrees Fahrenheit or higher (especially if your child is younger than 2 years old)
• Burning or pain occurs with urination
• Your child has had a fever for more than 24 hours without an obvious cause or location of infection.

Call your child’s physician during office hours if any of the following conditions are present:

• Your child has had a fever for more than 72 hours.
• The fever went away for more than 24 hours and then returned.
• Your child has a history of febrile seizures.
• You have other concerns or questions.

5 Myths Debunked – Cleveland Clinic

Does a fever always mean your child is seriously ill? Not necessarily, says pediatrician Sarah Klein, MD. “Many parents think a fever is caused directly by a virus or bacteria, but it’s actually caused by your child’s immune system fighting the germ,” she says. 

Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy

Germs don’t like higher temperatures. That’s why your body will send hormones to turn up the heat whenever it fights infection. 

“Fever may not feel friendly, but it’s not necessarily your foe either,” says Dr. Klein. She says there are many longstanding myths about childhood fevers. 

Parents often worry when their children have fevers, but for the following reasons, they don’t necessarily need to be so concerned. 

5 common myths about childhood fevers

Here are five myths — and truths — to cool your head about childhood fevers.

Myth #1: The higher the temperature, the more serious the illness

Truth: A high temperature may indicate a serious illness in teens and adults, but not always in children 12 and under. 

A child’s immune system isn’t as finely tuned, so it attacks every germ at full force. That’s why children can get a high fever due to a simple cold while adults typically don’t. “More important than the number on the thermometer is how your child is acting,” says Dr. Klein. 

“Make sure they are drinking fluids, are somewhat active and feel better after taking appropriate doses of acetaminophen or ibuprofen,” she adds.

Myth #2: For true accuracy, only a rectal temperature will do

Truth: Taking a rectal temperature isn’t always necessary. Rectal temperatures are most accurate but don’t fret about getting one in older children, advises Dr. Klein. They are most important in the first six months. 

“It’s certainly easier to place the thermometer in your child’s armpit,” she says. “It will stay put as you hold your child.” The armpit (axillary) method is appropriate for any age — and nearly as accurate. So is the oral method, although children usually can’t hold the thermometer under their tongue until age four. 

Myth #3: Ear and forehead thermometers are as accurate as digital thermometers

Truth: Tympanic (ear) and temporal (forehead) thermometers aren’t as reliable as digital multiuse thermometers. Their readings can be skewed by external temperatures. 

A digital multiuse thermometer is the only kind you need. “They’re inexpensive, they’re fast and they’re easy to use,” says Dr. Klein. 

As for pacifier thermometers and forehead strips? “I wouldn’t trust their readings,” Dr. Klein says. “There isn’t great science to show they are as good as standard oral or axillary methods.”

Myth #4: The only normal temperature is 98.6°F

Truth: 100°F may not be a fever. The well-known 98.6°, is a normal temperature taken by mouth. An underarm temperature may be about one degree lower. A rectal temperature may be about one degree higher. 

“Your temperature also changes throughout the day, due to hormone cycles,” says Dr. Klein. “While rectal temperature stays the steadiest, axillary and oral temperatures will be lowest in the morning and about one to two degrees higher in the late afternoon and evening. 

“In other words, an oral temperature of 100° just before bedtime may be normal. An axillary temperature of 99° in the morning may be the start of a fever.” Anything over 100.4°F is considered a fever. 

Myth #5: A high fever will cause seizures

Truth: Contrary to popular belief, a high fever will not cause seizures.

Febrile seizures are not caused by high fever, says Dr. Klein. They’re caused by a sudden elevation in temperature (even if just increasing from 98.6 to 101°F ). “You don’t need to reduce fever to prevent seizures,” she says. “Children can have febrile seizures before you even know they have a fever.” 

When fevers are normal

Generally, fevers that last less than five days are not anything to worry about — especially if your child is acting pretty normal (playing, eating and drinking). It’s OK if your child seems a little tired too. A child that is three months to three years old may have a fever up to 102.5°F (and up to 103°F if they’re older). These typically are normal signs of fighting an illness. 

Also, if a child was recently immunized, a low-grade fever lasting for less than 24 hours generally isn’t a concern. 

In many cases, it isn’t necessary, but you can treat the fever to help your child feel better. “There is no evidence that reducing a fever will blunt the immune response,” says Dr. Klein. “So go ahead and treat a fever, just to make your child more comfortable.” 

One exception: If your normally healthy child is sleeping soundly with a fever, don’t wake them to treat it. 

When you should call a doctor

If your child has a fever, these are situations when you should call a doctor: 

• For an infant under the age of three months with a fever. This can be the only warning sign of a serious illness. 
• For a child who has a fever for more than five days. A doctor may want to investigate if there are any underlying causes. 
• For fevers of 104 that don’t come down with acetaminophen or ibuprofen within two hours. 
• For a child with a fever who isn’t playing, eating or drinking as normal — or who is hard to rouse. 
• For a baby with a fever who isn’t wetting three diapers a day. 
• For children with a fever who aren’t urinating every eight to 12 hours and are at risk for becoming dehydrated. 
• For a child recently immunized who has a temperature higher than 102 or a fever for more than 24 hours. 
• Any time you have a concern about your child. 

Fever: After Hours Kids: Physician Assistants

What is a fever?  Fever is defined as a temperature greater than 100.4°F.  A fever is one of the body’s ways of fighting infection. Viruses and bacteria often cannot live in hotter temperatures, so the body temperature elevates in order to help fight off the infection. While it is a great sign that having a fever means your child’s body is working well to fight off infection, it is very frustrating that an elevated temperature often makes your child feel poorly.  This leads to our next few questions. 

How should I measure temperature? You can find helpful charts and step by step instructions explaining how to check a child’s temperature depending on his/her age here:  www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/fever/Pages/How-to-Take-a-Childs-Temperature.aspx

Should I give my child medication and when do we come to the doctor? The answer to this question depends on several factors, including your child’s age and the height of the temperature.

If your child is under 3 months old and they have a rectal temperature over 100.4 °F, call your pediatrician’s office right away; it is important he/she be seen promptly by a medical provider. A young infant with a fever needs to be evaluated.  Always use a rectal thermometer to measure temperature for infants under 3 months old.

If your child is 3 months – 2 years old and they have a fever greater than 102 °F, call your pediatrician’s office.  If the fever is less than 102 °F and your child is acting okay and does not seem very uncomfortable, it is okay not to treat the fever with medication. This elevated temperature is not harmful and shows us that your child’s body is working well to fight the infection.  If a child is very uncomfortable, even if the fever is not high, it is okay to give acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil).  Be sure to talk with your pediatrician’s office to ensure you are giving the correct dose.

If your child is over 2 years of age and has a temperature over 102 °F, it is usually okay to watch them at home. Of course, if they have severe symptoms, are in distress, you are concerned, or fever lasts over 3 days, please call your provider.  If the fever is less than 102 °F and your child is acting okay and does not seem very uncomfortable, it is okay not to treat the fever with medication. This elevated temperature is not harmful and shows us that your child’s body is working well to fight the infection.  If a child is very uncomfortable, even if the fever is not high, it is okay to give acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil).  Be sure to talk with your pediatrician’s office to ensure you are giving the correct dose.

If you are giving your child a fever reducer, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), it is important to remember that these medications often will not bring a temperature all the way back to normal.  Often, fever reducers only lower temperature 1 or 2 degrees; this is normal.

Does a fever mean there is something serious going on?  A fever does not always mean something serious is going on. Also, a high fever does not necessarily indicate a severe infection. It is more important to evaluate your child based on how he/she is feeling than the height of the temperature.  When fever is present, look for encouraging signs such as that your child still wants to play, continues to drink well, is alert, and has normal skin color. These encouraging signs will be seen more and more as the fever goes down. 

How high is too high?  The number of the temperature does not tell us how sick your child is, so a very high temperature does not necessarily mean that the child is severely ill.  There are many viruses that can cause higher temperatures which do not cause any complications and from which the child is well in 3-5 days.   Typically, though fever is not necessarily harmful unless it is 1-2 degrees over 105°F, when the fever nears 105°F, and shows no sign of decreasing despite fever reducer medication, we recommend heading to the local children’s hospital.  Don’t forget that fevers will naturally rise when the child’s body temperature rises, in the evening and night.  As the temperature falls, the child will often sweat to release the extra heat; this is normal and is not concerning.   One other thing parents often notice is that children with fever breathe faster and may have a faster heart rate.  This is completely normal.  Call your doctor if after fever comes down, there is any trouble breathing or your child continues to breathe much faster than normal.

What can I do to help my child with a fever?  Giving them medication to reduce the fever can be helpful if your child is particularly upset.  Be sure to talk with your pediatrician’s office to ensure you are giving the correct dose.   Fever reducers such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen will not likely bring a temperature all the way back to normal.  Often, these medicines only lower temperature 1 or 2 degrees; this is normal.  

You can decrease the amount of clothes your child is wearing.  For example, for an infant or toddler with a fever, you can dress them down to their diaper or their diaper and a t-shirt.  Though it will not lower temperature, you can apply a luke-warm wet towel to the child’s forehead for comfort.  Avoid putting the child in a cold bath or rubbing the child’s skin with alcohol; this will not help and can cause adverse symptoms.

Assure your child is well hydrated by offering more clear liquids as fever can cause your child to lose fluids more quickly. If your child is crying without tears, has a dry mouth, does not urinate at least 3 times in 24 hours, or is very lethargic, call your child’s provider right away. These are all signs of dehydration.

Additional information: Under some circumstances, children can have a seizure due to a rapid change in body temperature. If this occurs, contact your doctor for further guidance.  There is great information on fever found at the following website:  www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/fever/Pages/Fever-Without-Fear.aspx  There are additional helpful links at the bottom of this website such as: How to Take a Child’s Temperature, Fever and Pain Medicine: How Much To Give Your Child, Signs and Symptoms of Fever, The Healthy Children Show: Fever, The Healthy Children Show: Giving Liquid Medicine Safely. 

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Fevers (for Parents) – Nemours Kidshealth

All kids get a fever from time to time. A fever itself usually causes no harm and can actually be a good thing — it’s often a sign that the body is fighting an infection.

But when your child wakes in the middle of the night flushed, hot, and sweaty, it’s easy to be unsure of what to do next. Should you get out the thermometer? Call the doctor?

Here’s more about fevers, including when to contact your doctor.

What Is a Fever?

Fever happens when the body’s internal “thermostat” raises the body temperature above its normal level. This thermostat is found in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus knows what temperature your body should be (usually around 98.6°F/37°C) and will send messages to your body to keep it that way.

Most people’s body temperatures change a little bit during the course of the day: It’s usually a little lower in the morning and a little higher in the evening and can vary as kids run around, play, and exercise.

Sometimes, though, the hypothalamus will “reset” the body to a higher temperature in response to an infection, illness, or some other cause. Why? Researchers believe that turning up the heat is a way for the body to fight the germs that cause infections, making it a less comfortable place for them.

What Causes Fevers?

It’s important to remember that fever by itself is not an illness — it’s usually a sign or symptom of another problem.

Fevers can be caused by a few things, including:

Infection: Most fevers are caused by infection or other illness. A fever helps the body fight infections by stimulating natural defense mechanisms.

Overdressing: Infants, especially newborns, may get fevers if they’re overbundled or in a hot environment because they don’t regulate their body temperature as well as older kids. But because fevers in newborns can indicate a serious infection, even infants who are overdressed must be checked by a doctor if they have a fever.

Immunizations: Babies and kids sometimes get a low-grade fever after getting vaccinated.

Although teething may cause a slight rise in body temperature, it’s probably not the cause if a child’s temperature is higher than 100°F (37.8°C).

When Is a Fever a Sign of Something Serious?

In healthy kids, not all fevers need to be treated. High fever, though, can make a child uncomfortable and make problems (such as dehydration) worse.

Doctors decide on whether to treat a fever by considering both the temperature and a child’s overall condition.

Kids whose temperatures are lower than 102°F (38.9°C) often don’t need medicine unless they’re uncomfortable. There’s one important exception: If an infant 3 months or younger has a rectal temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher, call your doctor or go to the emergency department immediately. Even a slight fever can be a sign of a potentially serious infection in very young babies.

If your child is between 3 months and 3 years old and has a fever of 102.2°F (39°C) or higher, call to see if your doctor needs to see your child. For older kids, take behavior and activity level into account. Watching how your child behaves will give you a pretty good idea of whether a minor illness is the cause or if your child should be seen by a doctor.

The illness is probably not serious if your child:

• is still interested in playing
• is eating and drinking well
• is alert and smiling at you
• has a normal skin color
• looks well when his or her temperature comes down

And don’t worry too much about a child with a fever who doesn’t want to eat. This is very common with infections that cause fever. For kids who still drink and urinate (pee) normally, not eating as much as usual is OK.

Is it a Fever?

A gentle kiss on the forehead or a hand placed lightly on the skin is often enough to give you a hint that your child has a fever. However, this method of taking a temperature (called tactile temperature) won’t give an accurate measurement.

Use a reliable digital thermometer to confirm a fever. It’s a fever when a child’s temperature is at or above one of these levels:

• measured orally (in the mouth): 100°F (37.8°C)
• measured rectally (in the bottom): 100.4°F (38°C)
• measured in an axillary position (under the arm): 99°F (37.2°C)

But how high a fever is doesn’t tell you much about how sick your child is. A simple cold or other viral infection can sometimes cause a rather high fever (in the 102°–104°F/38.9°–40°C range), but this doesn’t usually mean there’s a serious problem. In fact, a serious infection, especially in infants, might cause no fever or even a low body temperature (below 97°F or 36.1°C).

Because fevers can rise and fall, a child might have chills as the body’s temperature begins to rise. The child may sweat to release extra heat as the temperature starts to drop.

Sometimes kids with a fever breathe faster than usual and may have a faster heart rate. Call the doctor if your child has trouble breathing, is breathing faster than normal, or is still breathing fast after the fever comes down.

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How Can I Help My Child Feel Better?

Again, not all fevers need to be treated. In most cases, a fever should be treated only if it’s causing a child discomfort.

Here are ways to ease symptoms that often accompany a fever:

Medicines

If your child is fussy or uncomfortable, you can give acetaminophen or ibuprofen based on the package recommendations for age or weight. (Unless instructed by a doctor, never give aspirin to a child due to its association with Reye syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal disease.) If you don’t know the recommended dose or your child is younger than 2 years old, call the doctor to find out how much to give.

Infants younger than 2 months old should not be given any medicine for fever without being checked by a doctor. If your child has any medical problems, check with the doctor to see which medicine is best to use. Remember that fever medicine can temporarily bring a temperature down, but usually won’t return it to normal — and it won’t treat the underlying reason for the fever.

Home Comfort Measures

Dress your child in lightweight clothing and cover with a light sheet or blanket. Overdressing and overbundling can prevent body heat from escaping and can cause the temperature to rise.

Make sure your child’s bedroom is a comfortable temperature — not too hot or too cold.

While some parents use lukewarm sponge baths to lower fever, this method only helps temporarily, if at all. In fact, sponge baths can make kids uncomfortable. Never use rubbing alcohol (it can cause poisoning when absorbed through the skin) or ice packs/cold baths (they can cause chills that can raise body temperature).

Food and Drinks

Offer plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration because fevers make kids lose fluids more rapidly than usual. Water, soup, ice pops, and flavored gelatin are all good choices. Avoid drinks with caffeine, including colas and tea, because they can make dehydration worse by increasing urination (peeing).

If your child also is vomiting and/or has diarrhea, ask the doctor if you should give an electrolyte (rehydration) solution made especially for kids. You can find these at drugstores and supermarkets. Don’t offer sports drinks — they’re not made for younger children and the added sugars can make diarrhea worse. Also, limit your child’s intake of fruits and apple juice.

In general, let kids eat what they want (in reasonable amounts), but don’t force it if they don’t feel like it.

Taking it Easy

Make sure your child gets plenty of rest. Staying in bed all day isn’t necessary, but a sick child should take it easy.

It’s best to keep a child with a fever home from school or childcare. Most doctors feel that it’s safe to return when the temperature has been normal for 24 hours.

When Should I Call the Doctor?

The exact temperature that should trigger a call to the doctor depends on a child’s age, the illness, and whether there are other symptoms with the fever.

Call your doctor if you have an:

• infant younger than 3 months old with a rectal temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher
• older child with a temperature of higher than 102.2°F (39°C)

Also call if an older child has a fever of lower than 102.2°F (39°C) but also:

• refuses fluids or seems too ill to drink adequately
• has lasting diarrhea or repeated vomiting
• has any signs of dehydration (peeing less than usual, not having tears when crying, less alert and less active than usual)
• has a specific complaint (like a sore throat or earache)
• still has a fever after 24 hours (in kids younger than 2 years old) or 72 hours (in kids 2 years or older)
• is getting fevers a lot, even if they only last a few hours each night
• has a chronic medical problem, such as heart disease, cancer, lupus, or sickle cell disease
• has a rash
• has pain while peeing

Get emergency care if your child shows any of these signs:

• crying that won’t stop
• extreme irritability or fussiness
• sluggishness and trouble waking up
• a rash or purple spots that look like bruises on the skin (that were not there before your child got sick)
• blue lips, tongue, or nails
• infant’s soft spot on the head seems to be bulging out or sunken in
• stiff neck
• severe headache
• limpness or refusal to move
• trouble breathing that doesn’t get better when the nose is cleared
• leaning forward and drooling
• seizure
• moderate to severe belly pain

Also, ask if your doctor has specific guidelines on when to call about a fever.

What Else Should I Know?

All kids get fevers, and in most cases they’re completely back to normal within a few days. For older babies and kids, the way they act can be more important than the reading on your thermometer. Everyone gets a little cranky when they have a fever. This is normal and should be expected.

But if you’re ever in doubt about what to do or what a fever might mean, or if your child is acting ill in a way that concerns you even if there’s no fever, always call your doctor for advice.

What to do when your child has a fever

Parenting is difficult. Throw in a fever, and your anxiety level can skyrocket. Feeling your child’s forehead, searching for the thermometer and calling family and friends for advice can become obsessions.

While your child’s elevated temperature may signal an issue, typically, a hot forehead is nothing to lose your cool over.  Fevers are not a medical condition. Fevers are our body’s natural defense to fight infection, speeding up certain metabolic processes to help our immune system join the fight.

But with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, your child’s fever may cause you more anxiety since a fever is one of the main symptoms of the virus. If you think your child has been exposed to COVID-19, visit Clare, the OSF HealthCare chatbot. Clare can screen your child’s symptoms and direct you to needed care and support.

What is considered a fever?

A typical body temperature for a healthy child is between 97.7 degrees and 99.5 degrees. However, everyone’s temperature peaks around 6 p.m., we just don’t recognize it when we’re healthy.

So, if your child already has a fever, and they normally have a rise in body temperature every evening, the addition of the body’s normal temperature increase to the fever causes that “spike” in the evenings. Unfortunately, that’s usually when the doctor’s offices have closed for the day.

Also, children don’t sweat as much as adults. They can feel warm for many reasons – crying, playing, teething, snuggling in a warm bed or hot weather. Their body is radiating heat. Feeling their forehead is not enough. You need to take their temperature to get an accurate reading.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends you use a digital thermometer. It’s best to take the temperature rectally for children ages three and younger. A rectal temperature of more than 100.4 degrees is considered a fever. When taken orally, a temperature higher than 99.5 degrees is diagnosed as a fever.

Typically, if your child is behaving normally, there is no need for any fever-lowering treatment. The AAP recommends you check with your health care provider if:

• Age 3 months or younger: Rectal temperature of 100.4 degrees or higher – should be seen immediately.
  • Call your primary care provider or go to the nearest emergency department
• Younger than age 2: Fever lasts more than 24 hours
• Ages 2 and older: Fever lasts more than 72 hours
• Any age: Fever repeatedly goes higher than 104 degrees or is accompanied by other symptoms, such as having a seizure, severe sore throat, severe abdominal or ear pain, severe headache, unexplained rash, repeated vomiting or diarrhea, stiff neck, unusual sleepiness or very fussy behavior
  • Blue lips, tongue or nails
  • The child’s condition has worsened since a previous doctor visit

Living through the fever

Your child may act normal and even want to play despite having a fever. As long as they don’t over-exert themselves and play calmly, that’s perfectly fine. However, your child is still infectious and should avoid going around others.

If the child is not acting bothered by the temperature, I usually tell my parents to hold off on giving acetaminophen or ibuprofen for a fever between 100.4 degrees and 102 degrees. However, if the child is acting lethargic, having pain or not wanting to drink fluids, I recommend giving medications. Fevers can start to become uncomfortable after they go above 102 degree or 103 degrees.

Pain will not allow the child to rest well, which is one of the best things someone can do to fight infection. Decreased fluids may cause dehydration. So, you have to pay attention to how your child is acting and how they look. You know your child better than anyone else.

Other tips:

• If your child is younger than 2 years old, call your health care provider or pharmacist to find out how much medicine is recommended.
• If your child is older than 2, follow the label instructions for the specific medication.
• If your child is younger than 3 months, check with your health care provider before giving acetaminophen.
• Do not give ibuprofen to your child if they are younger than 6 months, dehydrated or vomiting. If the fever is treated with acetaminophen or ibuprofen but still hasn’t gone down after one to four hours, you should inform your health care provider.
• Do not give aspirin to children or teens. Aspirin use by young people with viral illnesses has been linked to Reye syndrome, a rare but serious disease.

A common report I get from patients in the office is that they didn’t give their child any medication before they came in because they wanted me to see their child’s fever and not mask any symptoms. Please do not feel that this is necessary. No one wants a child to suffer from the side effects of fever if they do not have to. We will believe you.

It’s normal for fevers from infections to last for two or three days. The fever will likely come back after the fever medicine wears off. However, the fever will not return once the body overpowers the infection. Typically, this can take three to four days.

Staying hydrated

Fever can lead to dehydration. It’s essential your child gets enough liquids, especially if you breastfeed. Contact your health care provider if your child refuses to drink or shows signs of dehydration, such as:

• A sunken fontanel (soft spot on the top of the baby’s head)
• Dry mouth and lips
• Lack of tears

• Sunken eyes
• General look of illness

Things to know about fevers

There are times when a fever can lead to a febrile seizure or convulsion – particularly in children between the ages of three months and five years. Although scary, febrile seizures usually only last a few minutes and are not dangerous, but you should still inform your health care provider.

It’s also important to tell your pediatrician if your child develops a fever after traveling. Special tests can be ordered to find out if your child picked up an infection while on your trip.

Fever alone is only rarely harmful and usually remains below 105.8 degrees

Our brain knows when our body is getting too hot and is wonderfully designed to regulate our temperature, keeping fevers due to infection from going over 103 degrees or 104 degrees. They rarely go to 105 degrees or 106 degrees.

While these are “high” fevers, you don’t need to be alarmed because fevers with infections don’t rise high enough to cause brain damage. When your body temperature rises above 108 degrees, it is possible to get brain damage. But temperatures that cause brain damage are caused by surrounding temperatures being high – like the inside of a car, with the windows up on a hot summer day.

Remember, fever is one of the good guys

Fever is a mechanism that the body uses to combat infection, helping to kill bacteria and viruses by boosting the production of infection-fighting white blood cells. Typically, you don’t need to worry about reducing the fever unless your child is uncomfortable.

If you can’t get your child’s fever down, call your pediatrician. Be prepared with how high the fever has been, for how long and how much and when acetaminophen or ibuprofen was given. This information can help us provide you with advice over the phone and possibly save you a trip to the office or emergency room.

90,000 The Ministry of Health described the typical symptoms of COVID-19 :: Society :: RBC

• myalgia – muscle pain (11%),
• confusion (9%),
• headaches (8%),
• hemoptysis (5%),
• diarrhea (3%),
• nausea, vomiting, palpitations.

The Ministry of Health noted that these symptoms can manifest themselves at the onset of infection and in the absence of an increase in body temperature.

Read on RBK Pro

Money for the elderly for vaccinations.The most relevant about the pandemic on October 13

There are four forms of the course of the disease:

Mild: temperature below 38.5 ° C, cough, weakness, sore throat, lack of criteria for moderate and severe course.

Moderate: fever, temperature over 38.5 ° C, respiratory rate (RR) over 22 / min., shortness of breath on exertion, pneumonia (confirmed by CT of the lungs).

Severe: NPV more than 30 / min, progression of changes in the lungs, according to X-ray, CT, ultrasound (increase in the volume of changes in the lungs by more than 50% after 24-48 hours), decreased level of consciousness, agitation, unstable hemodynamics …

Extremely severe: acute respiratory failure with the need for respiratory support (invasive ventilation), septic shock, multiple organ failure.

In 80% of cases, it is noted in the manual, the disease proceeds in a mild form of ARVI.

Coronavirus

Russia Moscow World

90 016 0 (per day)

Infected

0

90 016 0 (per day)

died

90 016 0 (per day)

Infected

0

90 016 0 (per day)

died

90 016 0 (per day)

Infected

0

90 016 0 (per day)

died

Source: JHU, Federal and Regional Virus Headquarters

90,000 The Ministry of Health explained what a high temperature after vaccination can talk about

A mild fever after vaccination is normal.But the temperature above 40 degrees, which persists for more than two days, is rarely a side effect of vaccination – most often it signals that the patient has contracted coronavirus some time before or shortly after vaccination, doctors told Gazeta.Ru. In this case, they advise to see a doctor and do a PCR test.

A high temperature persisting for more than two days after vaccination may signal that a person contracted the coronavirus before or during vaccination.This was reported to Gazeta.Ru by Olga Tkacheva, the chief geriatrician of the Russian Ministry of Health.

“It must be remembered that when we introduce a vaccine, a prolonged temperature reaction can be both to the vaccine, but this is rare, and it can be a coincidence – that is, the temperature can be caused by another infection, including coronavirus.

At the time of the vaccine administration, there are still no antibodies, and a few days after the injection, there may be a manifestation of COVID-19 when the incubation period ends.But I would like to note that the vaccination itself cannot cause a coronavirus infection, ”said Tkacheva.

Honored Doctor of Russia, leading scientific editor of the Vrachu.ru service Mikhail Kagan advises to undergo PCR testing in case of a prolonged temperature reaction. “You and your family members must stay at home until results are obtained,” he urged.

At the same time, doctors note: a high temperature that lasts no longer than one or two days is the norm. “There may also be weakness, discomfort at the injection site – this indicates an inflammatory response of the body in response to the vaccine,” explained Tkacheva.

“A mild fever in response to a vaccine is normal. This means the vaccine is working and your body is making antibodies to fight the infection. A mild fever usually develops within 24 hours after the vaccine is given and can last two to three days. Medical assistance is not required for minor temperature reactions that occur after vaccination, ”Kagan said.

At low temperatures, he advises not to hide in a warm blanket and drink plenty of water.

If, after vaccination, the body temperature rises above 38.5 degrees, you must drink paracetamol or ibuprofen. “These medications can help reduce fever and make you feel better. Never self-medicate, but take only the dosage recommended by your doctor, “Kagan emphasized.

A doctor should be consulted only if the temperature is above 40 degrees and the fever persists for more than two days, as well as if an allergic reaction is noticeable. “Also, if the following symptoms appear along with the fever: shortness of breath, hives, rapid heartbeat and seizures,” the doctor added.

Earlier, the Minister of Health of Russia Mikhail Murashko said that if after vaccination the temperature stays for more than 24-36 hours, then you need to see a doctor. “Overall, all vaccines are well tolerated. But each person is individual, “the head of the department said on the air of the Russia 1 TV channel.

90,000 Payment systems dropped claims against Wildberries

International payment systems removed claims from the online retailer Wildberries, which in August introduced discounts when paying for goods using the Russian “Mir”, SberPay and the Central Bank’s Fast Payment System (FPS).This was reported to “Vedomosti” in the press service of the company.

“We welcome the decisions of international payment systems that have removed claims from acquiring banks,” said Wildberries.

The company noted that immediately after receiving letters to acquiring banks from payment systems, they began to provide them with the necessary legal and organizational support. “We are convinced that Wildberries acted in strict accordance with the law: we only provided 2% discounts on the Russian payment systems Mir, SberPay and the Fast Payment System,” the retailer’s press service noted.

They also said that from August to early October, the share of Russian payment systems in Wildberries’ turnover increased from 24 to 54%. Today, the most popular is the Mir system, which has more than doubled its turnover. On SberPay it grew 25 times, on SBP – 20 times.

The press service of Visa told Vedomosti that they no longer see violations on the part of Wildberries.

“We do not record any more violations of the rules of the Visa payment system by Wildberries.Our position is that the practice of additional commissions when choosing electronic payment instruments prevents the spread of non-cash payments and violates the interests of Visa cardholders, ”the payment system said.

Since August 16 of this year, Wildberries have reduced the cost of goods if they are paid for using the Russian payment systems – Mir, SberPay and SBP. Initially, the difference in price was reflected not as a discount, but as a mark-up for users of international payment systems.Visa and Mastercard criticized the retailer’s decision. On August 20, they sent letters to the acquiring banks of the company demanding to investigate the situation with commissions and threatened with fines – $ 25,000 in the case of Visa and from $ 20,000 to $ 100,000 on the part of Mastercard.

Wildberries explained that the price difference is achieved due to lower fees for processing transactions by domestic systems, while in the case of international ones, they reach 2%. Now the lower cost of the retailer’s goods in case of payment by Mir, SberPay and SBP is reflected exactly as a discount.

Regulators saw no violations by Wildberries. The Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS), in response to a request from Vedomosti, stated that the law on the protection of competition “contains a ban on the creation of discriminatory conditions only for dominant economic entities.” At the same time, the regulator did not have data “indicating that the market position of Wildberries is dominant.” Central Bank chairman Elvira Nabiullina also saw no reason to intervene.

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Temperature after vaccination against coronavirus: what to do, reasons, tips

https: // ria.ru / 20210702 / temperatura-1739656209.html

Fever after vaccination against COVID-19: reasons and doctor’s advice

Temperature after vaccination against coronavirus: what to do, reasons, advice

Fever increase after vaccination against COVID-19: reasons and doctor’s advice

The temperature after vaccination against coronavirus is a reaction of the body that can occur from vaccination. About what to do if the temperature rises, … RIA Novosti, 02.07.2021

2021-07-02T18: 11

2021-07-02T18: 11

2021-07-02T18: 11

vaccinations

alexander gintsburg

covid-19 coronavirus

coronavirus in russia

andrey kondrakhin

satellite v vaccine

epivaccoron vaccine

covid-19 vaccination of Russians

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https: // cdnn21.img.ria.ru/images/156345/94/1563459433_0:105:2000:1230_1920x0_80_0_0_f4cbb3393fe7a7e390914ac630606f8f.jpg

MOSCOW, July 2 – RIA Novosti. The temperature after vaccination against coronavirus is the body’s reaction that can occur from the vaccination. About what to do if the temperature has risen, how long it lasts, whether it happens after the second dose of the drug – in the material of RIA Novosti. Does the temperature rise after vaccination against coronavirus After vaccination against coronavirus with the drug “Sputnik V” in some patients, the body temperature rises, chills, weakness, aching muscles and joints appear.It depends on the body of a particular person and his immune system. Not everyone has such a reaction and passes quickly. In rare cases, the temperature rises to 40 degrees. The duration of such a state can be from several hours to several days. According to Alexander Gintsburg, director of the Center. Gamaleya, who developed “Sputnik V”, 85% of those vaccinated do not have any side effects. The temperature may rise after other vaccines against COVID-19, for example, “KoviVac” and “EpiVacCorona”.Although not in all cases, such a reaction of the body is considered a side effect, but only if it is above 40 degrees. Why did the temperature rise? An increase in body temperature after receiving a drug from coronavirus is a normal physiological phenomenon that occurs not only after the introduction of “Sputnik V”, but also other vaccines, for example, against influenza. “The vaccine itself is a pharmacological substance that should cause an immunological reaction in the body, that is, an immune response,” Andrey Kondrakhin, PhD, clinical pharmacologist, told RIA Novosti.- The point of the vaccine is that we get to know the infection, but in very small doses. As a rule, such an imitation of the disease can cause a temperature, and this is an absolutely normal reaction to the introduction of a new agent into the body. “On what day the temperature rises When the temperature rises, depends on the characteristics of the organism of a particular person. It can rise after 5-6 hours. and chills occur only the next day after the administration of the drug, in rare cases the temperature rises after two to three days.How long does the temperature last? As a rule, the temperature passes during the day, sometimes it can hold out for 2-3 days. The duration of this condition is influenced by chronic diseases, a person’s susceptibility to the injected drug, as well as the age of the patient. For example, people under the age of 30 more easily tolerate such a reaction of the body, and the fever passes faster, they are less likely to be prescribed medications. What to do at a temperature At a temperature, you should stay in bed, rest, move less, drink plenty of water.As a rule, the fever will subside on its own. Drug therapy is prescribed when the body temperature exceeds 38 degrees. If it has grown to 40 degrees, then you should drink an antipyretic, measure the temperature every hour. If it does not decrease, then you need to immediately call an ambulance, because this condition can be life-threatening. Whether to knock down the temperature It is possible to knock down the elevated temperature only in some cases. It is best to transfer it without medication in order to develop stronger immunity from the vaccine against the new coronavirus infection.”If the temperature lasts for several hours or for one day, then antipyretic drugs are used – paracetamol, ibuprofen, nimesulide, – explained Andrey Kondrakhin. – They are not recommended if the temperature is less than 38 degrees. If it is 38-38.5 degrees, then this a very good reaction of the body, but it already affects the cardiovascular system, there is a load, so it is better to reduce it with the help of medications.For example, if a person has up to 38 degrees and he tolerates it well, then you can do with rubdowns, drink cold water, apply a cold towel to the liver area, observe bed rest, etc., that is, somewhat reduce the load by such methods. If this is effective, then no medication is prescribed. If not, then you will have to take an antipyretic so that the body works normally. The longer a person can go over the temperature himself, the higher his immunity will be, because taking medications somewhat confuses the focus – the body does not understand why the reaction has disappeared.The effect of the vaccine will still be good, but immunologists believe that it is better to overcome the temperature. At the same time, for patients with cardiovascular diseases, a temperature of 38 is simply dangerous. “Temperature after the second vaccination against coronavirus If after the first dose of” Sputnik V “there were no side effects, then most likely they will not be after the second. vaccination is better tolerated, because the body is already familiar with the injected drug.At the same time, the appearance of side effects cannot be ruled out – the vaccinated may experience slight weakness, chills, but usually the body temperature does not exceed 38 degrees.As with the first injection of the vaccine, you should drink an antipyretic if the condition is difficult to tolerate. Doctor’s advice at the temperature after vaccination “The water regime is very important,” the doctor noted. effect.It is necessary to drink as much water as possible.Also useful rubdowns, should be in a cool room.It is better to move less, because movement creates additional stress on the muscles, and they generate heat. You can’t stay in a draft. If the high temperature persists for more than two days, then you should call a doctor, because this is already a deviation from the norm. ” studies, the most common are general malaise, headache, loss of appetite.Less often – sore throat, nasal congestion, nausea, vomiting, dizziness are also not excluded. “After vaccination, some patients may experience a classic allergic reaction – redness, swelling, itching at the injection site, – the specialist added. – Other side effects – urticaria, Quincke’s edema and anaphylactic shock – as an extreme reaction in some people. These reactions occur quickly. Most likely, this is due to a mutation in the genetic apparatus of a particular person, they are not characteristic of the population.This can be inherited. To determine the likelihood of these conditions, you need to know how vaccinations were previously transferred. According to the vaccination calendar, children are injected with certain drugs, if after the initial administration there was no medical withdrawal, then most likely there will be no such side effects. “Antihistamines should be taken in case of redness, swelling and soreness of the injection site.

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vaccinations, alexander ginzburg, coronavirus covid-19, coronavirus in russia, andrey kondrakhin, sputnik v vaccine, epivaccorona vaccine, vaccination of Russians against covid-19, sputnik light vaccine, kovivac vaccine

MOSCOW, July 2 – RIA Novosti. The temperature after vaccination against coronavirus is a reaction of the body that can occur from vaccination. About what to do if the temperature has risen, how long it lasts, whether it happens after the second dose of the drug – in the material of RIA Novosti.

Does the temperature rise after vaccination against coronavirus

After vaccination against coronavirus with Sputnik V, some patients have fever, chills, weakness, aching muscles and joints.It depends on the body of a particular person and his immune system. Not everyone has such a reaction and passes quickly. In rare cases, the temperature rises to 40 degrees. The duration of such a state can be from several hours to several days. According to Alexander Gintsburg, director of the Center. Gamaleya, who developed “Sputnik V”, 85% of those vaccinated do not have any side effects.

The temperature may rise after other vaccines against COVID-19, for example, “CoviVac” and “EpiVacCorona”.Although not in all cases, such a reaction of the body is considered a side effect, but only if it is above 40 degrees.

Why did the temperature rise

An increase in body temperature after receiving a drug from coronavirus is a normal physiological phenomenon that occurs not only after the introduction of Sputnik V, but also other vaccines, for example, against influenza.

“The vaccine itself is a pharmacological substance that should cause an immunological reaction in the body, that is, an immune response,” said Andrey Kondrakhin, candidate of medical sciences, clinical pharmacologist, to RIA Novosti.- The point of the vaccine is that we get to know the infection, but in very small doses. As a rule, such an imitation of the disease can cause a temperature, and this is an absolutely normal reaction to the introduction of a new agent into the body. “

” If the temperature rises, this means that an immune response is being formed, the body has received information about a new antigen and is trying it in the literal sense burn out, destroy with temperature, so that he could not develop. Vaccination provokes such a protective reaction so that if a person is in the zone of infection, the body does not waste time “getting to know” the virus, but immediately begins to attack it, “the pharmacologist clarified.

June 29, 13:42 Spread of coronavirus Ginzburg called for 70 percent of Russians to be vaccinated by autumn

On what day the temperature rises

When the temperature rises, it depends on the characteristics of the organism of a particular person. It can rise in 5-6 hours. In some, fever and chills occur only the next day after administration of the drug, in rare cases, the temperature rises after two to three days.

“Temperature can be considered a positive phenomenon, because it shows the degree of formation of immunity, – added the specialist.- If it does not exceed 38 degrees, then this indicates a good reaction of the immune system and the normal course of the post-vaccination stage. If 40 degrees or more, this already indicates a perverse immune response, that is, hypersensitivity. This means that for a person, even such a small amount of a foreign agent causes a violent reaction to a particle of coronavirus. In this case, they make a withdrawal for all vaccinations. “

How long the temperature lasts

As a rule, the temperature passes within a day, sometimes it can hold out for 2-3 days.The duration of this condition is influenced by chronic diseases, a person’s susceptibility to the injected drug, as well as the age of the patient. For example, people under the age of 30 more easily tolerate such a reaction of the body, and the fever passes faster, they are less likely to be prescribed medications.

What to do at a temperature of

At a temperature, you should stay in bed, rest, move less, drink plenty of water. As a rule, the fever will subside on its own. Drug therapy is prescribed when the body temperature exceeds 38 degrees.If it has grown to 40 degrees, then you should drink an antipyretic, measure the temperature every hour. If it does not decrease, then you need to immediately call an ambulance, because this condition can be life-threatening.

June 22, 06:38 Spread of coronavirus Ginzburg told what drug can be used to revaccinate against COVID-19

Whether to bring down the temperature

It is possible to bring down an elevated temperature only in some cases. It is best to transfer it without medication in order to develop stronger immunity from the vaccine against the new coronavirus infection.

“If the temperature lasts for several hours or one day, then antipyretic drugs are used – paracetamol, ibuprofen, nimesulide,” explained Andrey Kondrakhin. “It is not recommended to take them if the temperature is less than 38 degrees. If it is 38-38.5 degrees, then this is a very good reaction of the body, but it already affects the cardiovascular system, there is a load, so it is better to reduce it with the help of medications.There are several criteria for this. For example, if a person has up to 38 degrees and he tolerates it well, then you can do with rubdowns, drink cold water, apply a cold towel to the liver area, observe bed rest, etc., that is, somewhat reduce the load by such methods. If this is effective, then no medication is prescribed. If not, then you will have to take an antipyretic so that the body works normally. The longer a person can go over the temperature himself, the higher his immunity will be, because taking medications somewhat confuses the focus – the body does not understand why the reaction has disappeared.The effect of the vaccine will still be good, but immunologists believe that it is better to overcome the temperature. At the same time, for patients with cardiovascular diseases, a temperature of 38 is simply dangerous. “

Temperature after the second vaccination against coronavirus

after the second, as a rule, the booster vaccination is better tolerated because the body is already familiar with the injected drug.At the same time, the appearance of side effects cannot be ruled out – the vaccinated may experience slight weakness, chills, but usually the body temperature does not exceed 38 degrees. As with the first injection of the vaccine, you should drink an antipyretic if the condition is difficult to tolerate.

June 20, 12:59 pm The spread of coronavirus Ginzburg spoke about vaccination of pregnant women against coronavirus

Doctor’s advice at a temperature after vaccination

“Water regime is very important,” the doctor noted. load the cardiovascular system.The liquid should be at room temperature, even slightly warmer, to take effect faster. You need to drink as much water as possible. Rubdowns are also useful, should be in a cool room. It is better to move less, because movement creates additional stress on the muscles, and they generate heat. You can’t stay in a draft. If the high temperature persists for more than two days, then you should call a doctor, because this is already a deviation from the norm. “

Other reactions of the body to the vaccine

As noted in the Center.Gamaleas, adverse reactions after vaccination with “Sputnik V” occur in 15% of cases. According to clinical studies, general malaise, headache, and decreased appetite are most common. Less often – sore throat, nasal congestion, nausea, vomiting, dizziness are also not excluded.

“After vaccination, some patients may experience a classic allergic reaction – redness, swelling, itching at the injection site, – added the specialist. – Other side effects – urticaria, angioedema and anaphylactic shock – as an extreme reaction in some people.These reactions come on quickly. Most likely, this is due to a mutation in the genetic apparatus of a particular person, they are not characteristic of the population. This can be inherited. To determine the likelihood of these conditions, you need to know how vaccinations were previously transferred. Children on the vaccination calendar are injected with certain drugs, if after the initial administration there was no medical withdrawal, then most likely there will be no such side effects. ”With redness, swelling and soreness of the injection site, antihistamines should be taken.

June 20, 12:51 Spread of coronavirusGinzburg: “Sputnik V” will protect against all known strains of coronavirus

Malaria

Malaria is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodiu m. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes of the species Anophele s, which are called “malaria vectors”. There are five types of parasites that cause malaria in humans, and two of them – P. falciparum and P. vivax – are the most dangerous.

• In 2018, it is estimated that P. falciparum accounted for approximately 99.7% of malaria cases in the WHO African Region, 50% of cases in the WHO South-East Asia Region, 71% of cases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and 65% in the Western Pacific Region.
• The parasite P. vivax is the dominant parasite in the WHO Region of the Americas, where it accounts for 75% of malaria cases.

Symptoms

Malaria is an acute febrile illness.In an unimmune person, symptoms usually appear 10 to 15 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. The first symptoms — fever, headache, and chills — may be mild, making it difficult to detect malaria. If treatment is not started within the first 24 hours, malaria P. falciparum can develop into a serious illness that is often fatal.

Children with severe malaria often develop one or more of the following symptoms: severe anemia, respiratory distress due to metabolic acidosis, or cerebral malaria.Multiple organ failure is also common in adults. In malaria-endemic areas, people can develop partial immunity, in which infections are asymptomatic.

Who is at risk?

In 2019, almost half of the world’s population was at risk of malaria. Most malaria cases and deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. However, WHO regions such as South-East Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean, the Western Pacific and the Americas are also at risk.

The risk of contracting malaria and developing serious illness is significantly higher in some population groups. These groups include infants, children under the age of five, pregnant women and people with HIV / AIDS, as well as non-immune migrants, mobile populations and travelers. National malaria control programs need to take special measures to protect these populations from malaria infection, taking into account their specific circumstances.

Burden of disease

As released in November 2020the latest edition of the Global Malaria Report , in 2019, 229 million people fell ill with malaria globally in 2019, up from 228 million in 2018. In 2019, an estimated 409,000 deaths from malaria, up from 411,000 persons in 2018 90,017 90,016 The WHO African Region continues to account for a disproportionate share of the global burden of malaria. In 2019, the region accounted for 94% of all malaria cases and deaths.

In 2019approximately half of all malaria deaths worldwide occurred in six countries: Nigeria (23%), Democratic Republic of the Congo (11%), United Republic of Tanzania (5%), Burkina Faso (4%), Mozambique (4%) and Niger (4%).

Children under the age of five are particularly susceptible to malaria; in 2018, they accounted for 67% (274,000) of all malaria deaths worldwide.

Transmission

Most cases of malaria are transmitted through the bite of a female mosquito Anopheles .There are over 400 different species of mosquito Anopheles ; about 30 species are significant vectors of malaria. All significant vector species bite at dusk and dawn. The intensity of transmission depends on factors associated with the parasite, the vector, the human host and the environment.

Mosquitoes Anopheles lay eggs in the water and hatch into larvae that eventually develop into adult mosquitoes. Female mosquitoes need blood to lay their eggs.Each species of mosquito Anopheles has its own aquatic habitat; some, for example, prefer small, shallow pools of fresh water, such as puddles and hoofprints, which are abundant during the rainy season in tropical countries.

Transmission is more intense in areas with longer mosquito lifespans (in which the parasite has sufficient time to complete its development in the mosquito) and where the vector prefers to bite humans rather than animals.For example, the long lifespan of African vector species and the fact that they consistently choose to bite humans are the main reasons that approximately 90% of all malaria deaths occur in Africa.

Transmission also depends on climatic conditions, such as rainfall patterns, temperature and humidity, which also affect the number and survival of mosquitoes. In many places, transmission is seasonal and peaks during and immediately after the rainy seasons.Malaria epidemics can occur when climatic and other conditions are suddenly favorable for transmission in areas where people have little or no immunity to malaria. In addition, epidemics can occur when people with weak immunity enter areas with high transmission of malaria, for example, in search of work or as refugees.

Another important factor is human immunity, especially among adults in areas with moderate to intense transmission.Partial immunity is developed over several years of exposure, and although it never provides complete protection, it reduces the risk of severe illness in the event of a malaria infection. For this reason, most malaria deaths in Africa occur in young children, while all age groups are at risk in areas with less transmission and low immunity.

Prevention

Vector control is the main way to prevent and reduce the transmission of malaria.A sufficiently high coverage of a specific area with vector control measures provides some protection against infection for the entire population of the area.

To protect all people at risk of malaria, WHO recommends effective vector control measures. To do this, in a wide variety of conditions, two methods can be effectively used – insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor residual spraying.

Insecticide-treated mosquito nets

Using insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) while sleeping can reduce the likelihood of contact between mosquitoes and humans through both a physical barrier and exposure to insecticide.Massive killing of mosquitoes in areas where such nets are widely available and actively used by local residents can protect the entire population. 90 017 90 016 In 2019, insecticide-treated nets in Africa protected about 46% of all people at risk of malaria, up from 2% in 2000. However, since 2016, IPO coverage has remained largely flat.

Indoor Residual Spraying

Indoor Residual Spraying (RESID) is another effective way to rapidly reduce malaria transmission.Indoor spraying of insecticides is done once or twice a year. To achieve effective protection of the population, a high level of coverage of RIODVP must be ensured.

Globally, the protection use of IRIDU has declined from a peak of 5% in 2010 to 2% in 2019 in all WHO regions except the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The decline in RIIDV coverage is occurring as countries move away from pyrethroid pesticides to more expensive alternatives to tackle pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes.

Antimalarial drugs

Antimalarial drugs may also be used to prevent malaria. Prevention of malaria among travelers can be achieved through chemoprophylaxis, which suppresses the stage of malaria infection in the blood, thereby preventing the development of the disease. For pregnant women living in areas of moderate to high transmission, WHO recommends at least 3 doses of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine at every scheduled antenatal visit after the first trimester of pregnancy.

Similarly, intermittent preventive therapy with three doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine as part of routine vaccinations is recommended for infants living in high-transmission areas of Africa.

Since 2012, WHO has recommended seasonal chemoprophylaxis for malaria in the Sahel subregion of Africa as a complementary malaria prevention strategy. This strategy includes monthly courses of amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine during the high transmission season for all children under five years of age.

Insecticide resistance

Since 2000, progress in malaria control has been achieved mainly through increased coverage of vector control activities, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. However, these advances are being jeopardized by the increasing insecticide resistance of Anopheles mosquitoes . According to the latest edition of the Global Malaria Report , between 2010 and 2019, mosquitoes were resistant to at least one of the four most common classes of insecticides in 73 countries.Mosquito resistance to all major classes of insecticides has been reported in 28 countries.

Despite the growth and spread of mosquito resistance to pyrethroids, insecticide-treated nets continue to provide significant levels of protection in most human activities. This was confirmed by the results of a large WHO-coordinated study conducted in five countries between 2011 and 2016.

Despite the encouraging results of this study, WHO continues to remind of the urgent need for new and improved malaria control worldwide.WHO also emphasizes the urgent need for all countries with continued transmission of malaria to develop and apply effective insecticide resistance control strategies to prevent the decline in the effectiveness of the most common vector control agents.

Diagnosis and treatment

Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria helps to reduce the severity of the illness and prevent patient death. These measures also help to reduce the transmission of malaria.Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) is the most effective existing treatment regimen, especially in the case of P. falciparum malaria .

WHO recommends that in all cases with suspected malaria, before starting treatment, confirm the diagnosis with a diagnostic test to identify the parasite (microscopic examination or rapid diagnostic test). The term for obtaining parasitological confirmation is up to 30 minutes. The decision to conduct treatment based solely on clinical symptoms can only be made in cases where the establishment of a parasitological diagnosis is impossible.More detailed guidance is available in the third edition of the WHO Malaria Treatment Guidelines, published in April 2015.

Antimalarial drug resistance

Antimalarial drug resistance remains a challenge. The resistance of the malaria parasite P. falciparum to previous generations of drugs such as chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) became widespread in the 1950s and 1960s, weakening efforts to control malaria and negating the gains achieved in child survival …

Ensuring the effectiveness of antimalarial drugs is essential for malaria control and elimination. The development of treatment strategies for malaria-endemic countries and the early detection and control of drug resistance requires regular monitoring of drug efficacy.

In 2013, WHO adopted Artemisinin Resistance Emergency Response Plan (ARMS) in the Greater Mekong Subregion, an overall proactive plan to contain the spread of drug-resistant parasites and provide vital supplies to all populations at risk of malaria.However, in the course of this work, other, independent foci of resilience have emerged in other geographic areas of the subregion. In parallel, there were reports that, in some cases, the resistance of the infection to the “partner” components in the artemisinin-combination therapy increases. Changing trends in the incidence of malaria necessitated a different approach.

At the May 2015 World Health Assembly, WHO adopted the Greater Mekong Subregion Malaria Eradication Strategy (2015-2030).) , which was approved by all countries in this subregion. The strategy aims to eliminate all types of human malaria in the entire region by 2030 and calls for a series of urgent actions, especially in areas where multidrug-resistant malaria is widespread.

All countries in the subregion, with technical support from WHO, have developed national plans for the elimination of malaria. WHO and partners are providing ongoing support to countries’ efforts to eliminate malaria through the Mekong Basin Malaria Elimination Program, a new initiative that is a follow-up to the NARUA.

Surveillance

Surveillance involves tracking disease cases, responding systematically and making decisions based on data. Currently, many countries with a high malaria burden have weak surveillance systems and cannot assess the distribution and trends of the disease, making it difficult to optimize the response and outbreak response.

Effective surveillance is essential at all stages of the journey towards malaria elimination. An urgent need to strengthen malaria surveillance programs is essential for a timely and effective response to malaria in endemic regions, prevention of outbreaks and recurrence of the disease, tracking progress and accountability of governments and other global actors in malaria control.

In March 2018, WHO issued a reference guide for the surveillance, monitoring and evaluation of malaria cases. The guide provides information on global surveillance standards and recommendations for strengthening surveillance systems in countries.

Elimination

Elimination of malaria is defined as the result of targeted action interrupting the local transmission of a particular malaria parasite within a defined geographic area. Preventing the resumption of transmission requires continuous efforts.Malaria eradication is defined as the sustained maintenance of zero global incidence of malaria caused by human malaria parasites through targeted action. Eradication of malaria obviates the need for further antimalarial measures.

The geography of elimination is expanding around the world, and more countries are moving closer to the goal of zero malaria. In 2019, the number of countries with less than 100 cases of local transmission of the disease was 27, while in 2000 there wereThere were 6 such countries.

Countries that have not reported a single indigenous case of malaria for at least three consecutive years meet the criteria for applying to WHO for certification of malaria elimination. Over the past 20 years, 10 countries have been certified by the WHO Director-General as malaria-free: United Arab Emirates (2007), Morocco (2010), Turkmenistan (2010), Armenia (2011), Sri Lanka (2016), Kyrgyzstan (2016), Paraguay (2018)), Uzbekistan (2018), Algeria (2019) and Argentina (2018). WHO-endorsed Malaria Elimination Framework (2017) provides a comprehensive set of tools and strategies to achieve and sustain elimination.

Malaria vaccines

To date, RTS, S / AS01 (RTS, S) is the first and only vaccine to significantly reduce the incidence of malaria and life-threatening severe malaria in young African children.It works against P. falciparum , the world’s deadliest and most common malaria parasite in Africa. In a large-scale four-year clinical trial among children who received 4 doses of the vaccine, it prevented malaria in 4 out of 10 cases.

WHO’s leading advisory bodies on malaria and immunization, given the high public health importance of the vaccine, jointly recommended its phased introduction in parts of sub-Saharan Africa.In 2019, three countries (Ghana, Kenya and Malawi) began introducing the vaccine in selected areas with moderate to high rates of malaria transmission. Vaccinations are carried out as part of each country’s national routine immunization program.

The experimental vaccine program will provide answers to a number of outstanding public health issues. This will be important in understanding the optimal dosing regimen for the four recommended doses of RTS, S; the potential role of the vaccine in reducing child mortality; and its safety during routine vaccinations.

The program is coordinated by WHO, in collaboration with the ministries of health in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi, as well as a number of national and international partners, including the non-profit PATH and the vaccine developer and manufacturer GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).

Funding for the vaccine development program was provided through a collaboration between three of the world’s largest health financing organizations: the GAVI Vaccine Alliance, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and UNITAID.

WHO activities

WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria Control 2016–2030.

Adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2015 WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria Control 2016-2030 . sets the technical parameters for all malaria-endemic countries. It is designed to guide and support regional and national programs in their work to combat malaria and achieve its elimination.

This strategy sets ambitious but achievable global targets, including:

• to reduce the incidence of malaria by at least 90% by 2030;
• Reduction of mortality rates from malaria by at least 90% by 2030;
• Eliminate malaria in at least 35 countries by 2030;
• Preventing the reappearance of malaria in all malaria-free countries.

This strategy was the result of an extensive consultative process lasting two years with the participation of over 400 technical experts from 70 Member States.

Global Malaria Program

The WHO Global Malaria Program coordinates WHO’s international efforts to combat malaria and achieve its elimination through: them and promoting their adoption;

The Program is supported and advised by the Malaria Policy Advisory Committee (MPAC), composed of malaria experts nominated through open nominations. The CMCC’s mandate is to provide strategic advice and technical advice on all aspects of malaria control and elimination through a transparent, flexible and credible rule-making process.

“Heavy burden requires high efficiency”

In May 2018at the World Health Assembly, WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus called for a new proactive approach to accelerate progress in malaria control. The new ‘Heavy Burden Demands High Effectiveness’ initiative, with strong country involvement, was launched in November 2018 in Mozambique.

Currently, 11 countries with the highest burden of disease (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, India, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania) are participating in its implementation.Key elements of the initiative are:

• Mobilizing political will to reduce the burden of malaria;
• providing strategic information to achieve real change;
• improvement of guidelines, policies and strategies;
• Coordinated national malaria response.

At the heart of the Heavy Burdens Demands Effectiveness initiative, with active involvement of WHO and the WMD Malaria Eradication Partnership, is the principle that no one should die of a disease that can be prevented, diagnosed and fully curable with existing medicines …90,017 90,000 why the accusations against the creators of “Sputnik V” are unscientific

The UK continues to search for “Russian spies” who are now accused of stealing the vaccine formula. “Wordless accusations” and “far from a scientific article” – this is how the Russian Foreign Ministry and the Kremlin reacted to the publication of The Sun tabloid.

The Sun gained frenzied popularity in Britain not for the complexity and versatility of its publications: a tabloid is, by definition, a newspaper with a tabloid touch.Russia allegedly stole a vaccine formula in order to make its own, the authors of the article tell us, citing unnamed MI6 employees who are accused of stealing some Russian spies.

“Now the special services are sure that the technology was copied. The data was stolen by a foreign agent personally,” the newspaper writes.

That is, someone, apparently, sneaked into the English laboratory, copied the formula and sent it straight to the Gamalea Center, where, according to the authors of the article, they did not waste time and registered the vaccine first in the world, before AstraZeneca and everyone else.The Sputnik V team called the British media reports a shining example of what is commonly called fake news, which can be easily refuted by scientific facts.

“These attacks make no scientific sense as Sputnik V and AstraZeneca use different platforms. Sputnik V is based on the well-studied human adenovirus vector platform. The developers of Sputnik V, the Gamalea Center, have used the same human adenovirus platform for its earlier groundbreaking research over the years, including Ebola vaccines in 2017 and MERS in 2019, ”the Gamaleya Center said.

That is, the very principle of creating vaccines on a vector basis was implemented by the Gamaleya Institute many times, and – quite logically – went down the beaten track when creating a new vaccine against covid. Continuing to list the fundamental differences between the two vaccines, the satellite developers remind that the Oxford drug is based on the chimpanzee adenovirus, while Sputnik uses the human adenovirus vector, and for the two components of the vaccine there are two different variants of this vector. AstraZeneca uses one.The experience with vaccines is also different. The European Medicines Agency found, for example, rare cases of unusual thrombosis following a British vaccine. Sputnik had no such side effects.

“I don’t think that anyone will take these unfounded accusations seriously. There have already been a lot of unsubstantiated accusations. Sergey Lavrov.

In the Anglo-Swedish company, it really did not occur to anyone to accuse colleagues of plagiarism. On the contrary, at the end of last year, they gladly accepted an offer from the creators of Sputnik to establish interaction and cooperation to combat covid. A memorandum was signed in December. AstraZeneca Executive Director Pascal Sorio talked with Russian President Vladimir Putin.

“This is a great collaboration, one might say a unique situation in the world – a collaboration between two vaccine manufacturers,” Sorio said.

“For my part, I want, Pascal, to note your offensive position in order to achieve very important goals, not to mention for your company, but for practically all of humanity. Important and very noble goals,” Putin said.

The Oxford vaccine had not yet entered the market at that time and more research was underway. But already at the end of this summer, it became known about the success of cooperation between the two developers and successful tests of Sputnik V and AstraZeneca cocktails.The studies were carried out in Azerbaijan, United Arab Emirates, Argentina. All volunteers developed antibodies. Experiments on mixing different vaccines are closely monitored by the World Health Organization (WHO). There they are closely studying the experience of Russia, where about 90 million doses of the drug have been administered. It became known that WHO may approve Sputnik by the end of this year, if legal formalities are settled in the coming days.

On October 12, a British media outlet that reprinted The Sun’s article nevertheless apologized for publishing the fake.The Daily Express newspaper removed the reprint of this news and published an official statement from the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), where all speculation is called “outright lies.