What are the common causes of foot pain. How can you diagnose different types of foot problems. What are the most effective treatments for various foot conditions. How can proper footwear prevent foot issues. When should you seek medical attention for foot pain.

The Complex Anatomy of the Human Foot

The foot is an intricate structure composed of 26 bones, numerous joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. This complexity makes it susceptible to various stresses and problems. Understanding the anatomy of the foot is crucial for diagnosing and treating foot pain effectively.

How many bones are in a human foot? The human foot contains 26 bones, which work together to provide support, balance, and mobility. These bones are interconnected by joints, muscles, and ligaments, forming a complex network that allows for a wide range of motion.

Why is the foot prone to various problems? Due to its complex structure and the constant stress it endures, the foot is vulnerable to numerous issues. Factors such as improper footwear, overuse, injuries, and underlying medical conditions can all contribute to foot pain and problems.

Common Causes of Foot Pain and Discomfort

Foot pain can stem from various sources, ranging from minor injuries to chronic conditions. Identifying the root cause is essential for proper treatment and management.

• Improper foot function
• Ill-fitting shoes
• Overuse or repetitive stress
• Injuries to joints, muscles, or ligaments
• Structural abnormalities
• Underlying medical conditions (e.g., arthritis, diabetes)

How can you determine the cause of your foot pain? To identify the source of foot pain, consider factors such as the location of the pain, when it occurs, and any associated symptoms. Keeping a pain journal and noting any recent changes in activity or footwear can also be helpful when consulting with a healthcare provider.

Heel Spurs: A Common Source of Foot Discomfort

Heel spurs are bony growths that develop on the underside of the heel bone, often causing significant pain and discomfort. They typically form where the plantar fascia, a long band of connective tissue, attaches to the heel bone.

What causes heel spurs to develop? Heel spurs often result from chronic stress on the plantar fascia, which can be caused by factors such as:

• Overstretching from running or other high-impact activities
• Wearing poorly fitting shoes
• Being overweight or obese
• Having flat feet or high arches

How are heel spurs treated? Treatment options for heel spurs may include:

1. Rest and ice therapy
2. Anti-inflammatory medications
3. Proper stretching exercises
4. Orthotic inserts or supportive footwear
5. Corticosteroid injections
6. In severe cases, surgery may be considered

Corns: Painful Calluses on the Toes

Corns are thickened areas of skin that develop on the toes, often causing pain and discomfort. They typically form as a result of friction or pressure on the skin.

How do corns differ from calluses? While both corns and calluses are areas of thickened skin, corns are usually smaller and have a hard center surrounded by inflamed skin. Calluses, on the other hand, are generally larger and more diffuse.

What are the most effective treatments for corns? Treatment options for corns may include:

• Trimming excess skin (performed by a healthcare professional)
• Using protective pads to reduce pressure
• Wearing properly fitting shoes
• In some cases, surgery to correct underlying bone structure

Bunions: Deformities of the Big Toe Joint

Bunions are bony protrusions that develop at the base of the big toe, causing the toe to angle inward towards the second toe. This condition can lead to significant pain and difficulty wearing shoes.

Why are women more prone to developing bunions? Women are more likely to develop bunions due to several factors:

• Wearing tight, pointed, or high-heeled shoes
• Genetic predisposition
• Hormonal changes during pregnancy
• Certain foot types (e.g., flat feet or low arches)

What are the non-surgical treatment options for bunions? Non-surgical treatments for bunions may include:

1. Wearing wide, comfortable shoes
2. Using protective pads to reduce pressure
3. Applying ice to reduce inflammation
4. Taking over-the-counter pain medications
5. Using orthotic devices to improve foot alignment

Morton’s Neuroma: Nerve Pain in the Ball of the Foot

Morton’s neuroma is a condition characterized by the thickening of tissue around a nerve in the ball of the foot, typically between the third and fourth toes. This can lead to pain, numbness, and tingling in the affected area.

What activities can exacerbate Morton’s neuroma? Certain activities and factors can worsen the symptoms of Morton’s neuroma, including:

• Wearing high heels or tight shoes
• Participating in high-impact sports
• Standing or walking for extended periods
• Having certain foot deformities (e.g., bunions, hammertoes)

How is Morton’s neuroma diagnosed and treated? Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination and may include imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment options may include:

1. Changing footwear to reduce pressure on the affected area
2. Using orthotic devices or metatarsal pads
3. Applying ice and taking anti-inflammatory medications
4. Receiving corticosteroid injections
5. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary

Hammertoes: Deformities of the Smaller Toes

Hammertoes are a condition in which one or more of the smaller toes become bent at the middle joint, resembling a hammer. This deformity can cause pain, difficulty wearing shoes, and the development of corns or calluses.

What factors contribute to the development of hammertoes? Several factors can increase the risk of developing hammertoes, including:

• Wearing ill-fitting shoes (especially those that are too tight or have high heels)
• Muscle imbalances in the toes
• Certain foot types (e.g., high arches)
• Trauma or injury to the toes
• Underlying medical conditions (e.g., arthritis, diabetes)

What are the treatment options for hammertoes? Treatment for hammertoes may include:

1. Wearing shoes with a roomier toe box
2. Using orthotic devices or toe pads
3. Performing stretching exercises
4. In severe cases, surgical correction may be necessary

The Importance of Proper Footwear in Preventing Foot Problems

Choosing the right shoes is crucial for maintaining foot health and preventing various foot problems. Ill-fitting shoes can exacerbate existing issues and even cause new ones to develop.

How can you ensure you’re wearing the right shoes for your feet? Consider the following tips when selecting footwear:

• Have your feet measured regularly, as foot size can change over time
• Shop for shoes later in the day when feet are slightly swollen
• Choose shoes with a wide toe box to allow for proper toe movement
• Ensure there’s adequate arch support and cushioning
• Avoid high heels or shoes with pointed toes for everyday wear
• Replace worn-out shoes regularly

What types of shoes are best for different foot conditions? Different foot conditions may require specific types of footwear:

1. For flat feet: Shoes with good arch support and motion control
2. For high arches: Shoes with extra cushioning and flexibility
3. For bunions: Wide toe box and soft, flexible materials
4. For plantar fasciitis: Shoes with excellent arch support and cushioned heels
5. For diabetic feet: Shoes with extra depth and soft, seamless interiors

When to Seek Medical Attention for Foot Pain

While many foot problems can be managed at home, certain symptoms warrant professional medical attention. Knowing when to consult a healthcare provider is essential for preventing complications and receiving appropriate treatment.

What are the signs that indicate you should see a doctor for foot pain? Consider seeking medical attention if you experience:

• Severe pain that doesn’t improve with rest or over-the-counter treatments
• Swelling that doesn’t subside after a few days
• Redness, warmth, or signs of infection
• Numbness or tingling in the feet
• Changes in the appearance of your feet or toes
• Difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected foot

How can a podiatrist help with foot pain and problems? A podiatrist, or foot specialist, can provide various services to address foot issues:

1. Conduct a thorough examination and diagnosis
2. Prescribe custom orthotics or specialized footwear
3. Perform minor procedures (e.g., removing corns or ingrown toenails)
4. Recommend physical therapy or exercises
5. Provide advanced treatments such as shockwave therapy or platelet-rich plasma injections
6. Perform surgery when necessary

Preventive Measures for Maintaining Healthy Feet

Taking proactive steps to care for your feet can help prevent many common foot problems and maintain overall foot health. Implementing a regular foot care routine is essential for long-term foot wellness.

What are some effective ways to prevent foot problems? Consider incorporating these habits into your daily routine:

• Inspect your feet regularly for any changes or abnormalities
• Wash and dry your feet thoroughly, especially between the toes
• Trim toenails straight across to prevent ingrown nails
• Moisturize your feet to prevent dry, cracked skin
• Wear clean, dry socks made of moisture-wicking materials
• Alternate between different pairs of shoes to allow them to dry completely
• Protect your feet in public areas (e.g., wear shower shoes in locker rooms)

How can exercises and stretches benefit foot health? Regular foot exercises and stretches can help:

1. Improve flexibility and range of motion
2. Strengthen foot and ankle muscles
3. Enhance circulation in the feet
4. Reduce the risk of injuries
5. Alleviate pain associated with certain foot conditions

The Role of Nutrition in Foot Health

While often overlooked, proper nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy feet. Certain nutrients are essential for bone health, tissue repair, and overall foot function.

What nutrients are important for foot health? Key nutrients that contribute to foot health include:

• Calcium and vitamin D for strong bones
• Vitamin C for collagen production and tissue repair
• Omega-3 fatty acids for reducing inflammation
• Protein for muscle and tissue maintenance
• Zinc for wound healing and immune function

How can dietary choices impact foot health? A balanced diet rich in these nutrients can help:

1. Reduce the risk of osteoporosis and stress fractures
2. Promote faster healing of foot injuries
3. Decrease inflammation associated with certain foot conditions
4. Support overall foot structure and function
5. Maintain a healthy weight, reducing stress on the feet

The Impact of Systemic Health Conditions on Foot Health

Many systemic health conditions can have significant effects on foot health. Understanding these connections is crucial for comprehensive foot care and overall well-being.

Which health conditions commonly affect foot health? Several systemic conditions can impact the feet, including:

• Diabetes
• Arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis)
• Peripheral artery disease
• Gout
• Thyroid disorders
• Neurological conditions (e.g., peripheral neuropathy)

How can managing these conditions improve foot health? Proper management of systemic health conditions can help:

1. Reduce the risk of foot ulcers and infections in diabetic patients
2. Minimize joint pain and deformities associated with arthritis
3. Improve circulation in the feet for those with peripheral artery disease
4. Prevent painful gout flare-ups in the feet
5. Maintain proper nerve function and sensation in the feet

Technological Advancements in Foot Care and Treatment

Recent technological innovations have revolutionized the field of podiatry, offering new and improved methods for diagnosing and treating foot problems. These advancements have the potential to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life.

What are some cutting-edge technologies used in foot care? Emerging technologies in podiatry include:

• 3D-printed custom orthotics
• Advanced imaging techniques (e.g., weight-bearing CT scans)
• Laser therapy for fungal nail infections
• Shockwave therapy for chronic heel pain
• Regenerative medicine techniques (e.g., stem cell therapy)
• Smart insoles for gait analysis and pressure distribution

How can these technologies benefit patients with foot problems? The advantages of these technological advancements include:

1. More accurate and personalized treatment plans
2. Non-invasive or minimally invasive treatment options
3. Faster recovery times for certain procedures
4. Improved monitoring of foot health and early detection of issues
5. Enhanced understanding of complex foot biomechanics

Foot Pain and Problems | Johns Hopkins Medicine

Anatomy of the foot

The foot is one of the most complex parts of the body. It is made up of 26 bones connected by many joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. The foot is susceptible to many stresses. Foot problems can cause pain, inflammation, or injury. These problems can result in limited movement and mobility.

What are the different types of foot problems?

Foot pain is often caused by improper foot function. Poorly fitting shoes can worsen and, in some cases, cause foot problems. Shoes that fit properly and give good support can prevent irritation to the foot joints and skin. There are many types of foot problems that affect the heels, toes, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and joints of the foot.

The symptoms of foot problems may look like other medical conditions and problems. Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

What are heel spurs?

A heel spur is a bone growth on the heel bone. It is usually located on the underside of the heel bone where it attaches to the plantar fascia, a long band of connective tissue running from the heel to the ball of the foot. This connective tissue holds the arch together and acts as a shock absorber during activity. If the plantar fascia is overstretched from running, wearing poor-fitting shoes, or being overweight, pain can result from the stress and inflammation of the tissue pulling on the bone. Over time, the body builds extra bone in response to this stress resulting in heel spurs. Treatment options may include:

• Rest

• Cold packs

• Anti-inflammatory medication, such as ibuprofen

• Proper stretching before activity

• Proper footwear or shoe inserts

• Corticosteroid injections

• Surgery (for more severe, prolonged conditions)

What is a corn?

Corns are yellowish, callus growths that develop on top of the toes. Corns develop because of abuse or stress. Often, a corn develops where a toe rubs against a shoe or another toe. Corns can cause extreme discomfort and pain. Treatment may include:

• Trimming the corn by shaving the layers of dead skin

• Applying pads around the corn area

• Wearing larger shoes to comfortably fit your foot without rubbing

• Surgery

To avoid corn development, always buy shoes that fit properly.

What is a bunion?

A bunion is a protrusion of bone or tissue around a joint. Bunions may occur at the base of the great toe or at the base of the little toe, and often occur when the joint is stressed over a period of time. Women get bunions more often than men do because they may wear tight, pointed, and confining shoes. Bunions can also be a result of arthritis, which often affects the big toe joint.

Treatment of bunions may vary depending on the pain and deformity. Treatment may include:

• Wearing comfortable, well-fitting shoes (particularly shoes that conform to the shape of the foot and do not cause pressure areas)

• Surgery (for pain, not for cosmetic purposes)

• Applying pads to the affected area

• Medications, such as ibuprofen

A bunion, also known as hallux valgus, develops on the big toe joint when the bones of the big toe become misaligned. It looks like a large bump on the side of the toe. The big toe angles in toward the second toe, and, in severe cases, may overlap or tuck beneath the second toe. Bunions are more common in women than in men.

What is Morton neuroma?

Morton neuroma is a buildup of benign (noncancerous) tissue in the nerves running between the long bones of the foot. Morton neuroma occurs when two bones rub together and squeeze the nerve between them. Most often, neuromas develop between the bones leading to the third and fourth toes. Morton neuroma often causes swelling, tenderness, and pain. If the pain becomes severe, it may cause tingling, numbness, and burning in the toes. It usually occurs after standing or walking for a long period of time. Treatment for this condition may involve rest or a change in footwear that does not restrict the foot. If the problem persists, cortisone injections or surgery may be considered.

This condition is a thickening of the nerve sheath that surrounds a nerve in the ball of the foot. It most commonly develops between the third and fourth toes. It also commonly occurs between the second and third toes.

What are hammertoes?

A hammertoe is a condition in which the toe buckles, causing the middle joint of the affected toe to poke out. Tight-fitting shoes that put pressure on the hammertoe often aggravate this condition. Often a corn develops at this site. Treatment for hammertoes may include:

This condition is a deformity in which a toe bends downward at the middle joint. The second toe is the one most likely to be affected, but this deformity can occur in other toes as well. Sometimes, more than one toe is affected.

What is an ankle sprain?

An ankle sprain is an injury to the foot’s ligaments in the ankle. Ligaments are tough bands of elastic tissue that connect bones to each other. Ankle sprains may occur if the ankle rolls, turns, or twists beyond its normal range of motion. Ankle sprains may be caused by awkward foot placement, irregular surfaces, weak muscles, loose ligaments, or wearing shoes with spiked heels. The symptoms of a sprain will depend on how severely the ligaments are stretched or torn, but usually include swelling, pain, or bruising. Treatment will depend on the severity of the sprain, but may include:

• Resting the ankle

• Wrapping the ankle with elastic bandage or tape

• Ice pack application (to reduce inflammation)

• Elevating the ankle

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen to help reduce the pain and inflammation

• Gradual return to walking and exercise

• A walking cast (for moderate sprains)

• Surgery (for severe sprains)

• Physical therapy

Ligaments are fibrous, elastic bands of tissue that connect and stabilize the bones. An ankle sprain is a common, painful injury that occurs when one or more of the ankle ligaments is stretched beyond the normal range of motion. Sprains can occur as a result of sudden twisting, turning or rolling movements.

Ankle Sprains | Q&A with John Thompson, M.D.

What is a foot fracture?

With 26 bones in a single foot, almost any of them can be broken. Many fractures do not require surgery, or even a cast, as they will heal on their own with some support. When a foot is fractured, the site of the fracture usually is painful and swollen. The site of the fracture will determine the course of treatment, if needed, including:

• Ankle joint fractures. These fractures may be serious and require immediate medical attention. Ankle fractures usually require a cast, and some may require surgery if the bones are too separated or misaligned.

• Metatarsal bone fractures. Fractures of the metatarsal bones, located in the middle of the foot, often do not require a cast. A stiff-soled shoe may be all that is needed for support as the foot heals. Sometimes, surgery is needed to correct misaligned bones or fractured segments.

• Sesamoid bone fractures. The sesamoid bones are 2 small, round bones at the end of the metatarsal bone of the big toe. Usually, padded soles can help relieve pain. However, sometimes, the sesamoid bone may have to be surgically removed.

• Toe fractures. Fractures of the toes normally can heal with or without a cast.

What is foot pain?

Foot pain can be debilitating to an active lifestyle. Foot pain can have many sources, from fractures and sprains to nerve damage. Listed below are 3 common areas of pain in the foot and their causes:

• Pain in the ball of the foot. Pain in the ball of the foot, located on the bottom of the foot behind the toes, may be caused by nerve or joint damage in that area. In addition, a benign (noncancerous) growth, such as Morton’s neuroma, may cause the pain. Corticosteroid injections and wearing supportive shoe inserts may help relieve the pain. Sometimes, surgery is needed.

• Plantar fasciitis. Plantar fasciitis is characterized by severe pain in the heel of the foot, especially when standing up after resting. The condition is due to an overuse injury of the sole surface (plantar) of the foot and results in inflammation of the fascia, a tough, fibrous band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the base of the toes.

  Plantar fasciitis is more common in women, people who are overweight, people with occupations that require a lot of walking or standing on hard surfaces, people with flat feet, and people with high arches. Walking or running, especially with tight calf muscles, may also cause the condition.

  Treatment may include:

  • Rest

  • Ice pack applications

  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications

  • Stretching exercises of the Achilles tendons and plantar fascia

Plantar fasciitis is an irritation of the plantar fascia. This thick band of connective tissue travels across the bottom of the foot between the toes and the heel. It supports the foot’s natural arch. It stretches and becomes taut whenever the foot bears weight.

• Achilles tendon injury. The Achilles tendon is the largest tendon in the human body. It connects the calf muscle to the heel bone. However, this tendon is also the most common site of rupture or tendonitis, an inflammation of the tendon due to overuse.

  Achilles tendonitis is caused by overuse of the tendon and calf muscles. Symptoms may include mild pain after exercise that worsens gradually, stiffness that disappears after the tendon warms up, and swelling. Treatment may include

  • Rest
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications
  • Supportive devices and/or bandages for the muscle and tendon
  • Stretching
  • Massage
  • UltrasoundStrengthening exercises
  • Surgery

Diabetes and vascular disease

Diabetes affects the nerves and blood vessels and blood flow throughout the whole body, including the legs and feet. People with diabetes need to check their feet regularly to identify sores or wounds on their feet before complications develop. In addition, they will need to see a podiatrist to help manage diabetes-related foot problems.

Foot Pain in Arches, Ball, Heel, Toe and Ankle Problems

Written by Matthew Hoffman, MD

Medically Reviewed by Poonam Sachdev on April 19, 2023

• Heel Pain
• Ball of Foot Pain
• Arch Pain
• Toe Pain
• Pain on the Foot’s Outer Edge
• Foot Pain That’s Anywhere or Everywhere
• More

Feet. They carry you from here to there every day. But you may not think much about them until they hurt. And when they do, you want relief. To get the right treatment, you need to know the problem. The first thing to consider is where your pain is located.

If your pain is in your heel, you may have plantar fasciitis. That’s an irritation or inflammation of the band of tough tissue connecting the heel bone to the toes. Usually, it hurts the worst in the morning when you’re getting out of bed. You can feel it in your heel or in your arch.

To treat it:

• Rest your foot.
• Do heel and foot muscle stretches.
• Take over-the-counter pain relievers.
• Wear shoes with good arch support and a cushioned sole.

Heel spurs are another source of foot pain. These are abnormal growths of bone on the bottom of your heel. You can get them from wearing the wrong shoes or from an abnormal walk or posture, or even from activities like running. The spurs may hurt while you’re walking or standing. Lots of people have them, but most don’t have pain. People with flat feet or high arches are more likely to have painful heel spurs.

To treat it: 

• Rest your foot.
• Do heel and foot muscle stretches.
• Take over-the-counter pain relievers.
• Use cold packs or ice on your heel and the bottom of your foot. 
• Wear shoes with good arch support and a cushioned sole.
• Wear a cutout heel pad.
• Use a custom-made insert (called an orthotic) worn in the shoe.
• Try physical therapy.
• If you still have pain, ask your doctor about medical procedures.

Achilles tendonitis is an overuse injury that causes inflammation of the tough band of tissue that attaches your calf muscles to your heel bone. 

To treat it:

• Rest your foot. 
• Use ice or cold packs on the bottom of your foot and your heel for about 15 minutes as you feel pain. 
• Compress your ankle with a snug elastic bandage or wrap. 
• Keep your foot raised up above the level of your heart as much as possible, including when you sleep.  
• Take over-the-counter pain relievers. 

A stone bruise is a deep bruise of the fat pad of the heel or ball of the foot. It’s often from an impact injury, but it can also happen after stepping on a hard object. The pain feels like you’re walking on a pebble. It will gradually go away on its own.

In the meantime:

• Rest your foot.
• Ice the area.
• Take over-the-counter pain relievers.

A heel fracture is usually a high-impact injury such as from a fall or car accident. Your heel bone may not just break, it could also shatter. Heel pain, bruising, swelling, or trouble walking are the main symptoms.

To treat it:

• Don’t put pressure on the heel. You can use crutches.
• Protect the heel with pads.
• Wear a splint or cast to protect the heel bone.
• Ask your doctor about over-the-counter or prescription pain relievers.
• Try physical therapy.
• If you’re still in pain, ask your doctor about surgery.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a mix of a skin disorder (psoriasis) and joint inflammation (arthritis). It’s a long-term condition that can run in families. PsA may cause stiffness and throbbing pain in the tendons over your fingers, toes, and other joints.

To treat it:

• For mild cases of PsA, your doctor may recommend a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to block the chemicals that cause swelling in your joints. You can get this medication at the pharmacy (aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen) or with a prescription.
• Try hot and cold therapy. Heat helps blood circulation to lessen stiffness. Cold lowers swelling.
• Manage your stress, which can make your PsA flare.
• For severe cases, you may need more powerful medications. Options include disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including biologics, and corticosteroids.

Metatarsalgia. You feel this pain and inflammation in the ball of your foot. Ill-fitting shoes are the usual cause. But you might get it from strenuous activity, such as running or jumping. It’s sometimes called a stone bruise as well.

To treat it:

• Take pain relievers.
• Ice and rest your foot.
• Wear comfortable footwear.
• Try shoe inserts to relieve pressure on the ball of your foot.

Morton’s neuroma causes a thickening of the tissue around the nerves between the bases of the toes (usually between the third and fourth toes). You typically feel pain, odd sensations or numbness over the ball of your foot. Women have it more often. It can be a result of wearing high heels or tight shoes.

To treat it:

• Wear shoe inserts to reduce pressure on the nerve.
• Get a steroid or other injection into the foot.
• Take pain relievers.
• Don’t wear high-heeled shoes or ones with a narrow toe box.
• Avoid activities that put pressure on the neuroma.
• Ask your doctor about surgery.

Sesamoiditis. Near your big toe are 2 bones that are connected only by tendons. They’re called sesamoids. You get sesamoiditis when the tendons surrounding them become injured and inflamed. It’s a form of tendinitis, common with runners and ballet dancers.

To treat it:

• Rest your feet.
• Ice where it hurts.
• Wear a foot pad under the toe in a comfortable shoe.
• Tape the big toe to immobilize the joint and allow for healing.
• Wear low-heeled shoes.
• Ask your doctor about steroid injections.

Plantar fasciitis. This is the most common cause of arch pain. Plantar fasciitis can affect the heel, arch, or both. Treatment is the same regardless of the location. For persistent plantar fasciitis, an injection with a mixture of a steroid and local anesthetic can be helpful.

Fallen arches, or flat feet, happen when the arches of the feet flatten out (often when standing or walking), causing foot pain and other problems. Flat feet can be treated with shoe inserts, shoe adjustments, rest, ice, using a walking cane or brace, or physical therapy. Sometimes surgery is necessary.

Gout, which is a form of arthritis, can cause pain in the toes. Crystals collect in toe joints, causing severe pain and swelling. The big toe is often affected.

To treat it:

• Rest the foot.
• Ice the area.
• Take medication such as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), prednisone, colchicine, or allopurinol.
• Avoid foods that can make gout worse.

A bunion is a bony bulge along the edge of the foot, next to the base of the big toe. It’s associated with misalignment of the first toe joint. Anyone can get them, especially if they wear ill-fitting or uncomfortable shoes. It often shows up as people age. People with bunions often also have hammertoes as well. Try changing to more comfortable shoes or wearing shoe inserts. If you’re still in pain, your doctor may suggest surgery.

A hammertoe is when your second, third, or fourth toe bends at the middle joint, creating a hammer-like appearance. It can come from a muscle imbalance, but it can also be brought on by wearing ill-fitting shoes.

Your doctor will likely recommend you wear shoes with a wide, deep toe bed. They may also give you exercises to stretch your toe muscles. If you still have problems, you can talk to your doctor about surgery.

Claw toe is when your toe points down or up and is unable to straighten. It’s often the result of nerve damage from diseases like diabetes or alcoholism, which weakens the muscles in your foot. Without special footwear to accommodate the claw toe, you may develop irritation and calluses.

To treat it:

• Change to better-fitting footwear. Avoid high heels and tight shoes.
• Do stretches for your toes and toe joints.
• Try shoe inserts.
• Ask your doctor about surgery.

An ingrown toenail happens when skin on one or both sides of a toenail grow over the nail. It can be painful and may lead to infections.

To treat it:

• Soak the foot in warm water four times a day.
• Once daily, wedge a piece of gauze between the nail and wet skin.
• If these treatments don’t work, see a doctor.

Turf toe is when you feel pain at the base of the big toe. It’s a type of sprain that happens when you overextend the toe past its normal range of motion. You’ll have pain and swelling right away. 

A toe sprain may happen when you jam, stub, or overextend any of your toes, damaging the tendon or soft tissues of the toe. If you don’t have a fracture, the pain and swelling should go away within days.

A toe fracture, or broken bone, can happen in any of the bones of the toes. Minor fractures may only require rest, ice, and pain relievers. Serious fractures may need surgery. Go to a doctor to be sure.

Hallux rigidus (stiff big toe) is a type of arthritis at the base of the big toe. Symptoms are pain and stiffness of the joint that worsens over time. Treatment can include pain relievers and stretching exercises. Surgery may be needed in some cases.

Corns and calluses. Corns are thick buildups of tough skin on a point of irritation or pressure on the foot or toe. They sometimes look like horns. Calluses are wider areas of tough skin buildup on the toes or feet. They happen as a result of irritation or pressure. Calluses and corns are generally caused by poor-fitting footwear.

To treat them:

• Wear better-fitting shoes.
• Soak the foot and use a pumice stone to wear down the extra skin.

A sesamoid fracture is a break in the small bones (sesamoids) that are embedded in tendons attached to the big toe. Pain in and around the big toe is the main symptom.

To treat it:

• Rest, ice, and elevate your foot.
• Wear stiff-soled shoes or foot pads to relieve pressure.
• Take pain relievers.
• If you’re still in pain, talk to your doctor.

The outer edge of your foot, the fifth metatarsal bone, is a commonly broken bone in the foot. Pain, swelling, and bruising along the outer foot edge after an injury are symptoms. If you think you may have broken a bone, see a doctor and have an X-ray.

To treat it:

• Take pain relievers.
• Rest, ice, and elevate your foot.
• Don’t walk on it.
• Ask your doctor if surgery is necessary.
• A cast may be necessary in some circumstances.

Neuropathy, or nerve damage in the feet, is most often caused by diabetes. The pain can be burning, stinging, or feel like electricity. It can happen anywhere in the feet. Ask your doctor about pain relief options and ways to prevent further worsening.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can cause pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints throughout your body. Almost everyone with RA gets symptoms in their feet and ankles. RA can affect the areas around your heels, the top of your feet, and the toes and the balls of your feet. Rest, ice, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication such as ibuprofen and naproxen may ease your symptoms. Shoe inserts can relieve pressure from the bone in your feet.

Osteoarthritis is when the cushioning cartilage in your joints wear out. Most often, the cause is aging. But osteoarthritis also can happen from injury or if you have flat feet or very high arches. You may have trouble walking, and your joints may feel stiff and painful.

To treat it, your doctor may recommend:

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Custom shoe inserts
• Braces, a cast, or a boot to keep your foot immobile until the inflammation goes down
• Physical therapy to strengthen your muscles
• Steroid shots for more severe cases

Tendinitis is inflammation and irritation of tendons, the bands attaching muscles to bones. Tendons run along all the surfaces of the foot and can cause foot pain in many different locations.

To treat it:

• Rest your foot.
• Take pain relievers.
• Steroid injections can help.
• Surgery is rarely needed.

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Treatment of pain in the limbs (arms, legs) – symptoms, cost, making an appointment in St. Petersburg [MEDICA]

Pain in the lower limbs

Pain and heaviness in the legs can be associated with both physical overload and diseases of the vessels, heart, liver, and other organs and systems.

Common causes of leg pain:

Atherosclerosis

The basis of this disease is the deposition of cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels with the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. As a result, the lumen of the vessels decreases or completely overlaps. As a result, blood flow in the legs is disturbed, cells and tissues do not receive the required amount of oxygen. If the disease is started, the most serious complications can begin: trophic ulcers and gangrene.

Varicose veins and thrombophlebitis

These vascular diseases can be accompanied not only by pain and heaviness in the legs, but also by swelling.

Diseases of the spine or joints

Usually in such cases, the pain in the legs is “twisting” in nature.

Neurological diseases

Neurological diseases constitute a separate group of diseases that cause pain in the legs. The most painful of them is acute inflammation of muscle tissue (myositis).

Infectious diseases

Infectious diseases such as osteomyelitis also cause acute, prolonged pain in the leg bones.

Injuries and bruises

In these cases, the nature of the pain is determined by the location of the bruise, the degree of its intensity and the area of ​​damage.

Fractures of leg bones

Fractures of the bones of the legs are also accompanied by acute pain and swelling. Sometimes there are subcutaneous hemorrhages. Open fractures may be accompanied by bleeding and traumatic shock. If the injury has affected the neurovascular bundle, there may also be circulatory disorders of the lower leg and foot, neurological disorders.

With such a variety of causes, only a doctor can determine what exactly caused the pain. Experienced doctors of the MEDICA clinic will quickly diagnose and develop an individual treatment plan that will allow you to quickly and effectively solve the problem of pain in the legs.

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Viktor Anatolyevich

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Most common causes of arm pain:

• Gout;
• Rheumatoid arthritis;
• Osteoarthritis;
• Injuries;
• Sprains of muscles or ligaments in the area of ​​the joint.

Diseases and symptoms

Rheumatoid arthritis occurs in both children and adults and most commonly affects the joints of the hands and feet.

In osteoarthritis, pain usually occurs in the knee, hip joints (without signs of inflammation). It is believed that this is a disease of the elderly, but there are also hereditary forms when the disease begins in childhood or adolescence.

Osteoporosis is characterized by severe joint pain after exercise. In rheumatoid arthritis, on the contrary, pain decreases with exertion or movement.

Gout is called the disease of kings. It appears as a result of metabolic disorders when consuming a large amount of meat and meat products. As a rule, the disease affects the joints of the legs and arms. The pain of gout is usually severe, pressing and burning, tearing and throbbing, develops at night and subsides by morning. Attacks can last up to four days and recur two to six times a year.

With osteoarthritis of the hands, the pain is dull in nature, it manifests itself mainly during the day with an increase in load and during movement. It can be characterized by the presence of crunching and clicking in the joints when bending and moving the limbs. Pain can be continuous, recurring regularly for weeks or even months, and short: within one day.

Arthritis of the joints of the hands is characterized by constant pain, redness, swelling, stiffness after a long rest. Arthritis can be acute with swelling and severe pain, or chronic with occasional pain. Chronic arthritis is more dangerous with implicit symptoms, acute – with deformity of the affected joint.

The cause of rheumatism is acute infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract, in which large joints are affected: wrist, elbow, ankle and knee. In this case, the pain constantly moves from one joint to another, that is, it has a “volatile” character. Swelling and redness may appear in the joint area, but without irreversible changes. Only with a long course of the disease are rheumatic nodules formed on the knees, wrists, forearms and elbows. Progressing, the disease can cause severe heart disease. Therefore, it requires timely treatment from a specialist.

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Pain in the legs – we will find the causes and help to stop the pain!

Manifestations of a pain symptom

Depending on which tissue of the body is affected, the nature of the pain will be different. A feeling of heaviness, fullness usually appears in diseases of the veins, for example, with varicose veins. Strongly hurts the right or left leg – with injuries (fractures, torn ligaments), infectious pathologies (osteomyelitis), inflammatory diseases (myositis). Aching sensations are often disturbing during the initial stages of the development of arthrosis. Shooting pain has, as a rule, neurological causes. A tearing – one of the signs of gout.

One of the most common manifestations is a burning sensation or numbness in the legs, especially after prolonged standing or sitting. There may also be a feeling of heaviness in the legs or their fatigue.

If the pain is caused by circulatory problems, it may manifest as cold extremities or swelling of the legs. Pain may also be associated with muscle spasms or cramps.

What causes leg pain?

The causes of pain in the legs are diverse – these are vascular diseases, diseases of the spinal column, injuries, and muscular inflammatory diseases and other pathologies.

Vascular diseases

The main pathologies of the vessels of the lower extremities, accompanied by pain in the legs:

1. Varicose disease.

The tone of the walls of the vessels decreases, there is insufficiency of the valves of the veins. The outflow of blood slows down, and the veins expand. Patients complain of aching pain, heaviness in the legs, muscle cramps. They notice the appearance of “spider veins” on their legs – telangiectasias and vascular networks.

2. Thrombophlebitis.

This is the occurrence of thrombosis and inflammation of the vein wall in the area of ​​the thrombus. Affects mainly superficial veins. More often localized in the leg area. The pain is constant, may be throbbing or accompanied by a burning sensation.

3. Deep vein thrombosis.

Accompanied by pain in the lower legs or thighs of varying intensity, often (but not necessarily) aggravated by standing. May be accompanied by swelling of the affected limb, a change in its color – the leg acquires a bluish tint. Unlike thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins, it poses a direct threat to life – when a blood clot breaks off from the vein wall, it can block the pulmonary artery, which can result in death.

4. Atherosclerosis of the legs (obliterating).

In this case the leg hurts mainly in the thigh and lower leg, the pain increases during walking and forces the person to stop and rest at short intervals. The shorter the distance of painless walking, the more atherosclerosis can refuse.

5. Leriche syndrome.

This is atherosclerosis of the iliac arteries. They are located higher than the arteries of the thigh and lower leg. This pathology can cause intermittent claudication – severe pain in the buttocks, hips, lower back, weakness in the legs when walking. It is also accompanied by erectile dysfunction.

Diseases of the spine

Pathologies of the spinal column, which are characterized by pain in the legs:

• Herniated discs with compression (compression)

The disease affects the lumbar region. Pain radiates to the buttocks and legs, numbness and a burning and tingling sensation in the legs may disturb.

• Osteoarthritis of the facet joints

When the facet joints are affected, despite the fact that the focus of pain is located along the spine, the pain may radiate to the hips.

• sacroiliac joint dysfunction.

Most often characterized by pain in the buttocks, lower back, often extending to the side of the thigh or groin.

Muscular diseases

Pain in the leg also occurs with the following disorders:

1. Myositis

This is an inflammatory disease of the muscles resulting from overuse, infection, or autoimmune damage to the muscles.

2. Fibromyalgia

Pain is mostly bilateral. Pathology is not accompanied by changes in muscle tissue, the cause is a violation of the functioning of the pain perception system in the central nervous system.

3. Myoenthesitis.

Inflammation, overload, macrotraumatization of muscles and tendons. It develops due to increased loads during the performance of professional tasks. For example, ballet dancers have a risk of getting myoenthesitis. Leg muscles hurt .

Pathologies of the joints

Pain symptoms may be caused by the following pathologies:

1. Arthritis of the knee joint. The cartilage of the joint is destroyed, bone growths occur. Pain is most often relieved slightly at rest and worsened while walking.
2. Pathology of the hip joint. Arthrosis of the hip joint, aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. Require specific treatment depending on the cause.
3. Gout. A person is tormented by pain of a “gnawing” nature. Gets stronger at night. Legs ache due to the deposition of uric acid salts. There is swelling, redness, hyperthermia of the affected area, joint deformity. A variety of joints can be affected, but the most “favorite” place is 1 toe.
4. Infectious arthritis

Other causes of pain in the legs

– Polyneuropathy. Damage to the nerve endings in the legs. It can be caused by diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, medication, autoimmune processes. As a rule, the pain is symmetrical in both legs, has a burning, gnawing character, increases at night and at rest.

– Erysipelas. Caused by hemolytic streptococcus. Predisposed to the development of this pathology are people suffering from diabetes, varicose veins.

– Oncological diseases of bones.

– Neuritis, carpal tunnel syndrome – conditions in which a single peripheral nerve (sciatic tibial, femoral) is pinched in a narrow tendon canal. This leads to pain, impaired sensation and possible impaired motor function of certain muscle groups

– Psychogenic pain.