What are the four types of teeth in the human mouth. How do incisors, canines, premolars, and molars contribute to chewing and digestion. When do different teeth typically erupt in children and adults. What are the main parts and tissues that make up a tooth structure.

The Fascinating Journey of Tooth Development

Tooth development is a remarkable process that begins long before a baby’s first tooth becomes visible. According to Dr. Shantanu Lal, a dental surgery expert and associate professor at Columbia University Medical Center, this journey starts during the early second trimester of pregnancy. While the first tooth typically appears around six months after birth, the groundwork is laid much earlier.

Teeth tend to erupt in a symmetrical pattern, with corresponding teeth on opposite sides of the mouth emerging at roughly the same time. This synchronization is a testament to the intricate biological processes at work in our bodies.

The Timeline of Tooth Eruption

• Primary teeth: Complete set in place between ages 2.5 and 3
• Permanent teeth: Begin to appear between ages 6 and 12
• Adult dentition: Most adults have 32 permanent teeth

It’s important to note that tooth development doesn’t stop once a tooth breaks through the gum line. The crown forms first, but the roots continue to develop even after the tooth has erupted, ensuring a strong foundation for each tooth.

Anatomy of a Tooth: More Than Meets the Eye

A tooth is a complex structure composed of various tissues, each serving a unique purpose. Understanding these components can help us appreciate the importance of proper dental care.

The Two Main Parts of a Tooth

1. Crown: The visible, white part above the gum line
2. Root: The hidden portion anchoring the tooth to the bone

Within these two main sections, four distinct types of tissue work together to form a functional tooth:

The Four Tissue Types in a Tooth

• Enamel: The hardest substance in the human body, protecting the tooth’s inner structures
• Dentin: A bone-like tissue underneath the enamel, more susceptible to decay
• Cementum: A softer tissue covering the root, helping to anchor the tooth to the bone
• Pulp: The living core of the tooth, containing blood vessels and nerves

How does enamel protect our teeth? Enamel, composed of hydroxyapatite, phosphorous, and calcium, forms a hard, protective layer over the crown. Its exceptional hardness surpasses that of bone, making it an effective shield against decay and damage.

The Four Types of Teeth: Each with a Unique Purpose

Our mouths are equipped with four distinct types of teeth, each designed to perform specific functions in the process of eating and digestion. Let’s explore these dental tools and their roles:

Incisors: The Front-Line Cutters

How many incisors do we have? Adults have eight incisors, four on the top and four on the bottom. These are the teeth at the front of your mouth, used for biting into food. Incisors are usually the first teeth to appear, erupting at around 6 months for baby teeth and between ages 6 and 8 for permanent teeth.

Canines: The Sharpest of Them All

What is the primary function of canines? Canines, also known as cuspids or “fangs,” are designed for ripping and tearing food. Adults have four canines, two on top and two on the bottom. Primary canines typically appear between 16 and 20 months, while permanent canines erupt between ages 9 and 12.

Premolars: The Grinding Specialists

How do premolars contribute to chewing? Premolars, or bicuspids, are responsible for chewing and grinding food. Adults have eight premolars, four on each side of the mouth. Interestingly, there are no primary premolars; these teeth first appear around age 10 and replace the primary molars.

Molars: The Powerhouses of Mastication

What makes molars unique in their function? Molars are the largest teeth in the mouth, designed for thorough grinding and chewing of food. Adults typically have twelve molars, including the wisdom teeth. The first permanent molars erupt around age 6, followed by the second molars between ages 11 and 13.

The Mysterious World of Wisdom Teeth

Wisdom teeth, or third molars, are the last teeth to develop and erupt. They typically appear between ages 18 and 20, although some people never develop them at all. Why are wisdom teeth often removed? In many cases, these late-arriving molars can cause crowding in the mouth or become impacted, leading to their surgical removal.

The journey of wisdom teeth highlights the evolutionary aspects of human dentition. As our diets and lifestyles have changed over millennia, these teeth have become less necessary for survival, yet they persist in many individuals.

The Importance of Dental Health: More Than Just a Pretty Smile

Maintaining good oral hygiene is crucial not just for a beautiful smile, but for overall health. Dr. Lal emphasizes the importance of regular dental care, stating, “For good dental health, brush and floss your teeth regularly, don’t smoke, eat a healthy diet, and see your dentist regularly for dental cleanings and checkups.”

How does oral health impact overall well-being? The connection between oral health and general health is well-established. Poor dental hygiene can lead to various health issues, including heart disease, diabetes complications, and respiratory infections. By taking care of our teeth, we’re investing in our overall health and quality of life.

Tips for Maintaining Optimal Dental Health

• Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste
• Floss at least once a day
• Use an antiseptic mouthwash
• Limit sugary and acidic foods
• Avoid tobacco products
• Schedule regular dental check-ups and cleanings

The Evolution of Dental Care: From Ancient Times to Modern Dentistry

The field of dentistry has come a long way since its inception. Ancient civilizations used rudimentary tools and techniques to address dental issues, often with mixed results. How has dental care evolved over time? Let’s explore the fascinating journey of dental practices through the ages.

Ancient Dental Practices

• Egyptians: Used gold wire to stabilize loose teeth
• Etruscans: Created dental bridges using gold bands
• Chinese: Developed silver amalgam fillings as early as 659 AD
• Mayans: Inlaid precious gems into teeth for decorative purposes

What were some early theories about tooth decay? Ancient civilizations had various beliefs about the causes of tooth decay. The Sumerians, for instance, believed that tooth worms were responsible for dental cavities. This myth persisted in many cultures for centuries before scientific understanding advanced.

The Birth of Modern Dentistry

The 18th and 19th centuries saw significant advancements in dental care. Pierre Fauchard, often called the “Father of Modern Dentistry,” published “The Surgeon Dentist” in 1728, laying the foundation for dentistry as a modern science. How did Fauchard’s work change dentistry? His comprehensive approach to oral care, including the development of dental prosthetics and the identification of oral diseases, revolutionized the field.

The 20th century brought rapid advancements in dental technology and techniques. The introduction of fluoride in water supplies, the development of dental implants, and the advent of cosmetic dentistry have all contributed to improved oral health and aesthetics.

The Future of Dentistry: Innovations on the Horizon

As we look to the future, the field of dentistry continues to evolve with exciting new technologies and approaches. What innovations are shaping the future of dental care? Let’s explore some cutting-edge developments that could transform how we maintain and treat our teeth.

Emerging Dental Technologies

• 3D Printing: Custom-made dental implants and prosthetics
• AI-powered diagnostics: Early detection of dental issues
• Stem cell therapy: Potential for natural tooth regeneration
• Smart toothbrushes: Real-time feedback on brushing habits
• Nanotechnology: Targeted treatment of dental diseases

How might these innovations impact dental care in the coming years? As these technologies become more refined and accessible, we can expect more personalized, efficient, and less invasive dental treatments. For instance, AI-powered diagnostics could detect early signs of decay or gum disease before they become visible to the human eye, allowing for earlier intervention and prevention.

The Promise of Regenerative Dentistry

One of the most exciting frontiers in dental research is regenerative dentistry. This field explores the possibility of regrowing damaged tooth structures or even entire teeth. How close are we to achieving tooth regeneration? While still in the experimental stages, researchers have made significant progress in understanding the biological processes that govern tooth development and regeneration.

Stem cell research holds particular promise in this area. Scientists are investigating ways to use stem cells to stimulate the growth of new dental tissues, potentially offering alternatives to traditional treatments like fillings and implants. While practical applications may be years away, the potential for natural tooth regeneration represents a paradigm shift in dental care.

Dental Health Across the Lifespan: From Infancy to Old Age

Dental care needs evolve as we progress through different stages of life. Understanding these changing requirements can help us maintain optimal oral health throughout our lives. How do dental care needs differ across age groups? Let’s explore the unique considerations for dental health at various life stages.

Infant and Toddler Dental Care

• Begin oral care before first tooth appears
• Avoid bottle feeding at bedtime to prevent “baby bottle tooth decay”
• First dental visit by first birthday or within 6 months of first tooth eruption
• Introduce toothbrushing as soon as first tooth appears

Childhood and Adolescent Dental Care

What are the key dental concerns during childhood and adolescence? This period is crucial for establishing good oral hygiene habits and addressing potential orthodontic issues. Regular dental check-ups, proper brushing and flossing techniques, and consideration of orthodontic treatment if needed are all important aspects of care during these years.

Adult Dental Care

As we enter adulthood, maintaining good oral hygiene remains crucial, but new challenges may arise. How can adults protect their dental health? Regular dental visits, a balanced diet low in sugary and acidic foods, and addressing issues like grinding or clenching can help preserve dental health. Adults should also be aware of the potential need for restorative treatments like crowns or bridges as teeth naturally wear over time.

Senior Dental Care

Older adults face unique dental challenges, including an increased risk of gum disease, dry mouth due to medications, and the potential need for dentures or implants. How can seniors maintain good oral health? Regular dental check-ups become even more crucial in later years. Proper care of dentures, if used, and staying hydrated to combat dry mouth are also important considerations for senior dental health.

By understanding and addressing the specific dental needs at each life stage, we can ensure a lifetime of healthy smiles and overall well-being. Remember, good oral health is a lifelong commitment that pays dividends in terms of general health and quality of life.

The 4 Types of Teeth and How They Function

• According to Shantanu Lal, doctor of dental surgery and associate professor of dental medicine at Columbia University Medical Center in New York City, teeth tend to erupt in a symmetrical manner, meaning that the top molar on your left side should grow in at about the same time as the top molar on the right.
• “Tooth development begins long before your first tooth becomes visible. For example, a baby’s first tooth appears at around six months, but development of those teeth actually begins during the early second trimester of pregnancy,” says Dr. Lal.
• The crown of a tooth forms first, while the roots continue to develop even after the tooth has erupted.
• The 20 primary teeth are in place between ages 2 ½ and 3 and remain until around age 6. Between ages 6 and 12, these primary teeth begin to fall out to make way for the permanent set of teeth.
• Adult teeth start to grow in between ages 6 and 12. Most adults have 32 permanent teeth.

The Parts of the Tooth

A tooth is divided into two basic parts: the crown, which is the visible, white part of the tooth, and the root, which you can’t see. The root extends below the gum line and helps anchor the tooth into the bone. Your teeth contain four kinds of tissue, and each does a different job. These include:

Enamel This is the visible substance that covers the tooth crown. Harder than bone, enamel protects the vital tissues within the tooth. Enamel is made up of hydroxyapatite, phosphorous, and calcium.

Dentin Underneath the enamel you find dentin, which is calcified and looks similar to bone. Dentin is not quite as hard as enamel, so it’s at greater risk for decay should the enamel wear away.

Cementum This tissue covers the tooth root and helps anchor it into the bone. It’s softer than enamel and dentin; the best way to protect this softer tissue from decay is by taking good care of your gums. Cementum has a light yellow color and is usually covered by the gums and bone. But with inadequate dental care, the gums may become diseased and shrink, exposing the cementum to harmful plaque and bacteria.

Pulp Pulp is found at the center and core of your tooth and contains the blood vessels, nerves, and other soft tissues that deliver nutrients and signals to your teeth.

Types of Teeth and What They Do

Teeth help you chew your food, making it easier to digest. Each type of tooth has a slightly different shape and performs a different job. Types of teeth include:

Incisors Incisors are the eight teeth in the front of your mouth (four on top and four on bottom). These are the teeth that you use to take bites of your food. Incisors are usually the first teeth to erupt — at around 6 months for your baby teeth, and between ages 6 and 8 for your adult set.

Canines Your four canines (fangs) are the next type of teeth to develop. These are your sharpest teeth and are used for ripping and tearing food apart. Primary canines generally appear between 16 and 20 months, with the upper canines coming in just ahead of the lower canines. In permanent teeth, the order is reversed, with lower canines erupting around age 9 and the uppers arriving between ages 11 and 12.

Premolars Premolars, or bicuspids, are used for chewing and grinding food. Adults have four premolars on each side of their mouths — two on the upper and two on the lower jaw. There are no primary premolars; the first premolars appear around age 10, with the second premolars arriving about a year later. These take the places of the first and second primary molars (described below).

Molars Molars are also used for chewing and grinding food. Primary molars, also known as deciduous molars, appear between 12 and 28 months, and are replaced by the first and second premolars (four upper and four lower) described above.

The permanent molars (also four upper and four lower) do not replace any primary teeth, but come in behind all of them, further back in the jaw. The first permanent molars erupt at around age 6 (before the primary molars fall out), while the second molars come in between ages 11 and 13.

Third molars The third molars are commonly known as wisdom teeth. These are the last teeth to develop and don’t typically erupt until age 18 to 20. Some people never develop third molars at all. For those who do, these molars may cause crowding and need to be removed. If they don’t fully erupt they are said to be impacted, and are commonly removed.

Your mouth is important, so don’t take your teeth or oral health for granted. “For good dental health, brush and floss your teeth regularly, don’t smoke, eat a healthy diet, and see your dentist regularly for dental cleanings and checkups,” advises Lal. A healthy mouth makes for a healthy body — and a pretty smile.

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The Function of Each Tooth

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Teeth help you chew your food to make it easier to digest, and each type of tooth has a slightly different shape for their respective job. They also help make your smile great! The five types of teeth include:

• Incisors
• Canines/Cuspids
• Premolars
• Molars
• Third Molars

Incisors
Often the first adult teeth that grow in after our baby teeth, incisors first come in at six-months-old, and then the adult ones make their presence seen between years six and eight. Making up most of our smile, there are eight incisors in the mouth; four in the top-center of our mouth and four in the bottom-center.

These teeth are characteristically thin, flat-bottom teeth that help us to make the initial bite on our food. We bite into food with our incisors, tugging and pulling into our mouths. Incisors have a narrow-edge, and are adapted for cutting. The incisors are situated between the cuspids, or canines, and are often referred to as anterior teeth or front teeth because of their prevalence in
smiling and talking.

Canines/Cuspids
Your four canines are the next type of teeth to develop. These teeth are your sharpest, and are used for ripping and tearing food apart. Primary canines generally appear between 16- and 20-months-old in babies, with the upper canines coming in just ahead of the lower canines. In permanent teeth, the order is reversed, with lower canines coming-in around age nine and the uppers arriving between 10- and 12- years of age.

Canines, are the closest link between the human mouth and that of a carnivorous predator, like a lion or bear. One feature of canine teeth is the fact that they are our longest teeth, with a pointed end, and surprisingly, only one implanted root. Canines rip food, but their position on either side of the mouth help guide the mouth and other teeth into the best biting position.

Premolars
Premolars sit next to the cuspids in the mouth and are the foremost molars in the mouth. Also known as bicuspids, premolars are used for chewing and grinding food. Adults have four premolars on each side of their mouths — two on the upper and two on the lower jaw.
The first premolars appear around age 10, with the second premolars arriving about a year later. However, sometimes premolars come in around 12 or 13 years of age. There are no primary (baby teeth) premolars, but they do take the places of the first and second primary molars (described below).

Molars
Molars are our main masticators–that is, molars are the teeth we most commonly associate with chewing. Primary molars, also known as deciduous molars, appear between 12 and 28 months, and are replaced by the first and second premolars (four upper and four lower) described above.

The permanent molars (also four upper and four lower) do not replace any primary teeth, but come in behind all of them, further back in the jaw. The first permanent molars appear at around age six (before the primary molars fall out), while the second molars come in between ages 11 and 13.

So while premolars replace the first and second primary molars, the adult primary molars come in replacing nothing. This might sound tricky, but the discrepancy comes from type of molar itself, not just what it replaces!

Third Molars
The third molars are commonly known as wisdom teeth. These are the last teeth to develop and don’t typically erupt until age 18 to 20. Some people never develop third molars at all. For those who do, these molars may cause crowding and need to be removed. If they don’t fully erupt they are said to be impacted, and are commonly removed. Talk to your dentist about the removal of
these teeth – even if you feel no pain in their growth!

Your teeth are important, and with proper care they can last you a lifetime. Schedule an appointment with your dentist if you have any questions about your teeth! Call Westermeier Martin Dental Care to schedule an appointment with your dentist 716-508-4547.

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Molars and premolars: the main differences and features – iOrtho Center

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The difference between molars and premolars

The main difference between molars and premolars lies in their location on the jaw. The premolars are placed closer to the front of the dentition, and the molars are somewhat receded inward.

Their number is also different. There are always two premolars on each side of the upper and lower jaws. Molars can be either two or three. Still others are also called “wisdom teeth”. They grow later than the rest and often appear only by the age of 20-25. This process is often accompanied by malaise and fever. However, not all people on earth have thirds. A certain genetic predisposition can cause the absence of “wisdom teeth” in the oral cavity.

Position of molars

Molars are the sixth, seventh and eighth teeth of a permanent row in both the upper and lower jaws. They are located deepest, leaving premolars, canines and incisors in front. In children, the fourth and fifth teeth of each row are called molar.

Features of the structure of molars

Molars have a characteristic structure. On the upper jaw they have three roots and four canals. The lower jaw has two roots and three canals. At the same time, the number of canals also differs depending on the location of the individual tooth. Thus, the first of them often have one more channel than the next two.

The main feature of this type of teeth is the area of ​​their chewing surface. It is they who have the greatest load during the chewing of food particles. The molars themselves also have a difference between themselves, which is associated with the structure of the jaw.

Molar differences

Often the surface of each molar tooth is shaped like a triangle. It has a certain number of tubercles, which take an active part in chewing food. The number of such tubercles can be different. There are usually three, but sometimes more.

Such bumps are connected with each other by special combs. On the upper and lower jaws, the structure of these elements is different. In the upper dentition, the top of the surface triangle is directed towards the tongue. This form is called a trigon. On the lower jaw, the apex of such a triangle is directed towards the cheek, which is called the trigonid. The size of the first and second types of teeth practically do not differ.

Possible lesions of small molars

Carious lesions of milk and molars in children are observed quite often. This is due to the tuberosity of their surface, in which food particles and bacteria can linger. Since children at an early age do not always actively and properly brush their teeth, these residues can lead to enamel damage and a deeper spread of caries.

Depending on the degree of damage, caries can penetrate exclusively into the enamel, and into the dentin or even the cementum. In the latter case, we are talking about deep caries, which often requires serious treatment or even tooth extraction.

Another lesion is a change in the structure of tissues, which may be associated with a metabolic disorder in the human body or other diseases. Such an ailment can also be the result of malnutrition or constant diets in which a sufficient amount of nutrients does not enter the body.

At any age, a person can experience excessive tooth wear that can lead to enamel erosion and other serious damage. Teeth can wear out in different situations, such as:

• if a person has bad habits of grinding his teeth, etc.;
• in case of malnutrition or malnutrition;
• in the presence of ailments of the endocrine system;
• due to a genetic predisposition to enamel depletion.

All of these lesions can be the result of both an incorrect lifestyle and various diseases or heredity. Regardless of the reasons, it is necessary to start treating the injuries that have appeared immediately so as not to aggravate the process.

Replacing primary molars with permanent molars

Molar teeth are the first permanent teeth to appear in a child’s mouth. It starts around the age of five. Growth begins with the first molar tooth, which appears in a free place in the depths of the jaw, closer to the milk that has not yet fallen out.

The second molar usually grows at the age of 12-13 years. It also takes up free space and does not replace the milk tooth. The last, or “wisdom teeth”, may grow up to 25 years or not appear at all.

As for dairy, they begin to fall out from the age of 9. In their place, permanent teeth grow, which occurs at about 10-12 years of age. Usually these are the last molars, the growth of which must be waited for to fill the adult dentition (not counting the “wisdom teeth”).

Is it possible to loosen deciduous molars?

The process of tooth loss always begins with the softening of its root. This is due to the fact that the jaw grows, freeing up more free space for a permanent tooth. Thus, while the milk tooth is still in the hole, the root is already beginning to take its correct place.

In this regard, dentists categorically do not recommend loosening milk molars on purpose. If they fall out prematurely, the growth of the jaw may stop. As a result, there will not be enough space for permanent teeth, and they will begin to grow crookedly, breaking out of the general dentition.

Signs of imminent emergence of molars

The first signs of imminent emergence of molars are visible even before the loss of milk teeth. These include:

• expansion of the jaw, which can be seen when gaps appear between other milk teeth;
• the appearance of sufficient free space behind the extreme lateral milk teeth;
• gum swelling.

In this case, the temperature does not necessarily have to rise or the child’s well-being worsen, as was the case with the growth of milk teeth. That is why the appearance of the first molars often goes unnoticed.

Helping a child with tooth replacement

The process of replacing teeth is often painless and uncomfortable. The roots of milk teeth dissolve on their own, and the dental crown falls out without hindrance. However, there are a number of recommendations that should be followed during this period.

The main one is the systematic rinsing of teeth for disinfection. This is necessary in order to avoid bacteria getting into the hole, which will be formed in place of the falling out tooth. In addition, the sharp edges of a crown that has become detached from the gingiva may cause minor soft tissue damage. So that they do not become inflamed, it is important to exclude any infection.

If your child experiences any pain during the replacement of teeth, a doctor should be consulted immediately. It is impossible to eliminate pain by improvised methods in any case.

Molar teeth and prevention of their loss

Molar teeth are stronger than milk teeth. However, they need proper care to prevent them from falling out, because new ones will not grow in place of the lost tooth.

Prevention of molar tooth loss lies in competent oral hygiene. It includes systematic brushing of teeth, the use of dental floss and mouthwash. In addition, you should carefully monitor the condition of the teeth and consult a doctor if even minor damage is detected.

Proper balanced nutrition is also essential. Especially in childhood and adolescence, care must be taken to ensure that sufficient amounts of calcium and vitamin D enter the body.

Position of premolars

Premolars are also classified as posterior teeth, but they are located closer to the front of the jaw. These are the two teeth that follow the fangs on each side. There are no premolars in the milk bite. Their place is occupied by the same number of milk molars. After they fall out, and the molars take their place in the depth of the jaw, the required number of premolars appears in their place.

Upper premolars

The crown of the upper premolars is prismatic. The buccal and palatine honors often have a convex surface. The first and second premolars in a row also have their differences.

First premolar

The difference between the first premolar of the upper jaw lies in the predominance of the vestibular surface over the palatal. Its contact surfaces are rectangular in shape. The buccal tubercle has two distinct slopes. The root of such a tooth often has a bifurcation.

Second premolar

In this tooth, the buccal surface usually dominates over the palatal, which is more rounded. In most cases, this premolar tooth has a single conical root. However, there are also cases when it has a bifurcation.

Mandibular premolars

These premolars have a convex vestibular surface and a wide longitudinal ridge. They have only one root. It has a conical or oval shape.

First premolar

The first tooth has two cusps on the chewing surface. Buccal – larger in size and has a pronounced inclination. The root of the tooth has flattened lateral parts, and shallow furrows stand out on the lateral surfaces.

Second premolar

The distinguishing feature of this tooth is that it is larger than the first. It has a developed lingual tubercle. The contact parts of this premolar are convex.

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Purpose of teeth: types of teeth, functions, care | Dentist advice

Appointment of teeth: types of teeth, functions, care | Dentist’s advice – Tikhonov Dental Center in Tula

There are 32 teeth in the mouth of a healthy person. They are located on the upper and lower jaws, 16 pieces on each. According to their purpose and shape, all teeth are divided into four groups.

There are 32 teeth in the mouth of a healthy person. They are located on the upper and lower jaws, 16 pieces on each. According to their purpose and shape, all teeth are divided into four groups.

1. Incisors.
2. Fangs.
3. Premolars.
4. Molars.

The incisors are at the front of the mouth. Two pairs on the lower and upper jaw. The incisors are needed to bite off food without significant pressure. The functioning of the incisors is very similar to the work of ticks. Such teeth have several distinctive features, namely:

– single root;
– flattened crown;
– a thin edge, which is the main “cutting” element.

Canines are placed on the sides of the incisors. There are 4 in total, one for each side. That is, two fangs are on the lower jaw and two on the upper. These teeth are designed to tear off pieces of food using great force. Canines are distinguished by a long root and a stronger crown compared to incisors. The canine root is the longest of all teeth. Therefore, these teeth are the most stable. The work of fangs can be compared with the work of a chisel.

The next teeth after the canines are the premolars or small root teeth. There are only 8 premolars. Four are placed on the lower jaw and four on the upper. The main purpose of these teeth is to capture and then grind food. The structure of the premolars is almost identical to the canines. Root teeth differ only in their prismatic shape, as well as in their extended surface. In their work, premolars can be compared with a chop hammer that every housewife has in the kitchen.

Behind the premolars at the edge of the dental arches are the molars, which are also called large root teeth. There are 12 of them in total. 6 on the upper and 6 on the lower jaw, 3 on each side. Therefore, they are numbered “1”, “2” and “3”. Molar #3 may be missing. Its popular name is wisdom tooth. Large root teeth are needed for crushing and grinding food using force. These teeth have a large crown with a large chewing surface, on which there are 5 tubercles (three in front and two behind). Their presence makes it possible to grind large pieces of food. Quite often, food remains accumulate between the tubercles. As a result, various deposits are formed – plaque, which can lead to the formation of caries, etc. This leads to damage to the molars.