What are the common gallbladder problems affecting men. How can gallstones be identified and treated. What dietary changes can improve gallbladder health. When is gallbladder removal necessary.

The Gallbladder: An Essential Organ for Digestive Health

The gallbladder plays a crucial role in the digestive system, despite its small size. Located beneath the liver in the upper right abdomen, this pear-shaped organ stores and concentrates bile, a substance produced by the liver to aid in fat digestion. When functioning properly, the gallbladder helps the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins and nutrients efficiently.

However, various issues can arise with the gallbladder, leading to discomfort and potentially severe health problems. Understanding these conditions is essential for maintaining overall digestive health, especially for men who may be at risk.

Gallstones: A Common Culprit in Gallbladder Dysfunction

Gallstones (cholelithiasis) are one of the most prevalent gallbladder issues. These solid masses, composed of cholesterol or pigment, can vary in size from a tiny grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. They form when high levels of fat and bile cause crystals to develop, which may eventually combine and grow into stones.

Are gallstones always symptomatic? Not necessarily. Many people with gallstones experience no symptoms at all. However, when symptoms do occur, they can be quite severe and may include:

• Intense abdominal pain lasting several hours
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fever or chills
• Jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin)
• Dark urine
• Pale stools

If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s crucial to seek medical attention promptly. Gallstones can lead to more serious complications if left untreated.

Common Bile Duct Stones: A Related but Distinct Condition

While gallstones form in the gallbladder, common bile duct stones (choledocholithiasis) can develop in the tubes that transport bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine. These stones may originate in the gallbladder and migrate to the common bile duct (secondary stones) or form directly in the bile duct (primary stones).

Primary common bile duct stones, though less common, are more likely to cause infections. Symptoms of common bile duct stones include:

• Pain in the upper right abdomen
• Jaundice
• Itching
• Pale stools
• Dark urine

Inflammation and Infection: When the Gallbladder Becomes Irritated

Cholecystitis, or inflammation of the gallbladder, can occur in acute or chronic forms. Acute cholecystitis happens suddenly when bile cannot leave the gallbladder, often due to a blockage caused by gallstones or biliary sludge. Chronic cholecystitis results from recurrent acute attacks.

When bile builds up in the gallbladder, it can irritate the organ’s lining, leading to swelling and potential infection. Over time, this damage can impair the gallbladder’s ability to function properly.

Perforated Gallbladder: A Serious Complication

If left untreated, gallstones or severe inflammation can lead to a perforated gallbladder. This dangerous condition occurs when a hole develops in the gallbladder wall, allowing fluids to leak into other parts of the body. A perforated gallbladder can result in widespread infection and requires immediate medical intervention.

Bile Duct Obstructions: Blockages That Demand Attention

Bile duct obstruction refers to a narrowing or blockage of the bile ducts. While gallstones are the most common cause, other factors such as infections (cholangitis), cancer, or injuries from medical procedures can also lead to obstructions.

Symptoms of bile duct obstruction may include:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Jaundice
• Pale stools
• Weight loss and loss of appetite

Without proper treatment, bile duct obstructions can lead to serious complications, including liver problems, kidney failure, nutritional deficiencies, internal bleeding, and infections like cholangitis.

Gallbladder Cancer: A Rare but Serious Concern

Although rare, gallbladder cancer is a serious condition that can spread to other parts of the body before diagnosis, making treatment challenging. Symptoms of gallbladder cancer may include:

• Abdominal pain
• Nausea or vomiting
• Indigestion
• Weakness
• Loss of appetite and weight loss
• Jaundice
• Pale stools
• Dark urine

Risk factors for gallbladder cancer include gallstones, porcelain gallbladder (calcification of the gallbladder wall), being female, obesity, and older age. While men are generally at lower risk, it’s essential to be aware of these potential warning signs.

Dysfunctional Gallbladder: When Chronic Issues Take Their Toll

Repeated episodes of gallstone attacks or cholecystitis can result in permanent damage to the gallbladder, leaving it rigid and scarred. This condition, known as chronic gallbladder disease or dysfunctional gallbladder, can cause a range of symptoms that may be difficult to pinpoint:

• Abdominal bloating and fullness
• Indigestion
• Increased gas
• Diarrhea

These symptoms can significantly impact quality of life and may require long-term management or surgical intervention.

Diagnostic Approaches for Gallbladder Issues

Accurately diagnosing gallbladder problems is crucial for effective treatment. Healthcare providers may use a variety of diagnostic tools and techniques to identify gallbladder issues:

• Ultrasound: This non-invasive imaging technique can detect gallstones and inflammation.
• CT scan: Provides detailed images of the gallbladder and surrounding organs.
• HIDA scan: A nuclear medicine test that evaluates gallbladder function and bile flow.
• Blood tests: Can indicate inflammation, infection, or liver function abnormalities.
• Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): Combines endoscopy and X-rays to diagnose and treat bile duct problems.

Your healthcare provider will determine which tests are most appropriate based on your symptoms and medical history.

Treatment Options for Gallbladder Disorders

Treatment for gallbladder problems varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Some common approaches include:

Medication

For certain gallbladder issues, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms or treat underlying causes:

• Ursodeoxycholic acid: Can help dissolve small gallstones over time.
• Antibiotics: Used to treat infections such as cholecystitis or cholangitis.
• Pain relievers: To manage discomfort associated with gallbladder attacks.

Dietary Changes

Modifying your diet can help alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of future gallbladder problems:

• Reduce intake of fatty and fried foods
• Increase consumption of high-fiber foods
• Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water
• Maintain a healthy weight through balanced nutrition and regular exercise

Surgical Interventions

In many cases, especially for recurrent or severe gallbladder issues, surgery may be recommended:

• Cholecystectomy: Removal of the gallbladder, often performed laparoscopically for quicker recovery.
• ERCP with stone removal: For common bile duct stones that can be extracted without major surgery.
• Lithotripsy: Uses shock waves to break up gallstones, though this is less common than other treatments.

Living Without a Gallbladder: What to Expect

After gallbladder removal, most people can lead normal, healthy lives. The liver continues to produce bile, which flows directly into the small intestine. However, some individuals may experience changes in digestion or bowel habits:

• Increased frequency of bowel movements
• Looser stools
• Difficulty digesting fatty foods

These symptoms typically improve over time as the body adjusts. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle can help manage any post-surgery digestive changes.

Preventing Gallbladder Problems: Proactive Measures for Men’s Health

While some risk factors for gallbladder issues are beyond our control, there are steps men can take to reduce their likelihood of developing gallbladder problems:

• Maintain a healthy weight through regular exercise and balanced nutrition
• Avoid rapid weight loss or extreme dieting, which can increase the risk of gallstones
• Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Limit intake of saturated fats and cholesterol
• Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day
• Manage underlying health conditions such as diabetes or high cholesterol

By adopting these lifestyle habits, men can support their gallbladder health and overall well-being.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Gallbladder Concerns

Recognizing the signs of gallbladder problems and seeking timely medical care is crucial. Men should consult a healthcare provider if they experience:

• Sudden, severe abdominal pain, especially in the upper right quadrant
• Fever accompanied by abdominal pain
• Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
• Persistent nausea or vomiting
• Dark urine or clay-colored stools

Early intervention can prevent complications and improve outcomes for gallbladder-related conditions.

The Future of Gallbladder Treatment: Advances in Research and Technology

As medical science continues to advance, new approaches to diagnosing and treating gallbladder disorders are emerging:

• Improved imaging techniques for earlier and more accurate detection of gallbladder issues
• Minimally invasive surgical procedures that reduce recovery time and complications
• Novel medications to prevent gallstone formation or dissolve existing stones more effectively
• Personalized treatment plans based on genetic factors and individual risk profiles

These developments hold promise for improving outcomes and quality of life for individuals affected by gallbladder problems.

Gallbladder Health in the Context of Men’s Overall Wellness

While gallbladder issues are often associated with women, men are not immune to these problems. Understanding the role of the gallbladder in digestive health and recognizing potential warning signs is crucial for maintaining overall wellness.

By prioritizing a healthy lifestyle, staying informed about gallbladder health, and seeking prompt medical attention when concerns arise, men can take proactive steps to prevent and manage gallbladder disorders effectively.

Remember, your gallbladder may be small, but its impact on your health can be significant. Don’t hesitate to discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider and take charge of your digestive health today.

Problems, removal, diet, and treatment

Gallbladder blockages, such as gallstones, can cause severe pain and illness. Gallbladder problems often require urgent medical attention.

The gallbladder is an internal organ similar to a pear in size and shape. It is found under the liver in the upper right region of the abdomen. It stores bile, a compound produced by the liver to digest fat. It helps the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins and nutrients.

Severe pain and discomfort can result if a blockage occurs or if it stops functioning correctly, pain and discomfort can occur.

In this article, we look at the function of the gallbladder, some common gallbladder problems and their symptoms, treatment options, and the long-term outlook.

Some common gallbladder problems include:

Gallstones (cholelithiasis)

Gallstones are solid masses of cholesterol or pigment. They can range from the size of a grain of sand to that of a golf ball.

They occur when high levels of fat and bile cause crystals to form. These crystals may combine over time and expand into stones.

Gallstones may or may not cause symptoms.

If symptoms occur, they include:

• abdominal pain that lasts several hours
• nausea and vomiting
• fever or chills
• jaundice, which causes the whites of the eyes to become yellow
• dark urine
• pale stools

Anyone with symptoms of gallstones should seek medical attention immediately.

Common bile duct stones (choledocholithiasis)

Small tubes transport bile from the gallbladder and deposit it in the common bile duct. From there, it moves to the small intestine. Sometimes, gallstones can lodge or form in the common bile duct.

These stones usually start in the gallbladder and migrate to the common bile duct. These are secondary common bile duct stones.

A primary common bile duct stone is one that forms in the bile duct itself. They are less common but more likely to cause an infection than secondary stones.

Symptoms of common bile duct stones include:

• pain in the upper right abdomen
• jaundice
• itching
• pale stools
• dark urine

Gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer is rare but can spread to other parts of the body before diagnosis, making it difficult to treat.

Symptoms include:

• abdominal pain
• nausea or vomiting
• indigestion
• weakness
• loss of appetite and weight loss
• jaundice
• pale stools
• dark urine

Risk factors include gallstones, porcelain gallbladder, being female, obesity, and older age.

Inflamed gallbladder (cholecystitis)

Acute or sudden cholecystitis occurs when bile cannot leave the gallbladder, for example, when a gallstone or biliary sludge causes a blockage. Chronic cholecystitis is when there are recurrent acute attacks.

A blockage in the bile duct can cause bile to build up. The excess bile irritates the gallbladder, leading to swelling and infection. Over time, the gallbladder becomes damaged and can no longer function fully.

Perforated gallbladder

Without treatment, gallstones can lead to a perforated gallbladder or fistula. A hole develops in the wall of the gallbladder and allows leakage of fluids into other parts of the body. A severe, widespread infection can result.

Perforation can also occur as a complication of acute cholecystitis.

What is a gastrointestinal fistula?

Bile duct stricture or blockage

Bile duct obstruction refers to a narrowing or obstruction of the bile ducts. The most common cause of a blockage is gallstones, but cholangitis, an infection, can also cause it. Strictures can result from cancer and injuries that happen during tests or surgery.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• vomiting
• abdominal pain
• jaundice
• pale stools
• weight loss and loss of appetite

Without treatment, strictures can lead to a blockage, and blockages can result in complications such as:

• liver problems
• kidney failure
• nutritional deficiencies
• internal bleeding
• infections, such as cholangitis

Bile duct infection (cholangitis)

An infection can develop if gallstones, a tumor, parasites, sludge, or other features block the common bile duct.

Possible symptoms include:

• fever and chills
• malaise, or a general feeling of being unwell
• abdominal pain
• jaundice
• itching
• pale stools and dark urine

Early treatment is essential to prevent the infection from spreading. If it spreads, there is a risk of sepsis, a life threatening infection.

What is primary sclerosing cholangitis?

Dysfunctional gallbladder or chronic gallbladder disease

Repeated episodes of gallstone attacks or cholecystitis may result in permanent damage to the gallbladder, leaving it rigid and scarred.

Symptoms can be hard to pinpoint but may include:

• abdominal bloating and fullness
• indigestion
• increased gas
• diarrhea

Gallstone ileus

Gallstone ileus is rare but can be fatal. It occurs when a gallstone migrates to the intestine and blocks it.

Sometimes, a gallstone passes out through the rectum without a person noticing, but some people will need emergency surgery to clear the blockage.

Symptoms include:

• crampy abdominal pain that comes and goes
• abdominal distention and tightness
• nausea and vomiting
• constipation

The symptoms may change as the stone travels through the digestive system. The severity of the pain will not necessarily reflect the impact of gallstones inside the body.

Gallbladder abscess

Sometimes, a patient with gallstones will also develop pus in the gallbladder. This is called empyema, and it is a complication of cholecystitis. If it becomes infected and inflamed, an abscess can develop.

Symptoms include pain in the upper abdomen.

Without treatment, it can lead to gangrene or sepsis, and a fistula may develop.

Individuals with diabetes, a reduced immune system, and obesity have an increased risk of developing this complication.

Porcelain (calcified) gallbladder

Porcelain gallbladder is a condition where, over time, the muscular walls of the gallbladder develop a buildup of calcium. This makes them stiff, limiting the gallbladder’s function and increasing the risk of gallbladder cancer.

Symptoms include pain in the upper right abdomen that radiates toward the shoulder blade.

There may also be digestive problems, such as:

• nausea
• vomiting
• gas and bloating

Symptoms may be worse in the evening.

Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the gallbladder.

Doctors use the word porcelain because the organ becomes bluish and brittle.

Gallbladder polyps

Gallbladder polyps is a name for several conditions that involve polyps or projections in the gallbladder.

Often, there are no symptoms, and doctors find them by chance during imaging tests for another condition.

Most are noncancerous, but a person with polyps measuring 1 centimeter or more may have a higher risk of gallbladder cancer. Removing polyps through surgery can drastically reduce this risk.

If a person has another gallbladder problem, such as cholecystitis, they may experience symptoms such as abdominal pain. If polyps become cancerous and affect the hepatic bile duct, jaundice may occur.

Symptoms of gallbladder problems can depend on the condition but include:

• pain in the mid to upper right abdomen that can range from mild to severe
• nausea or vomiting
• fever and chills
• changes in bowel movements, such as diarrhea and pale stools
• dark urine
• jaundice
• reduced appetite and weight loss

Anyone with gallbladder symptoms should seek medical attention.

Severe symptoms that need urgent attention include the following:

• abdominal pain lasting several hours
• fever and chills
• nausea, or vomiting
• changes in bowel movement and urination
• light stools and dark urine
• jaundice, which causes a yellowing of the whites of the eyes

These symptoms may indicate an infection or inflammation that needs immediate treatment.

Obesity is a risk factor for gallstones and other gallbladder problems. However, people should discuss weight loss plans with a doctor first, as rapid weight loss can increase the risk of gallstones.

A balanced diet can help boost overall health and well-being.

Opt for:

• whole rather than processed foods
• healthy fats, such as olive oil
• foods without added sugar
• high fiber foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

What should I eat and avoid for a healthy gallbladder?

A doctor will ask about:

• symptoms
• personal and family medical history
• dietary habits

They will also carry out a physical examination.

If they suspect a gallbladder problem, they may order the following tests:

• imaging tests, such as an ultrasound or CT scan
• tests to examine bile ducts, such as MRI, hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scans, and an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
• blood tests to look for signs of infection, inflammation of the bile ducts, pancreatitis, and other complications

Gallbladder problems are usually treatable, but prompt treatment is often necessary.

Gallstones that do not cause symptoms do not usually need immediate treatment, but a doctor will monitor them.

If an infection is present, a person may need antibiotics.

Some gallstone problems will need surgery, for example:

• gallstones with pain and other symptoms
• a tumor
• a blockage
• a porcelain gallbladder

In some cases, an emergency gallbladder removal will be necessary.

If surgery is not possible, a person may need gallbladder drainage with a tube. The doctor inserts a tube through the skin directly into the gallbladder.

The gallbladder is not an essential organ, and gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy) is a common type of surgery.

In most cases, surgery will be laparoscopic or “keyhole” with general anesthesia.

The surgeon inserts a thin tube with a tiny video camera into a small incision in the abdomen. The camera transmits images from inside the body to a video monitor. Using the monitor for guidance, the surgeon removes the gallbladder through one of the small incisions.

In many cases, the person can go home the same day and return to their usual tasks after around a week.

Some people need open surgery, for instance, if there is widespread infection, inflammation, or scarring from other procedures. They may need to stay in the hospital for up to a week. They can usually return to normal physical activity around one month later.

What to know about laparoscopic gallbladder removal

Risk factors will vary according to the condition, but having gallstones can increase the risk of other conditions.

People may have a higher risk of gallstones and gallstone-related problems if they:

• are female
• have obesity
• are older
• lose weight rapidly
• take some medications, including birth control pills
• have a family history of gallstones or certain genetic factors
• have diseases such as cirrhosis, sickle cell anemia, and cystic fibrosis
• have problems with the ileus, or small intestine

Here are some tips that might help prevent gallbladder problems

• maintaining a moderate weight
• avoiding rapid weight loss
• following a diet that provides fiber and healthy fats, such as olive oil
• avoiding added sugar and unhealthy fats, found in desserts and fried foods
• favoring whole foods over highly processed foods

Here are some answers to questions people often ask about gallbladder problems.

What are the signs of gallbladder problems?

The symptoms will depend on the cause. Not everyone has symptoms, but there may be upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice. Some people may lose weight due to a loss of appetite. Some problems can cause a fever.

What are the most common gallbladder problems?

Common problems include cholecystitis — an inflammation of the gallbladder — and gallstones (cholelithiasis). Other possible problems are gallbladder polyps, cancer, and strictures or obstructions of the bile ducts.

Gallbladder problems include gallstones, infections, and blockages. There are different types of problems, but common symptoms include pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.

Gallstones and other issues can lead to severe illness, and it is essential to seek help if symptoms appear.

In many cases, treatment will involve surgery. Many people have their gallbladder removed as an outpatient and go home the same day. A person can live without a gallbladder and have a good quality of life after recovery.

Read this article in Spanish.

Gallbladder Pain: Cause, Symptoms, & Treatment

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Gallbladder Attack & Gallbladder Symptoms

• Gallbladder Pain/Gallbladder Attack
• Gallbladder Removal Surgery

Pain or pressure in your belly could be from a gallbladder attack. A gallbladder attack is also called a gallstone attack. If gallstones are affecting your gallbladder, you could experience pain in the upper right or middle of your abdomen.

Gallbladder Attack

The pain you feel from a gallbladder attack feels different from other stomach pain. It could be:

• sudden or sharp and last for minutes or hours.
• dull or cramping pain that gets worse in the upper right part of your abdomen.
• sharp pain in the middle of your abdomen, just below your breastbone.
• intense pain that makes it difficult to sit still.
• pain that doesn’t get worse or change when you move.
• tenderness of your abdominal area.

A gallbladder attack often happens after you have eaten a large meal. This is because your body makes more bile when you eat fatty foods. Your attack may also happen in the evening.

Gallbladder Symptoms

Other symptoms of a gallbladder attack include:

• nausea,
• vomiting, 
• fever,
• chills,
• yellowing skin and eyes,
• dark or tea-colored urine, and
• light or clay-colored bowel movements.

What Is the Gallbladder?

Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ. It is located in your upper right abdomen, below your liver. The main job of your gallbladder is to store bile (also called gall), made by your liver. Bile helps your body digest fats and vitamins.

Every time you eat, your gallbladder releases bile. The bile then flows down into your small intestine through tubes called ducts. If something blocks the gallbladder duct or the ducts coming from the liver, you may feel pain in the middle or right side of your belly.

Gallstones are the top causes of gallbladder pain.

What Are Gallstones or Gallbladder Stones?

Gallstones are hard particles that develop in the gallbladder. They can be as small as a grain of sand or the size of a golf ball. Your gallbladder can develop a single large gallstone, hundreds of tiny stones, or both small and large stones.

When these gallstones block the ducts of the gallbladder, they can cause a gallbladder attack (also called biliary colic).

Types of Gallstones

The two types of gallstones are cholesterol and pigment stones:

1. Cholesterol stones are usually yellow-green in color. They are cholesterol that has gotten hard. Cholesterol is a waxy fat-like substance that is a normal part of your bloodstream.
2. Pigment stones are dark in color. They are made of bilirubin. Bilirubin comes from the breakdown of old red blood cells.

What Causes Gallstones?

Gallstones form when the bile in your bladder is imbalanced. Scientists don’t completely understand why this happens. Also, if your gallbladder does not empty completely or often enough, you may get gallstones.

Gallstone Symptoms

Sometimes, gallstones don’t cause any symptoms and you may not even know you have them. Many people have gallstones and never know it. But, if a gallstone blocks one of your ducts, you may have gallbladder pain.

What do Gallstones Look Like?

Gallstones look like small yellow stones. They are not related to kidney stones, which pass through the ureters and can cause bladder or kidney problems. Gallstones pass into the intestine, which usually does not cause problems. Gallstones cause pain when they block the ducts that carry bile from the liver into the intestine.

Contact your health care provider or go to your local emergency room if your abdominal pain becomes unbearable. 

Gallstones Treatment

Gallstones that do not cause symptoms do not need treatment. However, if you have a gallbladder attack or other symptoms, you should get treatment. Your primary care doctor can order tests that may show inflammation or an injury to the liver.

He or she may also send you for an ultrasound or a CAT scan. An ultrasound and CAT scan provide images of your liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and gallstones (if you have them). They can show inflammation or blockage.

If a person has had one gallbladder attack, they will probably have more episodes.

Gallbladder Removal

The most common treatment for gallstones is surgery to remove the gallbladder. If you cannot have surgery, there are nonsurgical treatments that dissolve cholesterol gallstones. However, these treatments do not last as long and are not as good at surgery at permanently taking away your symptoms.

The gallbladder is not an essential organ, which means you can live normally without one. Once a doctor removes your gallbladder, bile from your liver will flow through the hepatic and common bile ducts. It will go directly into the duodenum (first part of your intestine), instead of being stored in the gallbladder.

Non-Surgical Treatment for Gallstones

A gastroenterologist or interventional radiologist may use lithotripsy (stone breakdown) to break apart the stones in the gallbladder. This makes them easier to pass. It can get rid of the gallstones that are already formed.

It will now, however, prevent your gallbladder from making more stones later. Most people who have this procedure go on to have gallbladder attacks later in life.

A medication called urosdiol can also be prescribed by your primary care doctor if you do not want to have surgery. This medication can help to prevent cholesterol stones from forming. It does not work as well as surgery, but some people do have lasting relief of their gallstone attacks with this medication.

An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a procedure used to remove gallstones that are stuck in the bile duct. This can sometimes be necessary in addition to removing the gallbladder if the stones cannot be removed during your surgery.

Learn More About Gallbladder Removal and Gallbladder Surgery

When to See a Doctor for Gallbladder Pain

A gallbladder attack is an emergency that you should get treatment for immediately. Don’t ignore pain and get help from a doctor if you have any of these symptoms:

• Chills
• Intense pain
• Fever
• Yellowing skin
• Yellowing of the whites of your eyes

If you experience these symptoms, contact your primary care doctor or go to your nearest emergency department for an evaluation. You will need bloodwork and an imaging scan (ultrasound or CAT scan) to confirm that your pain is caused by gallstones.

You can receive a referral to our surgeons from your primary care doctor. You can also call our office at 801-213-2084 for same-day appointments. 

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Diseases of the gallbladder: symptoms, treatment

Gallbladder is an important organ of the digestive system, which is responsible for the accumulation and excretion of bile into the intestinal cavity. Bile breaks down fats, helps the absorption of fat-soluble compounds, activates chemical processes that contribute to the proper digestion of food. In case of violations in the work of the biliary system, a person is worried about discomfort, pain, and the state of health worsens. To prevent the development of complications, you need to see a doctor in time to diagnose and prescribe effective treatment. Let’s talk about the causes of diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract, symptoms, diagnosis, therapeutic methods and ways to prevent pathologies.

Causes of diseases of the gallbladder and risk factors

Common causes that cause a violation of the outflow of bile:

• eating a large amount of fatty, fried, smoked foods;
• overeating;
• long breaks between meals;
• hormonal disorders;
• diabetes mellitus;
• presence of parasites;
• endocrine pathologies;
• congenital malformations of the gallbladder;
• sedentary lifestyle;
• hereditary factor.

At risk are:

• women who have entered the menopause;
• pregnant;
• patients with high body mass index;
• women who take oral contraceptives;
• people who abuse alcohol.

Patients who are at risk should monitor their diet and have regular scheduled medical check-ups.

Signs of diseases of the gallbladder

General symptoms characteristic of pathological processes in the gallbladder:

• loss of appetite;
• heaviness, pain in the right hypochondrium, the intensity of which increases after overeating or eating fatty foods;
• nausea;
• bloating;
• dark urine;
• bitterness and dry mouth;
• bitter belching;
• light shade of feces;
• plaque on the tongue;
• yellowing of the skin;
• general weakness.

Some diseases are accompanied by fever. These symptoms are a reason to see a doctor. If the patient ignores the signs of problems with the biliary system, the symptoms will increase, the condition will worsen.

Diseases of the gallbladder and their diagnosis

The following diagnostic methods are used to detect diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract:

• general blood and urine analysis;
• biochemical blood test;
• Ultrasound of the gallbladder;
• cholecystography – x-ray examination;
• computed tomography.

As part of the differential diagnosis, to exclude pathologies of other organs, the doctor may additionally prescribe an electrocardiogram, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, blood glucose test, coprogram and other examinations. The diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the biliary system is carried out by a gastroenterologist and a general practitioner.

Disease	Features
Biliary dyskinesia	a disease associated with a deterioration in the motor function of an organ, as a result of which stagnation of bile is formed. Manifested by mild pain in the right hypochondrium, impaired stool, nausea, loss of appetite. Sometimes the patient may be disturbed by vomiting mixed with bile.
Cholecystitis	an inflammatory process that occurs as a result of blockage of the bile ducts. The disease is accompanied by pain in the right side of the abdominal cavity, the pain increases with a change in position.
Cholestasis	pathology, which is characterized by stagnation of bile. The patient is disturbed by a bitter taste in the mouth, yellowing of the whites of the eyes, nausea, fatigue, lack of appetite. In the acute form, the symptoms appear suddenly, in the chronic course, the clinical picture is blurred, the symptoms increase gradually.
Gallstone disease	pathology associated with the formation of gallstones. In the early stages, it is asymptomatic. Treatment tactics depend on the size of the stones and the clinical picture of the disease. With the mobility of stones, attacks of biliary colic, deterioration of health, the patient is shown the removal of the gallbladder.
Cholesterosis	occurs as a result of cholesterol deposits on the inner wall of the gallbladder, as well as in the bile ducts. Often asymptomatic, so it is found at routine medical examinations.
Cholangitis	disease caused by inflammation in the bile ducts. It often manifests itself in an acute form, characterized by pain, nausea, fever. In the chronic course, the symptoms are not so bright, the patient is concerned about skin itching, weakness, fatigue, periodic fever.
Polyps	benign lesions that do not cause discomfort to the patient. Small polyps are not treated, but require observation and control. If the formations increase in size, the patient may be shown surgical treatment.

Methods of treatment and prevention

Diseases of the gallbladder in men and women are treated conservatively or surgically. Conservative therapy includes:

• painkillers for the relief of intense pain;
• antispasmodics – help to relax the biliary tract, reduce spasms;
• cholekinetics – normalize the motility of the gallbladder, such drugs include Ursaklin;
• choleretics – increase the secretion of bile;
• statins – used in the presence of cholesterol deposits;
• antibiotics.

Dosage and regimen prescribed by a physician. Self-administration of drugs can blur the picture of the disease or cause an exacerbation.

Physiotherapeutic procedures are also used as conservative methods: electrophoresis, ozocerite, UHF, paraffin on the area of ​​the affected organ.

In case of complications or ineffectiveness of conservative therapy, cholecystectomy is used – complete removal of the gallbladder. The operation is performed by laparoscopy.

Indications for cholecystectomy:

• attacks of colic on the background of cholelithiasis;
• large neoplasms;
• exacerbation of cholecystitis;
• obstruction of bile duct stones;
• calcification.

The operation avoids severe complications. After the procedure, the patient must strictly follow a diet to help the body adjust to a new mode of operation. The absence of an organ does not significantly affect the future life of a person. The only limitation is that the patient needs to carefully monitor nutrition. The decision on the choice of treatment methods is made by the doctor based on the form, severity, clinical picture of the disease. Prevention of gallbladder and biliary tract disease includes:

• giving up bad habits;
• nutrition normalization;
• weight loss;
• daily physical activity.

Regular preventive examinations by specialists are important to prevent diseases.

Diet for gallbladder disease

Diet is an important part of the treatment of diseases of the biliary system. Therapeutic nutrition reduces the risk of developing inflammatory processes, facilitates the digestion of food, promotes bile flow.

What can be eaten in case of gallbladder disease:

• cereal porridge: buckwheat, oatmeal, pearl barley;
• dairy and sour-milk products with a low percentage of fat content;
• vegetable purees;
• lean fish – cod, pollock, pike;
• lean meat – veal, rabbit, chicken breast;
• durum pasta;
• vegetable soups;
• vegetable oils;
• soups with weak meat or fish broth.

Herbal teas, compotes, non-acidic juices, fruit drinks can be used as drinks.

Prohibited:

• canned;
• fatty, fried, smoked foods;
• carbonated drinks;
• coffee;
• strong tea;
• sauces;
• marinades;
• sour berries;
• fresh pastries;
• hot spices and seasonings.

Limit the consumption of sausages, legumes, mushrooms, chocolate, cocoa and other sweets.

General principles of nutrition in diseases of the gallbladder:

• Food should be taken in fractional portions 5-6 times a day – this contributes to the outflow of bile.
• Dishes must be boiled, stewed, steamed, baked without crusting.
• Do not take long breaks between meals.
• Drink enough liquid throughout the day.

Dietary restrictions depend on the specific diagnosis. For specific dietary recommendations, please consult your doctor. To avoid complications in diseases of the biliary system, it is important to adhere to the recommended table and take the medication prescribed by the doctor.

Deciphering the ultrasound of the liver and gallbladder. How to properly prepare for the procedure

Ultrasonography is an informative and safe method for diagnosing liver diseases. The dense structure of the organ reflects the echo signal well, allowing you to accurately determine the size, wall thickness, and the state of the parenchyma.

Detection of pathological processes

Single liver cysts are the most common. They can be acquired and congenital. Most often they are asymptomatic and do not require therapy. The area of ​​the cyst has clear boundaries, thin walls, a posterior acoustic shadow, and an anechoic structure. Congenital cysts range in size from tiny to large, up to 20 cm in diameter. They are more often located in the right lobe, on the anterior lower surface of the organ.

Significant size of the cyst, inflammation, hemorrhage, infection cause pain, fever. In the presence of an infectious agent, partitions and echo suspension appear inside the formation, the walls of the cyst become thicker, and calcifications can be detected in them.

Perebilliary masses can be found in severe comorbidities of the parenchyma. Their size is 0.2-2.5 cm, localization is at the confluence of two hepatic ducts. A relatively large cyst can cause obstruction of the duct. On ultrasound, small discrete cysts are usually clearly visible, with thin septa, located along the elements of the ductal system.

There are also traumatic, parasitic cysts, pseudocysts and polycystosis.

Polycystic is detected in 0. 2% of cases. In 60%, the pathology is associated with polycystic kidney disease. The formations are multiple and small, within 2×3 cm.

A biopsy can be performed in parallel with ultrasound to obtain the contents of the cyst.

The ultrasound doctor must be guided in the clinic and the patient’s medical history, understand whether pathology is located inside or outside the liver. This facilitates the differential diagnosis of non-specific ultrasound signs.

Ultrasound of the liver in diffuse pathology

All diffuse pathologies of the liver can be divided into two large groups.

1. Mild: hepatitis, diabetic and fatty hepatosis, initial and congestive cirrhosis, diffuse metastases, blood diseases.
2. Expressed. Sarcoidosis, toxic hepatitis, chemotherapy metastatic disease, abscesses.

The most common fatty infiltration of the liver. Allocate:

• diffuse infiltration, in which almost the entire parenchyma is changed;
• local – large fields of infiltration are present, while rather large unchanged zones remain;
• focal – single affected areas located in the left and central sections.

Ultrasound signs: smooth contours, slightly enlarged and rounded lower edge of the organ with a large affected area, increased echogenicity with concomitant weakening of the echo in the deep layers. Smoothness of the vascular pattern is noted.

Congested liver is a secondary pathology. On ultrasound – signs of hepatomegaly, expansion of venous vessels – portal, hepatic, inferior vena cava. As treatment progresses, the size of the vessels decreases.

Ultrasound of the gallbladder and bile ducts

Normally, the thickness of the gallbladder walls does not exceed 3 mm. The parameter is measured in the transverse plane, placing the sensor perpendicular to the front wall, between the external and internal fields. In the presence of extensive fibrosis, fat, the doctor may underestimate the actual thickness.

Main internal causes of wall thickening:

• cholecystitis;
• cholangiopathy;
• hyperplastic cholecystosis;
• cancer;
• adenomyomatosis;
• AIDS;
• sclerosing cholangitis.

External causes include:

• hepatitis;
• cirrhosis;
• portal hypertension;
• ascites;
• pancreatitis;
• heart failure.

Clinic

Classical symptoms of gallbladder pathologies:

• pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen after a fatty meal, possibly radiating to the right shoulder, right shoulder blade;
• vomiting, nausea;
• jaundice – the flow of bile into the blood with a blockage of the bile ducts.

Stagnation of bile often results in its thickening – sludge. The latter is clearly visible in patients with obturation of the bladder or in long-term starving individuals. Sometimes the bladder is so full of condensed bile that it is difficult to visually separate it from the liver tissues. By changing the position of the patient, the doctor can differentiate sludge from artifacts and random shadows. The main source of echo in sludge is pigment particles with a small admixture of cholesterol.

As pathological changes, strictures, formations, violations of the outflow of bile, obstruction of the biliary tract with stones are also considered.

The proximal type of obstruction occurs above the duct. The main factors of its occurrence:

• choledochal cancer;
• cholelithiasis;
• metastases with penetration into the portal vein.

In cancer of the choledochus, dilated intrahepatic ducts with tubular branches inside are noted. They are best seen on the periphery of the liver, while the gallbladder is of normal size.

Distal obstruction can be caused by common duct stricture, choledochal stones, extrahepatic portal vein masses.