Bloating: Causes and Prevention Tips

How often do you hear yourself or friends complain about bloating? We often just say we’re bloated when we feel full, but for many women, the problem relates to a chronic underlying condition. If you feel bloated often, you may have a condition like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which affects up to 24 of women.

Here are some common causes of bloating and tips on preventing this uncomfortable condition.

What is bloating?

Bloating is a condition where your belly feels full and tight, often due to gas.

People might confuse bloating with other reasons for a more noticeable belly, such as abdominal wall laxity, or looseness. This is common, especially among older women and those who have had children.

It’s important to know the difference so you can get the right treatment. A toned abdomen can make it easier to see a difference when the gut is full of food or stool.

Causes of Bloating

One common cause of bloating is constipation. You can be constipated and not realize it, since having fewer bowel movements than you normally do is just one symptom of constipation. You may still be constipated even if you have regular bowel movements. Other symptoms of constipation include:

• Straining to start or finish a bowel movement
• Stool that looks like rocks and pebbles
• Not feeling empty after a bowel movement

Constipation can contribute to abdominal pain and bloating. The longer your stool stays in your colon, the more time bacteria have to ferment what’s there, resulting in more gas and bloating.

Aside from constipation, other causes of bloating include:

• Gut sensitivity: People with IBS can be extremely sensitive to gas, which can cause pain, cramping and diarrhea.
• Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO): Most healthy people have relatively few bacteria in the small intestine. People who have had intestinal surgery and/or IBS with diarrhea are more likely to have SIBO, which can cause bloating.
• Gastroparesis: This condition causes delayed stomach emptying, which can cause bloating, nausea and even bowel blockage.
• Gynecological conditions: Sometimes problems with your ovaries or uterus may cause bloating. Make sure you never skip your annual pelvic exam.

5 Reasons Your Stomach May Hurt

Tummy troubles are a common cause for a visit to the doctor’s office. When patients complain of “stomach pain,” they are sometimes describing pain that is throughout the abdomen area and may not actually be directly related to the organ known as the stomach.

Learn more

How to Prevent Bloating

Typically, the first line of treatment for preventing gas and bloating is changing your diet. Research has shown that a low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet can reduce the symptoms of gas and IBS. A low FODMAP diet avoids fermentable, gas-producing food ingredients, such as:

• Oligosaccharides, which are found in wheat, onions, garlic, legumes and beans
• Disaccharides, such as lactose in milk, yogurt and ice cream
• Monosaccharides, including fructose (a type of sugar found in fruits and honey), apples and pears
• Polyols or sugar alcohols found in foods such as apricots, nectarines, plums and cauliflower, as well as many chewing gums and candies

In people sensitive to FODMAP-rich foods, the small intestine doesn’t always fully absorb these carbohydrates, and instead passes them to the colon, where they are fermented by bacteria and produce gas. To see if some of the FODMAP foods are causing your gas and bloating you can start by cutting out FODMAP foods and then slowly bringing them back into your diet one at a time to pinpoint any foods that are causing the problems.

In the long run, the key to preventing bloating is understanding its cause. If mild constipation is the problem, a fiber-rich diet, water and exercise may help, but these steps won’t always work for chronic constipation. Chronic constipation and other conditions, such as IBS or gastroparesis, require medical treatment, so it’s important to talk to your doctor about your bloating symptoms.

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Abdominal Bloating: Causes, Remedies, and More

Abdominal Bloating: Causes, Remedies, and More

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Abdominal bloating can interfere with your ability to work and participate in social or recreational activities. Bloating is common among both adults and children.

Abdominal bloating occurs when the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is filled with air or gas. Most people describe bloating as feeling full, tight, or swollen in the abdomen. Your abdomen may also be swollen (distended), hard, and painful. Bloating is often accompanied by:

• pain
• excessive gas (flatulence)
• frequent burping or belching
• abdominal rumbling or gurgles

Gas and air

Gas is the most common cause of bloating, especially after eating. Gas builds up in the digestive tract when undigested food gets broken down or when you swallow air. Everyone swallows air when they eat or drink. But some people can swallow more than others, especially if they are:

• eating or drinking too fast
• chewing gum
• smoking
• wearing loose dentures

Burping and flatulence are two ways swallowed air leaves the body. Delayed emptying of the stomach (slow gas transport) in addition to gas accumulation can also cause bloating and abdominal distension.

Medical causes

Other causes of bloating may be due to medical conditions. These include:

• irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease
• other functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs)
• heartburn
• food intolerance
• weight gain
• hormonal flux (especially for women)
• giardiasis (intestinal parasite infection)
• eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa
• mental health factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, and more
• some medications

These conditions cause factors that contribute to gas and bloating, such as:

• overgrowth or deficiency of bacteria within the GI tract
• gas accumulation
• altered gut motility
• impaired gas transit
• abnormal abdominal reflexes
• visceral hypersensitivity (feeling of bloating in small or even normal body changes)
• food and carbohydrate malabsorption
• constipation

Serious causes

Abdominal bloating can also be a symptom of several serious conditions, including:

• pathologic fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity (ascites) as a result of cancer (e. g., ovarian cancer), liver disease, kidney failure, or congestive heart failure
• celiac disease, or non-celiac gluten sensitivity
• pancreatic insufficiency, which is impaired digestion because the pancreas cannot produce enough digestive enzymes
• perforation of the GI tract with escape of gas, normal GI tract bacteria, and other contents into the abdominal cavity

Lifestyle changes

In many cases, the symptoms of abdominal bloating can be diminished or even prevented by adopting a few simple lifestyle changes such as losing weight, if you’re overweight.

To reduce swallowing too much air, you can:

• Avoid chewing gum. Chewing gum can cause you to swallow extra air, which in turn can lead to bloating.
• Limit your intake of carbonated drinks.
• Avoid foods that cause gas, such vegetables in the cabbage family, dried beans, and lentils.
• Eat slowly and avoid drinking through a straw.
• Use lactose-free dairy products (if you are lactose intolerant).

Probiotics may also help with repopulating healthy gut bacteria. Research is mixed on the effectiveness of probiotics. One review found that probiotics have a moderate effect, with a 70-percent agreement on its effect on bloating relief. You can find probiotics in kefir and Greek yogurt.

Shop for kefir and Greek yogurt online.

Medications

Talk to your doctor if lifestyle changes and dietary interventions don’t relieve abdominal bloating. If your doctor finds a medical cause for your bloating, they may recommend medical treatments.

Treatments may require antibiotics, antispasmodics, or antidepressants, but it also depends on your condition.

Consult your doctor if bloating is accompanied by any of the following:

• severe or prolonged abdominal pain
• blood in the stools, or dark, tarry looking stools
• high fevers
• diarrhea
• worsening heartburn
• vomiting
• unexplained weight loss

If you don’t already have a primary care doctor, you can browse doctors in your area through the Healthline FindCare tool.

Last medically reviewed on December 11, 2017

How we reviewed this article:

Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.

• Functional GI disorders. (2016).
  iffgd.org/functional-gi-disorders.html
• Gas. (2016).
  my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Gas
• Mayo Clinic Staff. (2017). Bloating, belching and intestinal gas: How to avoid them.
  mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gas-and-gas-pains/in-depth/gas-and-gas-pains/art-20044739
• Seo AY, et al. (2013). Abdominal bloating: Pathophysiology and treatment.
  jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=327&vmd=Full
• Thiwan S. (n.d.). Abdominal bloating: A mysterious symptom.
  med.unc.edu/ibs/files/educational-gi-handouts/Abdominal%20Bloating.pdf
• Wang TJ, et al. (2015). The effect of abdominal massage in reducing malignant ascites symptoms.
  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25558030

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

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Medically reviewed by Michele Cho-Dorado, MD — By Maureen Donohue — Updated on March 30, 2023

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Bloating and gas – causes, symptoms and treatment of flatulence after eating

Co-author, editor and medical expert – Klimovich Elina Valerievna.

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Date last updated: 12/20/2021

Average read time: 5 minutes

Bloating (flatulence or accumulation of gases in the abdomen) is a fairly common condition that can develop as a reaction to an improper diet and an unbalanced diet. But it can also be a sign of dyspepsia – digestive disorders due to improper stomach motility, as a result of which food lingers in it, causing a feeling of fullness, fullness and other symptoms.

Signs of bloating

Symptoms in the digestive system

Flatulence disrupts the functioning of the entire digestive system. The gases accumulated in the intestines prevent the normal movement of food, which causes heartburn, belching, and an unpleasant aftertaste in the mouth. In addition, gases during bloating lead to an increase in the lumen of the intestine, to which it reacts with stabbing or aching pains, often occurring in the form of contractions. The passage of gases relieves discomfort for a while, but only until their next “portion” accumulates and causes another cycle. This condition may be accompanied by stool disorder (constipation or diarrhea), nausea, and a decrease or complete lack of appetite.

Manifestations in children

In newborns and infants, flatulence manifests itself quite clearly. The child becomes irritable and capricious, often wakes up. Appetite worsened, bloating worse after eating. During feeding, the baby may greedily grab the nipple or breast, but immediately release it. There may be frequent regurgitation of both milk or mixture, and air.

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Causes of bloating in a healthy person

Temporary bloating and gas is common when there is a violation of proper eating habits. Snacking “on the go” and talking while eating lead to the fact that air enters the stomach along with food.

Carbonated drinks, chewing gum and smoking also contribute to this.

It should be understood that air itself does not pose any threat – in a healthy person, it partially leaves the stomach in the form of belching, and the rest enters the intestines, from where it is excreted naturally.

Such favorite and “safe” sweets are one of the most frequent provocateurs of bloating. Easily digestible carbohydrates, which are part of rich baked goods, cookies, sweets and other goodies, cause a fermentation process in which gas is released. Bloating after eating, if sweets were present on the menu, is a fairly characteristic sign of flatulence caused by fermentation.

Foods containing starch and coarse fiber (potatoes, legumes, rye bread, cabbage, etc.) can also lead to gas formation.

The folk remedy for heartburn, plain baking soda, is not as safe as it seems. The gases formed in the stomach during the reaction of soda with hydrochloric acid can easily provoke symptoms of flatulence and aggravate the situation.

Microorganisms inhabiting the human intestines are essential for the normalization and maintenance of the correct process of digestion. But even a slight “distortion” in the composition of the microflora can cause bacteria that produce methane, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide to prevail, and then, naturally, bloating occurs.

The stomach and intestines are governed and controlled by the nervous system in the same way as all other organs. It is not surprising that under stress, excessive psycho-emotional stress and overwork, the work of these organs can be disrupted, resulting in increased gas formation.

• Pregnancy

The changes that occur in a woman’s body during pregnancy are the most common cause of increased gas formation that occurs during this period. The growth of the fetus and the enlargement of the uterus lead to squeezing of the intestinal walls, which disrupts the natural discharge of gases.

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How to deal with bloating?

The elimination of flatulence is a complex process. Treatment is developed and applied after the causes of bloating are identified and may include the following activities to address the source of the problem and alleviate the symptoms of this condition.

Lifestyle modification

Bloating after eating is often due to poor food hygiene. A calm environment during breakfasts and lunches, unhurried chewing of food, exclusion from the diet of carbonated drinks and chewing gum, smoking cessation – these measures will help prevent air from entering the stomach.

Diet correction

If gas formation is caused by the consumption of provocative foods (potatoes, muffins, sweets, whole milk, legumes, cabbage, etc.), eliminating them from the diet will help eliminate this problem.

Fractional nutrition – the daily amount of food, divided into 5-6 small portions – also helps to normalize digestion and treat increased gas formation.

Bloating – causes and treatment, which doctor to contact

What is bloating and where does it happen

Bloating (tympania) – an uncomfortable feeling of heaviness and fullness in the abdomen. As a rule, it is accompanied by rumbling, belching, sometimes diarrhea or constipation. Rarely, with swelling, pain and colic are noted.

In addition to bloating and a feeling of fullness, some patients report nausea, bad taste in the mouth, and pain.

Localization of pain depends on where exactly the gases are accumulated :

• Splenic flexure of the intestine – there is pressure and pain in the left hypochondrium. The pain radiates to the region of the heart.
• Subhepatic flexure of the intestine – feeling of fullness and pain under the right rib. The pain radiates to the right shoulder blade, shoulder and neck.
• Caecum – pain in the right lower abdomen.
• Small intestine – bloating is felt in the area around the navel.

Causes of bloating

Bloating can have many causes, from a can of canned peas for lunch to pancreatitis or irritable bowel syndrome.

Physiological causes

The most common cause of bloating is the consumption of gas-promoting foods.

The fact is that in the intestines the food is finally broken down into the necessary substances, which are absorbed in the small intestine, and unnecessary ones, which enter the large intestine and are excreted during defecation.

Some foods contain complex substances that are difficult to digest, such as fiber or starch. To break them down, bacteria that constantly live in the intestines come to the rescue. Gases are the waste products of such bacteria, which are formed when they process carbohydrates and other substances. The smell and amount of gases depends on what bacteria live in the intestines and how many of them.

A common cause of bloating is the consumption of gas-promoting foods. Gases are waste products of bacteria living in the intestines

Another cause of bloating is swallowing air. This happens when a person is in a hurry and eats or drinks on the go, talking while eating. In this case, the swelling is short-term, and the discomfort disappears with belching.

In addition, bloating is aggravated by smoking and obstructed nasal breathing, because in these cases the person also swallows air through the mouth.

In the elderly, bloating may be associated with age-related changes in the intestines.

After 50-60 years, the intestinal mucosa partially atrophies, peristalsis slows down, so digestion can slow down – gases accumulate and provoke flatulence and bloating.

In pregnant women, bloating often occurs in the later stages. This is due to mechanical compression of the intestines by an enlarged uterus, slowing down of peristalsis due to hormonal changes, as well as an increased load on the liver and pancreas. Usually, relief occurs within a month after childbirth.

In addition, bloating may appear on the background of emotional experiences. For example, a little nervousness due to a morning jam can lead to the release of stress hormones and slow down digestion, causing bloating, pain, or constipation. More serious worries, for example due to an upcoming public speaking, can lead to an acceleration of digestive processes and even diarrhea.

There is no exact relationship between the strength of stress and digestive disorders – these are individual reactions.

The listed causes are physiological and are not considered a sign of illness. As a rule, in such cases, improvement can be achieved by changing the diet or using symptomatic remedies. But there are more serious causes of bloating.

Infections

Against the background of infectious diseases, the bacterial composition of the intestine is disturbed – dysbiosis develops. As a result, gas formation increases – the stomach swells and hurts. In addition, other signs of infection appear – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever.

Infectious diseases accompanied by bloating :

• acute intestinal infections – dysentery, salmonellosis, rotavirus infection;
• fungal infection of the gastrointestinal tract – intestinal candidiasis caused by fungi of the genus Candida;
• parasitic infections – giardiasis, opisthorchiasis, toxocariasis, echinococcosis, ascariasis, enterobiasis.

Not only the listed, but also any other intestinal infections can lead to bloating, regardless of the pathogen.

Colon pathologies

Abdominal distention is one of the signs of colon damage, which is often combined with constipation and abdominal pain.

Pathologies of the colon accompanied by bloating :

• inflammatory diseases – ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease;
• oncological diseases and precancerous conditions – benign and malignant tumors of the intestine, polyps;
• congenital or acquired enlargement of the colon – megacolon or dolichosigma;
• change in the intestinal lumen – pneumatosis (formation of air cavities), diverticulum (protrusion of the intestinal wall).

Diseases of the esophagus and stomach

Bloating is often seen with inflammation of the upper digestive tract. At the same time, the motility of the gastrointestinal tract is disturbed: gases accumulate and move along it unevenly, provoking discomfort.

Diseases of the esophagus and stomach accompanied by bloating :

• gastroesophageal reflux disease – a chronic disease caused by impaired motility of the organs of the gastroesophageal zone, due to which the contents of the stomach are periodically thrown back into the esophagus;
• hiatal hernia – protrusion of part of the esophagus into the middle compartment of the chest wall.

Malabsorption

Sometimes food is not absorbed properly in the small intestine: there are not enough enzymes. If you are deficient in lactase (the enzyme that breaks down milk sugar) or have an intolerance to gluten (the main protein in cereals), eating the right foods can increase gas production and lead to bloating.

In addition, bloating is caused by malabsorption, a condition resulting from malabsorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract.

Abdominal inflammatory processes

Sudden bloating accompanied by severe pain may be a sign of serious conditions requiring immediate medical attention. This happens with acute inflammation of the abdominal wall – peritonitis, as well as intestinal obstruction.

Severe bloating and absence of flatus are characteristic signs of intestinal obstruction.

In addition, the cause of bloating may be an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity – ascites.

Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

Functional disorders are conditions that present with gastrointestinal symptoms without pathological changes.

In functional disorders, the sensitivity of nerve endings in the mucous membrane is disturbed. This makes the stomach feel “something is wrong” and reacts with pain, bloating, or diarrhea when there is really nothing to worry about.

The most common forms of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia.

Abdominal wall failure

Changes in the anatomical structure of the abdominal wall can also lead to bloating. This happens, for example, with a divergence (diastasis) of the rectus abdominis muscles, a hernia of the white line, or postoperative hernias.

When and which doctor to contact

Bloating occurs periodically in every person and in itself is rarely associated with something dangerous to health. Most often, the stomach swells due to stress, carbonated drinks, a diet rich in complex carbohydrates, a sedentary lifestyle, snacking on the go, or an imbalance in the composition of the intestinal microflora.

If bloating bothers you constantly and interferes with a normal life, you should consult a doctor. You can start with a therapist or immediately sign up with a specialized specialist who treats gastrointestinal problems – a gastroenterologist.

Diagnostics

To understand the exact cause of swelling, the doctor may order laboratory or instrumental studies.

Laboratory methods for diagnosing distension

The most commonly used advanced or basic biochemical study, determine the level of the main enzymes of the pancreas and liver in the blood.

Clinical blood test with leukocyte formula and ESR (with microscopy of a blood smear in case of pathological changes) (venous blood)

Code 3.9.1.

CBC is a blood test that assesses general health, detects inflammation, bacterial, viral and fungal infections, and helps diagnose anemia, hematopoietic diseases, allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases.

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Liver and pancreas

Code 27.56.

The study allows to detect pathologies of the liver and pancreas at an early stage. The complex is especially recommended for patients who experience unpleasant pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, bitterness in the mouth.

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To assess the chemical composition and physical properties of the contents of the large intestine, as well as to conduct a microscopic analysis for pathogenic microflora, the doctor may prescribe a coprogram, tests for fecal calprotectin, pancreatic elastase enzyme, Clostridium difficile toxins in feces, analysis for helminth eggs. To exclude inflammatory and oncological diseases of the intestine, an analysis for occult blood in the feces is used.

Coprogram

Code 21.2.

Analysis includes physicochemical and microscopic examination of feces. The study is prescribed to identify pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.

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Code 26.44.

Calprotectin test in feces helps to find the cause of abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding, distinguish inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) from non-inflammatory ones and monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

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In addition, tests for gluten and lactose are used to detect intolerance to these nutrients.

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Lactose intolerance

Code GNP032

Study of polymorphism (varieties) in the regulatory region (MCM6) of the gene encoding lactase enzyme (LCT). Allows you to identify the genetic causes of lactose intolerance – the inability of the body to fully absorb milk and dairy products in adulthood due to a lack of an enzyme.

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Taking (2) +480 ₽

Ven. blood 140 ₽

DNA extraction 340 ₽

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99 bonuses

Can be taken at home

Taking (2) +480 ₽

900 02 Ven. blood 140 ₽

DNA isolation 340 ₽

990 ₽

Add to cart

Instrumental methods for diagnosing bloating

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy , or gastroscopy: a doctor using an endoscope – a flexible tube with a camera at the end – examines the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach and initial sections of the intestine from the inside. In this way, inflammation, mucosal defects or tumors can be detected.

Colonoscopy is another endoscopic examination that allows you to assess the condition of the mucous membrane of the lower intestine. During colonoscopy, the endoscope is inserted through the anus.; The study requires special preparation.

Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity – allows you to quickly and non-invasively assess the condition of the biliary tract, liver, spleen, blood vessels, detect tumors, cysts or other changes.

X-ray – allows you to assess the general condition of the internal organs and motility of the small and large intestines (X-ray with barium), exclude intestinal obstruction.

Treatment of bloating

Treatment will depend on the cause of the swelling. So, in infectious diseases of the intestine, therapy will be aimed at destroying pathogens and restoring the balance of microflora, with gastritis – at restoring the gastric mucosa, and with lactase deficiency – at the exclusion of milk from the diet.

Only a doctor should determine the exact cause of swelling and prescribe treatment.

If bloating is not associated with diseases or pathological conditions, you can try to help yourself by slightly changing your lifestyle and adding good habits.

How to relieve bloating

Gas is an individual reaction, therefore, before you actively fight bloating, you should observe yourself and highlight those foods, medicines or conditions after which the stomach begins to rebel. Then it will become clear what the reason is – in shawarma, soup with beans or emotional experiences.

If the culprit is found, try to exclude him from life, or at least limit him, in order to check whether he really was the case.

What else will help to cope with bloating

Physical activity

After eating, it is definitely not recommended to lie down or sit crouched at the computer. At least 20 minutes after eating, you should be in an upright position with a straight back. If you want, you can take a walk – this will help reduce bloating.

Restriction of products that increase gas formation

Legumes, cabbage, milk, black bread, eggs contribute to increased gas formation, but this is an individual reaction.

Often, bloating is due to the fact that the foods consumed contain a lot of fiber. But fiber is an integral part of a healthy diet and it is not recommended to completely exclude it from the diet.

If a person has never eaten it regularly, then you should gradually add legumes, vegetables and fruits to the diet to find your optimal portion.

Falafel increases gas production due to high fiber content

Fermented products

If gas is associated with an imbalance of microbes in the gut, foods containing beneficial bacteria (probiotics) will help.