Stomach GI Photo Gallery

Photos 1-22 (of 22)

• Endoscopic photograph of the gastric antrum in a 9 yo with vomiting and abdominal pain.

• Endoscopic photograph of a “dimpled” antral mass in a 5 yo found incidentally.

• Endoscopic photograph of a “dimpled” antral mass in an 8 yo found incidentally.

• Endoscopic photograph of a large pancreatic pseudocyst (M) protruding into the gastric cavity.

• Endoscopic photograph of a gastric antrum with multiple small nodules in a 16 yo with Crohn’s disease.

• Endoscopic photograph of two gastric ulcers.

• Endoscopic photograph of a normal gastric fundus.

• Endoscopic photograph of the stomach fundus demonstrating the typical endoscopic appearance after a Nissen Fundoplication has been performed.

• Endoscopic photograph of severe antral gastritis in a 7 yo who presented with hemetemesis and epigastric pain after developing a viral illness.

• Endoscopic photograph of a normal gastric antrum and incisura (IN).

• An 18 yo with Crohn’s disease underwent surveillance endoscopy.

• 7 yo male with static encephalopathy.

• 10 yo female with eosinophilic gastroenteritis underwent endoscopy secondary to hypoalbuminemia.

• Wireless capsule endoscopy of 18 year old male with inflammatory bowel disease

• H pylori gastropathy

• Large Penetrating Gastric Ulcer

• Large penetrating gastric ulcer in patient with Gardner’s syndrome

• Pin in Stomach

• Gastric ulcer in a 19 month-old with chromosomal abnormality presented with melanotic stools and coffee ground gastric contents. Ulcer secondary to G-tube irritation.

• 11 year old s/p esophageal atresia repair with reflux. Two raised mucosal lesions with central umbilicated surface consistent with pancreatic rests.

• Endoscopic clipping of peristsent gastrocutaneous fistula Courtesy of Michael Wilsey MD, University of South Florida College of Medicine

• Burried Bumper syndrome with drainage from the buried bumper, s/p guide-wire placement to maintain the lumen, s/p traction removal of the PEG tube bumper and successful placement of a gastrostomy button over the guidewire into the gastric lumen. Courtesy of Michael Wilsey MD, University of South Florida School of Medicine

Photos 1-22 (of 22)

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Peptic ulcer: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

A peptic ulcer is an open sore or raw area in the lining of the stomach or intestine.

There are two types of peptic ulcers:

• Gastric ulcer — occurs in the stomach
• Duodenal ulcer — occurs in the first part of the small intestine

Normally, the lining of the stomach and small intestines can protect itself against strong stomach acids. But if the lining breaks down, the result may be:

• Swollen and inflamed tissue (gastritis)
• An ulcer

Watch this video about:Stomach ulcer

Most ulcers occur in the first layer of the inner lining. A hole in the stomach or duodenum is called a perforation. This is a medical emergency.

The most common cause of ulcers is infection of the stomach by bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H pylori). Most people with peptic ulcers have these bacteria living in their digestive tract. Yet, many people who have these bacteria in their stomach do not develop an ulcer.

The following factors raise your risk for peptic ulcers:

• Drinking too much alcohol
• Regular use of aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco
• Being very ill, such as being on a breathing machine
• Radiation treatments
• Stress

A rare condition, called Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, causes stomach and duodenal ulcers.

Small ulcers may not cause any symptoms. Some ulcers can cause serious bleeding.

Abdominal pain (often in the upper mid-abdomen) is a common symptom. The pain can differ from person to person. Some people have no pain.

Pain occurs:

• In the upper abdomen
• At night and wakes you up
• When you feel an empty stomach, often 1 to 3 hours after a meal

Other symptoms include:

• Feeling of fullness and problems drinking as much fluid as usual
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Bloody or dark, tarry stools
• Chest pain
• Fatigue
• Vomiting, possibly bloody
• Weight loss
• Ongoing heartburn

To detect an ulcer, you may need a test called an upper endoscopy (EGD).

• This is a test to check the lining of the esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and first part of the small intestine.
• It is done with a small camera (flexible endoscope) that is inserted down the throat.
• This test most often requires sedation given through a vein.
• In some cases, a smaller endoscope may be used that is passed into the stomach through the nose. This does not require sedation.

EGD is done on most people when peptic ulcers are suspected or when you have:

• Low blood count (anemia)
• Trouble swallowing
• Bloody vomit
• Bloody or dark and tarry-looking stools
• Lost weight without trying
• Other findings that raise a concern for cancer in the stomach

Testing for H pylori is also needed. This may be done by biopsy of the stomach during endoscopy, with a stool test, or by a urea breath test.

Other tests you may have include:

• Hemoglobin blood test to check for anemia
• Stool occult blood test to test for blood in your stool

Sometimes, you may need a test called an upper GI series. A series of x-rays are taken after you drink a thick substance called barium. This does not require sedation.

Your health care provider will recommend medicines to heal your ulcer and prevent a relapse. The medicines will:

• Kill the H pylori bacteria, if present.
• Reduce acid levels in the stomach. These include h3 blockers such as ranitidine (Zantac), or a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) such as omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), esomeprazole (Nexium), rabeprazole (AcipHex) or pantoprazole (Protonix).

Take all of your medicines as you have been told. Other changes in your lifestyle can also help.

If you have a peptic ulcer with an H pylori infection, the standard treatment uses different combinations of the following medicines for 7 to 14 days:

• Two different antibiotics to kill H pylori.
• PPIs such as omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), or esomeprazole (Nexium).
• Bismuth subsalicylate (the main ingredient in Pepto-Bismol) may be added to help kill the bacteria.

You will likely need to take a PPI for 8 weeks if:

• You have an ulcer without an H pylori infection.
• Your ulcer is caused by taking aspirin or NSAIDs.

Your provider may also prescribe this type of medicine regularly if you continue taking aspirin or NSAIDs for other health conditions.

Other medicines used for ulcers are:

• Misoprostol, a medicine that may help prevent ulcers in people who take NSAIDs on a regular basis
• Medicines that protect the tissue lining, such as sucralfate

If a peptic ulcer bleeds a lot, an EGD may be needed to stop the bleeding. Methods used to stop the bleeding include:

• Injecting medicine in the ulcer
• Applying metal clips or heat therapy to the ulcer

Surgery may be needed if:

• Bleeding cannot be stopped with an EGD
• The ulcer has caused a tear

Peptic ulcers tend to come back if untreated. There is a good chance that the H pylori infection will be cured if you take your medicines and follow your provider’s advice. You will be much less likely to get another ulcer.

Complications may include:

• Severe blood loss
• Scarring from an ulcer may make it harder for the stomach to empty
• Perforation or hole of the stomach and intestines

Get medical help right away if you:

• Develop sudden, sharp abdominal pain
• Have a rigid, hard abdomen that is tender to touch
• Have symptoms of shock, such as fainting, excessive sweating, or confusion
• Vomit blood or have blood in your stool (especially if it is maroon or dark, tarry black)

Contact your provider if:

• You feel dizzy or lightheaded.
• You have ulcer symptoms.

Avoid aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other NSAIDs. Try acetaminophen instead. If you must take such medicines, talk to your provider first. Your provider may:

• Test you for H pylori before you take these medicines
• Ask you to take PPIs or an h3 acid blocker
• Prescribe a medicine called misoprostol

The following lifestyle changes may help prevent peptic ulcers:

• DO NOT smoke or chew tobacco.
• Avoid alcohol.

Ulcer – peptic; Ulcer – duodenal; Ulcer – gastric; Duodenal ulcer; Gastric ulcer; Dyspepsia – ulcers; Bleeding ulcer; Gastrointestinal bleeding – peptic ulcer; Gastrointestinal hemorrhage – peptic ulcer; G.I. bleed – peptic ulcer; H. pylori – peptic ulcer; Helicobacter pylori – peptic ulcer

• Taking antacids

• Ulcer emergencies
• Gastroscopy procedure
• Location of peptic ulcers
• Cause of peptic ulcers
• Stomach disease or trauma

Chan FKL, Lau JYW. Peptic ulcer disease. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 53.

Cover TL, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori and other gastric Helicobacter species. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 217.

Lanas A, Chan FKL. Peptic ulcer disease. Lancet. 2017;390(10094):613-624. PMID: 28242110 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28242110/.

Updated by: Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Gastric ulcer, symptoms and signs of gastric ulcer, treatment and diet and exacerbation

The main symptom of a chronic pathology, which is called gastric ulcer, is the appearance of an ulcer in the wall of the stomach, it penetrates into the submucosal layer. The disease is characterized by alternating periods of exacerbation and remission.

Among the population of developed countries, this pathology occurs in 10-15%, and if earlier it was more often found in men, now there is an increase in the incidence among women. The age of people with this disease is mainly from 30 to 50.

Symptoms of gastric ulcer

The main causes of the disease:

• the result of medication;
• Helicobacter pylori infection;
• complication of chronic diseases;
• due to acute diseases and conditions;
• constant stress and negative emotions;
• abuse of alcohol and cigarettes;
• gross errors in nutrition.

Symptoms of the disease depend on the location and size of the defect, sensitivity to pain, age of the patient and the presence of complications.

The main signs of a stomach ulcer:

1. Pain – there are types of pain: early, hungry, night. Of a different nature, exacerbation of stomach ulcers in spring and summer. It usually manifests itself in the epigastrium, behind the sternum, the left half of the chest and left arm, in the back.
2. Heartburn – burning in the epigastric region due to the penetration of aggressive acidic gastric contents into the lumen of the esophagus.
3. Vomiting and nausea due to dysmotility of the stomach. Vomiting causes relief.
4. Belching due to sudden reflux of gastric juice into the mouth. Appears due to a malfunction of the cardiac sphincter.
5. Decreased appetite, either due to fear of pain or impaired gastrointestinal motility.
6. Constipation lasting more than 2 days. The reason is food retention in the stomach, increased secretion of hydrochloric acid.
7. Discomfort – a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen after eating, bloating.
8. Satisfaction too fast during meals.

To accurately diagnose the disease, the patient’s complaints are not enough, a number of special procedures must be carried out.

Treatment of gastric ulcer

Usually, complex treatment is prescribed, the purpose of which is: the destruction of Helicobacter pylori, the elimination of heartburn and nausea, the reduction of acidity in the stomach, and the prevention of complications.

A prerequisite for the successful treatment of stomach ulcers is proper nutrition. It is required not only to follow a diet, but also to develop a different approach to food. There are 5-6 times a day, portions are small, dishes that are gentle on the mucous membrane: liquid or crushed, boiled or steamed, only warm.

Diet for stomach ulcers includes the following foods and dishes:

• soups and liquid porridges, semolina, oatmeal, rice;
• lean meat – chicken, turkey, veal;
• lean fish;
• cottage cheese and cream;
• steamed omelet and soft-boiled eggs;
• butter;
• kissels, mousses, purees, fruit and berry compotes;
• honey.

Contact us at the medical center “DiVO” if symptoms of the disease appear and experienced doctors will conduct all the necessary examinations and prescribe effective treatment. We will help you keep your health.

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Stomach cancer – symptoms, signs, treatment.

Gastric cancer is a complex oncological disease that develops in the gastric mucosa. A malignant tumor can be located in a part of the muscular organ and totally in the entire cavity, and in the last stages spread to the nearest organs, such as the esophagus and intestines, and also metastasize through the blood and lymph.

Stomach cancer is not noticeable in the early stages, as the symptoms of the disease manifest as an unpleasant feeling in the upper part of the stomach, which can be confused with many other ailments of the gastrointestinal tract.

Stomach cancer is a complex disease that occurs more often in men and has a high incidence rate in patients. Hidden symptoms of the disease can keep the patient in the dark for a long time, but even in the last stages of development, treatment can bring a positive result.

In today’s world, high mortality rates for people diagnosed with stomach cancer have declined rapidly. But this disease is the most dangerous, both in men and women, despite the fact that the former suffer from this disease more often.

Classification of stomach cancer

A malignant tumor in the stomach can have several forms:

1. Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that develops in the epithelial tissue of the stomach. The most dangerous representative of this species is considered to be ring cell carcinoma of the stomach.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma – this type develops inside squamous cells and epithelium.
3. Glandular squamous cell carcinoma is a combination of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Neuroendocrine carcinoma is rare and has a high rate of metastasis.
5. Undifferentiated cancer – formation of carcinoids. Small polypoid tumors with a benign course.

According to medical observations and clinical recommendations, there is its own classification according to the signs:

• Gastric cancer of the intestinal type The tumor process in the intestine is similar in structure to this type of cancer in the stomach. The tumor itself is composed of epithelium and has characteristic glandular structures. An important role in its appearance is played by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, which provoke stomach cancer.
• Diffuse gastric cancer The occurrence of this type of disease is characterized by the inheritance of a defective gene. With the development of this form of oncology, several tumors form inside the organ, acute symptoms appear, and the disease has a rapid course.

The trend in today’s world shows that gastric cancer, especially the type of histological tumor such as ring cell carcinoma, occurs more in women than in men. Although the indicators indicate that the manifestation of signs of a tumor process in the stomach is more characteristic of men.

Stages of gastric cancer

The international classification, having studied the symptoms and stages of the development of the disease, made it possible to create a general grouping of the stages of the disease, like gastric cancer.

1st stage – the tumor develops inside the organ,

2nd stage – the germination of cancer cells in all tissues of the organ,

3rd stage – the entry of cancer into the blood and lymph,

4th stage – the metastasis of the tumor to other distant organs.

Symptoms of stomach cancer

A dangerous illness may not appear for a long time and the symptoms are expressed only by a feeling of discomfort in the upper part of the stomach. When the germination of the tumor begins to take place in the tissues of the organ, where there are nerve endings, the pain becomes more pronounced. But signs such as pain and discomfort can be recognized as symptoms of other diseases.

When the tumor process is reached, the symptoms of the disease become more pronounced:

• the usual amount of food becomes impossibly heavy,
• stomach pain,
• anemia,
• nausea and occasional vomiting, immediately after eating, sometimes with blood impurities,
• black loose stools,
• difficulty in passing food,
• rapid exhaustion,
• enlarged lymph nodes.

Causes of gastric cancer

Causes of malignancy are multifactorial and contribute to the development of cancer in both women and men.

An important factor in the appearance of gastric cancer is improper nutrition of junk food. Significant consumption of meat products and salt.

Infectious factors, including the presence of bacteria and viruses, also affect the appearance of oncology.

The development of the disease is influenced by lifestyle and ecology. Poor ecology and work in hazardous industries, alcohol and tobacco use, obesity.

Mutagenic processes due to heredity can also provoke stomach cancer.

Diagnosis of gastric cancer

Gastric cancer is diagnosed initially with the help of a specialist consultation, where symptoms are identified and a general and family history is collected.

Clinical guidelines further suggest conducting some studies using an endoscope to view changes inside the organ and take biomaterial for histology and cytology.

Ultrasound and radiography can detect metastases in other nearby and distant organs.

Abdominal laparoscopy is an examination of cavities using an incision under general anesthesia, which allows you to determine the stage of the disease and metastasis to neighboring organs.

Stomach cancer treatment

Stomach cancer is treated depending on the complexity of the tumor process and the manifestation of signs of the disease. Taking into account the age, concomitant ailments, as well as determining the location of the tumor, the tolerance of drugs and the individual characteristics of the body, a treatment regimen is selected.

When gastric cancer is detected at an early stage of development, it is possible to remove the tumor using an endoscope.

If the tumor is already actively developing, then there is a radical removal of the tumor together with the organ, as well as with the lymph nodes. If metastasis occurs in the esophagus, intestines and liver, then these areas are resected. Complete removal of the stomach is excluded if it is possible to save at least a quarter of the organ.

Chemotherapy is used to maintain the result and avoid possible relapse. Clinical guidelines show the use of preoperative and postoperative treatment. And if it is impossible to surgically get rid of oncology, chemotherapy is prescribed as a regimen of drugs.

When symptoms are severe and gastric cancer has metastasized to distant organs, palliative care is indicated. Its essence lies in the expansion of the lumen of the stomach for the patency of the esophagus. A special device is inserted using an endoscope into those places where the tumor compresses the walls of the esophagus.

To increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy and after removal of the stomach, radiation therapy is prescribed.

Major complications of gastric cancer

Stomach upset such as persistent nausea and vomiting is a major complication of gastric cancer treatment. This is due to the destruction of mucosal cells. Such symptoms are removed with the help of antiemetic drugs.

These signs are accompanied by a complication in the form of loose stools. This is due to damage to cancer cells in the rectum and small intestine. To get rid of diarrhea, the clinical recommendations are to drink plenty of fluids and infusion therapy in the form of droppers. The drip method also treats concomitant anemia.

Damage to the skin in the area of ​​the feet and hands appears on the background of chemotherapy. For the treatment of such a syndrome, complex preparations based on plant components in the form of creams and ointments are used. Restoration of the skin takes a long time, but the process is completely reversible.

Gastric cancer, like any other oncological disease, can cause alopecia during treatment. Baldness is a symptom that recovers after a few months, but these symptoms are very difficult to tolerate by patients and can cause severe psychological trauma.

Prevention of gastric cancer

After resection of the stomach, it is necessary to restore the body, since the operations are extensive and cause a strong blow to the general condition of the patient. Symptoms and signs may persist for a long period, which will help to correct the correct rehabilitation, adherence to clinical recommendations and prevention.

An important issue in treatment is nutrition. After surgery, fasting begins, and nutrients are supplied through drip infusions or a tube. Through the mouth, the patient begins to consume food only when stable bowel function is established. For patients, a specific diet is selected and the use of enzymes is desirable for better digestion of food.

Stomach cancer leaves echoes after treatment, but it is possible to return to the most comfortable standard of living. The main thing is to assess your condition, pay attention to pain and discomfort inside the body, and not ignore the symptoms.

Stomach cancer is a complex disease that is more common in men and has a high incidence rate in women. Hidden symptoms of the disease can keep the patient in the dark for a long time, but even in the last stages of development, treatment can bring a positive result.